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Welcome to the first issue of IASSIST Quarterly for the year 2023 - IQ vol. 47(1).
The last article in this issue has in the title the FAIR acronym that stands for Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable. These are the concepts most often focused on by our articles in the IQ and FAIR has an extra emphasis in this issue. The first article introduces and demonstrates a shared vocabulary for data points where the need arose after confusions about data and metadata. Basically, I find that the most valuable virtue of well-structured data – I deliberately use a fuzzy term to save you from long excursions here in the editor's notes – is that other well-structured data can benefit from use of the same software. Similarly, well-structured metadata can benefit from the same software. I also see this as the driver for the second article, on time series data and description. Sometimes, the software mentioned is the same software in both instances as metadata is treated as data or vice versa. This allows for new levels of data-driven machine actions. These days universities are busy investigating and discussing the latest chatbots. I find many of the approaches restrictive and prefer to support the inclusive ones. Likewise, I also expect and look forward to bots having great relevance for the future implementation of FAIR principles.
The first article is on data and metadata by George Alter, Flavio Rizzolo, and Kathi Schleidt and has the title 'View points on data points: A shared vocabulary for cross-domain conversations on data and metadata'. The authors have observed that sharing data across scientific domains is often impeded by differences in the language used to describe data and metadata. To avoid confusion, the authors develop a terminology. Part of the confusion concerns disagreement about the boundaries between data and metadata; and that what is metadata in one domain can be data in another. The shift between data and metadata is what they name as 'semantic transposition'. I find that such shifts are a virtue and a strength and as the authors say, there is no fixed boundary between data and metadata, and both can be acted upon by people and machines. The article draws on and refers to many other standards and developments, most cited are the data model of Observations and Measurements (ISO 19156) and tools of the Data Documentation Initiative's Cross Domain Integration (DDI-CDI). The article is thorough and explanatory with many examples and diagrams for learning, including examples of transformations between the formats: wide, long, and multidimensional. The long format of entity-attribute-value has the value domain restricted by the attribute, and in examples time and source are added, which demonstrates how further metadata enter the format. When transposing to the wide format, this is a more familiar data matrix where the same value domain applies to the complete column. The multidimensional format with facets is for most readers the familiar aggregations published by statistical agencies. The authors argue that their domain-independent vocabulary enables the cross-domain conversation. George Alter is Research Professor Emeritus in the Institute for Social Research at the University of Michigan, Flavio Rizzolo is Senior Data Science Architect for Statistics Canada. Kathi Schleidt is a data scientist and the founder of DataCove.
The format discussion in the first article is also the point of the second paper on 'Modernizing data management at the US Bureau of Labor Statistics'. The US Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) has a focus on time series and Daniel W. Gillman and Clayton Waring (both from the BLS) view time series data as a combination of three components: A measure element; an element for person, places, and things (PPT); and a time element. In the paper Gillman and Waring also describe the conceptual model (UML) and the design and features of the system. First, they go back in history to the 1970s and the Codd relational model and to the standards developed and refined after 2000. You will not be surprised to find here among the references also the Data Documentation Initiative's Cross Domain Integration (DDI-CDI). The mission is: 'to find a simple and intuitive way to store and organize statistical data with the goal of making it easy to find and use the data'. A semantic approach is adopted, i.e. the focus is on the meaning of the data based upon the 'Measures / People-Places-Things / Time' model. Detailed examples show how PPT are categories of dimensions, for instance 'nurse' is in the Standard Occupational Classification and 'hospital' in the North American Industry Classification System. The paper – like the first paper – also refers to multidimensional structures. The modernization described at BLS is expected to be released in early 2023.
The third paper is by João Aguiar Castro, Joana Rodrigues, Paula Mena Matos, Célia Sales, and Cristina Ribeiro where all authors are affiliated with the University of Porto. Like the earlier articles this also references the Data Documentation Initiative (DDI) with a focus on the concepts behind the FAIR acronym: Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable. The title is: 'Getting in touch with metadata: a DDI subset for FAIR metadata production in clinical psychology'. Clinical psychology is not an area frequently occurring in IASSIST Quarterly, but it turns out that the project described started with interviews and data description sessions with research groups in the Social Sciences for identifying a manageable DDI subset. The project also draws on other projects such as TAIL, TOGETHER, and Dendro. The TAIL project concerned the integration metadata tools in the research workflow and assessed the requirements of researchers from different domains. TOGETHER was a project in the psycho-oncology domain and family-centered care for hereditary cancer. As most researchers showed to be inexperienced with metadata, they concentrated on a DDI subset that meant that FAIR metadata would be available for deposit. Support for researchers is essential as the they have the domain expertise and can create highly detailed descriptions. On the other hand, data curators can ensure that the metadata follow the rules of FAIR. This was achieved by embedding the Dendro platform in the research workflow, where creation of metadata is performed in an incremental description of the data. The article includes screenshots of the user interface showing the choice of vocabularies. The approach and the adoption of a DDI subset produced more comprehensive metadata than is usually available.
