Suchergebnisse

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Khanapur Hosalli-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 448 ha in Khanapur Hosalli-2 MWS in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 430 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 16 ha is covered by rock outcrops and 2 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 9 soil series and 14 soil phases (management units) and 6 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 430 ha area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 46 per cent of area is shallow (25-50 cm), 150 cm).  About 18 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy soils, 40 per cent loamy soils and 39 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  About 83 per cent area in the microwatershed is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 10 per cent is medium (101-150mm/m) 18 per cent is low (51-100 mm/m) and 46 per cent area is very low (0.75%) in organic carbon content of the soil.  About 32 per cent of area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus content of the soil, 3 per cent of area is low (57 kg/ha) in the microwatershed.  Available potassium content is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 25 per cent and medium (10 -20 ppm) in 52 per cent of area in the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in an area of 37 per cent of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 53 (12) 133 (30) Guava - 90 (20) Maize 90 (20) 96 (21) Sapota - 90 (20) Bajra 90 (20) 96 (21) Pomegranate - 90 (20) Groundnut 37 (8) - Musambi - 90 (20) Sunflower - 90 (20) Lime - 90 (20) Redgram - 185 (41) Amla 90 (20) 0.5 (<1) Bengal gram - - Cashew - 45 (10) Cotton 53 (12) - Jackfruit - 90 (20) Chilli 90 (20) 0.5 (<1) Jamun - - Tomato 90 (20) 0.5 (<1) Custard apple 82 (18) 9 (2) Brinjal 90 (20) 0.5 (<1) Tamarind - - Onion 90 (20) 0.5 (<1) Mulberry - 90 (20) Bhendi 90 (20) 0.5 (<1) Marigold 90 (20) 0.5 (<1) Drumstick - 90 (20) Chrysanthemum 90 (20) 0.5 (<1) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 75 (61.98%) men and 46 (38.02%) were women among the sampled households.  The average family size of marginal farmers was 4.19, a small farmer was 5, a semi medium farmer was 4.33, a medium farmer was 4 and for large farmers it was 4.22.  There were 22 (11.28%) people in 0-15 years of age, 71 (36.41%) were in 16-35 years of age, 84 (43.08 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 18 (9.23%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that the Khanapura Hosalli-2 had 61.54 per cent illiterates, 2.05 per cent were functional literates, 13.85 per cent of them had primary school education, 4.10 per cent of them had middle school education, 6.67 per cent of them had high school education, 3.59 per cent of them had PUC education, and 5.64 per cent of them had degree education.  The results indicate that, 85.29 per cent of the households were practicing agriculture, 11.76 per cent of the household heads were general labourers and 2.94 percent of the households were housewife.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 48.72 per cent of the household members, 6.67 per cent were general labourers, 0.51 per cent were private service, 10.26 per cent of them were in student, 26.15 per cent of them were housewife and 3.59 per cent of them were children.  The results show that 99.49 per cent of the population did not participate in any local organization and only 1 person was a member of cooperative bank.  The results indicate that 85.29 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 14.71 per cent of them possess pucca house.  The results shows that 100 per cent of the households possess TV, 11.76 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 23.53 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, and 100 per cent of the households mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs.8647, mixer grinder was Rs.1925, motor cycle was Rs.62875 and mobile phone was Rs.2280.  About 20.59 per cent of the households possess plough, 23.53 per cent of them possess bullock cart, 2.94 per cent of them possess sprayer, and 20.59 per cent of them possess weeder.  The results show that the average value of plough was Rs.3414, the average value of sprayer was Rs.7500, the average value of bullock cart was Rs.18875, and the average value of weeder was Rs.91.  The results indicate that, 35.29 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 11.76 per cent of the households possess local cow, and 2.94 per cent of the households possess buffalo and goat. 2  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2.65, average own labour (women) available was 1.90, average hired labour (men) available was 10.29 and average hired labour (women) available was 9.42.  The results indicate that, 88.24 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was adequate. 100 per cent of marginal, small, semi medium and medium farmers who responded to the question answered that hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Khanapura Hosalli-2 micro watershed possess 24.39 ha (75.17%) of dry land and 8.06 ha (24.83%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 8.90 ha (100%) of dry land. Small possess 6.88 (83.95%) of dry land and 1.74 ha (16.81%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 8.61 ha (83.19%) of dry land and 1.74 ha (16.81%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 5 ha (100%) of irrigated land.  The average value of dry land was Rs. 512363.09 and average value of irrigated was Rs. 322551.48. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 820336.67 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 450411.77 for dry land and Rs. 608000 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 243750 for dry land and Rs. 344651.15 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 239805.82 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, small farmers had irrigated area of 1.32 hectares, semi medium farmers had 1.63 hectares and medium farmers had 5 hectares of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown cotton (9.97 ha), Greengram (1.21 ha), groundnut (14.36 ha), paddy (0.51 ha), and redgram (7.51 ha).  Marginal farmers had grown cotton, groundnut and redgram. Small farmers had grown cotton, greengram, paddy and redgram. Semi medium farmers had grown cotton and groundnut and medium farmers had grown groundnut only.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Khanapura Hosalli-2 micro watershed was found to be 100 per cent.  The results indicate that, 88.24 per cent of the households in the micro watershed possess bank account and savings. This included 100 per cent of marginal, small, semi medium and medium farmers. Landless farmers did not possess any bank account.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the marginal, small, semi medium and medium farmers have borrowed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 58847.46. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 76895.28. The net income from Groundnut cultivation was Rs. 18047.82, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.31. 3  The total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 90161.66. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 151731.12. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. 61569.46. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.68.  The total cost of cultivation for red gram was Rs. 61002.42. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 75056.91. The net income from red gram cultivation was Rs. 14054.50. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.23.  The total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 141572.06. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 173888. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 32315.94. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.23.  The total cost of cultivation for greengram was Rs. 27216.95. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 74100. The net income from greengram cultivation was Rs. 46883, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.72.  The results indicate that, 35.29 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate. The data also revealed that 32.35 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder is adequate.  The average annual gross income in case of landless farmers was Rs.85000, in case of marginal farmers it was Rs. 113281, in case of small farmers it was Rs. 135071, in case of semi medium farmers it was Rs. 300000 and in case of medium farmers it was Rs. 287000.  The results indicated that, in case of landless farmers the average annual expenditure was Rs. 7500, in case of marginal farmers it was Rs. 5798.83, in case of small farmers it was Rs. 7127.98, in case of semi medium farmers it was Rs. 28800, and for medium farmers it was Rs.48000.  The results indicated that, greengram, groundnut, paddy and redgram were sold to the extent of 100 per cent. Cotton was sold to the extent of 80.65 per cent.  About 88.24 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants which include 100 per cent of the marginal, small, semi medium and medium farmers.  The results indicated that 11.76 per cent of the households have used cart as mode of transport and 76.47 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transport.  The results indicated that, 88.24 per cent of the households have shown interest in soil testing i.e. 100 per cent of marginal farmers, 100 per cent of small farmers, 100 per cent of semi medium and 100 per cent of medium farmers have shown interest in soil testing.  The results indicated that, dung cake was the source of fuel for 2.94 per cent of the households, fire wood was the source of fuel for 91.18 per cent of the households and LPG was the source of fuel for 5.88 per cent of the households.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 100 per cent of the households in the micro watershed. 4  The results indicated that, electricity was the major source of light for all the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 47.06 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 25 per cent of landless, 37.50 per cent of marginal, 28.57 per cent of small, 100 per cent of semi medium, and 100 per cent of medium farmers had sanitary toilet facility.  100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 91.18 per cent of the households in the micro watershed participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 76.47 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 35.29 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 26.47 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 26.47 per cent, fruits were adequate for 20.59 per cent, milk was adequate for 76.47 per cent, egg were adequate for 79.41 per cent and meat was adequate for 76.47 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, Lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 88.24 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (88.24%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (23.53%), inadequacy of irrigation water (23.53%), high cost of Fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (85.29%), high rate of interest on credit (79.41%), low price for the agricultural commodities (85.29 %), lack of marketing facilities in the area (73.53%), inadequate extension services (8.82%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (82.35%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Hire Bamanhal-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 465 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 94 per cent is covered by soil, 150cm) soils.  About 200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 6 per cent is nearly level (0-1%), 87 per cent is very gently sloping (1-3%) and 0.75%) in 80 per cent area of the soils.  Available phosphorus is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available potassium is low (337 kg/ha) in 1 per cent of the soils.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 9 per cent of the soils.  Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) in 82 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 1 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 16(3) 218(47) Sapota 12(3) 279(60) Maize 12(3) 221(48) Pomegranate 12(3) 289(62) Bajra 60(13) 292(63) Musambi 16(3) 285(62) Groundnut 51(11) 330(71) Lime 16(3) 285(62) Sunflower 16(3) 189(41) Amla 197(42) 218(47) Redgram 12(3) 193(42) Cashew 143(31) 144(31) Bengal gram 11(2) 247(54) Jackfruit 12(3) 279(60) Cotton 4(1) 229(49) Jamun - 300(65) Chilli 12(3) 214(46) Custard apple 198(43) 217(47) Tomato 12(3) 214(46) Tamarind - 183(40) Brinjal 191(41) 105(23) Mulberry 146(31) 214(46) Onion 191(41) 101(22) Marigold 12(3) 221(48) Bhendi 191(41) 105(23) Chrysanthemum 12(3) 221(48) Drumstick 146(31) 121(27) Jasmine 12(3) 211(45) Mango - 146(32) Crossandra 12(3) 212(45) Guava 12(3) 278(60)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 8 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 102 (58.62%) men and 72 (41.38%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 4.25, marginal farmers' was 5, small farmers' was 5.21, semi medium farmers' was 5.3 and medium farmers' was 5.5.  The data indicated that, 44 (25.29%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 72 (41.38%) were in 16-35 years of age, 52 (29.89%) were in 36-60 years of age and 6 (3.45%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Hire Bamanhal-1 had 28.16 per cent illiterates, 51.15 per cent of them had primary school education, 6.90 per cent of them had middle school education, 5.75 per cent of them had high school education, 3.45 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.57 per cent of them did ITI and 2.30 per cent of them had degree education.  The results indicate that, 79.41 per cent of households were practicing agriculture and 20.59 per cent of the households were agricultural labourers.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 15.52 per cent of the household members, 56.90 per cent were agricultural laborers, 25.86 per cent were students and 1.72 per cent were children.  The results show that 98.28 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions and 1.72 per cent of the population has participated in NGOs.  The results indicate that, 11.76 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 82.35 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 5.88 per cent of the households possess pucca/RCC house.  The results show that 100 per cent of the households possess TV, 94.12 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 23.53 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 38.24 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 94.12 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 6911, mixer grinder was Rs.1740, bicycle was Rs. 2437, motor cycle was Rs.41923 and mobile phone was Rs.2340.  