Suchergebnisse

This article considers the organisational component of the preparation of the English invasion of France in 1415. The army of Henry V was one of the largest during the entire Hundred Years War. The development of raising whole armies, rather than merely minor, "non-royal", expeditions, by contracting for indentured retinues should be seen as primarily an evolutionary consequence of the need to plan and manage the increased scale and duration of continental wars. The three central points to mobilisation are the recognised and necessary authority of the king, the strategic planning role of the council, and the function of the chancery in communicating administrative instructions. Both modern researchers and chroniclers are forced to determine the purpose of the invasion relying on the subsequent actions of the king and his army; until the last moment, the king kept even the place of the upcoming landing secret. The paper analyses the principles of acquisition of the expeditionary military contingent: the influence of the king's personal participation on the composition, organisational structure, and recruiting of troops (a combination of direct recruitment and indentured retinues). It is emphasised that almost all the highest nobility of the kingdom was involved in the royal army. A significant number of military retinues (and captains) are noted as a distinctive feature of the army in 1415. The article also analyses the financing of the campaign and the sources of payment for military service (direct and indirect taxes, loans, and pleading of the crown jewels). The author examines the organisation of the supply and logistic aspects of the upcoming military expedition to the continent, i.e. the preparation and provision of weapons (including siege equipment), horses and vehicles, provisions and fodder, the principles of collecting ships and their number, payment for ships and crews, the place / mooring of the fleet, and features of landing. ; Статья посвящена организационной составляющей подготовки английского вторжения во Францию в 1415 г. Войско Генриха V было одним из самых крупных за все время Столетней войны. Организацию подобных войск, а не просто мелких, «не королевских», экспедиций, путем заключения договоров на контрактные дружины следует рассматривать в первую очередь как неизбежное следствие необходимости планирования и управления возросшими масштабами и продолжительностью континентальных войн. Три основных момента мобилизации: признанная и необходимая власть короля, роль совета в стратегическом планировании и коммуникативная функция канцелярии по передаче административных инструкций. Современные исследователи, как и хронисты, вынуждены определять цель вторжения из последующих действий короля и его воинства: до последнего момента король держал в тайне даже место предстоящей высадки. В работе анализируются принципы комплектования экспедиционного воинского контингента: влияние личного участия короля на состав, организационную структуру и рекрутирование войска (сочетание прямого призыва и контрактной системы). Подчеркивается, что в королевском войске задействовано практически все высшее дворянство королевства. Отмечено значительное количество воинских подразделений (и капитанов) как отличительная особенность войска 1415 г. В статье также анализируются финансирование похода и источники оплаты воинской службы (прямые и косвенные налоги, займы, заклад драгоценностей короны). Разбираются организация снабжения и логистические аспекты предстоящей военной экспедиции на континент: подготовка и обеспечение вооружением (в том числе осадной техникой), лошадьми и средствами передвижения, провиантом и фуражом, принципы сбора судов и их количество, оплата кораблей и команд, место / места стоянки флота, особенности высадки.

This article examines the itineraries of Margaret of Valois (1553–1615), Queen of Navarre, during her stay in the south of France between the late 1570s and early 1580s, which coincided with the crucial phase of the Religious Wars between Catholics and Huguenots. The main source for the study of these itineraries are the letters of Queen Margaret from the National Library of Russia, which make part of the collection of Peter Dubrovsky. The article traces the history of letters of the Queen of Navarre in St Petersburg, and it is suggested that the carton of the documents (Autograph 57) is part of the personal archive of State Secretary Villeroy. The author also analyses new data on the princess' itineraries during her childhood, based on the new electronic database, as well as the historiography of the question of her movement, which makes it possible to understand the place of the St Petersburg autographs in the reconstruction of Margaret's unknown itineraries in 1579–1582.Most of Margaret's letters were written in territories ruled by Henry of Navarre, in Guyenne and Gascony and Navarre and represent an array of 32 documents of great importance, which help determine exactly where the Queen went to, indicate the trajectory of her movement, specify the duration of her stays in particular localities, and respectively, suggest possible delivery times for letters to recipients, mainly to her brother Henry III and her mother, Catherine de' Medici. The study of Margaret's messages from the point of view of her itineraries also helps place them in the historical context of religious and political events of the Civil Wars period in France, identify the details of the peacemaking role of the Queen in the south of the country, as well as understand the mechanisms for the implementation of peace treaties and decisions by the opposing parties. ; В статье исследуются итинерарии Маргариты де Валуа (1553–1615), королевы Наварры, в период ее пребывания на юге Франции в конце 1570-х — начале 1580-х гг., совпавшего с разгаром Религиозных войн между католиками и гугенотами. Основным источником для исследования этих итинерариев стали письма Маргариты из Российской национальной библиотеки, которые хранятся в составе коллекции П. П. Дубровского. Прослеживается история массива писем королевы Наваррской в Санкт-Петербурге и высказывается предположение, что картон с документами (Автограф 57) представляет собой часть делового архива государственного секретаря Виллеруа. Также анализируются новые данные итинерариев принцессы в детские годы на основе электронной базы данных, равно как историография вопроса ее перемещений, что позволяет понять место петербургских автографов при реконструкции неизвестных итинерариев Маргариты в 1579–1582 гг.Большая часть этих посланий составлена во владениях мужа Маргариты, Генриха Наваррского, Гиени-Гаскони и Наварре, и представляет собой цельный массив из 32 документов большой значимости, которые позволяют определить, где именно находилась королева, проследить траекторию ее перемещений, уточнить период пребывания в конкретном населенном пункте, соответственно, предположить возможные сроки доставки писем адресатам — главным образом, ее брату Генриху III и матери, Екатерине Медичи. Изучение посланий Маргариты с точки зрения ее итинерариев позволяет поместить их в широкий контекст религиозно-политических событий эпохи Гражданских войн во Франции и обозначить миротворческую роль королевы на юге страны, равно как понять механизмы реализации мирных договоров и решений враждующими сторонами.