Submissions of papers for the IASSIST Quarterly are always very welcome. We welcome input from IASSIST conferences or other conferences and workshops, from local presentations or papers especially written for the IQ. When you are preparing such a presentation, give a thought to turning your one-time presentation into a lasting contribution. Doing that after the event also gives you the opportunity of improving your work after feedback. We encourage you to login or create an author profile at https://www.iassistquarterly.com (our Open Journal System application). We permit authors to have 'deep links' into the IQ as well as deposition of the paper in your local repository. Chairing a conference session or workshop with the purpose of aggregating and integrating papers for a special issue IQ is also much appreciated as the information reaches many more people than the limited number of session participants and will be readily available on the IASSIST Quarterly website at https://www.iassistquarterly.com. Authors are very welcome to take a look at the instructions and layout:
https://www.iassistquarterly.com/index.php/iassist/about/submissions
Authors can also contact me directly via e-mail: kbr@sam.sdu.dk. Should you be interested in compiling a special issue for the IQ as guest editor(s) I will also be delighted to hear from you.
Karsten Boye Rasmussen - March 2023

Collaborative innovation become one of the most strategy decision across firms and a well-defined phenomenon that became popular among practitioners and researchers (A. S. Cui O'Connor, 2012; Liu et al., 2017). Many theories were considered to explain collaboration phenomena such as resources-based view, organization theory, strategy, information processing theory, the economic theory of complementarities among others (Barney, 1991; Cassiman Veugelers, 2006; Daft Lengel, 1986; Milgrom Roberts, 1995; Tushman Nadler, 1978). However, technology advances provide new variations in collaboration to innovativeness. For example, collaborative activities with suppliers and customers (Karhade Dong, 2021), community source projects (Liu et al., 2017) or collaboration with distant partners (T. Cui et al., 2020), corporate engagement with startups (Shankar Shepherd, 2019), innovation networks (Aarikka-Stenroos et al., 2017), and innovation ecosystems (Granstrand Holgersson, 2020).Collaborative innovation takes over the existence of an inter-organizational activities executed by people that together perform with high level of interdependence something innovative (T. Cui et al., 2020; Davis Eisenhardt, 2011). Some authors (Adner Kapoor, 2010; T. Cui et al., 2020; Rico et al., 2008) highlight that this interdependence is characterized along two dimensions: technological and behavioral. Technological interdependence is linked to knowledge and the exchange of resources for research and development, and behavioral interdependence is associated with the field of communication, social interaction between collaborative actors and the coordination of these relationships to innovate.Other perspectives in the literature explain and theorize about collaborative innovation as knowledge-sharing trajectories (Majchrzak Malhotra, 2016; Trkman Desouza, 2012), or multi-actor collaboration (Torfing, 2019), or building collaborative capabilities (Swink, 2006) among other approaches. In this editorial, we bring some thoughts and idea about collaborative innovation under a technological perspective to incentive researchers to go beyond in innovative technologies research embedded in collaboration.Collaboration efforts also became a common way of firms to enhance innovations and its technological development with clear determinants about their beneficial effects, and therefore, the literature is well stablished in this subject (Pereira et al., 2018). However, collaboration only succeeds when technological resources and capabilities are combined, and parties define jointly how to enhance and use them accordingly (Snow, 2015).Collaborative innovation as a new technological paradigm refers to a network innovation model supported by interactions of multiple parties such as enterprises, universities and research institutions as core elements and government, financial institutions, nonprofit organizations, intermediaries as auxiliary elements (W. Zhang et al., 2021). Notwithstanding, collaboration networks operating in different organizational levels are present in various patterns and characteristics of evolution, they require different actors and capabilities in the network composition to become a remarkable asset in developing technologies to be patented afterwards in some cases (Gomes et al., 2017).In facing of risks of failures during innovative trajectories, firms invest in collaborative initiatives as an attempt to mitigate cost impacts, share responsibilities and greater technical performance in the process of technology lifecycle development. Thus, technological alliances are useful means to attend these goals (Kim Song, 2007). Technological alliances are critical to enable digital transformation and innovation. Briefly, Zhang et al. (2021) highlight technological alliance as a voluntary interfirm cooperation involving codeveloping technologies through sharing and exchanging of these technologies to meet business needs (W. Zhang et al., 2021).The collaborations in various technological domains help to bring heterogenous