About 17.65 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 44.12 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.94 per cent of them possess tractor, 8.82 per cent of them possess sprayer and 73.53 per cent of them possess weeder.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs.13300, the average value of plough was Rs.2166, tractor was Rs.250000, the average value of sprayer was Rs.3833 and weeder was Rs.92.  The results indicate that, 41.18 per cent of the households possess bullocks and 38.24 per cent of the households possess local cow. 2  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.79, average own labour (women) available was 1.65, average hired labour (men) available was 7.44 and average hired labour (women) available was 7.82.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Hire Bamanhal-1 micro-watershed possess 54.81 ha (94.03%) of dry land and 3.48 ha (5.97%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 3.19 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 20.06 ha (97.43%) of dry land and 0.53 ha (2.57%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 21.85 ha (88.10%) of dry land and 2.95 per cent (11.90%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 9.71 ha (100%) dry land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 186,927.79 and average value of irrigated land was Rs. 516,976.75. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 438,276.29 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 259,108.33 for dry land and was Rs. 1,131,297.76 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 130,409.41 for dry land and Rs. 406,584.36 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 82,333.33 for dry land.  The results indicate that, there were 7 functioning and 7 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 20.59 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 10.49 meters.  The results indicate that, small, semi medium and medium farmers had irrigated area of 0.53 ha, 2.02 ha and 4.86 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown bajra (17.64 ha), maize (33.21 ha), sunflower (4.86 ha), cotton (0.81 ha) and jowar (1.62 ha).  Marginal farmers have grown maize and bajra. Small farmers have grown bajra, sunflower and maize. Semi medium farmers have grown bajra, maize, sunflower and jowar. Medium farmers have grown maize, bajra, sunflower and cotton.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Hire Bamanhal-1 micro-watershed was found to be 77.58 per cent. In case of marginal farmers it was 100 per cent, small farmers it was 93.66 per cent, in case of semi medium farmers it was 70.04 and medium farmers it was 66.67 per cent.  The results indicate that, 85.29 per cent of the households have bank account and 85.29 per cent have savings.  The results indicate that, 85.29 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Cotton was Rs. 29765.11. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 74100. The net income from Cotton cultivation was Rs. 44334.89. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.49. 3  The total cost of cultivation for Sunflower was Rs. 25012.23. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 40909.38. The net income from Sunflower cultivation was Rs. 15897.14. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.64.  The total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 29113.27. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 34584.67. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 5471.40. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.19.  The total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 24298.39. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 21902.28. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. -2396.11. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.9.  The total cost of cultivation for Jowar was Rs. 15879.95. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 16549. The net income from Jowar cultivation was Rs. 669.05. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.04.  The results indicate that, 17.65 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 32.35 per cent opined that dry fodder was inadequate.  The results indicate that the average annual gross income was Rs. 15,750 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 51,650, for small farmers it was Rs. 48,328.57, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 78,060 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 172,400.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 4,525.21. For landless households it was Rs. 1,312.50, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 5,250, for small farmers it was Rs. 1,548.47, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 3,392.86 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 36,000.  The results indicate that, households have planted 6 coconut trees and 2 mango trees in the field.  The results indicate that, households have planted 67 neem trees and 3 tamarind trees in their fields.  The results indicate that, the average additional investment capacity with the households for land development was Rs. 7,000, for improved crop production Rs. 411.76 and for irrigation facility Rs. 705.88.  The results indicate that, Government subsidy was the source of additional investment for 2.86 per cent for land development and 2.86 per cent for irrigation facility. Loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 2.86 per cent for land development. Own funds was the source of additional investment for 5.71 per cent for land development and 2.86 per cent for irrigation facility. Soft loan was the source of additional investment for 71.43 per cent for land development, 5.71 per cent for irrigation facility and another 5.71 per cent for improved crop production.  The results indicated that, bajra was sold to the extent of 64.68 per cent, jowar to the extent of 75 per cent, cotton, maize and sunflower were sold to the extent of 100 per cent. 4  The results indicated that, about 111.76 per cent of the famers have sold their produce in regulated markets and 5.88 per cent of the farmers have sold to local/village merchants.  The results indicated that, 114.71 per cent of the households have used tractor and 2.94 per cent of them have carried head loads as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce.  The results indicated that, 8.82 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm i.e., 25 per cent of the marginal farmers, 7.14 per cent of the small farmers and 10 per cent of semi medium farmers have experienced soil and water erosion problems.  The results indicated that, 88.24 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households used firewood as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, bore well was the major source of drinking water for 35.29 per cent of the households and piped supply was the source of drinking water for 64.71 per cent of the households in the micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet.  The results indicated that, 97.06 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 2.94 per cent of the households did not possess any PDS cards.  The results indicated that, 23.53 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 88.24 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 29.41 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 47.06 per cent, fruits were adequate for 47.06 per cent, milk was adequate for 44.12 per cent and eggs were adequate for 32.35 per cent.  The results indicated that, pulses were inadequate for 11.76 per cent of the households, oilseeds were inadequate for 61.76 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 50 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 26.47 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 58.82 per cent and milk was inadequate for 26.47 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 88.24 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (85.29%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (52.94%), inadequacy of irrigation water (8.82%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (41.18%), high rate of interest on credit (2.94%), low price for the agricultural commodities (14.71%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (14.71%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (35.29%), inadequate extension services (11.76%), less rainfall (41.18%) and source of agri-technology information (14.71%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Chikka Kamanuru microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 463 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 93 per cent is covered by soil, eight per cent by rock out crops and 0.75%) in 44 per cent area of the soils.  Available phosphorus is low (57 kg/ha) in 43 per cent of the soils.  Available potassium is low (337 kg/ha) in 41 per cent of the soils.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in 63 per cent of the area.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 40 per cent of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area.  The land suitability for 28 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 37 (8) 62 (13) Pomegranate 2(<1) 134(29) Maize 37 (8) 62 (13) Guava 2(<1) 134(29) Bajra 50 (11) 135 (29) Jackfruit 2(<1) 134 (29) Redgram 2(<1) 48 (10) Jamun - 101 (22) Bengal gram 25(5) 74 (16) Musambi 2 (<1) 134 (29) Groundnut 15(3) 246 (53) Lime 2 (<1) 134 (29) Sunflower 2 (<1) 48 (10) Cashew 12(3) 206(45) Cotton - 99 (21) Custard apple 25(5) 365(79) Chilli 12(3) 65(14) Amla 25(5) 365 (79) Tomato 37(8) 40(9) Tamarind - 10(2) Drumstick 2(<1) 146 (32) Marigold 12(3) 87(19) Mulberry 2 (<1) 339(73) Chrysanthemum 12(3) 87(19) Mango - 2(<1) Jasmine 12(3) 87(19) Sapota 2 (<1) 134(29) Crossandra 12(3) 65(14) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 6 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 87 (57.24%) men and 65 (42.76%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 4.40, marginal farmers' was 3.67, small farmers' was 4.62, semi medium farmers' was 4 and medium farmers' was 5.40.  The data indicated that, 31 (20.39%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 63 (41.45%) were in 16-35 years of age, 46 (30.26%) were in 36-60 years of age and 12 (7.89%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Chikka Kamanuru had 40.13 per cent illiterates, 32.89 per cent of them had primary school education, 5.92 per cent of them had middle school education, 7.89 per cent of them had high school education, 5.26 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.66 per cent had ITI and 3.95 per cent of them had degree.  The results indicate that, 82.35 per cent of the household heads were practicing agriculture and 17.65 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourers.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 19.74 per cent of the household members, 60.53 per cent were agricultural labourers, 17.11 per cent were student and 2.63 per cent were children.  The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 23.53 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 38.24 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 38.24 per cent of them possess pucca/RCC house.  The results show that 88.24 per cent of the households possess TV, 85.29 per cent of them possess mixer/grinder, 8.82 per cent of them possess bicycle, 11.76 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 91.18 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 6,950, mixer grinder was Rs. 2,389, bicycle was Rs. 3,000, motor cycle was Rs. 37,500 and mobile phone was Rs. 2,088.  About 23.53 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 14.71 per cent of them possess plough, 2.94 per cent of them possess sprayer and 44.12 per cent of them possess weeder.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 15,275, plough was Rs. 1,500, sprayer was Rs. 5,000 and weeder was Rs. 24.  The results indicate that, 35.29 per cent of the households possess bullocks and 14.71 per cent of the households possess local cow.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.56, average own labour (women) available was 1.32, average hired labour (men) available was 5.62 and average hired labour (women) available was 5.97. 2  The results indicate that 100 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Chikka Kamanuru micro-watershed possess 24.22 ha (46.26%) of dry land and 28.13 ha (53.74%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 2.04 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 17.69 ha (95.62%) of dry land and 0.81 ha (4.38%) irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 4.49 ha (35.65%) of dry land and 8.11 ha (64.35%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 19.22 ha (100%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 280,634.92 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 195,411.39. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 588,095.24 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 271,242.28 for dry land and Rs. 494,000 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 178,018.02 for dry land and Rs. 332,784.43 for irrigated land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 124,852.57 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 14 functioning and 9 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 41.18 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 23.49 meters.  The results indicate that small, semi medium and medium farmers had an irrigated area of 0.81 ha, 6.21 ha and 18.22 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown maize (35.42 ha), bajra (7.72 ha), mango (4.05 ha), groundnut (1.62 ha), sunflower (0.81 ha) and paddy (0.4 ha).  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Chikka Kamanuru micro-watershed was found to be 92.51 per cent.  The results indicate that, 61.76 per cent of the households have bank account and savings.  The results indicate that, 61.76 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, 47.62 per cent of the households availed loan from commercial bank.  The results indicate that, average credit availed in the micro watershed was Rs. 93,345.24.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households have borrowed loan from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production.  The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan borrowed from institutional sources.  The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan borrowed from institutional sources. 