The reconstruction project of the church of Benalúa is analyzed from the documentation kept in the General Archive of the State Administration of the Spanish Government, referring to the General Directorate of Devastated Regions of the Franco regime during the postwar period, completed with the information from from other bibliographical sources and from the model preserved on the church. In the work, the motivations on the choice of the neo-Gothic style in the projection of the work and its extension to other buildings erected by the author are raised. On the other hand, the incompleteness of the temple is also treated with respect to how it had been designed. In the same way, news is given of other religious buildings in the province of Alicante rebuilt by Vidal Ramos under the auspices of the aforementioned organization in the 1940s. The most outstanding conclusions refer to the strong Gothic influence in the Catalan training of the architect and the precarious arrival of state funds for the reconstructions, which forced the modification of the projects and the omission of certain planned elements. ; Se analiza el proyecto de reconstrucción de la iglesia de Benalúa a partir de la documentación conservada en el Archivo General de la Administración del Estado del Gobierno Español, referente a la Dirección General de Regiones Devastadas del régimen franquista durante la posguerra, completada con la información procedente de otras fuentes bibliográficas y de la maqueta conservada sobre la iglesia. En el trabajo, se plantean las motivaciones sobre la elección del estilo neogótico en la proyección de la obra y la extensión del mismo a otros edificios levantados por el autor. Por otra parte, se trata asimismo la inconclusión del templo con respecto a cómo había sido diseñado. Del mismo modo, se da noticia de otras edificaciones religiosas de la provincia de Alicante reconstruidas por Vidal Ramos bajo los auspicios del citado organismo en los años cuarenta. Las conclusiones más destacadas remiten al fuerte influjo gótico en la formación catalana del arquitecto y a la precaria llegada de fondos estatales para las reconstrucciones, que obligaba a la modificación de los proyectos y a la omisión de ciertos elementos planeados. ; O projeto de reconstrução da igreja de Benalúa é analisado a partir da documentação conservada no Arquivo Geral da Administração Estatal do Governo Espanhol, referente à Direção Geral das Regiões Devastadas do regime de Franco no pós-guerra, completada com a informação de outras fontes bibliográficas e do modelo preservado na igreja. Na obra, são levantadas as motivações sobre a escolha do estilo neogótico na projeção da obra e sua extensão a outros edifícios erguidos pelo autor. Por outro lado, a incompletude do templo também é tratada em relação à forma como foi projetado. Da mesma forma, são dadas notícias de outros edifícios religiosos na província de Alicante reconstruídos por Vidal Ramos sob os auspícios da referida organização na década de 1940. As conclusões mais destacadas referem-se à forte influência gótica na formação catalã do arquiteto e à chegada precária de fundos estatais para as reconstruções, o que obrigou à modificação dos projetos e à omissão de alguns elementos planeados.

The aim of the research is to elucidate the significance of stabilization of the military and political situation in Ukraine inthe interstate relocation of servicemen duringthe period of 1991 – 1994within the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) from the standpoint of Ukrainocentrism; to study the relocation of officers and ensigns who expressed their desire to continue military service in the Armed Forces of Ukraine; to analyze the detachment conditions of servicemen from Ukraine to other state formations. Theresearch methodologyis based on a number of interdisciplinary methods of cognition (history, national and international law, political science), due to which the author made a retrospective reconstruction of the Ukrainian officer corps formation at the beginning of the 90s of the twentieth century.The scientific noveltyis to highlight the conditions of interstate relocation (secondment) of servicemen within the CIS (1991 – 1994) and to clarify the place of this phenomenon in the formation of the Armed Forces of Ukraine.The Conclusions. The relocation of servicemen of the former Soviet Army within the post-Soviet states was carried out on the basis of democratic principles and made it possible to use the CIS status to solve an important social and military problems in Ukraine, to avoid the Russian attempts to use the CIS as a military instrument against the post-Soviet states. It allowed the Ukrainian authorities to stabilize the military and political situation and prevent a split in the officer corps, to involve officers who returned to Ukraine into the development of its Armed Forces according to the national interests, to complete recruitment of command staff, rear and technical services at middle and senior levels during the creation of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. Key words: Ukraine, Commonwealth of Independent States, servicemen, officers, ensigns, military formations, post-Soviet states, political and legal principles, oath. ; Мета дослідження – розкрити значення міждержавного переміщення військовослужбовців 1991‒1994 рр. у стабілізації військово-політичної ситуації в Україні. З'ясувати політико-правові підстави та заходи державного та військового керівництва України щодо переміщення офіцерів, прапорщиків, які висловили бажання повернутися на батьківщину і продовжити військову службу у Збройних Силах України. Відзначити умови відкомандирування військовослужбовців з України в інші пострадянські державні утворення. Методологія дослідження ґрунтується на низці міждисциплінарних методів пізнання (історії, правознавства, політології), завдяки яким здійснено ретроспективну реконструкцію поповнення офіцерського корпусу на етапі становлення Збройних Сил України. Наукова новизна полягає у висвітленні умов міждержавного переміщення (відкомандирування) військовослужбовців у межах СНД у 1991‒1994 рр. та з'ясування значення цього явища у становленні Збройних Сил України. Висновки. Переміщення у межах пострадянських державних утворень військовослужбовців, що належали до фрагментів Радянської армії, здійснювалося на добровільних засадах, демократичних принципах і дало можливість використати статус СНД для розв'язання важливої соціальної і військової проблеми, уникнути намагань Російської Федерації скористатися СНД як прямим засобом військового впливу на пострадянські держави. Добровільне переміщення військовослужбовців допомогло українській владі стабілізувати військово-політичну ситуацію у військах і не допустити розколу в офіцерському корпусі; офіцерів, що повернулися в Україну, включити у розбудову збройних сил, завдяки їх переміщенню вдалося завершити комплектування командно-штабних, тилових та технічних посад у середній та вищій ланках на етапі створення основи Збройних Сил України. Ключові слова: Україна, Співдружність Незалежних Держав, військовослужбовці, офіцери, прапорщики, військові формування, пострадянські держави, політико-правові засади, присяга, переміщення (відкомандирування).

