Suchergebnisse

Consumer protection operations operated by the network of Bawal-Ral (Home,Temple, School and Hospital) which the group of people in the target area. Lampang province is the representative in the northern region that started a pilot project that name's Healthy community in Na Kuam Neau community. In 2019, expanding the target area to Ban Pa Hiang community, Sop Tui, Chom Poo zone, and 13 communities from all district representative included to 28 communities, by aiming to develop the potential of consumer protection operations to be strong. The research was a qualitative research that the aim of this research were to 1) Lesson Learned from the consumer protection operated by the network of Bawal-ral in case of the results of operations. 2) The value of consumer protection operated by the network of Bawal-ral in Lampang province. The participants were selected by purposive sampling and consisted of the representatives from communities, temples, schools, hospitals, local administrative organizations, Mueang Lampang district health office and Lampang provincial health office 30 peoples. The research instrument were in-depth interviews, Participation Observation and after action review (AAR) by analyzing qualitative data with content analysis. The results of the study showed that 1) The community had knowledge in the use of health products, food products and medicine correctly, able to protect the rights of consumers by themselves, including complaints in the event of the unsafe products passage through the leader of village health volunteer in community, checking the product label number in website or application of the food and drug administration in mobile phone. Detecting steroids contaminated in traditional medicine, food supplements by the initial test kit. 2) Values of consumer protection operations by the network of Bawal-ral in Lampang province such as 2.1) People in the community can transfer knowledge and experiences in consumer protection in the community through meetings, expansion training and home visits. 2.2) The creation of a strong community network, both in and outside the community, namely local administrative organizations and government agencies for supporting budgets. 2.3) Creating the healthy environment such as adjusting healthy menus, reducing sweetness, fat and salty from entrepreneurs selling cooked food, processed foods, coffee shops, grocery stores in the community and promoting the selection of products with healthier choices. Suggestions: should be extended to create a strong network and creating the environment in the community to be a Learning sources and further innovation for health and correct consumptions such as a community complaint center, a community group line in order to expand the results to the next phase of operation.Keywords: Consumer protection works, The network of Bawalral dot Ral, Community networks. ; การดำเนินงานคุ้มครองผู้บริโภค (บ้านวัดโรงเรียนโรงพยาบาล) โดยกลุ่มบุคคลในพื้นที่จังหวัดลำปางเป็นตัวแทนในเขตพื้นที่ภาคเหนือของประเทศไทยที่ดำเนินโครงการนำร่องในรูปแบบโครงการชุมชนสุขภาพดีในชุมชน ป่าเหียงชุมชนตำบลสบเต๋ยชมพูเขตเทศบาลนครลำปางและตัวแทนชุมชน 13 อำเภอรวมทั้งหมด 26 ชุมชนโดยมุ่งหวังให้เกิดการพัฒนา ้มครองผู้บริโภคฯ ให้มีความเข้มแข็งการวิจัยครั้งนี้เป็นการวิจัยเชิงคุณภาพมีวัตถุประสงค์ 1) ถอดบทเรียนผลการดำเนินงานคุ้มครองผู้บริโภคฯ โดยเครือข่ายบวรร. ในด้านผลลัพธ์การดำเนินงานและ 2) การนำเสนอจากการดำเนินการคุ้มครองผู้บริโภคโดยเครือข่าย บวร.ร. ผลการศึกษาพบว่า 1) ชุมชนที่มีความรู้ในเรื่องการใช้ผลิตภัณฑ์เพื่อสุขภาพและการป้องกันอย่างถูกต้องสามารถปกป้องสิทธิผู้บริโภคได้ด้วยตนเอง ชุมชนการตรวจสอบฉลากผลิตภัณฑ์หมายเลขอย. ผ่านเว็บไซต์หรือมือถือของสำนักงานคณะกรรมการอาหารและยาการตรวจสอบการปนเปื้อนของยาในโรงพยาบาล ผลิตภัณฑ์โบราณวัตถุที่น่าสงสัยด้วยชุดทดสอบเบื้องต้น 2) บุคคลในการดำเนินการคุ้มครองผู้บริโภคโดยเครือข่าย บวร.ร. จังหวัดลำปางเกิน 2.1) คนในชุมชนสามารถรับรู้ความรู้และประสบการณ์ในการปกป้องคุ้มครองผู้คนในชุมชนผ่านการประชุมอบรมและผลงานที่ดี 2.2) เกิดการสร้างเครือข่ายชุมชนที่เข้มแข็งทั้งในและนอกองค์กร และหน่วยงานภาครัฐในเรื่องการดำเนินงานและงบประมาณ 2. ข้อเสนอแนะควรขยายผลการสร้างเครือข่ายบวร. ร. ที่เข้มแข้งและการสร้างสภาพแวดล้อมในชุมชนเพื่อเป็นแหล่งเรียนรู้และต่อยอดการสร้างนวัตกรรมเพื่อสุขภาพและการบริโภคที่ถูกต้องเช่นการมีศูนย์รับเรื่องของชุมชนการมีส่วนร่วมในชุมชนเพื่อขยายผลไปสู่การดำเนินการ งานในระยะต่อไป