3  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 22729.43. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 29927.77. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 7198.34. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.32.  The total cost of cultivation for mango was Rs. 15496.73. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 138320. The net income from mango cultivation was Rs. 122823.27. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:8.93.  The total cost of cultivation for sunflower was Rs. 33165.05. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 98800. The net income from sunflower cultivation was Rs. 65634.95. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.98.  The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 35694.21. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 38748.13. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 3053.91. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.09.  The total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 58433.94. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 76570. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 18136.06. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.31.  The total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 25501.64. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 19374.80. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. - 6126.85. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.76.  The results indicate that, 5.88 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 17.65 per cent opined that dry fodder was inadequate.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 41,200 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 22,000, for small farmers it was Rs. 57,630.77, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 70,500 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 116,000.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 4,592.65. For landless households it was Rs. 3,200, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 2,333.33, for small farmers it was Rs. 4,634.62, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 3,812.50 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 8,480.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 37 coconut trees and 3 mango trees in their backyard.  The results indicate that, households have planted 87 neem and 2 tamarind trees in their field. Also, the households have planted 67 neem trees in their backyard.  The results indicated that, bajra was sold to the extent of 59.6 per cent, groundnut was sold to the extent 60 per cent, maize was sold to the extent of 98.8 per cent, mango was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, paddy was sold to the extent of 53.3 per cent, sunflower was sold to the extent of 95 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 11.76 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants and 88.24 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated market. 4  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of them used tractor as a mode of transportation.  The results indicated that, 35.29 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 85.29 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 97.06 per cent of the households used firewood and 2.94 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 11.76 per cent of the households, bore well was the source of drinking water for 85.29 per cent of the households and open well was the source of drinking water for 2.94 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 64.71 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, 41.18 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 91.18 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 88.24 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 23.53 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 20.59, fruits were adequate for 64.71 per cent, milk was adequate for 41.18 per cent, eggs were adequate for 17.65 per cent and meat were adequate for 23.53 per cent.  The results indicated that, cereals were in adequate for 5.88 per cent of the households, pulses were inadequate for 8.82 per cent, oilseeds were inadequate for 73.53 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 70.59 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 29.41 per cent, milk was inadequate for 38.24 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 67.65 per cent and meat was inadequate for 61.76 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 85.29 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (79.41%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (44.12%), inadequacy of irrigation water (29.41%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (20.59%), high rate of interest on credit (17.65%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (11.76%), low price for the agricultural commodities (23.53%), inadequate extension services (23.53%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (2.94%), less rainfall (32.35%) and Source of Agri-technology information (20.59%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Honageri-1Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 574 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 501 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 25 ha by rock outcrops and 47 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 6 soil series and 10 soil phases (management units) and 3 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 10 per cent area is moderately shallow (150 cm).  About 73 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 15 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  Entire area of 87 per cent in the microwatershed is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 12 per cent is low (51-100 mm/m).  About 40 per cent area in the microwatershed has nearly level (0-1% slope) lands and 48 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands.  An area of about 48 per cent is moderately (e2) eroded and 40 per cent area is slightly (e1) eroded.  An area of about 27 per cent area is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) in soil reaction, 38 per cent soils is slightly to moderately alkaline (pH 7.3-8.4) and 22 per cent soils are strongly to very strongly alkaline (pH 8.4 - >9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of entire soils of the microwatershed is dominantly 4.5 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 432 (75) 65 (11) Guava - 14 (2) Maize - 496 (87) Sapota - 14(2) Bajra - 502 (87) Pomegranate - 446 (78) Groundnut - 14 (2) Musambi 431 (75) 15 (3) Sunflower 426 (74) 15 (3) Lime 431 (75) 14 (3) Redgram - 446 (78) Amla - 497 (87) Bengal gram 432 (75) 56(10) Cashew - - Cotton 426 (74) 62 (11) Jackfruit - 9(2) Chilli - 502 (88) Jamun - 437 (76) Tomato - 496 (87) Custard apple 441 (77) 56(10) Brinjal 142(25) 361(63) Tamarind - 437 (76) Onion 395 (69) 56(10) Mulberry - 9(2) Bhendi 201(35) 301(52) Marigold - 502 (88) Drumstick - 446(78) Chrysanthemum - 502 (88) Mango - 135(24)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 94 (59.12%) men and 65 (40.88%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 4, marginal farmers' was 3.7, small farmers' was 3.8 and semi medium farmers' was 5.2.  The data indicated that, 31 (19.50 %) people were in 0-15 years of age, 69 (43.40 %) were in 16-35 years of age, 45 (28.30 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 14 (8.81 %) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Honageri-1 had 56.60 per cent illiterates, 0.63 per cent of them had functional literate and masters, 13.84 per cent of them had primary school education, 3.14 per cent of them had middle school education, 10.69 per cent of them had high school education, 2.52 per cent of them had PUC education and 6.29 per cent had degree education.  The results indicate that, 52.78 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture, 47.22 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourer and 2.78 per cent were general labour.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 41.51 per cent of the household members, 33.33 per cent were agricultural laborers, 1.26 per cent were general laborers, 0.63 per cent were in private service, 16.98 per cent were students and 6.29 per cent were children.  The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 22.22 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 69.44 per centre of them possess Katcha house and 8.33 per cent of them possess pucca/RCC house.  The results show that 77.78 per cent of the households possess TV, 2.78 per cent of them possess mixer/grinder and tempo, 16.67 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 94.44 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 8,785, mixer/grinder was Rs. 2,000, motor cycle was Rs. 59,333, tempo was Rs. 180,000 and mobile phone was Rs. 3,002.  About 8.33 per cent of the households possess plough, 5.56 per cent of them possess weeder and 2.78 per cent of them possess chaff cutter. About 8.33 per cent of the households possess plough, 5.56 per cent of them possess weeder and 2.78 per cent of them possess chaff cutter.  The results indicate that, 19.44 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 13.89 per cent of the households possess local cow and 2.78 per cent of the households possess buffalo. 2  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.52, average own labour (women) available was 1.19, average hired labour (men) available was 8.52 and average hired labour (women) available was 7.70.  The results indicate that, 75 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Honageri-1 micro-watershed possess 39.98 ha (92.16 %) of dry land, 2.59 ha (5.97%) of irrigated land and 0.81 ha (1.87%) of permanent fallow land. Marginal farmers possess 6.12 ha (88.31 %) of dry land and 0.81 ha (11.69%) of Permanent Fallow. Small farmers possess 7.86 ha (100 %) of dry land. Semi medium farmers possess 26.01 ha (90.94 %) of dry land and 2.59 ha (9.06 %) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 632,750, the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 1,157,812.48 and the average value of permanent fallow was Rs. 642,200. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 1,062,541.37 for dry land and Rs. 642,200 for permanent fallow. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 662,310.86 for dry land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 522,751.33 for dry land and the average land value was Rs. 1,157,812.48 of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 2 functioning bore well in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 5.56 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 5.93 meters.  The results indicate that semi-medium farmers had an irrigated area of 2.59 ha, respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown red gram (17.43 ha), groundnut (15.48 ha), cotton (3.87ha), sorghum (3.72 ha) and bajra (0.4 ha).  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Honageri-1 micro-watershed was found to be 96.03 per cent.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for red gram was Rs. 37189.90. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 69834.81. The net income from red gram cultivation was Rs. 32644.91. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.88.  The total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 33175.92. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 51960.12. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. 18784.20. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.57.  The total cost of cultivation for Groundnut was Rs. 44384.27. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 110787.87. The net income from Groundnut cultivation was Rs. 66403.60. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.5. 3  The total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 42476.37. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 95269.99. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. 52793.62. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.24.  The total cost of cultivation for Bajra was Rs. 66871.31. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 78926.34. The net income from Bajra cultivation was Rs. 12055.03. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.18.  The results indicate that, 25 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder and green fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 62,500 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 78,500, for small farmers it was Rs. 104,666.67 and for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 89,105. The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 6,851.39. For landless households it was Rs. 6,000, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 5,615, for small farmers it was Rs. 11,805.56 and for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 5,972.22.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 1 mango trees in their field. The results indicate that, households have planted 114 neem trees in their field.  The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 5,694.44 for land development.  The results indicated that own funds was the source of additional investment for 33.33 per cent for land development.  The results indicated that, bajra was sold to the extent of 71.43 per cent, cotton was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, groundnut was sold to the extent of 68.22 per cent, red gram was sold to the extent of 86.49 per cent and sorghum was sold to the extent of 60.94 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 2.78 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to agent/ traders, 66.67 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants and 6.67 per cent of them sold in regulated markets.  The results indicated that, 2.78 per cent of the households have used head load and 72.22 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce.  The results indicated that, 33.33 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 72.22 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households used firewood as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 97.22 per cent of the households in the micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed. 4  The results indicated that, 69.44 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 97.22 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 2.78 per cent of the sampled households has not possessed PDS card.  The results indicated that, 88.89 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals, pulses and meat were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, oilseed were adequate for 2.78 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 50 per cent, fruits was adequate for 8.33 per cent and eggs and meat were adequate for 97.22 per cent.  