This special issue has nine papers selected from the Africa Regional Workshop at Makerere University (Kampala, Uganda) on January 11th to 13th 2021.
The first two papers relate to Research Data Management (RDM). The first one analyses the authorship, volume, visibility, and quality of publications on RDM in Sub-Saharan Africa. The analysis was done using bibliometrics focusing on RDM publications from, and on, Sub-Saharan Africa which are currently indexed in Google Scholar.
The second article presents available open RDM resources for different data practitioners, particularly researchers and librarians at the University of Dodoma, in Tanzania. Some of the RDM resources discussed in this paper are Data Management Plan (DMP) and a data repository available for researchers to freely archive and share their research data with the local and international communities.
The third paper highlights the data-sharing attitudes and behaviors of African data curators and data management experts. The paper compares data from an earlier study and analyses the new findings between the data sharing attitudes and behaviors between Africans and non-Africans.
The fourth paper articulates the data literacy integration agenda and how it can catalyze the achievement of Sustainable development goals. The paper unpacks the role of data literacy in catalyzing the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), challenges faced, and suggests recommendations to the challenges. It is however sad to note here that the author of this paper recently passed on 15th December 2021. May the good lord accord Gorreti an eternal rest.
The fifth paper discourses the establishment of a data center at Mzuzu University Library in Malawi after the unfortunate fire outbreak of 2015 that destroyed the whole library. Interesting models are drawn in the paper like; the six-month process of restoring an interim library and the designing & construction of the new library in collaboration with the Virginia Technological School of Architecture & Design in the United States.
The sixth paper goes further to examine the growth and development of institutional repositories in the East African Countries of Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda. The paper contextualizes and discusses in detail the drivers and barriers to the development of institutional repositories in East Africa such as: policy formulation, financial support, training, infrastructure, open access awareness among others.
The seventh paper focuses on the learning outcomes in literacy and numeracy in Uganda in the light of maternal education. In this paper, deeper analysis was conducted on the data mined from the Uwezo assessment data to show the effect of the mothers' education on the numeracy and literacy learning outcomes among children in Uganda.
The eighth paper illuminates the opportunities and risks of sharing agricultural research data in Tanzania. Stimulating themes on sharing of research data are developed and discussed in this paper such as: research collaboration, transparency, accuracy, funding, policy, institutional, and government support among others.
Finally, the ninth and last paper narrates the data dissemination process at the Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS). The paper presents in detail the methods, channels of data sharing such as: workshops, websites, libraries, resource centres, social media, and the physical delivery of print resources to the UBOS partners and clients.

Winny Nekesa Akullo and Robert Stalone Buwule

The relevance of the topic and problem statement. In the process of formation and development of the original style of button accordion music one of the most important roles is played by the factor of texture, which fully embodies the instrumental specificity of the button accordion, and reflects the originality of forms and varieties of musical fabric in button accordion works. The study of the peculiarities of texture organization, as well as highlighting the main trends in texture formation in modern button accordion music, in particular in the works of Ukrainian composers, is seen as an urgent task to understand the essence of the phenomenon of modern button accordion, and in general — to develop domestic musicology in instrumental art. In previous works of the author of this article, an attempt was made to systematize the textured formations of modern button accordion music, which are determined by the specifics of the design of button accordion keyboards (Stashevskyі, 2021). Continuing further study of the textured organization of modern music for button accordion, there is a need to identify and systematize other typical for this work samples of texture and its components, the structure of which is not due to the structural configuration of sound keys on button accordion keyboards. That is, those that are more universal, but, at the same time, are characterized as typical of modern button accordion art.
The purpose of the study is to study the most typical textural elements and combinations of modern button accordion music, as well as their systematization based on the analysis of their internal structural organization.
The methodology used in this article is based on the use of methods of theoretical musicology (primarily, analysis of elements of musical language and means of expression), as well as methods of structural and system analysis, generalization and classification.
The results. The systematization of typical original texture formulas of modern button accordion creativity carried out in this work provides their division into certain groups and kinds (subgroups) in the middle of these groups, in particular: reverberation (chordal and mixed); stereophony (pulsation, transmission, unison); pedalling arpeggio (rhythmic, non­rhythmic); pedal scale (cluster crescendo); monophonic structural­modular constructions (chromatic by broken intervals; gamma­shaped­arpeggio based on a 5­element fingering group); chord transpositions (interval­algorithmic (chromatics; m3; m2­B2; etc.), thematic­melodic); simplified accompaniment (alternation of tessitura­polar sounds); multi­octave duplications (unison, decomposed­arpeggio).
The topicality of the work lies in the fact that for the first time in modern musicology the textured elements of modern button accordion music have received analytical discourse and systematization.
The practical significance of the work lies in the possibility of its use in theoretical courses on the study of button accordion art, as well as in the practical work of button accordionists.
Conclusions. To sum up, we can state that the considered original textural elements and formulas are typical for modern button accordion music, as they occur in works in many cases. The typical button accordion texture formulas considered in this article, which are often found in the artistic plane of musical works, play an important role in the formation of a kind of stylistic handwriting of modern button accordion speech. At the same time, they, in contrast to the group of determinant texture formulas, reflect a certain universalism of their presentation, as they can be transferred to other instrumental texture (keyboard instruments) conditions and implemented in them.