Background: Multimorbidity is becoming increasingly common and is a leading challenge currently faced by societies with aging populations. The presence of multimorbidity requires patients to coordinate, understand, and use the information obtained from different health care professionals, while simultaneously striving to distinguish the symptoms of different diseases and self-manage their sometimes conflicting health problems. Electronic health (eHealth) tools provide a means to disseminate health information and education for both patients and health professionals and hold promise for more efficient and cost-effective care processes. Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the use of eHealth tools, taking into account the citizens' sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, and above all, the presence of multimorbidity. Methods: Cross-sectional and exploratory research was conducted using online survey data from July 2011 to August 2011. Participants included a total of 14,000 citizens from 14 European countries aged 16 to 74 years, who had used an eHealth tool in the past 3 months. The variables studied were sociodemographic variables of the participants, the questionnaire items assessing the frequency of using eHealth tools, the degree of morbidity, and the eHealth adoption gradient. Chi-square tests were conducted to examine the relationship between the sociodemographic and clinical variables of participants and the group the participants were assigned to according to their frequency of eHealth use (eHealth user group). A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) allowed for assessing the differences in the eHealth adoption gradient average between different groups of individuals according to their morbidity level. A two-way between-groups ANOVA was performed to explore the effects of multimorbidity and age group on the eHealth adoption gradient. Results: According to the eHealth adoption gradient, most participants (68.15%, 9541/14,000) were labeled as rare users, with the majority of them (55.1%, 508/921) being in the age range of 25 to 54 years, with upper secondary education (50.3%, 464/921), currently employed (49.3%, 454/921), and living in medium-sized cities (40.7%, 375/921). Results of the one-way ANOVA showed that the number of health problems significantly affected the use of eHealth tools (F2,13996=11.584; P<.001). The two-way ANOVA demonstrated that there was a statistically significant interaction between the effects of age and number of health problems on the eHealth adoption gradient (F4,11991=7.936; P<.001). Conclusions: The eHealth adoption gradient has proven to be a reliable way to measure different aspects of eHealth use. Multimorbidity is associated with a more intense use of eHealth, with younger Internet users using new technologies for health purposes more frequently than older groups with the same level of morbidity. These findings suggest the need to consider different strategies aimed at making eHealth tools more sensitive to the characteristics of older populations to reduce digital disadvantages.

Background: Multimorbidity is becoming increasingly common and is a leading challenge currently faced by societies with aging populations. The presence of multimorbidity requires patients to coordinate, understand, and use the information obtained from different health care professionals, while simultaneously striving to distinguish the symptoms of different diseases and self-manage their sometimes conflicting health problems. Electronic health (eHealth) tools provide a means to disseminate health information and education for both patients and health professionals and hold promise for more efficient and cost-effective care processes. Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the use of eHealth tools, taking into account the citizens' sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, and above all, the presence of multimorbidity. Methods: Cross-sectional and exploratory research was conducted using online survey data from July 2011 to August 2011. Participants included a total of 14,000 citizens from 14 European countries aged 16 to 74 years, who had used an eHealth tool in the past 3 months. The variables studied were sociodemographic variables of the participants, the questionnaire items assessing the frequency of using eHealth tools, the degree of morbidity, and the eHealth adoption gradient. Chi-square tests were conducted to examine the relationship between the sociodemographic and clinical variables of participants and the group the participants were assigned to according to their frequency of eHealth use (eHealth user group). A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) allowed for assessing the differences in the eHealth adoption gradient average between different groups of individuals according to their morbidity level. A two-way between-groups ANOVA was performed to explore the effects of multimorbidity and age group on the eHealth adoption gradient. Results: According to the eHealth adoption gradient, most participants (68.15%, 9541/14,000) were labeled as rare users, with the majority of them (55.1%, 508/921) being in the age range of 25 to 54 years, with upper secondary education (50.3%, 464/921), currently employed (49.3%, 454/921), and living in medium-sized cities (40.7%, 375/921). Results of the one-way ANOVA showed that the number of health problems significantly affected the use of eHealth tools (F-2,F-13996=11.584; P<.001). The two-way ANOVA demonstrated that there was a statistically significant interaction between the effects of age and number of health problems on the eHealth adoption gradient (F-4,F-11991=7.936; P<.001). Conclusions: The eHealth adoption gradient has proven to be a reliable way to measure different aspects of eHealth use. Multimorbidity is associated with a more intense use of eHealth, with younger Internet users using new technologies for health purposes more frequently than older groups with the same level of morbidity. These findings suggest the need to consider different strategies aimed at making eHealth tools more sensitive to the characteristics of older populations to reduce digital disadvantages.