The results indicated that, oilseed were inadequate for 97.22 per cent of the households, vegetables were inadequate for 50 per cent, fruits was inadequate for 91.67 per cent, milk and eggs were inadequate for 2.78 per cent.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil, frequent incidence of pest and diseases, high cost of fertilizer and plant protection chemicals and high rate of interest on credit was the constraint experienced by 75 per cent of the households and wild animal menace on farm field (77.78 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kerehalli-3 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 601 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 51 per cent is covered by soil, 40 per cent by rock out crops, eight per cent by quarry and one per cent by water bodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below  The soils belong to 13 soil series and 18 soil phases (management units) and 7 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is 0.75%) in 27 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available phosphorus is low (57 kg/ha) in 20 per cent of the soils.  Available potassium is low (337 kg/ha) in 8 per cent area of the soils.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in 21 per cent of the area.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 7 per cent of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area.  The land suitability for 28 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 15(2) 149(25) Pomegranate 40(7) 15(2) Maize 15 (2) 149 (25) Guava 40(7) 15(2) Bajra 15(2) 155(26) Jackfruit 40(7) 15(2) Redgram 15(2) 35 (6) Jamun - 46(8) Bengal gram - 163(27) Musambi 40(7) 15(2) Groundnut 15(2) 61 (10) Lime 40(7) 15(2) Sunflower 15 (2) 35 (6) Cashew 40(7) 54(9) Cotton - 163(27) Custard apple 40(7) 183(30) Chilli 15(2) 49(8) Amla 40(7) 183 (30) Tomato 15(2) 49(8) Tamarind - 40(7) Drumstick 15(2) 41(7) Marigold 15(2) 149(25) Mulberry 15(2) 95(16) Chrysanthemum 15(2) 149 (25) Mango - 40(7) Jasmine 15(2) 149(25) Sapota 40(7) 15(2) Crossandra 15(2) 49(8)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 7 identified LMU's by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plans have been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 118 (60.20%) men and 78 (39.80%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of marginal farmers' was 5.75, small farmers' was 4.83, semi medium farmers' was 5.67, medium farmers' was 3 and large farmers' was 10.  The data indicated that, 35 (17.86%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 88 (44.90%) were in 16-35 years of age, 53 (27.04%) were in 36-60 years of age and 20 (10.20%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Kerehalli-3 had 33.67 per cent illiterates, 1.02 per cent functional literate, 21.43 per cent of them had primary school education, 4.08 per cent of them had middle school education, 18.88 per cent of them had high school education, 14.29 per cent of them had PUC education, 3.06 per cent of them had degree education and 0.51 per cent of them did diploma.  The results indicate that, 50 per cent of households were practicing agriculture and 50 per cent of the households were agricultural labourers.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 39.29 per cent of the household members, 33.67 per cent were agricultural laborers, 0.51 per cent were general labourers, 2.55 per cent were in private service, 20.41 per cent were students, 0.51 per cent were housewives and 3.06 per cent were children.  The results show that 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 97.22 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 2.78 per cent of the households possess pucca/RCC house.  The results show that 86.11 per cent of the households possess TV, 36.11 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 5.56 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 44.44 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 2.78 per cent possess landline phone and 83.33 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 8838, mixer grinder was Rs. 2038, bicycle was Rs. 2000, motor cycle was Rs. 50312, landline phone was Rs. 2000 and mobile phone was Rs. 1694.  About 11.11 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.78 per cent of them possess sprayer and 66.67 per cent of them possess weeder.  The results show that the average value of plough was Rs.1,500, the average value of sprayer was Rs. 3,000 and the average value of weeder was Rs.51.  The results indicate that, 11.11 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 2.78 per cent possess buffalo and 11.11 per cent of the households possess local cow.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.78, average own labour (women) available was 1.22, average hired labour (men) available was 17.97 and average hired labour (women) available was 16.08. 2  The results indicate that, 97.22 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate and 2.78 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Kerehalli-3 micro-watershed possess 18.81 ha (34.24%) of dry land and 36.13 ha (65.76%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 2.59 ha (86.47%) of dry land and 0.40 ha (13.53%). Small farmers possess 13.80 ha (89.50%) of dry land and 1.62 ha (10.50%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 2.43 ha (8.87%) of dry land and 24.96 ha (91.13%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 2.67 ha (100%) and large farmers possess 6.48 ha (100%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 366,594.97 and average value of irrigated land was Rs. 301,556.90. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 541,158.07 for dry land and Rs. 1,235,000 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 354,926.69 for dry land and was Rs. 555,750 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 247,000 for dry land and Rs. 336,381.32 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 224,545.46 for irrigated land and in case of large farmers it was Rs. 77,187.50.  The results indicate that, there were 22 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 61.11 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 82.55 meters.  The results indicate that, marginal, small, semi medium, medium and large farmers had irrigated area of 0.40 ha, 1.62 ha, 24.36 ha, 2.67 and 6.48 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown maize (46.55 ha), groundnut (3.24 ha), paddy (2.96 ha) and chilly (1.3 ha). Marginal farmers have grown maize. Small farmers have grown maize and paddy. Semi medium farmers have grown maize, paddy and chilly. Medium farmers have grown maize. Large farmers have grown maize and groundnut.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Kerehalli-3 micro-watershed was found to be 88.82 per cent. In case of marginal farmers it was 100 per cent, small farmers it was 100 per cent, in case of semi medium farmers it was 98.79, medium farmers it was 60.67 per cent and large farmers had a cropping intensity of 50 per cent.  The results indicate that, 2.78 per cent of the households have bank account.  The results indicate that, 2.78 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Paddy was Rs. 68869.77. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 57237.62. The net income from 3 Paddy cultivation was Rs. -11632.15. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.83.  The total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 29260.14. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 51031.25. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 21771.11. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.74.  The total cost of cultivation for Chilly was Rs. 30609.48. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 46312.50. The net income from Chilly cultivation was Rs. 15703.02. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.51.  The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 54395.13. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 75829. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 21433.87. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.39.  The results indicate that, 8.33 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 8.33 per cent opined that green fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the average annual gross income was Rs. 68,125 for marginal farmers, for small farmers it was Rs. 67,500, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 76,888.89, for medium farmers it was Rs. 18,000 and for large farmers it was Rs. 468,500.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 11,085.65. For marginal farmers it was Rs. 15,562.50, for small farmers it was Rs. 5,013.89, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 2,759.26, for medium farmers it was Rs. 12,000 and for large farmers it was Rs. 215,000.  The results indicate that, households have planted 15 coconut trees and 9 mango trees in the field.  The results indicate that, households have planted 71 neem trees, 2 tamarind trees and 2 acacia trees in their fields.  The results indicate that, the average additional investment capacity with the households for land development was Rs. 1,916.67, for improved crop production Rs. 555.56 and for irrigation facility Rs. 277.78.  The results indicate that, loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 16.67 per cent for land development, for 5.56 per cent for irrigation facility and for 11.11 per cent for improved crop production.  The results indicated that, chilly was sold to the extent of 75 per cent, groundnut 71.43 per cent, maize 97.88 per cent and paddy 72.22 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 5.56 per cent of the famers have sold their produce in regulated market and 97.22 per cent of the farmers have sold to local/village merchants.  The results indicated that, 105.88 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm. 4  The results indicated that, 97.22 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 94.44 per cent of the households used firewood and 5.56 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, bore well was the major source of drinking water for 13.89 per cent of the households, piped supply was the source of drinking water for 66.67 per cent of the households and lake/tank was the major source of drinking water for 13.89 per cent of the households in the micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 97.22 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 50 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet.  The results indicated that, 97.22 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, 44.44 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 97.22 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 13.89 per cent, fruits were adequate for 16.67 per cent, milk was adequate for 88.89 per cent, eggs were adequate for 97.22 per cent and meat was adequate for 13.89 per cent.  The results indicated that, pulses were inadequate for 2.78 per cent of the households, oilseeds were inadequate for 97.22 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 83.33 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 77.78 per cent, milk were inadequate for 8.33 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 2.78 per cent and meat was inadequate for 83.33 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 86.11 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (97.22%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (86.11%), inadequacy of irrigation water (55.56%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (50%), high rate of interest on credit (50%), low price for the agricultural commodities (86.11%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (91.67%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (88.89%), inadequate extension services (88.89%), less rainfall (2.78%) and source of agri-technology information (2.78%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Chukkanakallu-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 518 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 68 per cent is covered by soil, 1 per cent by rock outcrops and 31 per cent by habitation and water body. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below  The soils belong to 9 soil series and 20 soil phases (management units) and 6 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm) soils.  About 14 per cent loamy (sandy loam and sandy clay loam) and 54 per cent has clayey (sandy clay and clay) soils at the surface.  About 45 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 17 per cent is nearly level (0-1%) and 51 per cent is very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 37 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 30 per cent is moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about 39 per cent is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8), 8 per cent is moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4), 9 per cent is strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) and 12 per cent is very strongly alkaline (pH >9.0) in reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are 0.75%) in 21 per cent area of the soils.  Available phosphorus is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available potassium is low (337 kg/ha) in 1 per cent area of the soils.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in 12 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is sufficient (>0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 65(13) 216(42) Sapota 36(7) 94(18) Maize 16(3) 266(52) Pomegranate 36(7) 210(41) Bajra 36(7) 274(53) Musambi 65(13) 181(35) Groundnut - 58(11) Lime 65(13) 181(35) Sunflower 65(13) 181(35) Amla 36(7) 273(53) Redgram 36(7) 163(32) Cashew - 130(25) Bengal gram 29(6) 280(54) Jackfruit 36(7) 94(18) Cotton 65(13) 216(42) Jamun 36(7) 154(30) Chilli 16(3) 149(29) Custard apple 65(13) 244(47) Tomato 16(3) 149(29) Tamarind 36(7) 153(30) Brinjal 94(18) 188(37) Mulberry 16(3) 230(45) Onion 94(18) 71(14) Marigold 16(3) 265(52) Bhendi 94(18) 188(37) Chrysanthemum 16(3) 265(52) Drumstick 36(7) 210(41) Jasmine 16(3) 149(29) Mango 36(7) 124(24) Crossandra 36(7) 176(34) Guava 20(4) 110(21)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 6 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 78 (57.35 %) men and 58 (42.65 %) were women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless' was 2.8, marginal farmers' was 4.2, small farmers' was 4.3, semi medium farmers' was 4 and medium farmers' was 4.5.  