"Al rico nunca le ofrezcan / y al pobre jamás le falten". Estos versos del Martín Fierro -obra maestra de la narrativa gauchesca argentina- remiten al Monte de Piedad de Buenos Aires: por un lado, esencializan la función social como institución proveedora de crédito a los sectores desamparados de la sociedad, y por otro permiten identificar a su autor, José Hernández, como miembro del Consejo de Administración de la entidad y tenaz defensor de su continuidad.El presente artículo estudia, a partir de los antecedentes del crédito pignoraticio y del rol desempeñado por los montepíos nativos a mediados del siglo XIX, el origen y la trayectoria del Monte de Piedad de Buenos Aires, destinado a aliviar las penurias de los sectores vulnerados, tanto nativos como inmigrantes, evitando que sean víctimas de la usura. En tal sentido y desde una perspectiva macro que dé cuenta de la situación económico- financiera del país y particularmente de la provincia de Buenos Aires, se privilegia el análisis micro de las distintas etapas de la historia de este entidad y de su función social; desde su fundación en 1877 dependiente del Banco de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, su incorporación una década después al patrimonio municipal y su conversión en 1904 en Banco Municipal de Préstamos. El punto de partida es un estado de la cuestión sobre el tema. Las fuentes primarias (Libros de Actas, Memorias y balances, Cartas orgánicas, Reglamentos de la institución, Diario de Sesiones de la Legislatura bonaerense y del Consejo Deliberante de la ciudad de Buenos Aires) así como algunas publicaciones periódicas de la época, resultan sustantivas para lograr el objetivo propuesto.
"Never offer to the rich /and may the poor never lack" These verses by Martín Fierro -a masterpiece of Argentine gaucho narrative- represent the Monte de Piedad in Buenos Aires and its development. In a way, they essentialize the social function of this institution that provides credit to the underprivileged sectors of society. Besides, this affirmation allows to identify its author, José Hernández, as a member of the entity's Board of Directors and a tenacious defender of its continuity.This article is based on the antecedents of the pledge credit and the role played by the native montepíos in the mid-19th century. Its focused in the study of the origin and trajectory of Monte de Piedad in Buenos Aires, as an institution which alleviated the hardships of the vulnerable sectors, both natives and immigrants, and prevented them from being victims of usury. Both macro and micro perspectives converge in this analysis. Firstly, the argentine economic and financial situation is taken into account to get to Buenos Aires' province evaluation. Secondly, the history of this entity's social function is examined since it was founded in 1877 (under the Bank of the Province of Buenos Aires), to its incorporation a decade later into the municipal patrimony and its conversion into the Municipal Bank of Loans, in 1904.The article starts with a bibliographic review of this particular subject. The proposed objective is achieved by analyzing diverse primary sources (Minutes Books, Memories and balances, Organic Letters, Institution Regulations, Journal of Sessions of the Buenos Aires Legislature and the Deliberative Council of the city of Buenos Aires) as well as the main periodical publications of the time.

Purpose
Students play an unequivocal role in sustainable universities as they are theorized to embody the mission of a sustainable university through a sustainable lifestyle and spread sustainability practices during their professional careers. Despite this, it is not well known how or why students come to embody a sustainable lifestyle. This study aims to better understand the relationship between happiness, academic achievement and sustainability behaviors among the student population in a Mexican higher education institution.


Design/methodology/approach
In a questionnaire study, engineering and psychology university students at a large public university in northwestern Mexico answered questions regarding their environmental sustainability behaviors, happiness and academic performance. A stratified random sampling technique was used to obtain the sample population that best represents the entire population. After chi-square tests, it was confirmed that the three variables were independent of one another. Therefore, a series of correspondence analyses were conducted to examine clusters or patterns that could indicate relationships among the three variables.


Findings
The main finding from this work was that the happiest and most academically astute participants were only slightly environmentally sustainable or not sustainable at all. The lack of environmental sustainability in students from one of the most top-rank sustainable universities in Mexico does not align with previous sustainability reports. External factors to the university, such as cultural values and extreme weather conditions, may have influenced students' sustainability behaviors.


Research limitations/implications
As with any other questionnaire study, the provided data is subject to interpretation, judgment and bias. In addition, the environmental and happiness index used in this study are not free of criticizing, and some author had disputed its efficacy. Finally, this study's findings did not determine any causality or directionality between any of the latent variables. However, causality and directionally between environmental sustainability-happiness and happiness-academic performance have to be found in both directions.