The recent boom in the "history of capitalism" has neglected one of the most noted and maligned features of its subject: the connection between capitalism and inequality. To address this gap, this dissertation develops and employs the concept of "economic impunity." It argues that impunity is a function of three variables acting with the sphere of the economy, each of which changed over time even as the structure of the economy itself changed. The first variable is prosecutorial discretion, whether contingent and corrupt or institutionalized in the limits of jurisprudence. The second is technical knowledge, as financial instruments became increasingly esoteric and economic theory became increasingly formalized across the eighteenth century. The third is international mobility, of both capital and its owners, since European capital markets integrated sooner and more thoroughly than markets for land, labor, or commodities. To test this approach, this dissertation uses documents from twenty-three archives in four countries to analyze the disparity between the increasing complexity of international financial instruments and the simultaneously limited scope of securities regulation in Britain and France to argue that the Financial Revolution witnessed the first expansion of economic impunity from the sovereign to the technical managers of capital, culminating in the world's first international financial crisis in 1720. The second chapter shows how eighteenth century economic thought tried to solve the conceptual and political problems this crisis raised. The third chapter uses the financial records of the speculator Étienne Clavière to illustrate the normal workings of eighteenth century finance and how that systems came apart during the French Revolution, turning impunity into a nationalized and politicized attribute. The fourth chapter investigates the revolutionary interregnum through a pair of case studies in Dublin and Strasbourg. The final chapter shows how international private banks like Barings, Rothschilds, and Laffitte reconstituted the European financial system after 1815, culminating with their efforts to contain the first crisis of the nineteenth century gold standard in 1825. This dissertation accomplishes three things: it injects a tractable approach to inequality into the new "history of capitalism" that goes beyond national income accounting or cultural representations by using the concept of impunity to illustrate how institutional exceptions allow for the frequent but disavowed episodes of dispossession that accompanied the rise of modern finance. It illuminates why a constitutive element of the modern, self-authorizing economic sphere is that great moral and material harm can take place within it despite nobody being legally at fault or politically held accountable. Finally, it allows for a method of historicizing financial crises, which otherwise are taken to be eternal, inevitable, and above all, natural. This last moves the recent effort to historicize "the economy" towards an approach that grapples with how economies fail rather than how they grow.

[Background] Brachypodium distachyon (Poaceae), an annual Mediterranean Aluminum (Al)-sensitive grass, is currently being used as a model species to provide new information on cereals and biofuel crops. The plant has a short life cycle and one of the smallest genomes in the grasses being well suited to experimental manipulation. Its genome has been fully sequenced and several genomic resources are being developed to elucidate key traits and gene functions. A reliable germplasm collection that reflects the natural diversity of this species is therefore needed for all these genomic resources. However, despite being a model plant, we still know very little about its genetic diversity. As a first step to overcome this gap, we used nuclear Simple Sequence Repeats (nSSR) to study the patterns of genetic diversity and population structure of B. distachyon in 14 populations sampled across the Iberian Peninsula (Spain), one of its best known areas. ; [Results] We found very low levels of genetic diversity, allelic number and heterozygosity in B. distachyon, congruent with a highly selfing system. Our results indicate the existence of at least three genetic clusters providing additional evidence for the existence of a significant genetic structure in the Iberian Peninsula and supporting this geographical area as an important genetic reservoir. Several hotspots of genetic diversity were detected and populations growing on basic soils were significantly more diverse than those growing in acidic soils. A partial Mantel test confirmed a statistically significant Isolation-By-Distance (IBD) among all studied populations, as well as a statistically significant Isolation-By-Environment (IBE) revealing the presence of environmental-driven isolation as one explanation for the genetic patterns found in the Iberian Peninsula. ; [Conclusions] The finding of higher genetic diversity in eastern Iberian populations occurring in basic soils suggests that these populations can be better adapted than those occurring in western areas of the Iberian Peninsula where the soils are more acidic and accumulate toxic Al ions. This suggests that the western Iberian acidic soils might prevent the establishment of Al-sensitive B. distachyon populations, potentially causing the existence of more genetically depauperated individuals. ; The study has been funded by two consecutive Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness grant projects (CGL2012–39953-C02–01, CGL2016–79790-P) and one Aragon Government and European Social Fund Bioflora grant to PC and IM. DL-A and VS were funded by a Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation and a Tomsk State University PhD fellowship, respectively. DL-A was also supported by a Spanish Instituto de Estudios Altoaragoneses grant. IM received funding from the People Programme (Marie Curie Actions) of the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007–2013) under REA grant agreement PIOF-GA-2011-301,257. PH was funded by Spanish Junta de Andalucia project AGR-0482. ; Peer reviewed

This study is about labour dispute resolution in Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland. The study involves an extensive examination of the political philosophy, methods, structures and rules of engagement comprehensively described as 'emerging' trends. It concerns labour relations in developing African countries and is necessarily located along the continuum of the socio-legal and historical context of each country. The study asserts that there is an indisputable connection between the past colonial state and the post-colonial state. It contends that the post-colonial elite openly assimilated the regulatory legal framework of the colonial master and consolidated this framework soon after independence. The study therefore examines the mode of buttressing the status quo and the sustenance of command and control inherent in labour legislation. This tendency was rationalised by a misguided fear that those advocating for reforms, particularly those with economic power exerting a diluting influence on the dominant position of the state. The research demonstrates how such orientation accounts for subsequent reluctant tinkering with transformational efforts. It also resulted in sporadic, reactive and generally incremental concessions in the direction of workplace democracy. Essentially, this study is about societies in conjunction with law. Inferentially, this means the impact of legal rules and agencies on society in the finding of solutions to societal problems. The study is not based on an assumed premise on the basis of which a credibility test may be made or comparisons drawn. The study sets out to study each society as a unique, discrete entity within a particular blend of social, historical, political and legal contextual permutations. The primary objective therefore is to examine and try to understand and appreciate the strengths, weaknesses, threats and both missed and potential opportunities of each, in addressing a specific social issue such as labour disputes. This study adopts a 'law in context' approach as a sub-text within the broad framework of socio-legal studies. It does not derive from any abstract theoretical hypothesis. It is not based on any quantitative survey approach that warrants the administration of questionnaire. It is strictly an academic observation of distinct, discrete social formations. These are then considered as in transition along the continuum of their socio-economic developmental trajectories. It also ascertains the ground realities such as the political economy of labour disputes. This study required an interdisciplinary perspective, using a sociological approach to the study of law. By consciously focusing on the central institutions of substantive law, it demonstrates the weakness of law's claim to autonomy, its factual interpenetration of all levels with more general structures of government power, In effect, the conclusion drawn is that the attempt at effective dispute resolution, via the instrumentality of legislation, can lead to juridification, the multiplicity of institutionalised structures, over- administration and eventual dysfunction.