knowledge, complementary resources, and capabilities for a better innovation performance (Swink, 2006; W. Zhang et al., 2021). Under the perspective that innovation is essentially knowledge creation (Nonaka, 1994), collaborative innovation through a technological perspective may be configured by different activities, processes, or routines of generation, sharing, integration, and utilization of knowledge produced during the innovation process lifecycle (Nonaka, 1994; W. Zhang et al., 2021). Further, this configuration of activities, processes, or routines support the development of evolutionary technological capabilities (Sampson, 2007).In the field of technological innovations, the evolution now is more collaborative in nature (J. Zhang et al., 2019). Collaboration is a trend for technological prosperity. Analyzing collaborative innovation in the literature is a great challenge even if the focus on technologies is defined because various aspects and applications of collaboration to innovate invade the academic literature in many forms. For instance, Zhou and Ren (2021) analyzed low-carbon technology collaborative innovation in industrial cluster; Shen et al. (2021) studied collaborative innovation in supply chain systems; Wan et al. (2022) highlight that blockchain application intensify collaborative innovation through distributed computing, cryptography and game theory; Li and Zhou (2022) researched on the mechanism of Government–Industry–University–Institute collaborative innovation in green technology; and Fan et al. (2022) pointed out that collaborative innovation also may act as a driver to mobilize and coordinate scientific and technological resources within a city, further promoting innovative development among cities.On the other hand, technological collaborative innovations has its own dark side for firms: it has been costly, it demands money, efforts, and time (Torugsa Arundel, 2016; Wegrich, 2019), and, further, it provokes operational adjustments, technological reconfiguration, and legal barriers to overcome to be effective for innovation (McGuire Agranoff, 2011; Vivona et al., 2022). To address this side of collaborative innovation, Vivona et al. (2022) developed the cost theory to systematize all insights from the literature in four main factors: governance, compactness, reliability, and institutionalization to shed light on a broader range of costs for innovation incurred by collaborative arrangements. Governance refers to relationships in hierarchical level and the number of collaborators involved, reliability refers to relationships' quality; compactness is about the degree of formality in relationships that connect collaborators; and institutionalization that measure what the extent the relationships in practice have been pre-established. This cost perspective may be explored empirically.The decentralization of technological collaborative innovation, its nonlinear, globalized, and networked form transformed its process to more collaborative approaches among entities (Fan et al., 2020). Lopes and Farias (2022) showed that technology tools support the establishment of relationships of trust promoted by leaders committed to well-established goals, being a characteristic of governance that has a positive influence on collaborative innovation processes. Hwang (2020) mentioned that several countries have implemented policies to facilitate technological convergence by supporting collaborative innovations. The author also mentions that collaborative innovation is a crucial strategy to facilitate technological convergence. In sum, firms have been increased collaboration in technological activities and collaboration works as an enabling to learn about turbulent technological change and uncertainties to enhance the ability to deal with innovations (Dodgson, 1993).Technological collaborative innovation is considered essential to promote the flow of resources, knowledge, and technology among entities, considering that innovation is no longer a closed and isolated system. The main premise is technologies do not exist in isolation. Only by exchanging materials, energy, and information with the environment the innovation system be renewed and developed. Therefore, the integrator condition of technological collaborative innovation is also conducive to a more comprehensive disclosure of the collaborative mode and overall performance of technological innovation activities (Fan et al., 2020).Technological collaborative innovation is not a merely coordination of an orderly arrangements of efforts to pursue a common technological purpose (Mooney, 1953), or a merely cooperation to join agreed-on goals into a share comprehension about design systems or reconfigure technological resources (Gulati et al., 2012). It merges cooperation (commitment towards same end) with coordination (complexity to work together effectively) (Vivona et al., 2022). This view may be much more explored by the researchers to enhance the practical aspects of this perspective.In general, collaboration itself does not survive in the face of inevitable behavioral problems which requires an establishment of trust characterized by receptive organizational cultures, community of interest, and continually supplement knowledge for the purpose of collaboration in highly successful technological innovations (Dodgson, 1993). Thus, this can be a new chapter for technological collaborative innovations.