Practical implications
Despite the unsustainability of students in this study, this study has several contributions. First, it provides an evaluation of a sustainable university from the perspectives and behaviors of students. The views of students as they relate to the complexities and visions of a sustainable university have remained relatively underexamined. Second, these analyses point to specific sustainability-oriented challenges and inadvertent barriers (e.g. extreme weather patterns) toward the embodiment of a sustainable lifestyle. These challenges and barriers suggest that sustainable universities need to address the dynamic changes inherent in sustainable development. Finally, this study indicates that the link between happiness, academic performance and sustainability may be more complicated and driven by cultural and structural barriers. The issue of barriers, as they relate to sustainability behaviors, is highly relevant and presents important opportunities and questions for future research.


Originality/value
This study provides an evaluation of a sustainable university from the perspectives and behaviors of students. Students' views as they relate to the complexities and visions of a sustainable university have remained relatively underexamined. Second, these analyses point to specific sustainability-oriented challenges and barriers as they relate to the embodiment of a sustainable lifestyle. These challenges and barriers suggest that sustainable universities need to address the dynamic changes inherent in sustainable development. Finally, this study indicates that the link between happiness, academic performance and sustainability may be more complicated and driven by cultural and structural barriers.

The episode features a roundtable on Philip Cunliffe's latest book, The New Twenty Years' Crisis (McGill-Queen's University Press, 2020). And, in a bit of a break with tradition, this episode also sees me jump out of the host's seat, and invite Shahar Hameiri (University of Queensland) to take over the reins.



Joining me in the panel to discuss the book is the author, Philip Cunliffe (making his third appearance on the show), and Patrick Porter (University of Birmingham). Tara McCormack (University of Leicester) was also scheduled to join us but had to withdraw at the last minute, due to illness.



It was great to have Phil back on the show, to discuss this important book. The last time he was on, we talked about his previous book, Cosmopolitan Dystopia, which was a survey of human rights discourse on global politics since the end of the Cold War. The new book takes the theme of liberal war-making from that book, and attempts to read it through the lens of E. H. Carr's classic 1939 text, The Twenty Years' Crisis.



On the eve of World War Two, Carr described the politics of his time as a kind of interregnum, or a time of passage between two regimes of world order. For Carr, the great tragedy of his time was that the normative commitments of the intellectuals of interbellum period — namely, to the power of public opinion, to sovereign self-determination, and to international law and institutions — were incongruent with the kinds of mass-mobilized politics that were rapidly sweeping away their world order, and undermining the very conditions of possibility for securing those commitments.



For Cunliffe, however, the lessons of Carr's study of the 1919-1939 period must today be applied in a kind of inverted manner. For where it was mass politics that ultimately frustrated and undid the political project of the utopian idealists, we do not today live in such a massified moment. To the contrary, as scholars like Peter Mair have described, we live in a demassified moment, where the agendas of college-educated neoliberal Brahmins dominate, unchecked. Worse, as Cunliffe explores, these new elites are kind of anti-utopians. They detest the values of the interbellum period, deriding public opinion and breaching sovereign self-determination in the name of so-called responsibility.



Cunliffe explores this argument through a number of fascinating case studies, taking us from the salons of International Relations conventions, which have been overtaken by 'critical' theorists (a group of scholars whose methods are singularly symptomatic of the "imaginary" of our unipolar moment), to the hallways of Brussels, capital of that grandest of examples of "de-massified," neoliberal democracy, the European Union. The overarching theme that emerges is one of a shocking lack of self-awareness on the part of our political and intellectual elites.



As you'll hear, the panelists are on the whole friendly to Phil's diagnosis, but they do push back on some of his normative suggestions. Despite these disagreements, however, I will say that I think this is one of the more important episodes we've done on this show. Diagnostically, Phil is one of the sharpest commentators around, on the contradictions of our postmodern moment. I want to thank Phil, Patrick, and Shahar for their time and effort in helping to make this conversation happen.

The author of the paper wonders to what extent the events of 1989 corresponded to generally accepted ideas about the revolution? He considers that in the characteristics of the considered events, the word «revolution» was not chosen very well. His arguments boil down to the following theses. Firstly, on the eve of these events in the countries of Eastern Europe did not observe what is usually characterized as a revolutionary situation. As Slovak historian L'ubomir Liptak noted, in the mid eighties the dynamic of economy was still sufficient to maintain a satisfactory standard of living including such important standards as secure employment, free health care and education, cheap housing and subsidized basic foods, therefore though communist regimes were not capable of more dynamic development, but it was not unbearable enough to stimulate any radical disturbances. Disagreement with the regimes took the form of distancing or non-identification, but not of readiness for genuine revolutionary actions. Secondly, none of the Communist government in Eastern Europe was, in fact, overthrown. They all peacefully gave up his powers. Moreover, the Communist parties reacted loyally to the changing political situation, participated in the first multi-party elections after 1989 and even won them in some countries, though for a while. Thirdly, except for Poland, any internal opposition was not established, i. e. such one that posed a serious threat to the Communist regime or had a clear program of revolutionary changes, openly declaring their commitment to a radical dismantling of the existing system. Fourthly, the former representatives of the party-state nomenclature cleverly adapted themselves to the reform processes and were able to hold in their hands not only the power (which they had earlier), but also to amass property, as in the socialist period they could not dream of it. However, such a fairly common practice does not correspond to the contents of classic revolution, because the latter just deprives of the pre-revolutionary ruling elite and the ruling classes the power and the ownership. Fifthly, the revolutions did not lead to the re-establishment of the system, having existed before the previous revolution. In the case of 1989 events, just such a phenomenon is traced: the so-called people's democratic revolutions in the late 1940's, having shattered the political and socio-economic order (capitalism), but the Velvet Revolutions restored the essence of these former order though in compliance with the realities of the modern world. And the last one. It is generally accepted, that any revolutionary upheavals are due, primarily, to internal causes. But, in the case of the 1989 events, the majority of experts tended to think about the crucial role of the external factor, namely the position of the Soviet leadership, headed by Mikhail Gorbachev. Some of them even considered it, perhaps, the main reason of the Velvet revolutions. The peaceful change of communist regimes was enabled above all by the fact that the Soviet Union – the main guarantor of their government – was not willing to help them effectively. On the other hand, the reforms that began in Eastern Europe after rapid and dramatic events of 1989 were undoubtedly of revolutionary character: the dismantlement of socialist system, an introduction of democratic procedures in politics, the pluralism in the ideological and cultural sphere, the transition to market economy with the full restoration of private property and the like ones.