The data indicated that, 15 (11.03 %) people were in 0-15 years of age, 51 (37.5 %) were in 16-35 years of age, 57 (41.91 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 13 (9.56 %) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Chukkanakallu-2 had 37.50 per cent illiterates, 34.56 per cent of them had primary school education, 7.35 per cent of them had middle school education, 10.29 per cent of them had high school education, 2.94 per cent of them had PUC education, 1.47 per cent of them had Diploma and degree education and 2.21 per cent of them had masters education.  The results indicate that, 91.18 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture and 5.88 per cent of the household heads were agricultural laborers. The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 23.53 per cent of the household members, 67.65 per cent were agricultural laborers, 1.47 per cent were in government service, 6.62 per cent were students and 0.74 per cent were children.  The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any of the institution.  The results indicate that 82.35 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 17.65 per cent of them possess pucca/RCC house.  The results show that 55.88 per cent of the households possess TV, 70.59 per cent of them possess mixer/grinder, 5.88 per cent of them possess bicycle, 32.35 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 2.94 per cent of the households possess auto and 67.65 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs 5,515, mixer/grinder was Rs 1,875, bicycle was Rs 2,000, motor cycle was Rs. 49,272, auto was Rs. 200,000 and mobile phone was Rs. 2,336.  About 5.88 per cent of the households possess bullock cart and thresher, 52.94 per cent of them possess plough, 8.82 per cent of them possess sprayer, 52.94 per cent of them possess weeder and 2.94 per cent of them possess Cultivator.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 10,000, plough was Rs. 1,877, sprayer was Rs. 1,550, average value of weeder was Rs. 123, average value of thresher was 190 and the average value of Cultivator was Rs. 32.  The results indicate that, 17.65 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 14.71 per cent of the households possess local cow and 2.94 per cent of the households possess Buffalo. 2  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.93, average own labour (women) available was 1.10, average hired labour (men) available and average hired labour (women) available was 15.86. The results indicate that, 85.29 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Chukkanakallu-2 micro-watershed possess 26.24 ha (72.73%) of dry land, 7.36 ha (20.39 %) of irrigated land and 2.48 ha (6.88%) of permanent fallow land. Marginal farmers possess 5.92 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 12.27 ha (78.85 %) of dry land, 0.81 ha (5.20 %) of irrigated land and 2.48 ha (15.95%). Semi medium farmers possess 8.05 ha (86.22 %) of dry land and 1.29 ha (13.78%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 5.26 ha (100 %) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 350,462.68, the average value of irrigated land was Rs.230,968.10 and the average value of permanent fallow land Rs. 201,468.19. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 675,324.68 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 325,965.03 for dry land, Rs. 247,000 for irrigated land and Rs. 201,468.19 for permanent fallow land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 148,944.72 for dry land and Rs. 388,364.77 for irrigated land. In case of medium farmers, Rs.190,000 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 4 functioning and de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed. The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 11.76 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 3.59 meters.  The results indicate that semi medium and medium farmers had an irrigated area of 1.29 ha and 2.83 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown maize (22.36 ha), Bajra (7.36 ha), Sunflower (2.83 ha) and Wheat (3.34 ha). Marginal farmers have grown maize, bajra and sunflower. Small farmers have grown maize, bajra and cowpea. Semi medium farmers have grown maize and bajra. Medium farmers have grown maize and sunflower.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Chukkanakallu-2 micro-watershed was found to be 100 per cent.  The results indicate that, 79.14 per cent of the households have bank account and savings.  The results indicate that, 79.41 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, 7.41 per cent of the households have borrowed from commercial bank. 3  The results indicate that, the average credit amount borrowed by households in micro-watershed was Rs, 5,000.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households borrowed from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production.  The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan borrowed from institutional sources.  The results indicate that, around 100 per cent opined that helped to perform timely agricultural operation.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 15704.22. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 24107.32. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. 8403.10. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1:1.54.  The total cost of cultivation for Sunflower was Rs. 25491.42. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 40617.78. The net income from Sunflower cultivation was Rs. 15126.36. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.59.  The total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 44628.49. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 40066.01. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. - 4562.48. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.9.  The total cost of cultivation for cowpea was Rs. 11809.29. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 37050. The net income from cowpea cultivation was Rs. 25240.71. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:3.14.  The results indicate that, 2.94 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was inadequate and green fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 43,833.33 for landless households, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 32,400, for small farmers it was Rs. 68,916.67, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 77,500 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 115,000.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 4,806.06. For landless households it was Rs. 7,666.67, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 2,346.67, for small farmers it was Rs. 2,751.89, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 7,104.17 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 16,250.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 1 coconut, 2 guava and 4 mango trees in their field and1 in backyard.  The results indicate that, households have planted 22 teak, 50 neem and 1 tamarind trees in their field and also 1 neem trees in their backyard.  The results indicated that, Bajra were sold to the extent of 79.17 per cent, cowpea were sold to the extent of 60 per cent, maize were sold to the extent of 98.33 per cent and sunflower were sold to the extent of 92.86 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 73.53 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated market. The results indicated that 79.41 per cent of the households used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce. 4  The results indicated that, 20.59 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 76.47 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households used firewood, 2.86 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel and 2.86 per cent of the households used Kerosene.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the source of drinking water for 2.94 per cent of the households and bore well was the major source of drinking water for 97.06 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, 23.53 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 76.47 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 70.59 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 20.59 per cent, vegetables and egg were adequate for 14.71 per cent, fruits were adequate for 44.12 per cent, milk was adequate for 17.65 per cent and meat was adequate for 8.82 per cent.  The results indicated that, Cereals were inadequate for 11.76 per cent of the households, pulses were inadequate for 17.65 per cent of the households, oilseeds were inadequate for 67.65 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 70.59 per cent, fruits was inadequate for 41.18 per cent, milk were inadequate for 44.12 per cent and egg and meat was inadequate for 70.59 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, cereals, pulses, oilseeds, vegetables, milk and egg were market surplus for 11.76 per cent and fruits and meat were market surplus for 14.71 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 76.41 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (79.41%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (20.59%), inadequacy of irrigation water and inadequate extension services (5.88%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (20.59%), high rate of interest on credit and low price for the agricultural commodities (8.82%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (23.53%), less rainfall (26.47%) and source of agri-technology information (14.71%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

W artykule przyglądam się temu, jaką edukację polityczną warto rozwijać we współczesnej polskiej szkole i wszędzie tam, gdzie buduje się w ludziach zdolność do wspólnej i niewyalienowanej pracy. Kierunek rozważań wyznaczyła konieczność ustosunkowania się myśli pedagogicznej – i równoległego dostosowania praktyk wychowawczych – do zmian w sposobie koordynacji społeczeństwa, które dokonują się w atmosferze groźby wybuchu wojny. Rozważania te buduję na dotychczasowych badaniach własnych z obszaru uczenia się w ruchach społecznych, analizując trzy porządki zapewniające koordynację społeczeństw (neoliberalizm, nacjonalizm, militaryzm) w kontekście wykluczanych przez nie wartości: dobra wspólnego, samorządu i pokoju. Rezultatem pracy jest matryca przyporządkowująca te kontrwartości różnym typom współpracy (koordynacji, kooperacji i kolaboracji). Matryca pozwala identyfikować specyfikę konkretnych przykładów mobilizacji społecznej, jak i rozpoznawać luki w kształceniu kolektywnych umiejętności współdziałania. Rezultaty analizy pozwalają zoperacjonalizować praktyki oporu pod kątem celów wychowania i stawiają w nowym świetle problemy powiązań i nawarstwiania się wrogich szkole ideologii neoliberalizmu, nacjonalizmu i militaryzmu. ; The paper analyses types of political education worth developing in contemporary Polish schools and in other places dedicated to building human capacity to work together in a non-alienated way. The analysis is based on my own research from the area of learning in social movements. I analyze three orders ensuring social coordination (neoliberalism, nationalism, and militarism) in the context of the values they exclude: the common good, self-government and peace. The result of the work is a matrix assigning these counter-values, accordingly, to coordination, cooperation and collaboration. 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Objective To identify the genetic determinants of fracture risk and assess the role of 15 clinical risk factors on osteoporotic fracture risk. DESIGN Meta-analysis of genome wide association studies (GWAS) and a two-sample mendelian randomisation approach. Setting 25 cohorts from Europe, United States, east Asia, and Australia with genome wide genotyping and fracture data. Participants A discovery set of 37 857 fracture cases and 227 116 controls; with replication in up to 147 200 fracture cases and 150 085 controls. Fracture cases were defined as individuals (>18 years old) who had fractures at any skeletal site confirmed by medical, radiological, or questionnaire reports. Instrumental variable analyses were performed to estimate effects of 15 selected clinical risk factors for fracture in a twosample mendelian randomisation framework, using the largest previously published GWAS meta-analysis of each risk factor. Results Of 15 fracture associated loci identified, all were also associated with bone mineral density and mapped to genes clustering in pathways known to be critical to bone biology (eg, SOST, WNT16, and ESR1) or novel pathways (FAM210A, GRB10, and ETS2). Mendelian randomisation analyses showed a clear effect of bone mineral density on fracture risk. One standard deviation decrease in genetically determined bone mineral density of the femoral neck was associated with a 55% increase in fracture risk (odds ratio 1.55 (95% confidence interval 1.48 to 1.63; P=1.5×10?68). Hand grip strength was inversely associated with fracture risk, but this result was not significant after multiple testing correction. The remaining clinical risk factors (including vitamin D levels) showed no evidence for an effect on fracture. Con clusions This large scale GWAS meta-analysis for fracture identified 15 genetic determinants of fracture, all of which also influenced bone mineral density. Among the clinical risk factors for fracture assessed, only bone mineral density showed a major causal effect on fracture. Genetic predisposition to lower levels of vitamin D and estimated calcium intake from dairy sources were not associated with fracture risk. ; Funding: This research and the Genetic Factors for Osteoporosis (GEFOS) consortium have been funded by the European Commission (HEALTH-F2-2008-201865-GEFOS). AGES: NIH contract N01- AG-12100 and NIA Intramural Research Program, Hjartavernd (the Icelandic Heart Association), and Althingi (the Icelandic Parliament). Icelandic Heart Association. Anglo-Australasian Osteoporosis Genetics Consortium (AOGC): National Health and Medical Research Council (Australia) (grant reference 511132). Australian Cancer Research Foundation and Rebecca Cooper Foundation (Australia). National Health and Medical Research Council (Australia). National Health and Medical Research Council (Australia) Career Development Award (569807). Medical Research Council New Investigator Award (MRC G0800582). Health Research Council of New Zealand. Sanofi-Aventis, Eli Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, Proctor & Gamble Pharmaceuticals and Roche. National Health and Medical Research Council, Australia. Australian National Health and Medical Research Council, MBF Living Well foundation, the Ernst Heine Family Foundation and from untied educational grants from Amgen, Eli Lilly International, GE-Lunar, Merck Australia, Novartis, Sanofi-Aventis Australia and Servier. Medical Research Council UK and Arthritis Research UK. The Victorian Health Promotion Foundation and the Geelong Region Medical Research Foundation, and the National Health and Medical Research Council, Australia (project grant 628582). Action Research UK. DME is supported by an Australian Research Council Future Fellowship (FT130101709). This work was supported by a Medical Research Council programme grant (MC_UU_12013/4). B-Vitamins for the PRevention Of Osteoporotic Fractures (BPROOF) study: supported and funded so far by The Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (ZonMw, grant 6130.0031), The Hague; unrestricted grant from NZO (Dutch Dairy Association), Zoetermeer; Orthica, Almere; Netherlands Consortium Healthy Ageing (NCHA) Leiden/Rotterdam; Ministry of Economic Affairs, Agriculture and Innovation (project KB-15-004-003), The Hague; Wageningen University, Wageningen; VUmc, Amsterdam; Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam. Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS): National Heart Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI) contracts HHSN268201200036C, HHSN268200800007C, N01HC55222, N01HC85079, N01HC85080, N01HC85081, N01HC85082, N01HC85083, N01HC85086; and NHLBI grants U01HL080295, R01HL087652, R01HL105756, R01HL103612, R01HL120393, and R01HL130114 with additional contribution from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS). Additional support was provided through R01AG023629 from the National Institute on Ageing (NIA). Genotyping supported in part by the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, CTSI grant UL1TR000124, and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease Diabetes Research Center (DRC) grant DK063491 to the Southern California Diabetes Endocrinology Research Center. deCODE Genetics. EPIC-Norfolk: Medical Research Council G9321536 and G9800062, MAFF AN0523, EU FP5 (QLK6-CT-2002-02629), Food Standards Agency N05046, GEFOS EU FP7 Integrated Project Grant Reference: 201865, The UK's National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre Grant to Cambridge contributed to the costs of genotyping. Estonian Genome Center University of Tartu (EGCUT): This study was supported by EU H2020 grants 692145, 676550, 654248, Estonian Research Council Grant IUT20-60, NIASC and EIT—Health and EU through the European Regional Development Fund (project No 2014-2020.4.01.15-0012 GENTRANSMED). Erasmus Rucphen Family Study (ERF): Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO), Erasmus University Medical Centre, the Centre for Medical Systems Biology (CMSB1 and CMSB2) of the Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI). Framingham Osteoporosis Study (FOS): National Institute for Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases and National Institute on Ageing (R01 AR41398; DPK and R01 AR 050066; DK National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study (N01-HC-25195) and its contract with Affymetrix for genotyping services (N02-HL-6-4278). The Gothenburg Osteoporosis and Obesity Determinan Study (GOOD): Swedish Research Council (K2010-54X-09894-19-3, 2006-3832 and K2010-52X-20229-05-3), Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research, ALF/LUA research grant in Gothenburg, Lundberg Foundation, Torsten and Ragnar Söderberg's Foundation, Västra Götaland Foundation, Göteborg Medical Society, Novo Nordisk Foundation, and European Commission grant HEALTH-F2-2008- 201865-GEFOS. Health Aging and Body Composition Study (HealthABC): the Intramural Research Program of the National Institute of Health (NIH), National Institute on Ageing. US National Institute of Ageing (NIA) contracts N01AG62101, N01AG62103, and N01AG62106. NIA grant 1R01AG032098. The Center for Inherited Disease Research (CIDR). National Institutes of Health contract number HHSN268200782096C. Hong Kong Osteoporosis Study (HKOS): Hong Kong Research Grant Council (HKU 768610M); Bone Health Fund of HKU Foundation; KC Wong Education Foundation; Small Project Funding (201007176237); Matching Grant, Committee on research and conference (CRCG) Grant and Osteoporosis and Endocrine Research Fund; and the Genomics Strategic Research Theme of the University of Hong Kong. The Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Study is supported by National Institutes of Health funding. The following institutes provide support: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institute on Ageing (NIA), National Center for Research Resources (NCRR), and National Institute of Health (NIH) Roadmap for Medical Research under the following grant numbers: U01 AR45580, U01 AR45614, U01 AR45632, U01 AR45647, U01 AR45654, U01 AR45583, U01 AG18197, U01-AG027810, and UL1 RR024140. Prospective study of pravastatin in the elderly at risk (PROSPER): European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement No HEALTH-F2-2009-223004 PHASE. Rotterdam study I, Rotterdam study II, Rotterdam study III: Netherlands Organisation of Scientific Research (NWO) Investments (No 175.010.2005.011, 911-03-012); Research Institute for Diseases in the Elderly (014-93-015; RIDE2); Netherlands Genomics Initiative/Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing (050-060-810); German Bundesministerium fuer Forschung und Technology under grants #01 AK 803 A-H and # 01 IG 07015 G. the Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development ZonMw VIDI 016.136.367 (funding FR, CM-G, KT). Study of Osteoporotic Fractures (SOF): supported by National Institutes of Health funding. The National Institute on Ageing (NIA) and the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) provides support under the following grant numbers: R01 AG005407, R01 AR35582, R01 AR35583, R01 AR35584, R01 AG005394, R01 AG027574, R01 AG027576, and R01 AG026720. TwinsUK1, TwinsUK2: NIHR Biomedical Research Centre (grant to Guys' and St Thomas' Hospitals and King's College London); Chronic Disease Research Foundation; Wellcome Trust; Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Canadian Foundation for Innovation, Fonds de la Recherche en Santé Québec, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, and Ministère du Développement économique, de l'Innovation et de l'Exportation du Quebec. UK Biobank: This research has been conducted using the UK Biobank Resource (application No 12703). Access to the UK Biobank study data was funded by a University of Queensland Early Career Researcher Grant (2014002959). Access to the UK Biobank study data was funded by University of Queensland Early Career Researcher Grant (2014002959) and University of Western Australia-University of Queensland Bilateral Research Collaboration Award (2014001711). NMW is supported by a National Health and Medical Research Council Early Career Fellowship (APP1104818). Women's Genome Health Study (WGHS): HL 043851 and HL69757 from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and CA 047988 from the National Cancer Institute, the Donald W Reynolds Foundation, and the Fondation Leducq Amgen. Women's Health Initiative (WHI) program is funded by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, US. Department of Health and Human Services through contracts N01WH22110, 24152, 32100-2, 32105-6, 32108-9, 32111-13, 32115, 32118-32119, 32122, 42107-26, 42129-32, and 44221. Young Finns study (YFS): has been financially supported by the Academy of Finland: grants 286284 (TL), 134309 (Eye), 126925, 121584, 124282, 129378 (Salve), 117787 (Gendi), and 41071 (Skidi); the Social Insurance Institution of Finland; Competitive State Research Financing of the Expert Responsibility area of Tampere, Turku and Kuopio University Hospitals (grant X51001); Juho Vainio Foundation; Paavo Nurmi Foundation; Finnish Foundation for Cardiovascular Research; Finnish Cultural Foundation; Tampere Tuberculosis Foundation; Emil Aaltonen Foundation; Yrjö Jahnsson Foundation; Signe and Ane Gyllenberg Foundation; and Diabetes Research Foundation of Finnish Diabetes Association; and EU Horizon 2020 (grant 755320 for TAXINOMISIS). Barcelona cohort osteoporosis (BARCOS): Red de Envejecimiento y fragilidad RETICEF, CIBERER, Instituto Carlos III. Fondos FEDER. Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria (FIS PI13/00116). Spanish MINECO (SAF2014-56562-R), Catalan Government (2014SGR932). Austrios-A, Austrios-B: was supported by BioPersMed (COMET K project 825329), and the Competence Center CBmed (COMET K1 centre 844609), funded by the Austrian Federal Ministry of Transport, Innovation and Technology (BMVIT) and the Austrian Federal Ministry of Economics and Labour/ the Federal Ministry of Economy, Family and Youth (BMWA/BMWFJ) and the Styrian Business Promotion Agency (SFG). Cantabria-Camargo study (Cabrio-C), Cantabria osteoporosis case-control study (Cabrio-CC): Instituto de Salud Carlos III-Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias Grants PI 06/34,PI09/539, PI12/615 and PI15/521 (that could be cofunded by European Union-FEDER funds). Calcium Intake Fracture Outcome Study (CAIFOS): Healthway Health Promotion Foundation of Western Australia, Australasian Menopause Society and the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council Project Grant (254627, 303169 and 572604). Canadian Multicentre Osteoporosis Study (CaMos): was supported by a grant from the Canadian Institutes for Health Research (CIHR) (grant No MOP111103). JBR and JAM are funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Fonds du Recherche Québec Santé, and Jewish General Hospital. Edinburgh Osteoporosis Study (EDOS): was supported by a grant from Arthritis Research UK (grant number 15389). European Prospective Osteoporosis Study (EPOS): EU Biomed 1 (BMHICT920182, CIPDCT925012, ERBC1PDCT 940229, ERBC1PDCT930105), Medical Research Council G9321536 and G9800062, Wellcome Trust Collaborative Research Initiative 1995, MAFF AN0523,EU FP5 (QLK6-CT-2002-02629), Food Standards Agency N05046, GEFOS EU FP7 Integrated Project Grant Reference: 201865. The UK's National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre Grant to Cambridge contributed to the costs of genotyping. Geelong Osteoporosis Study (GEOS): Canadian Institutes for health research operating grant funding reference #86748. Genetic analysis of osteoporosis in Greece (GROS): University of Athens, Greece (Kapodistrias 2009). Hertfordshire Cohort Study (HCS): supported by Medical Research Council UK; Arthritis Research UK; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Musculoskeletal BRU Oxford; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nutrition BRC Southampton. Hong Kong: The projects have been supported by The Hong Kong Jockey Club Charities Trust, VC discretionary fund of The Chinese University of Hong Kong, and Research Grants Council Earmarked Grant CUHK4101/02M. Korean osteoporosis study in Asan Medical Center (KorAMC): a grant of the Korea Health Technology R&D Project, the Ministry of Health and Welfare, Republic of Korea (project No HI14C2258); a grant of the Korea Health Technology R&D Project, the Ministry of Health and Welfare, Republic of Korea (project No HI15C0377). Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam (LASA): largely supported by a grant from the Netherlands Ministry of Health Welfare and Sports, Directorate of Long term Care. MINOS study was supported by a grant from the Merck-Sharp-Dohme Chibret company. Malta osteoporotic fracture study (MOFS): financial support was received from the European Union Strategic Educational Pathways Scholarhip scheme (STEPS). The Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Sweden: financial support was received from the Swedish Research Council (K2010- 54X-09894-19-3, 2006-3832), Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research, ALF/LUA research grant in Gothenburg, Lundberg Foundation, Torsten and Ragnar Söderberg's Foundation, Västra Götaland Foundation, Göteborg Medical Society, Novo Nordisk foundation, and European Commission grant HEALTH-F2-2008- 201865-GEFOS. Odense androgen study (OAS): World Anti-Doping Agency, Danish Ministry of Culture, Institute of Clinical Research of the University of Southern Denmark. Prevalence of osteoporosis in Slovenia (Slo-preval): was created as part of projects financially supported by the Slovenian research agency: P3-298 Geni, Hormoni in osebnostne spremembe pri hormonskih motnjah; Z1-3238: Genski in okoljski dejavniki tveganja za razvoj motnje pri remodellaciji kosti; J2-3314 Genetski faktorji in hormoni pri presnovnih boleznih; and J3-2330 Genetski dejavniki pri osteoporozi. TWINGENE: supported in part by the Ragnar Söderberg Foundation (E9/11); the National Science Foundation (EArly Concept Grants for Exploratory Research: "Workshop for the Formation of a Social Science Genetic Association Consortium," SES-1064089) as supplemented by the National Institutes of Health's (NIH) Office of Behavioural and Social Sciences Research; and the National Institute on Ageing/NIH through Grants P01-AG005842, P01-AG005842-20S2, P30-AG012810, and T32-AG000186-23 to the National Bureau of Economic Research. The Swedish Twin Registry is supported by the Swedish Department of Higher Education, European Commission European Network for Genetic and Genomic Epidemiology (ENGAGE: 7th Framework Program (FP7/2007-2013)/Grant agreement HEALTH-F4-2007-201413; and GenomEUtwin: 5th Framework program "Quality of Life and Management of the Living Resources" Grant QLG2-CT-2002-01254); NIH (DK U01-066134); Swedish Research Council (M-2005-1112 and 2009-2298); Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research (ICA08-0047); Jan Wallander and Tom Hedelius Foundation; and Swedish Council for Working Life and Social Research. The Umeå Fracture and Osteoporosis Study (UFO) is supported by the Swedish Research Council (K20006- 72X-20155013), Swedish Sports Research Council (87/06), Swedish Society of Medicine, Kempe-Foundation (JCK-1021), and by grants from the Medical Faculty of Umeå University (ALFVLL:968:22-2005, ALFVL:-937-2006, ALFVLL:223:11-2007, ALFVLL:78151-2009) and county council of Västerbotten (SpjutspetsanslagVLL:159:33-2007). GRW and JHDB were funded by the Wellcome Trust (Strategic Award grant No 101123; Joint Investigator Award No 110141; project grant No 094134). DPK was funded by a grant from the National Institute on Arthritis Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases R01 AR041398. The funding agencies had no role in the study design, analysis, or interpretation of data; the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to submit the article for publication.