More than 100 years have elapsed since the discovery of the Japod necropolises in the Una valley, south of Bihać. The Jezerine and Ribić necropolises were excavated in the late 19th century (K. Kovačević, P. Mirković 1890: 330-337; V. Radimsky 1892: 301-310) and another, smaller necropolis in Golubić was systematically excavated in the 1960s (I. Čremošnik 1956: 126-138; B. Raunig 1968: 81-98). The third necropolis is not dealt with here, since the amber artifacts are identical to those from Jezerine. A total of 553 graves were excavated in Jezerine, of which 228 contained skeletons, 298 cinerary urns, 28 cremated remains without urns, and two containing cinerary urns in which the skull of the deceased was laid over the lid. The pre-Roman and early Roman necropolis in Ribić had only six graves with skeletons, 296 containing cinerary urns, and one containing crematedremains with no urn. V. Radimski (V. Radimsky 1982:301-310; 1893: 37-92; 237-308; 369-466; 575-623) and V. Ćurčić (V.Ćurčić 1898: 625-656) have written about the findings of the excavations of the Japod necropolises in the Una valley, and many archaeologists have been engaged in analyzing the archaeological material. The fullest scientific treatment is that of Z. Marić,dating from the 1960s, (Z. Marić 1968: 5-79) while more recently the issue has been seriously addressed by B. Raunig (B. Raunig 2004), while B. Tessmann deals with the Jezerine burial ground as part of her doctoral thesis with new absolute chronological.There is no doubt that Z. Marić has produced the most complete chronological and cultural definition to date of the archaeological material from these necropolises while, in so doing, stressing that the chronology of the Japod region is a problem not easily solved, given the great many specific features of local significance. Quite simply, Japod material does not readily fit into the formative cultural circles of neighbouring regions, and is characterized by a very pronouncedconservatism, as a result of which some forms survive for a decade or more, or even as much as a century. Despite these remarks by Z. Marić, in this paper we adhere to his relative chronology, while taking a more relaxed position in regard to the absolute chronology, as the author recommends. We have not given a detailed overview of all the archaeological artifactsmade of amber, but have selected those that are typical of certain stages of the burials in the necropolises; these artifacts also vividly illustrate the aesthetic needs and economic strength of the Japod population of the Una valley. By analyzing and tracing these artifacts, century by century, from the distant past right up to the arrival of the Romans in this part of the world, wehave obtained a clear picture of the distinctiveness of the culture, art and religion of the prehistoric world in the Una valley. Japod art is highly diverse in both content and expression, though it belongs almost solely to the applied arts, with the majority of its products consisting of jewellery or associated with clothing (B. Raunig 2004). An overall consideration of the jewelleryin the graves reveals that these are heavy, solid artifacts, even in the case of fine material such as amber: amber beads in necklaces, or combined with bronze in fibulae, have a diameter of 4-5 cm or even more. It can fairly be said that one of the principal features of Japod jewellery is the abundance and diversity of the application of amber. Amber beads, usually leftrough or very simply finished, were used mainly for necklaces and fibulae, but also for bracelets, earrings and pendants. Fibulae were the most common and, for Japod costumes, the most important decorativecum- utilitarian artifacts. This type of jewellery was favoured by the Japods in the Una valley more than anywhere else, and thus came in a wide range of designs;the Japods wore them as part of their folk costume right up to the time they lost their independence, and even in the first century CE, under Roman rule (R. Drechsler-Bižić 1987). The general characteristics of the amber grave offeringsin the Una valley can be reduced to a few basic observations. In the second stage, it was very unusual to find an amber bead or two in cinerary graves, whereas they were quite common in skeletal graves, usually by the head or around the neck, as worn inlife. Since there are other differences between these two basic types of burial, Z. Marić hypothesizes that the skeletal graves belonged to the female members of the local population and the cinerary graves to the male incomers from Pannonia. In stage three, amber features in greater quantities in cinerary graves as well, although skeletal graves still contain much morenumerous and richer artifacts; only in stage four does the ratio of such artifacts become equal between the two types of burials. During stage five, the number of amber artifacts in cinerary graves increases sharply, and it is from this very period, as already noted, that the two most richly equipped graves date, with the remains of incineration and numerous amber artifacts:grave 278 from Jezerine and grave 10 from Ribić (Z.Marić 1968:5-79; B. Raunig 2004). We can only guess at the routes by which amber reached the Japods in the Una valley (N. Negroni- Catacchio 1972: 1-18). The highly decorative dark reddishamber of outstanding quality used to make many of the artifacts found in the graves of the Una valley distinguishes these necropolises from all others of the same period in Europe as a whole. The