Purpose
– This purpose of this study is to apply social exchange theory (SET) to explain how social exchange behaviors, such as the exchange of knowledge, information and respect between firms, would increase the likelihood of certification implementation and strengthen the relationships among partners. The main purposes of this study are to examine the significant connections between partner interactions and long-term orientation and to examine the links among long-term orientation, certifications and relationship quality.


Design/methodology/approach
– To test the research hypotheses, structural equation modeling was conducted to analyze the data collected from 136 respondents who are top managers of manufacturing enterprises in Taiwan National Science Park.


Findings
– Many enterprises in Taiwan regard conflict as a method to express more detailed information about collaboration in business and see conflict as a minus in making the quality of partnership healthier than before. It was affirmed that owning international certifications has an impact on long-term collaborative partnership. Conflicts within a partnership do not completely have a negative influence on relationship quality. Because enterprises want to keep stable partnerships and get long-term competitive advantages, they should continue creating smooth and efficient trading behaviors and should also consider relationship quality as an important factor with regard to their investment in some relationship-specific assets.


Research limitations/implications
– This study was intended to explore the connection between conflict and relationship quality; however, this relation suggested that conflict may be a negative influence but without any significant proof of the connection. Therefore, future researchers could examine this relation again in the context of Taiwanese enterprises.


Practical implications
– This study had some implications for enterprises in Taiwan, especially in regard to maintaining a long-term partnership and deciding whether to acquire a specific certification. When firms decide to invest in a relationship-specific asset, they should consider the interaction with the partners and the quality of the partnership. It is suggested that firms should evaluate not only the immediate benefits and drawbacks but also the implications with regard to partner relationships. Meeting the requirements of partners is thus an effective approach to gain trust and commitment.


Social implications
– As the interactions with partners are executed progressively more smoothly, the relationship quality will become increasingly better. The possibility of having a long-term collaborative relationship becomes higher as the relationship quality improves. Therefore, as the relationship duration becomes increasingly longer, the cost of having an international certification will offer a return on the investment or even result in a profit.


Originality/value
– A good relationship quality will lead to specific investments from partners, such as the one involving the implementation of specific certifications. The enterprises in Taiwan would prefer to develop a long-term partnership when their demands for a specific investment could be fulfilled. Consequently, enterprises can use the degree of relationship quality to assess the cost and benefits of implementing a certification and can, furthermore help in making the decision.

Background; Medical laboratory services are an essential component of health systems. Strengthening these services can combat the major infectious diseases. Laboratory accreditation system is found to be essential to have national and international acceptance of various laboratory test results. Poor quality laboratory services guide to massive cause of over- treatment, overuse of drugs which leads to the emergence of drug resistant and laboratory errors guide the patients at risk of inappropriate care and potentially of adverse events .By recognizing this gaps of the current state of laboratories and the requirements of ISO 15189 particular requirements for quality and competence in Africa, Ethiopia, in 2009, WHO-AFRO established SLMTA in order to help laboratories with stepwise recognition of evolving fulfillment of the ISO 15189 standard instead of a grading of pass-fail. Objectives: To assess the outcome of Strengthening Laboratory Management Towards Accreditation (SLMTA) on laboratory quality management system in Addis Ababa. Methods: The study used an Institutional based cross sectional study design that employed a retrospective and prospective data collection approach on the participated institution of medical laboratory in SLMTA in Addis Ababa city government. The study was conducted in Addis Ababa city government and the data was collected from February –April 2014 and data was interred in to EPI-data version 3.1 and was analyzed by SPSS version 20. Results; The assessment finding indicate that there was a significant improvement in average scores (141.4; range of 65-196, 95%CI =86.275-115.5, p = 0.000) at final with 3 laboratories become 3 star, 6 laboratories were at 2 star, 11 were at 1 star .76% of the respondents respond that their facilities have no work plan and budget for laboratory specific purpose and lack of resources accounts 24% is the reason for this which is followed by absence of System. Laboratory facilities which get adequate and timely manner mentorship were found 2.5 times more likely to get good success in the final status of improvement project (AOR= 2.501, 95% CI= 1.109-4.602) than which did not get it and those laboratory which didn't perform their customer satisfaction survey were 2.261 times more likely to get less final result than laboratory which are conducting their customer satisfaction survey (AOR= 2.261, 95% CI= 1.851-6.007). Conclusion: At the end of SLMTA 3 laboratories become 3 star, 6 laboratories were at 2 star, 11 were at 1 star .The most important contributing factor for not scoring star in the final outcome of SLMTA were not conducting their customer satisfaction survey, shortage of resource, poor staff motivation, and lack of regular equipment service maintenance. Mentorship, onsite and offsite coaching and training activities had shown that a great improvement on laboratory quality management system in most district laboratories. Keywords:-SLMTA, WHO-AFRO, Mentorship, Accreditation.