Introduction. According to the well-established opinion of specialists in social sciences and humanities, a person diffracts his selves in the modern world: real spaces (professions, statuses) and virtual (accounts, profiles). In the diffraction of a person through spaces of different order, each "new" self acquires relative autonomy (a trace of the self in the network, which is present regardless of the attitude to it), and at the same time there remains the connection that, as it were, keeps the self with his digital images and "prints". The main questions of the article are: in what relation and in relation to what is it possible to talk about the identity of a modern person; what fundamentally significant do the researches on human identity give us today; what do those who ask questions about personal identity in the digital age focus their attention on? In order to answer these questions, let us turn to scientific articles from domestic and foreign journals. This article presents the analytics of publications from Scopus and RSCI databases, in which the problem of personal identity is posed. The purpose of the article is to analyze scientific publications on human identity and summarize the main ideas presented in those publications. Methods. The research is based on general scientific methods, analysis and synthesis, induction, deduction, and abstraction. The author analyzes scientific publications on the basis of the interpretation method and a systematic approach method. Content analysis was used as a method, but it was used within the scope of the purpose. The publications were selected on the basis of the authors' research of various aspects of identity and the difference in interpreting the phenomenon. Results. Analysis of Scopus publications made it possible to assert that the problem of identity is moving out of the anthropological context and acquiring new technical and technological frameworks (for example, scholars are raising the problem of the digital data identity, digital identification in the context of online transactions). At the same time, the anthropological view of identity remains. It is found for instance in the context of narratives, texts of a person about self that are posted on the Internet. In this context, the concept of "Person Life View" (M. Schechtman) is presented as a variant of a person's holistic view of the self. The analysis of domestic publications makes it possible to conclude that representatives of social sciences and humanities in their research strive to overcome the dynamic view of a person (dissolving of identity or an absent self), are in search of models of "stability" of identity. Conclusion. Posing the question about the personal identity of a modern person, it seems that the border between the directly human (consciousness and body, for example) and the technical and technological (the Internet and the objective world) is becoming more and more destabilized every day. This predetermines the direction of the research. Contemporary scholars, who publish the results of their work in journals included in scientific databases, are faced not only with the problem of substantiating human identity as a theoretical concept that reflects the modern situation, but also with the problem of finding models in which a person is able to embody the idea of "stability" of identity in the everyday life.

Nowadays role of investment and innovation security in economical problems solving is increasing, that requires appropriate mechanism for its provision. Today, in the conditions of social, economical and political instability, the problem of investment and innovation security in our state, should be solved. Despite of attention of the scientists to the problem of economic safety of the state, the problem of further ways of developing the mechanism of providing investment and innovation security provision still is far from being resolved. The purpose of this article is to investigate economical essence of the investment and innovation security provision. The article identifies the particular characteristics and components of the economic security provision. The author has given the own definition of coverage mechanism of investment-innovative security. It is the system of organizational, financial, institutional and legal measures of influence. These measures are oriented to timely identification and elimination of dangers that appealed to investment-innovative security of the state. It is also the system that comprises three-dimensional characteristics of the security object: static character, dynamic character, the real condition of economic environment as the result of the actions of inner and outer threats. It has proved that for the effective functioning of investment-innovative security mechanism it is necessarily to build up conditions for protected economic environment. Consequently, all these characterize the investigation of its functioning in the statistic condition in the past. Provision formation also recon for the dynamic of economical environment as well as for its quality indicator and expected trends, that conforms its future state. Coverage mechanism of investment-innovative security provides the necessity to mobilize resources for eliminating or neutralizing risks and threats to the admissible level in the current period, as well as for developing necessary measures for their reduction. ; В статье проведена идентификация сущностных характеристик и составляющих механизмов обеспечения экономической безопасности. Дано авторское определение механизма обеспечения инвестиционно-инновационной безопасности как системы организационных, финансовых, институциональных и правовых мер воздействия, направленных на своевременное выявление и ликвидацию угроз инвестиционно-инновационной безопасности государства, а также обусловленной трехмерной характеристикой объекта безопасности: статичностью, динамичностью и реальностью состояния экономической среды вследствие действия внутренних и внешних угроз. Обосновано, что для эффективного функционирования механизма инвестиционно-инновационной безопасности необходимо создать условия для состояния защищенности экономической среды, характеризующий исследования его функционирования в статическом состоянии в прошлом. Механизм обеспечения инвестиционно-инновационной безопасности предполагает необходимость мобилизации ресурсов для устранения или нейтрализации до допустимого уровня рисков и угроз, которые существуют в настоящий период, а также разработки необходимых мер по их снижению. ; У статті проведено ідентифікацію сутнісних характеристик та складових механізмів забезпечення економічної безпеки. Дано авторське визначення механізму забезпечення інвестиційно-інноваційної безпеки як системи організаційних, фінансових, інституційних та правових заходів впливу, спрямованих на своєчасне виявлення та ліквідацію загроз інвестиційно-інноваційній безпеці держави, а також зумовленої тривимірною характеристикою об'єкта безпеки: статичністю, динамічністю та реальністю стану економічного середовища внаслідок дії внутрішніх і зовнішніх загроз. Обґрунтовано, що для ефективного функціонування механізму інвестиційно-інноваційної безпеки необхідно створити умови для стану захищеності економічного середовища, що характеризує дослідження його функціонування у статичному стані в минулому. Механізм забезпечення інвестиційно-інноваційної безпеки передба-чає необхідність мобілізації ресурсів для усунення або нейтралізації до допустимого рівня ризиків і загроз, які існують у теперішній період, а також розробки необхідних заходів щодо їх зниження.