number of artifacts and, it is fair to say, the coarse workmanship on the amber, suggest that one of the amber routes from the Baltic to the south ran along the Una valley,and that the Japods were intermediaries in the amber trade as well as using these goods. In the 7th century BC this route could have been of major importance, since this was one of the periods of severe cold that rendered the Po valley unsuitable for trade with the distant Baltic region in the north, passing as it did over the Alps, which were impassable, even over thelower passes, during periods of extreme cold. During the 4th century BC the Japods in the Una valley came into direct contact with the Celts, who already dominated the cultural stage in much of Europe. There is no doubt that there was considerable trade between these peoples over a long period, and it would be normal for the Celts to control the amber routes, so thatthis material reached local Japod workshops by way of exchange, in unworked form (A. Palavestra 1988: 205-217; A. Palavestra, V. Krstić 2006). Another type of amber, of poorer quality, translucent and light yellow in colour, from which the triangularand trapezoid beads from the later periods of the necropolises in the Una valley were made, undoubtedly came from a different source from the dark red amber. This type of bead is found in considerable quantities in these necropolises in the 1st century BC, at a time when trade from Hellenistic centres was already widespread. The major centres for the amber trade were then in the northern Black Sea regions (B. Srebrodolski 1984). It is interesting to note that forms of triangular amber beads were known as early as the late Mesolithic in the northern regions of Russia (M. Gimbutas 1985). This form was perhaps dictated bythe actual quality of the raw material from various sites in north-eastern Europe (B. Srebrodolski 1984; A. Palavestra 1993). Finally, it can be said that to confirm, at least in part, these observations on the routes by which amber was imported to the Una valley, a serious and wideranging study of the contemporary cultures would be needed, going well beyond their relationships with their immediate neighbours, along with some more detailed observations of historical facts. Espacially interesting is their relatios with the Celts and Veneto, which for now remains unclear, which directly affects to the different oppinions about ethnic identity Japodes.

As the world becomes more urbanized and wars are fought in more condensed areas it is important to continue to evaluate the propriety of certain methods of warfare in these new and varied contexts. This article offers that when debates arise over the propriety of using certain weapons systems, an outright or systematic ban of that weapon system should rarely be the outcome. Rather, it is far more appropriate to provide armies with as many tools as possible to bring an armed conflict to a quick and decisive end and to hold those commanders and warfighters accountable to using those tools in accordance with international law, treaties, and norms. To do otherwise would unnecessarily handcuff and endanger those that are doing the fighting. This article presents this argument through the lens of the United States' policy toward using white phosphorus munitions in urban contexts. The United States, among other militaries, has continued to employ white phosphorus munitions in the face of increased international scrutiny. This article evaluates that policy and concludes that it is both legal and appropriate provided that targeting decisions are made in accordance with traditional law of armed conflict principles and with an eye toward humanitarian imperatives. This conclusion is supported by a survey of relevant international treaties, various states' practice, and is illustrated by hypothetical anecdotes provided by the author.

Dans un monde de plus en plus urbanisé, où des guerres se déroulent dans des régions plus densément peuplées, il est important de continuer à évaluer l'opportunité de certaines méthodes de guerre dans ces contextes nouveaux et variés. Cet article avance que, lorsque l'opportunité d'utiliser certains systèmes d'arme fait débat, cela ne devrait que rarement résulter dans une interdiction totale ou systématique du système d'arme en question. Au contraire, il est bien plus opportun de munir les armées d'autant d'instruments que possible pour mettre un terme aux conflits armés de manière rapide et décisive, et de tenir les commandants et les combattants responsables de l'utilisation de ces instruments, conformément au droit international, aux traités et aux normes. Agir autrement représenterait une entrave et une mise en danger inutiles des combattants sur le terrain. Cet article présente cette argumentation au travers de la politique des États-Unis en matière d'utilisation de munitions au phosphore blanc en milieu urbain. L'armée des États-Unis, parmi d'autres, a continué à utiliser des munitions au phosphore blanc malgré une surveillance internationale accrue. L'article évalue cette politique et conclut qu'elle est à la fois légale et appropriée, à condition que les décisions en matière de ciblage soient prises conformément aux principes consacrés du droit des conflits armés et en gardant à l'esprit les impératifs humanitaires. Cette conclusion est étayée par une étude des traités internationaux pertinents et des pratiques de différents États, et est illustrée par des anecdotes hypothétiques fournies par l'auteur.