This thesis explores how usability in delay- and disruption tolerant network (DTN) applications might be developed and how DTN applications services might be put to practical use in remote regions of the Swedish Arctic. The tangible results presented are a set of end-user DTN application services that were developed for the remote sites Saltoluokta and Staloluokta.Challenges that have created the need for new technology include topology, climate, lack of electrical infrastructure and lack of cellular coverage. DTN research aims to make data communication possible where communication is otherwise difficult, using state-of-the-art routing protocols and algorithms. Just as in a "legacy" Internet application, a DTN application is created to transfer information between nodes in a network: text, images, video, sound etc. Applications can be implemented in a network to perform a certain task, whether it be automated or user-generated data.The main challenge with Arctic DTN applications is in the combination of technical and environmental contexts. The development of the applications presented in this thesis took place in the multi-disciplinary N4C project 2008 to 2011. The research team faced challenges that included how to make prototypes of the application services usable enough for the nomadic population in the Sami villages of Tuorpon and Sirges, in Padjelanta and Sarek national parks.The thesis presents an assessment of the developed application services, with technical specifications and tries to answer what usability in DTN applications is, how it can be evaluated and when an application can be deemed usable. The theories of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) and a reference to this field's history can explain the development of the DTN web applications as part of the history of technical development of information technology artifacts and their application in daily life. Since DTN "real life" applications are new, and the technology behind them is still in an early stage of development, it is not possible to point to any given evaluation method for usability assessment.While an "only HCI" strategy would suffice to create good DTN services, some important aspects could be missed, for instance, the ties to democratic values and the overall socio-technical environment. In the work presented HCI theory meshes with Participatory Research and the Software Engineering process. The development of the prototype applications was an iterative process. The conclusion is that when participants see a benefit in using the services, this is acceptable usability. ; Godkänd; 2013; 20130819 (johnas); Tillkännagivande disputation 2013-09-09 Nedanstående person kommer att disputera för avläggande av teknologie doktorsexamen. Namn: John Näslund Ämne: Arbetsvetenskap/Human Work Science Avhandling: Developing Delay-Tolerant Networking Applications for Arctic Communities Opponent: Docent Anna Croon Fors, Institutionen för informatik, Umeå universitet Ordförande: Bitr professor Maria Udén, Institutionen för ekonomi, teknik och samhälle, Luleå tekniska universitet Tid: Måndag den 30 september 2013, kl 13.00 Plats: A117, Luleå tekniska universitet ; Networking for Communications Challenged Communities: Architecture, Test Beds and Innovative Alliances

Since 1979, China has undertaken the policies of the Reforms and the Opening. This period marks a turning-point of China. The liberalization of the market, the industrialization and the internationalization, which are carried out in a systematic and gradual way, made it possible to integrate China in the world economy and globalization. By studying the process of globalization and regional development in China, we can observe a multiple evolution: a transition from the traditional economy, planned and closed towards an economy modern and opened market, a transformation of an agricultural society towards an industrial society and services and a conceptual change of the Chinese centrism and tradition towards globalization and modernity. This evolution is the result of the irresistible forces of the globalization and the experiments of China as for its refusal, its resistance, its acceptance forced, and its tests as regards training towards globalization. However, the growth of China is not shared in a balanced way between the regions of China. Because of the differences in natural environment, in the resources, the industrial structures, social development and taking into account the historical and political elements, the development of the delayed areas of China is a question which concerns not only the economic stability and policy of China, but also of a source of durability of the Chinese growth. The FDI is one of the factors contributing to the economic growth in China, but they are not the only faulty factors for the disparity in China. ; Depuis 1979, la Chine a entrepris les politiques des Réformes et de l'Ouverture. Cette période marque un tournant de la Chine. La libéralisation du marché, l'industrialisation et l'internationalisation, qui sont réalisées de manière systématique et graduelle, ont permis d'intégrer la Chine dans l'économie mondiale et la mondialisation. En étudiant le processus de la mondialisation et du développement régional en Chine, nous pouvons constater une évolution multipolaire : une transition de l'économie traditionnelle, planifiée et fermée vers une économie moderne et ouverte du marché, une transformation d'une société agricole vers une société industrielle et de services et un changement conceptuel du centrisme chinois et de tradition vers la mondialisation et la modernité. Cette évolution est le résultat des forces irrésistibles de la mondialisation et des expériences de la Chine quant à son refus, sa résistance, son acceptation forcée, et ses essais en matière d'apprentissage vers la mondialisation. Cependant, la croissance n'est pas partagée de manière équilibrée entre les régions de la Chine. En raison des différences dans l'environnement naturel, dans les ressources, dans les structures industrielles, dans le développement social et compte tenu des éléments historiques et politiques, le développement des régions retardées est une question qui relève non seulement de la stabilité économique et politique de la Chine, mais aussi d'une source de durabilité de la croissance chinoise. Les IDE sont un des facteurs contribuant à la croissance économique en Chine, mais ils ne sont pas les seuls facteurs fautifs à l'écart de la disparité en Chine.