Looking at the various current conditions of the country caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, the impact on economic sectors in Indonesia became unstable. But thanks to the support of MSMEs and the government, the economy in Indonesia can soon recover. Efforts made by the government with various programs for MSMEs, especially in Bekasi Regency, which have innovated related to changes in people's behavior due to COVID-19, related to changes in people/consumers' behavior in buying and selling online, business actors have utilized technology digitally. Therefore, social media and market place become a solution to make it easier for MSMEs to get wider marketing access to make it easier for businesses to reach consumers/buyers globally. In compiling this article, the author first researched to obtain information or data after this article is the result of normative legal research whose implementation is focused on the use of secondary data by using a qualitative paradigm approach of management, and data collection is done qualitatively using deductive logic where the laws and regulations are placed as major premises and facts are placed as the premise of the s minor (Soerjono S, 2007:52). So that this method is more directed to the proof of a theory that already exists. This research also makes a comparison of what can be done to get the most appropriate solution while through a secondary approach researchers refer to laws and regulations, papers, and articles to find out the information that already exists with related problems. This aims to find out the role of the government in protecting MSMEs during the pandemic and how MSMEs in the Bekasi Regency innovate to survive amid the current pandemic. Melihat dari berbagai kondisi Tanah Air saat ini yang diakibatkan oleh pandemi COVID-19 sehingga berdampak pada sektor-sektor perekonomian di Indonesia menjadi tidak stabil. Namun berkat dukungan UMKM dan pemerintah, perekonomian di Indonesia dapat segera pulih kembali. Upaya yang dilakukan pemerintah dengan berbagai program untuk pelaku UMKM khususnya di Kabupaten Bekasi yang telah melakukan inovasi terkait perubahan perilaku masyarakat akibat COVID-19, terkait perubahan perilaku masyarakat/konsumen dalam melakukan jual-beli secara online para pelaku usaha telah memanfaatkan teknologi secara digital. Oleh karena itu Media sosial dan market place menjadi sebuah solusi untuk mempermudah pelaku UMKM mendapatkan akses pemasaran yang lebih luas agar memudahkan para pelaku usaha untuk menjangkau para konsumen/pembeli secara global. Dalam menyusun artikel ini penulis terlebih dahulu melakukan penelitian untuk mendapatkan informasi atau data sehigga artikel ini adalah hasil dari penelitian hukum normative yang pelaksanaannya difokuskan pada penggunaan bersifat data sekunder dengan menggunakan pendekatan paradigma kualitatif pengolaan dan pengumpulan data dilakukan secara kualitatif dengan menggunakan logika deduktif dimana peraturan perundang-undangan ditempatkan sebagai premis mayor dan fakta-fakta ditempatkan sebagai premis minor . Sehingga metode ini sifatnya lebih mengarah kepada pembuktian atas sebuah teori yang telah ada. Penelitian ini juga menjadikan perbandingan tentang apa yang dapat dilakukan untuk mendapatkan sebuah solusi paling tepat sedangkan melalui pendekatan sekunder peneliti mengacu pada peraturan perundang-undangan, makalah, serta artikel-artikel untuk mengetahui informasi yang telah ada dengan masalah yang terkait. Hal ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apa saja peran pemerintah dalam melindungi pelaku UMKM selama pandemi serta bagaimana pelaku UMKM di Kabupaten Bekasi melakukan inovasi agar bertahan di tengah pandemi saat ini.