Vlada demokratskog jedinstva nastala je u početcima otvorene velikosrpske agresije na Hrvatsku, ali i usred krize strateško-obrambene koncepcije. Tuđmanova politika čekanja i kupovanja vremena te izbjegavanja frontalnog i općeg sukoba s JNA, doveli su do javnog kritiziranja njegove obrambene politike od strane oporbe i dijela HDZ-a. U okolnostima sveobuhvatne agresije i, prema nekim navodima, očekivanja raskola u hrvatskoj politici, sredinom srpnja počela je rekonstrukcija postojeće Vlade. Novi mandatar Franjo Gregurić okupljao je kadrove za sastavljanje Vlade, a u tom razdoblju javila se ideja o potrebi proširenja Vlade i nekim nestranačkim kandidatima pa i predstavnicima oporbe. U samo dva-tri dana pregovora postignut je nacionalni konsenzus i potpisan Sporazum saborskih stranaka, čime je stvorena Vlada demokratskog jedinstva. Vlada se sastojala od devet parlamentarnih stranaka, od kojih je osam imalo svoje predstavnike u Vladi. Unatoč činjenici da je 1990-ih godina u Hrvatskoj na snazi bio polupredsjednički sustav koji je predsjedniku Republike davao prilično široke ovlasti, Vlada je na području obrambene i vanjske politike pokazivala određeni stupanj samostalnosti. Prema nekim tvrdnjama Vrhovno državno vijeće je ograničavalo slobodu djelovanja Vlade tako da se za svog jednogodišnjeg mandata Vlada trebala često boriti za veću samostalnost i slobodu djelovanja. S druge strane, Vlada je imala potpunu slobodu u unutarnjim poslovima, primjerice u njezinoj politici prema prognanicima i izbjeglicama, kao i u gospodarskoj politici. Unatoč tvrdnjama o "nestanku" oporbe u vrijeme te višestranačke vlade, s obzirom na to da su potpisivanjem Sporazuma o Vladi demokratskog jedinstva saborske stranke od oporbenih formalno postale koalicijske, dostupni izvori navode na drukčiji zaključak. Naime, predstavnici pojedinih oporbenih i ujedno koalicijskih stranaka od listopada 1991. godine često su kritizirali neke odluke vlasti, koje su se posebno odnosile na vanjsku politiku. Predmet njihovih kritika bile su ujedno Vladine i Tuđmanove uredbe sa zakonskom snagom. Vlada je posljednjih šest mjeseci svog mandata bila izložena pritiscima oporbe i dijela HDZ-a. Međunarodno priznanje Hrvatske i priprema za nove parlamentarne i predsjedničke izbore uzrokovali su pritiske na Vladu demokratskog jedinstva, što se prije svega očitovalo u odlascima određenih nestranačkih i oporbenih ministara, a kasnije dovelo i do velike travanjske rekonstrukcije Vlade u kojoj je u znatnoj mjeri promijenjen njezin sastav u korist HDZ-a. Vlada demokratskog jedinstva nastavila je djelovati do kolovoza, kad je nakon novih parlamentarnih izbora formirana nova, jednostranačka HDZ-ova vlada. ; After the democratic elections in Croatia in the spring of 1990 and the victory of Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ), the new Croatian Government faced the Serbian insurgency which expressed approval for the Milošević's Greater-Serbian policy. The insurgency was supported by the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) that had disarmed Croatia just after the elections in May 1990. In the summer of 1991, the Yugoslav crisis aggravated. Previous occasional and sporadic conflicts between Croatian police forces and the Serbian insurgents escalated into the open aggression of Serbia, Montenegro and JNA against Croatia. In such conditions, Croatian leadership was conflicted about the defense policy. The disagreement caused the appearance of some fractions in the parliament parties, especially in HDZ. Some participants of Croatian politics in the early 1990s today assert that there were at least two main fractions in HDZ – the "moderate" one that supported Tuđman's policy based on avoiding head-on conflict with JNA, and the "radical" one that wanted to declare JNA and Serbia the aggressors on Croatia and to fight back. Some claim that the "radical" fraction even wanted to bring down Tuđman and replace him with someone else. There isn't enough evidence to verify such statements. It probably was the case of dissatisfaction with the situation on the battlefield. Some write about wide discontent and criticism of Tuđman regarding his defense policy, which was evident at the meetings of the main Board of HDZ in the middle of July, Supreme State Council in the end of July and parliamentary session in the beginning of August 1991. Regarding the attitude towards Tuđman, there is a widespread and simplified opinion that his party turned its back on him and that the opposition expressed him support. Exactly the opposite, the opposition, especially heads of the parties Croatian Social-Liberal Party (HSLS), Croatian democratic party (HDS), and Croatian People's party (HNS) expressed equal, or even more severe, criticism of Tuđman's defense policy. In that kind of atmosphere, the reconstruction of the Government resulted in the national consensus – Democratic Unity Government was formed. It was the third democratic Government and the first multiparty Government after the democratic elections. It is an example of a Grand coalition formed during the war in many countries. The main goal of the new Government was to create more effective defense policy that would gather all the necessary political and military structures and establish the unified command structure. That resulted in entering of the Crisis Staff into the Government and forming of the General Staff of the Croatian Army. In the first two months of its mandate, the Government proposed and adopted measures for emergency readiness in order to organize life in the crisis areas. One of those measures included the blockade of the JNA barracks which Tuđman approved September 13 1991. With the blockade, the previous measured and careful attitude of the Croatian leadership towards JNA shifted from passive to active. One part of the research discussed the role of the Government in defense of the cities of Vukovar and Dubrovnik. Regarding Vukovar, there are some controversies embodied in widespread claims that Croatian leadership "betrayed" and "sacrificed" Vukovar by not sending enough weaponry and ammunition. However, available sources, primarily transcripts and records of the Government sessions, suggest that Vukovar was the priority in the supply of weaponry and ammunition. Furthermore, some members of the Government and other representatives of the Croatian leadership visited Vukovar and Eastern-Slavonian battlefield. In the context of all the crisis areas on the Croatian battlefield, Vukovar was the most dominant topic at the Government sessions. At the session held November 17, the Government adopted a series of decisions pertaining to the protection of Vukovar civilians. In the appeals to the international organizations, Vukovar and Dubrovnik were the two most mentioned cities. As was the case with Vukovar, the Government sent weaponry and other military equipment, transported humanitarian aid to Dubrovnik and appealed for help. It is worth mentioning convoy "Libertas" which supplied humanitarian aid to the surrounded Dubrovnik and broke the naval blockade. Also, some Government members came by the convoy to Dubrovnik to show their support. At the end of November 1991, Government sent three of its ministers to Dubrovnik where they had to represent the Government and facilitate its operation in Southern Dalmatia, maintain contacts with the international organizations, negotiate with the JNA representatives and maintain communication with the Croatian Army. The three ministers Davorin Rudolf, Petar Kriste and Ivan Cifrić were situated in Dubrovnik during its heaviest attack and the day after they agreed to a truce with the JNA representatives. The Government supported the negotiations between the city military and civil representatives and JNA because it wanted to procrastinate with the attacks and buy some time to strengthen the military and international position of Croatia. On the other hand, the Government and Tuđman strongly opposed to intentions of "demilitarization" of Dubrovnik which would surrender its arms to the JNA under the supervision of representatives of the international community, i.e. surrender of the city to the aggressor. Second most important task of the Government was the struggle for international recognition. The establishment of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs showed all the problems of the political structures that young democratic state had to face. Such problems refer to lack of experience as well as technical and financial resources. The Government cooperated with the European Community and the United Nations. Although, Tuđman was the designer of the Forreign Affairs and the Government often had to put into action his decisions, during the Conference of peace in Hague it showed some differentiation, such as declaring it would abort the attending of the Conference unless JNA left Croatia. After the arms embargo in September 1991, the Croatian Government deprived of the right of representation of Croatia in the UN Budimir Lončar and Darko Šilović, due to their role in instigating the decision of the UN regarding embargo. The Government Memorandum, addressed to ministerial Council of the EC in November 22, stated that economic sanctions of the Roman declaration of November 8 would affect mostly Croatia. Such view showed a certain degree of independence of the Democratic Unity Government. The Government accepted the Vance plan but argued the methods of its implementation. The activity of the Government in Forreign Affairs reflects in numerous official and unofficial meetings and encounters with various politicians and statesmen. The main task of the Government members was to appeal to stop the war and recognize Croatia, but they also had to struggle against Serbian propaganda which spread lies about rehabilitation of Ustasha and Independent State of Croatia (NDH) and portrayed president Tuđman and the Croatian Government as anti-Semitic. In that context, some think that the Croatian Government and leadership in general, provided insufficient to the international public. In this research, I also analyzed social politics of the Democratic Unity Government, that is, politics towards Croatian displaced persons and refugees as well as Bosnian-Herzegovinian refugees during 1991 and 1992. At the very beginning of the aggression against Croatia, new Croatian Government had to face refugee crisis. Forcible relocations of the Croatian civilians, among which some moved into safe areas in Croatia, while others left the country, induced Government to, with the term "refugee", which refers to those persons who had to emigrate their own country, introduce another one – "displaced persons", which referred to those civilians who hadn't left Croatia, only were displaced to some other territory within the country. Government also adopted some measures to secure accommodation for the displaced persons and refugees by emptying hotels and resorts and founding of the Office for the displaced persons and refugees in November 1991. Funds for the displaced persons and refugees Government secured mostly from the state budget, while all requests for financial help from the international community were unsuccessful. Consequently, in that period Croatia funded also Bosnian-Herzegovinian refugees from its budget, while the international community helped only with humanitarian help. In this chapter the Government activity in prevention of persecution of the civilian population was discussed through several examples. In that aspect, its activities were mostly limited to addressing the international community. In the case of Ilok, from where in October 1991 approximately 10.000 people were banished, Government founded the Commission of the Parliament and Government to try to stop the persecution, but it failed to achieve its goal, since the persecution had already begun. After the fall and occupation of Vukovar in November 1991, the Government organized evacuation of approximately 15.000 people, but it was carried out only partially. The Government didn't have control over the war zone, which means that its opportunities for safe and efficient evacuation were highly limited. One of the main plans for the displaced persons and refugees was Government's Return Program, which began its realization only after the end of the war and peaceful reintegration of Podunavlje in 1998. Economic politics of the Democratic Unity Government was reflected in its independence from Serbia. Following measures and decisions of the previous Croatian Government, on the day of its establishment, Democratic Unity Government broke off economic relations with Serbia, however only partially. Those companies with strong business ties with some companies in Serbia, had liberty to continue their cooperation. The export to Serbia and Montenegro was limited only to some "strategic" raw materials and products, such as petroleum. The Government also introduced its own currency, hrvatski dinar (HRD). One of the main achievements of the Government