Background: The number of APOE-ε4 alleles is a major nonmodifiable risk factor for sporadic Alzheimer disease (AD). There is increasing evidence on the benefits of dietary DHA (22:6n-3) before the onset of AD symptoms, particularly in APOE-ε4 carriers. Brain alterations in the preclinical stage can be detected by structural MRI. Objectives: We aimed, in middle-aged cognitively unimpaired individuals at increased risk of AD, to cross-sectionally investigate whether dietary DHA intake relates to cognitive performance and to MRI-based markers of cerebral small vessel disease and AD-related neurodegeneration, exploring the effect modification by APOE-ε4 status. Methods: In 340 participants of the ALFA (ALzheimer and FAmilies) study, which is enriched for APOE-ε4 carriership (n = 122, noncarriers; n = 157, 1 allele; n = 61, 2 alleles), we assessed self-reported DHA intake through an FFQ. We measured cognitive performance by administering episodic memory and executive function tests. We performed high-resolution structural MRI to assess cerebral small vessel disease [white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) and cerebral microbleeds (CMBs)] and AD-related brain atrophy (cortical thickness in an AD signature). We constructed regression models adjusted for potential confounders, exploring the interaction DHA × APOE-ε4. Results: We observed no significant associations between DHA and cognitive performance or WMH burden. We observed a nonsignificant inverse association between DHA and prevalence of lobar CMBs (OR: 0.446; 95% CI: 0.195, 1.018; P = 0.055). DHA was found to be significantly related to greater cortical thickness in the AD signature in homozygotes but not in nonhomozygotes (P-interaction = 0.045). The association strengthened when analyzing homozygotes and nonhomozygotes matched for risk factors. Conclusions: In cognitively unimpaired APOE-ε4 homozygotes, dietary DHA intake related to structural patterns that may result in greater resilience to AD pathology. This is consistent with the current hypothesis that those subjects at highest risk would obtain the largest benefits from DHA supplementation in the preclinical stage.This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01835717. ; Supported by "la Caixa" Foundation (ID 100010434) under agreement LCF/PR/GN17/10300004 (to JLM). In addition, supported by Universities and Research Secretariat, Ministry of Business and Knowledge of the Catalan Government grant no. 2017-SGR-892 (to JLM). AS-V is the recipient of Instituto de Salud Carlos III Miguel Servet fellowship grant CP II 17/00029. EMA-U is the recipient of Alzheimer's Association research grant AARG 2019-AARG-644641 and holds "Ramón y Cajal" fellowship RYC2018-026053-I. MS-C received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program under Marie Sklodowska-Curie action grant agreement no. 752310 and is currently supported by Instituto de Salud Carlos III grant PI19/00155 and Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities Juan de la Cierva Programme grant IJC2018-037478-I. FB is supported by the National Institute for Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre. JD-G holds "Ramón y Cajal" fellowship RYC-2013-13054.

Pesquisas recentes em educação têm evidenciado a relevância do ensino de estratégias de aprendizagem e autorregulatórias no contexto educacional. Pensar esta temática tendo como escopo a formação continuada de professores se torna crucial, uma vez que os professores em exercício precisam ter cursos de formação que proporcionem vivências e experiências em favor de uma maior autorregulação da aprendizagem. Sabendo disso, uma revisão de literatura nesta área pode fornecer um balanço teórico da área e dar indícios de lacunas e orientações teóricas que podem ser utilizadas, atuando como ponto de partida para futuras pesquisas. O presente trabalho objetivou analisar a produção científica sobre programas de intervenção em estratégias de aprendizagem e autorregulatórias em cursos de formação continuada publicados em contexto nacional e internacional, no período de 2017 a 2021. Os resultados revelaram impactos positivos que os programas de intervenção exercem nas capacidades sobre o uso de estratégias e consequentemente na autorregulação da aprendizagem. No entanto, também revelaram uma lacuna ao que concerne publicações no âmbito nacional, uma vez que a maior parte das publicações concentram-se na América do Norte e Europa, demonstrando uma necessidade de pesquisas em outras regiões, especialmente, em países do Hemisfério Sul. Demonstram ainda possibilidades diversas de intervenções considerando público-alvo, tempo de duração e classificação, delineamento, modalidade e conteúdos. Por fim, considera-se a necessidade de investimentos em programas de intervenção em estratégias de aprendizagem e autorregulatórias com professores em exercício, a fim de que se tornem mais estratégicos e autorregulados, para que promovam a autorregulação em seus alunos.
Palavras-chave: Educação. Formação de Professores. Autorregulação da Aprendizagem.
AbstractRecent research in education has highlighted the relevance of teaching learning and self-regulatory strategies in the educational context. Thinking about this theme with the scope of continued teacher education becomes crucial, since current teachers need to have training courses that provide experiences in favor of greater self-regulation of learning. Knowing this, a literature review in this area can provide a theoretical balance of the area and give indications of gaps and theoretical guidelines that can be used, acting as a starting point for future research. The present work aimed to analyze the scientific production on intervention programs in learning and self-regulatory strategies in continuing education courses published in national and international contexts, in the period from 2017 to 2021. The results revealed the positive impacts that intervention programs have on the ability to use strategies and consequently on the self-regulation of learning. However, they also revealed a gap regarding publications at the national level, since most of the publications are concentrated in North America and Europe, demonstrating a need for research in other regions, especially in countries in the Southern Hemisphere. They also demonstrate diverse possibilities of interventions considering target audience, duration and classification, delineation, modality, and content. Finally, we consider the need for investments in intervention programs in learning and self-regulatory strategies with practicing teachers, in order for them to become more strategic and self-regulated, so that they can promote self-regulation in their students.
Keywords. Education. Teacher Education. Self-Regulation Learning.