Aangezien de wereld steeds meer verstedelijkt en oorlogen in compactere gebieden worden uitgevochten, is het belangrijk om te blijven evalueren of bepaalde methoden van oorlogvoering gepast zijn in deze nieuwe en diverse contexten. Dit artikel stelt dat, wanneer er discussie is over de gepastheid van het gebruik van bepaalde wapensystemen, dit zelden zou moeten leiden tot een regelrecht of systematisch verbod van dat wapen­systeem. Integendeel, het is veel beter om legers van zoveel mogelijk middelen te voorzien om een gewapend conflict snel en beslissend te beëindigen en om commandanten en oorlogvoerende partijen verantwoordelijk te houden voor het gebruik van deze middelen overeenkomstig het internationaal recht en de internationale verdragen en normen. Anders zou dat degenen die de strijd voeren, onnodig beknotten en in gevaar brengen. Dit artikel bekijkt dit argument door de lens van het beleid van de Verenigde Staten betreffende het gebruik van witte fosformunitie in stedelijke omgevingen. De Verenigde Staten zijn, net zoals andere legers, doorgegaan met het gebruik van witte fosformunitie ondanks to­egenomen internationaal toezicht. In dit artikel wordt dat beleid geëvalueerd en wordt geconcludeerd dat het zowel wettig als gepast is op voorwaarde dat de beslissingen over de doelbestrijding worden genomen in overeenstemming met de traditionele beginselen van het recht van de gewapende conflicten en met het oog op humanitaire vereisten. Deze conclusie wordt ondersteund door een overzicht van de relevante internationale verdragen en de praktijk van diverse staten, en wordt geïllustreerd aan de hand van hypothetische anekdotes van de auteur.

A medida que el mundo se vuelve más urbanizado y las guerras se libran en áreas más concentradas, es importante continuar evaluando la idoneidad de ciertos métodos de guerra en estos nuevos y variados contextos. Este artículo sugiere que cuando surgen debates sobre la conveniencia de usar ciertos sistemas de armas, el resultado raramente debería ser una prohibición total o sistemática de ese sistema de armas. Más bien, es mucho más apropiado proporcionar a los ejércitos tantas herramientas como sea posible para llevar un conflicto armado a un final rápido y decisivo y hacer que esos comandantes y combatientes sean responsables del uso de esas herramientas de conformidad con el derecho, los tratados y las normas internacionales. Hacer lo contrario limitaría innecesariamente y pondría en peligro a quienes están combatiendo. Este artículo presenta este argumento a través de la lente de la política de los Estados Unidos hacia el uso de municiones de fósforo blanco en contextos urbanos. Estados Unidos, entre otros ejércitos, ha seguido empleando municiones de fósforo blanco ante el creciente escrutinio internacional. Este artículo evalúa esa política y concluye que es legal y apropiada siempre que las decisiones de selección de objetivos se tomen de acuerdo con los principios del Derecho tradicional de los conflictos armados y teniendo en cuenta los imperativos humanitarios. Esta conclusión está respaldada por un estudio de los tratados internacionales relevantes, la práctica de varios Estados y está ilustrada por anécdotas hipotéticas proporcionadas por el autor.