was that it avoided the transit to "war economy", in spite of the increased military spending. Since priority of the Croatian Government was determined by war, its activities gravitated towards repair of the enormous war damage in transport, utility and residential infrastructure. In the end of 1991 the Government established the Ministry of Reconstruction, while in the first half of 1992 the Government composed the Reconstruction Program and its Financial Plan that was adopted by the Croatian Parliament in June 1992. Nevertheless, because of the status quo imposed by the UNPROFOR, located on the occupied territories in Croatia, the reconstruction of the country began after the war had ended in 1995. Analyzed activities of the Government in the Defense policy, Foreign Affairs, as well as its Social and Economic policy raise the question of the Government's independence regarding Tuđman and Croatian Parliament. Considering the semi-presidential system, the Government was the executive authority of the president of the Republic and Croatian Parliament. Government also had legislative powers authorized by the Parliament, because in the wartime a great number of important decisions had to be made in a very short amount of time. The Government was not only the executive body of the President, but it also functioned as his close associate. That manifests mostly through the measures for emergency readiness in August and September 1991. Sometimes, the Government had to step out of its Constitutional powers if developments on the battlefield required it to, for example regarding the decisions about Vukovar, November 17 1991. Regarding activities of the Government in the researched areas, it can be concluded that Democratic Unity Government had a high level of autonomy, taking into account the existing semi-presidential system. Nevertheless, the powers of the Government were limited in the Defense policy and Forregin Affairs, while on the other hand, it had complete autonomy in Internal Affairs, in this case, in its Social and Economic politics. An issue that requires special consideration in this research regards the opposition in Croatia during the mandate of the Democratic Unity Government. Some claim that with forming of the multiparty Government, the opposition in Croatia "disappeared". The remark is understandable considering that all the parliament parties signed the Agreement of Democratic Unity Government, which marked their transition from the opposition to coalition partners. But, did the opposition really "disappeared" form Croatian political life? Numerous public appearances of various representatives of opposition parties and parties in general, indicate otherwise. Activity of the opposition at the Parliament sessions from October 1991 to May and June 1992 shows agility of the opposition life in Croatia. From the beginning of the Democratic Unity Government in August till October, the opposition parties didn't raise any questions in public about some decisions of the Croatian leadership, but from October began severe criticism towards Tuđman and the Government. Discontent was expressed primarily to the acceptance of the Carrington's arrangement in Hague. Criticism of Foreign Affairs arose also after the acceptance of the Vance plan. In the last six months of its mandate, the Government was exposed to various pressures from the opposition and from one part of the HDZ, which reinforced especially after the international recognition at the beginning of 1992. Some opposition and nonpartisan ministers left the Government, whereas in April 1992 there was the reconstruction of the Government which changed significantly the personnel composition of the Government, resulting in the increase of the HDZ members. It was obvious that it was not the exact same Government from the beginning of August 1991 and that its end was near. In the new elections held August 2 1992, the HDZ defeated its opponents and ten days later, new, One-party Government was formed. Establishment and presented activities of the Democratic Unity Government is the proof of the democratic system in Republic of Croatia at the beginning of 1990s and counter-argument for theses about Tuđman's authoritarian style of rule. A multiparty Government, whose prominent members were opposition representatives, couldn't have been formed in an undemocratic or authoritarian system. Forming of the Grand Coalition merely one year after HDZ had won the elections, provides a valuable contribution to the study of Tuđman's policy, shows larger picture of the Croatian leadership and opens the door for further research of Croatian political life in the early 1990s.

Forming in the first months after the February Revolution, sections of the extremely leftist branch of the Polish Socialist Party, the Polish Socialist Party – Left and the Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania almost immediately made contact with Polish soldiers dispersed in the Russian Army, as well as serving in the Polish Rifle Division being part of the Army. Promoted in Russia after the Bolshevik revolution the idea of creating "Polish workers and peasants formations" initially received moderate attention from Polish military circles. This attitude was observed both among those who were still in active service, as well as among their demobilized companions. The widespread pacifist attitude among Polish military was a serious obstacle in attracting people ready to serve in revolutionary formations. It was previously infused by the very same emigrant radicals who, after November 7, 1917, for a change, had encouraged armed support for the revolution. In such a situation without the support of the Soviet civil and military authorities, any organizational initiatives from the Polish communist circles in Russia had no chance to be implemented. ; Translation and edition co-financed by Faculty of History and Sociology & Institute of History and Political Sciences of University of Bialystok ; adam.miodowski@uwb.edu.pl ; Adam Miodowski - historian since 1994 associated with the Institute of History and Political Sciences of the University of Bialystok. His research interests focus primarily on the political and military history of the 19th and 20th centuries. A parallel field of interest is women's history and press studies. In the territorial dimension, he directs his research towards Central and Eastern Europe, primarily Poland, as well as the space of his small homeland defined by the borders of the contemporary Podlasie Voivodeship. Apart from dozens of articles and publications of source materials, he also published five book monographs: -Wychodźcze ugrupowania demokratyczne wobec idei polskiego wojska w Rosji w latach 1917-1918, Białystok 2002; - Przewłaszczenia dóbr dojlidzkich na tle kampanii politycznej przełomu lat 1921/1922, Białystok 2003; - Związki Wojskowych Polaków w Rosji (1917-1918), Białystok 2004; - Polityka wojskowa radykalnej lewicy polskiej (1917-1921), Białystok 2011; - Wspólnota doświadczeń i odrębność historii ziem województwa podlaskiego. Wybrane zagadnienia z XIX i XX- wiecznych dziejów Białostocczyzny, Suwalszczyzny i Łomżyńskiego, Białystok 2016. ; Wydział Historyczno-Socjologiczny Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku ; Alexandrowicz Stanisław, Karpus Zbigniew, Rezmer Waldemar (eds), Zwycięzcy za drutami: jeńcy polscy w niewoli (1919–1922). Dokumenty i materiały, Toruń 1995. ; Bagiński Henryk, Dokumenty z okresu organizacji i walk wojska polskiego na wschodzie 1917–1918. 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O presente trabalho busca identificar as dimensões políticas no discurso da presidente Dilma Rousseff na 66ª Assembleia Geral da Organização das Nações Unidas. Pela perspectiva da investigação em representações sociais, os resultados apontam três eixos prioritários no discurso de Dilma Rousseff, por meio das identificações de expressões de registro e da construção de um mapa representacional (a consolidação de uma imagem positiva sobre o Brasil, a valorização da mulher e o combate à crise econômica), em sete dimensões discursivas, entre referências diretas e de ancoragem. A abordagem desta pesquisa foi centrada principalmente nos pressupostos de Moscovici (2003), Arruda (2005) e Guareschi e Maya (2000).

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</style> <![endif]--> <!--StartFragment--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">O presente texto é parte de uma investigação teórica sobre a concepção de praxis apresentado em A Ideologia Alemã de 1845, relacionada com as Teses 1 e 3 das <em>Teses contra Feuerbach. </em>Nesses escritos Marx identifica a natureza social do trabalho a partir das relações históricas do homem com a natureza e com os outros homens. Trata-se de um escrito que efetua a análise do modo de produção capitalista efetivando a crítica ao pensamento hegeliano e aos pensadores pós-hegelianos no que se refere aos conceitos de ideologia e de alienação a fim de explicitar a noção de educação. A concepção de praxis explicitada por Marx tem uma natureza educativo intrínseca que se concretiza na praxis revolucionária.</span><!--EndFragment-->

Background In the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 (GBD 2013), knowledge about health and its determinants has been integrated into a comparable framework to inform health policy. Outputs of this analysis are relevant to current policy questions in England and elsewhere, particularly on health inequalities. We use GBD 2013 data on mortality and causes of death, and disease and injury incidence and prevalence to analyse the burden of disease and injury in England as a whole, in English regions, and within each English region by deprivation quintile. We also assess disease and injury burden in England attributable to potentially preventable risk factors. England and the English regions are compared with the remaining constituent countries of the UK and with comparable countries in the European Union (EU) and beyond. Methods We extracted data from the GBD 2013 to compare mortality, causes of death, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with a disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in England, the UK, and 18 other countries (the first 15 EU members [apart from the UK] and Australia, Canada, Norway, and the USA [EU15+]). We extended elements of the analysis to English regions, and subregional areas defined by deprivation quintile (deprivation areas). We used data split by the nine English regions (corresponding to the European boundaries of the Nomenclature for Territorial Statistics level 1 [NUTS 1] regions), and by quintile groups within each English region according to deprivation, thereby making 45 regional deprivation areas. Deprivation quintiles were defined by area of residence ranked at national level by Index of Multiple Deprivation score, 2010. Burden due to various risk factors is described for England using new GBD methodology to estimate independent and overlapping attributable risk for five tiers of behavioural, metabolic, and environmental risk factors. We present results for 306 causes and 2337 sequelae, and 79 risks or risk clusters. Findings Between 1990 and 2013, life expectancy from birth in England increased by 5·4 years (95% uncertainty interval 5·0-5·8) from 75·9 years (75·9-76·0) to 81·3 years (80·9-81·7); gains were greater for men than for women. Rates of age-standardised YLLs reduced by 41·1% (38·3-43·6), whereas DALYs were reduced by 23·8% (20·9-27·1), and YLDs by 1·4% (0·1-2·8). For these measures, England ranked better than the UK and the EU15+ means. Between 1990 and 2013, the range in life expectancy among 45 regional deprivation areas remained 8·2 years for men and decreased from 7·2 years in 1990 to 6·9 years in 2013 for women. In 2013, the leading cause of YLLs was ischaemic heart disease, and the leading cause of DALYs was low back and neck pain. Known risk factors accounted for 39·6% (37·7-41·7) of DALYs; leading behavioural risk factors were suboptimal diet (10·8% [9·1-12·7]) and tobacco (10·7% [9·4-12·0]). Interpretation Health in England is improving although substantial opportunities exist for further reductions in the burden of preventable disease. The gap in mortality rates between men and women has reduced, but marked health inequalities between the least deprived and most deprived areas remain. Declines in mortality have not been matched by similar declines in morbidity, resulting in people living longer with diseases. Health policies must therefore address the causes of ill health as well as those of premature mortality. Systematic action locally and nationally is needed to reduce risk exposures, support healthy behaviours, alleviate the severity of chronic disabling disorders, and mitigate the effects of socioeconomic deprivation. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and Public Health England. © 2015 Newton et al. 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