A pós-graduação brasileira apresenta desafios, metas e caminhos a serem perseguidos por seu corpo docente e discente. Os estudantes de pós-graduação se deparam com problemas estruturais, financeiros, sociais e de saúde dentro da jornada acadêmica, muitas vezes, suficientes para o êxodo da academia, em que são perdidos talentos e pesquisas em potencial para o alavancamento da ciência no país. Assim, a partir de uma suposta carência observada na literatura nacional acerca do tema desta pesquisa (estudos que contemplassem uma análise mais geral dos programas stricto sensu de diferentes áreas em uma mesma instituição), foi realizado um estudo cujos resultados obtidos pudessem servir como subsídios para futuras melhorias e implementação de políticas públicas educacionais em uma Universidade pública, no que concerne à pós-graduação stricto sensu. Nesse contexto, o presente estudo identificou demandas e desejos de pós-graduandos stricto sensu em uma Universidade Federal do Sul do Brasil. Foi aplicado junto aos estudantes do stricto sensu, da referida universidade, um questionário com questões fechadas e uma questão aberta opcional, que contabilizou 566 respostas. As questões foram analisadas distintamente, sendo a questão aberta analisada por procedimentos de análise interpretativa e de categorização simples, e as questões fechadas analisadas por meio de análise estatística descritiva simples. Os principais resultados apontam para desafios a serem enfrentados pelos estudantes e, para solução desses desafios são sugeridas diversas alternativas para sanar as debilidades encontradas na pós-graduação da universidade, contribuindo para melhor desempenho e maior adesão de estudantes à academia.
Palavras-chave: Estudantes. Pós-graduação. Cursos Stricto Sensu.
AbstractThe Brazilian Post- graduate program presents challenges, goals, and paths to be pursued by its professors and students. Post-Graduate students face structural, financial, social and health problems within the academic journey, often enough for the exodus of the academy, where talent and potential research to leverage science in the country are lost. Thus, from an alleged gap observed in the national literature about this research (studies that contemplated a more general analysis of stricto sensu programs from different areas in the same institution), a study was developed whose results could serve as subsidy for future improvements and implementation of educational public policies in a public university regarding stricto sensu post-graduate studies. In this context, this study identified the demands and desires of stricto sensu post-graduate students at a federal university in southern Brazil. A survey with multiple choices questions and an optional open-ended question was applied to stricto sensu students at the mentioned university, which comprised 566 responses. The questions were analyzed differently, with the open-ended question analyzed through interpretive analysis procedures and simple categorization, and the multiple choices questions analyzed through simple descriptive statistical analysis. The main results point to challenges to be faced by students and, to solve these challenges, several alternatives are suggested to remedy the weaknesses found in university post-graduate programs, contributing to better performance and greater adherence of the academy's students .
Keywords: Students. Postgraduate. Stricto Sensu Courses.