Man mano che il mondo diventa più urbanizzato e le guerre si combattono in aree più concentrate, è importante continuare a valutare la correttezza di alcuni metodi di guerra in questi nuovi e cambiati contesti. Questo articolo afferma che quando sorgono dibattiti sull'opportunità di usare determinati armamenti, raramente il risultato dovrebbe essere un divieto totale o sistematico di quel sistema d'arma. Piuttosto, è molto più appropriato fornire agli eserciti quanti più strumenti possibili per porre fine in modo rapido e decisivo a un conflitto armato e ritenere quei comandanti e combattenti responsabili dell'uso di quegli strumenti in conformità con il diritto internazionale, i trattati e le norme. Fare altrimenti significherebbe immobilizzare inutilmente e mettere in pericolo coloro che stanno combattendo. Questo articolo presenta l'argomento attraverso l'ottica della politica degli Stati Uniti nei confronti dell'uso delle munizioni al fosforo bianco in contesti urbani. Gli Stati Uniti, tra gli altri eserciti, hanno continuato a impiegare munizioni al fosforo bianco a fronte di un maggior controllo internazionale. Questo articolo valuta tale politica e conclude che è sia legale che appropriata, a condizione che le decisioni a tal fine siano prese in conformità con i principi tradizionali del diritto dei conflitti armati e con attenzione agli imperativi umanitari. Questa conclusione è sostenuta da una revisione dei trattati internazionali pertinenti, dalla pratica di vari Stati, ed è corredata da ipotetici aneddoti forniti dall'autore.

Da die Welt immer stärker urbanisiert wird und Kriege in immer stärker verdichteten Zonen geführt werden, ist es wichtig, die Geeignetheit bestimmter Methoden der Kriegsführung in diesen neuen und unterschiedlichen Kontexten weiterhin zu bewerten. Dieser Artikel behauptet, dass sich, wenn sich eine Debatte über die Geeignetheit der Verwendung bestimmter Waffensysteme anspinnt, daraus selten ein absolutes oder systematisches Verbot des betreffenden Waffensystems ergeben soll. Vielmehr ist es angebracht, Armeen mit möglichst vielen Mitteln auszustatten, damit ein bewaffneter Konflikt zu einem raschen und entscheidenden Ausgang gebracht wird, sowie Befehlshaber und Kombattanten hinsichtlich der Verwendung dieser Mittel in Übereinstimmung mit dem Völkerrecht, Verträgen und Normen zur Rechenschaft zu ziehen. Eine andere Vorgehensweise würde denjenigen, die kämpfen, unnötig Zügel anlegen und sie gefährden. Dieser Artikel betrachtet dieses Argument durch die Linse der Politik der Vereinigten Staaten in Bezug auf die Verwendung weißer Phosphormunition in einer städtischen Umgebung. Die Streitkräfte der Vereinigten Staaten haben, wie auch andere Streitkräfte, angesichts zunehmender internationaler Kritik, weiterhin weiße Phosphormunition verwendet. Der Artikel be­wertet diese Politik und schlussfolgert, dass diese sowohl rechtmäßig als geeignet ist, vorausgesetzt, dass die Zielentscheidungen in Übereinstimmung mit den herkömmlichen Grundsätzen des Rechts der bewaffneten Konflikte und unter Berücksichtigung humanitärer Gebote getroffen werden. Diese Schlussfolgerung wird mit einem Überblick über relevante internationale Abkommen und die Praxis verschiedener Staaten untermauert und wird mit hypothetischen Anekdoten vom Autor illustriert.

EPIC-CVD was supported by the European Commission Framework Programme 7 (HEALTH-F2-2012-279233), and the European Research Council (268834). The coordinating center was supported by core funding from the: United Kingdom MRC (G0800270; MR/L003120/1), British Heart Foundation (BHF) (SP/09/002; RG13/13/30194; RG/18/13/33946), and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (BRC-1215-20014).* The establishment of the study subcohort was supported by the European Union Sixth Framework Programme (grant LSHM_CT_ 2006_037197 to the InterAct project) and the MRC Epidemiology Unit (grant MC_UU_00006/1). The coordination of EPIC is financially supported by International Agency for Research on Cancer and also by the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, which has additional infrastructure support provided by NIHR Imperial BRC. The national cohorts are supported by: Danish Cancer Society (Denmark); Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Gustave Roussy, Mutuelle Generale de l'Education Nationale, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (France); German Cancer Aid, German Cancer Research Center, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Germany); Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro--AIRC--Italy, Compagnia di SanPaolo and National Research Council (Italy); Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports, Netherlands Cancer Registry, LK Research Funds, Dutch Prevention Funds, Zorg Onderzoek Nederland, World Cancer Research Fund, Statistics Netherlands (the Netherlands); Health Research Fund-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Regional Governments of Andalucia, Asturias, Basque Country, Murcia and Navarra, and the Catalan Institute of