There is an urgent need to inform policy deliberations about whether children with asthma should be vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2 and, if so, which subset of children with asthma should be prioritised. We were asked by the UK's Joint Commission on Vaccination and Immunisation to undertake an urgent analysis to identify which children with asthma were at increased risk of serious COVID-19 outcomes. This national incident cohort study was done in all children in Scotland aged 5-17 years who were included in the linked dataset of Early Pandemic Evaluation and Enhanced Surveillance of COVID-19 (EAVE II). We used data from EAVE II to investigate the risk of COVID-19 hospitalisation among children with markers of uncontrolled asthma defined by either previous asthma hospital admission or oral corticosteroid prescription in the previous 2 years. A Cox proportional hazard model was used to derive hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs for the association between asthma and COVID-19 hospital admission, stratified by markers of asthma control (previous asthma hospital admission and number of previous prescriptions for oral corticosteroids within 2 years of the study start date). Analyses were adjusted for age, sex, socioeconomic status, comorbidity, and previous hospital admission. Between March 1, 2020, and July 27, 2021, 752 867 children were included in the EAVE II dataset, 63 463 (8·4%) of whom had clinician-diagnosed-and-recorded asthma. Of these, 4339 (6·8%) had RT-PCR confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. In those with confirmed infection, 67 (1·5%) were admitted to hospital with COVID-19. Among the 689 404 children without asthma, 40 231 (5·8%) had confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections, of whom 382 (0·9%) were admitted to hospital with COVID-19. The rate of COVID-19 hospital admission was higher in children with poorly controlled asthma than in those with well controlled asthma or without asthma. When using previous hospital admission for asthma as the marker of uncontrolled asthma, the adjusted HR was 6·40 (95% CI 3·27-12·53) for those with poorly controlled asthma and 1·36 (1·02-1·80) for those with well controlled asthma, compared with those with no asthma. When using oral corticosteroid prescriptions as the marker of uncontrolled asthma, the adjusted HR was 3·38 (1·84-6·21) for those with three or more prescribed courses of corticosteroids, 3·53 (1·87-6·67) for those with two prescribed courses of corticosteroids, 1·52 (0·90-2·57) for those with one prescribed course of corticosteroids, and 1·34 (0·98-1·82) for those with no prescribed course, compared with those with no asthma. School-aged children with asthma with previous recent hospital admission or two or more courses of oral corticosteroids are at markedly increased risk of COVID-19 hospital admission and should be considered a priority for vaccinations. This would translate into 9124 children across Scotland and an estimated 109 448 children across the UK. UK Research and Innovation (Medical Research Council), Research and Innovation Industrial Strategy Challenge Fund, Health Data Research UK, and Scottish Government. [Abstract copyright: Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.]

The article substantiates the opinion that Tadeusz Czacki and Hugo Kolontai, with the support of Prince Adam Jerzy Czartoryski, followed the policy of accomplished facts in the organization of the gymnasium in Kremenets. Since the opening of the gymnasium, they and their followers had focused their activities on establishing a future university in Volyn. The author focuses on the special status of the Volyn Gymnasium, forming its image as the most essential, well-organized institution of the region, which combined education and science. The characteristic of the teaching staff was given. It was emphasized that the teachers of Volyn Gymnasium showed interesting in creative work, had pedagogical achievements and considerable scientific works. It was underlined that the educational goal realization, which was determined when the gymnasium was founded, was provided by an excellent material base. The transformation of the gymnasium into a lyceum as an educational institution close to Vilnius University in terms of its curriculum was followed. The aristocrats' and gentry's perception of Volyn Lyceum as a source of knowledge and culture necessary both in everyday life and to preserve their identity was shown. The ambition of descendants of landless gentry to study in Kremenets was explained by the desire to increase their social status through education. It was noted that the Gymnasium (Lyceum) influenced the lives of Kremenets and its inhabitants, showing them specific preferences and cultural levels. It was concluded that the Russian government (realizing its political goals in the south-western provinces after the November Uprising of 1830) took advantage of the achievements of Volyn Gymnasium (Lyceum) such as good organization and high level of education provided by qualified teachers, properly equipped classrooms, a wonderful botanical garden and a rich library that corresponded to the level of the higher educational institution when opened the University of St. Volodymyr in Kyiv. ; У статті обґрунтовується думка про те, що у справі організації гімназії у Кременці Тадеуш Чацький і Гуго Колонтай за підтримки князя Адама Єжи Чарториського дотримувались політики доконаних фактів. Від часу відкриття гімназії вони та їхні послідовники свою діяльність спрямовували на створення в майбутньому університету на Волині. Автор концентрує увагу на особливому статусі Волинської гімназії, на формуванні її образу як найважливішої, добре організованої інституції регіону, що поєднує навчання й науку. Подано характеристику педагогічних кадрів. Наголошено на тому, що викладачі Волинської гімназії вирізнялися зацікавленістю творчою роботою, педагогічними досягненнями, чималим науковим доробком. Підкреслено, що реалізація освітньої мети, яка визначалася при заснуванні гімназії її творцями, забезпечувалась відмінною матеріальною базою. Прослідковано перетворення гімназії на ліцей – навчальний заклад, який за своєю програмою наближався до Віленського університету. Показано сприйняття аристократами і шляхтою Волинського ліцею як джерела культури і знань, необхідних як у повсякденному житті, так і для збереження власної ідентичності, а прагнення вихідців із безземельної шляхти навчатися у Кременці пояснюється бажанням підвищити свій соціальний статус шляхом отримання освіти. Зауважено, що гімназія (ліцей) впливала на життя Кременця і його мешканців, демонструючи їм певні уподобання і культурний рівень. Зроблено висновок, що російська влада, реалізуючи свої політичні цілі в південно-західних губерніях після Листопадового повстання 1830 року, при відкритті Університету св. Володимира у Києві скористалася здобутками Волинської гімназії (ліцею): доброю організацією та високим рівнем навчання, який забезпечували кваліфіковані викладачі, належним чином обладнаними навчально-науковими кабінетами, чудовим ботанічним садом і багатою бібліотекою, що відповідали рівню вищої школи.