Since the outbreak of COVID-19, we have been facing one of the most severe challenges of our modern era. As the world experiences ever-greater globalization, a process of assimilation has accelerated in numerous spheres such as cultural, educational, economic, etc., but it is notable that the measures taken by countries to combat the impact of COVID- 19 vary significantly. A considerable number of countries have implemented lockdown strategies backed by new laws, whereas some others have been relying on the virtues of good citizenship in order to not depend on their legal systems. Within Asia there are also contrasting approaches; for instance, China and Korea responded with a quick and effective tracking method, while Japan depended on a self-restraint strategy. The Japanese and Swedish approaches to COVID-19 are unique and ambiguous, because they are based on voluntary self-restraint. There is no legal or political mechanism to control people's behaviours. Still, in rough terms these methods seem to have been working, at least until now. In order to understand the puzzling practice of self-restraint, this research explores the origin and cultural background of self-restraint in Japan descriptively and evaluates its positive and negative consequences. Rather than utilizing the philosophy of communitarianism as the theoretical base, it examines the deep relationship between Japan and the surrounding environment, and the use of self-restraint in various events, including those related to COVID-19. Moreover, this study adds to the debate on seeking the right balance between the communitarian common good that is especially emphasized in the East, and an individual's rights and freedom that are highlighted in the West. ; Od izbruha COVID-19 se soočamo z enim najhujših izzivov sodobne dobe. Kljub temu da svet doživlja vse večjo globalizacijo in se je proces asimilacije pospešil na številnih področjih, kot so kulturno, izobraževalno in gospodarsko, je mogoče opaziti, da se ukrepi držav za boj proti vplivu COVID-19 med seboj znatno razlikujejo. Veliko držav je uveljavilo strategije zaprtja, podprte z novimi zakoni, medtem ko so se nekatere, da ne bi bile odvisne od svojih pravnih sistemov, sklicevale na vrline dobrega državljanstva. V Aziji obstajajo tudi nasprotujoči si pristopi; na primer Kitajska in Koreja sta se odzvali s hitro in učinkovito metodo sledenja, Japonska pa je bila odvisna od strategije samoomejevanja. Japonski in švedski pristop h COVID-19 sta edinstvena in dvoumna, saj temeljita na prostovoljnem samoomejevanju. Ne vsebujeta pravnega ali političnega mehanizma za nadzorovanje vedenja ljudi. Kljub temu so te metode grobo rečeno vsaj do sedaj dobro delovale. Da bi razumeli zapleteno prakso samoomejevanja, pričujoča študija proučuje izvor in kulturno ozadje samoomejevanja na Japonskem ter ocenjuje njegove pozitivne in negativne učinke. Namesto da bi kot teoretsko podlago postavila filozofijo komunitarizma, preučuje globlji odnos med Japonsko in obkrožujočim okoljem ter uporabo samoomejevanja pri različnih dogodkih, vključno s tistimi, povezanimi s COVID-19. Poleg tega študija prispeva k razpravi o iskanju pravega ravnovesja med skupnim dobrim komunitarizma, ki je še posebej poudarjen na Vzhodu, ter pravicami in svoboščinami posameznika, ki so poudarjene na Zahodu.

Since the outbreak of COVID-19, we have been facing one of the most severe challenges of our modern era. As the world experiences ever-greater globalization, a process of assimilation has accelerated in numerous spheres such as cultural, educational, economic, etc., but it is notable that the measures taken by countries to combat the impact of COVID-19 vary significantly. A considerable number of countries have implemented lockdown strategies backed by new laws, whereas some others have been relying on the virtues of good citizenship in order to not depend on their legal systems. Within Asia there are also contrasting approaches; for instance, China and Korea responded with a quick and effective tracking method, while Japan depended on a self-restraint strategy. The Japanese and Swedish approaches to COVID-19 are unique and ambiguous, because they are based on voluntary self-restraint. There is no legal or political mechanism to control people's behaviours. Still, in rough terms these methods seem to have been working, at least until now. In order to understand the puzzling practice of self-restraint, this research explores the origin and cultural background of self-restraint in Japan descriptively and evaluates its positive and negative consequences. Rather than utilizing the philosophy of communitarianism as the theoretical base, it examines the deep relationship between Japan and the surrounding environment, and the use of self-restraint in various events, including those related to COVID-19. Moreover, this study adds to the debate on seeking the right balance between the communitarian common good that is especially emphasized in the East, and an individual's rights and freedom that are highlighted in the West. ; Od izbruha COVID-19 se soočamo z enim najhujših izzivov sodobne dobe. Kljub temu da svet doživlja vse večjo globalizacijo in se je proces asimilacije pospešil na številnih področjih, kot so kulturno, izobraževalno in gospodarsko, je mogoče opaziti, da se ukrepi držav za boj proti vplivu COVID-19 med seboj znatno razlikujejo. Veliko držav je uveljavilo strategije zaprtja, podprte z novimi zakoni, medtem ko so se nekatere, da ne bi bile odvisne od svojih pravnih sistemov, sklicevale na vrline dobrega državljanstva. V Aziji obstajajo tudi nasprotujoči si pristopi; na primer Kitajska in Koreja sta se odzvali s hitro in učinkovito metodo sledenja, Japonska pa je bila odvisna od strategije samoomejevanja. Japonski in švedski pristop h COVID-19 sta edinstvena in dvoumna, saj temeljita na prostovoljnem samoomejevanju. Ne vsebujeta pravnega ali političnega mehanizma za nadzorovanje vedenja ljudi. Kljub temu so te metode grobo rečeno vsaj do sedaj dobro delovale. Da bi razumeli zapleteno prakso samoomejevanja, pričujoča študija proučuje izvor in kulturno ozadje samoomejevanja na Japonskem ter ocenjuje njegove pozitivne in negativne učinke. Namesto da bi kot teoretsko podlago postavila filozofijo komunitarizma, preučuje globlji odnos med Japonsko in obkrožujočim okoljem ter uporabo samoomejevanja pri različnih dogodkih, vključno s tistimi, povezanimi s COVID-19. Poleg tega študija prispeva k razpravi o iskanju pravega ravnovesja med skupnim dobrim komunitarizma, ki je še posebej poudarjen na Vzhodu, ter pravicami in svoboščinami posameznika, ki so poudarjene na Zahodu.