Oncology (Spain); Swedish Cancer Society, Swedish Research Council and County Councils of Skane and Vasterbotten (Sweden); Cancer Research UK (14136 to EPIC-Norfolk; C8221/A29017 to EPIC-Oxford), MRC (1000143 to EPIC-Norfolk; MR/M012190/1 to EPIC-Oxford) (United Kingdom). EPIC-Greece was supported by the Hellenic Health Foundation (Greece). M.S., N.J.W., N.G.F., and F.I. acknowledge support from MRC Epidemiology Unit (MC_UU_ 00006/1 and MC_UU_00006/3). N.J.W. and N.G.F. acknowledge support from NIHR* Cambridge BRC: Nutrition, Diet, and Lifestyle Research Theme (IS-BRC-1215--20014) and NGF is a NIHR Senior Investigator Award holder. M.S. was also supported by BHF for part of this work while working in the BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom. R. Z.-R. thanks the "Miguel Servet" program (CP15/00100) from the Institute of Health Carlos III (co-funded by the European Social Fund--European Social Fund Investing in Your Future). A.W. was supported by a BHF-Turing Cardiovascular Data Science Award and by the European Commission-Innovative Medicines Initiative (BigData@Heart).R.C.was funded by a MRC-Newton project grant to study genetic risk factors of cardiovascular disease among Southeast Asian people and the Academy of Sciences Malaysia (grant no. MR/P013880/1) and a United Kingdom Research and Innovation-Global Challenges Research Fund Project Grant to study risk factors of noncommunicable diseases in Bangladesh. J.D. holds a BHF Professorship and a NIHR Senior Investigator Award. The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NIHR or the Department of Health and Social Care. Where authors are identified as personnel of the International Agency for Research on Cancer/World Health Organization, the authors alone are responsible for the views expressed in this article and they do not necessarily represent the decisions, policy, or views of the International Agency for Research on Cancer/World Health Organization. The funders of the study had no role in study design, data collection, analysis, data interpretation, or writing of the article, or in the decision to submit for publication. M.S. had full access to all the data in the study, and M.S. and N.G.F. had final responsibility for the decision to submit for publication. ; BACKGROUND: There is controversy about associations between total dietary fatty acids, their classes (saturated fatty acids [SFAs], monounsaturated fatty acids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids), and risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). Specifically, the relevance of food sources of SFAs to CHD associations is uncertain. METHODS AND RESULTS: We conducted a case-cohort study involving 10 529 incident CHD cases and a random subcohort of 16 730 adults selected from a cohort of 385 747 participants in 9 countries of the EPIC (European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition) study. We estimated multivariable adjusted country-specific hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs per 5% of energy intake from dietary fatty acids, with and without isocaloric macronutrient substitutions, using Prentice-weighted Cox regression models and pooled results using random-effects meta-analysis. We found no evidence for associations of the consumption of total or fatty acid classes with CHD, regardless of macronutrient substitutions. In analyses considering food sources, CHD incidence was lower per 1% higher energy intake of SFAs from yogurt (HR, 0.93 [95% CI, 0.88–0.99]), cheese (HR, 0.98 [95% CI, 0.96–1.00]), and fish (HR, 0.87 [95% CI, 0.75–1.00]), but higher for SFAs from red meat (HR, 1.07 [95% CI, 1.02–1.12]) and butter (HR, 1.02 [95% CI, 1.00–1.04]). CONCLUSIONS: This observational study found no strong associations of total fatty acids, SFAs, monounsaturated fatty acids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids, with incident CHD. By contrast, we found associations of SFAs with CHD in opposite directions dependent on the food source. These findings should be further confirmed, but support public health recommendations to consider food sources alongside the macronutrients they contain, and suggest the importance of the overall food matrix. ; European Commission Framework Programme 7 HEALTH-F2-2012-279233 ; European Research Council (ERC) ; European Commission 268834 ; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI) ; Medical Research Council UK (MRC) G0800270 MR/L003120/1 ; British Heart Foundation SP/09/002 RG13/13/30194 RG/18/13/33946 ; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) BRC-1215-20014 ; European Commission LSHM_CT_ 2006_037197 ; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI) ; Medical Research Council UK (MRC) MC_UU_ 00006/1 MC_UU_00006/3 ; International Agency for Research on Cancer ; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London ; Danish Cancer Society ; Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Gustave Roussy, Mutuelle Generale de l'Education Nationale, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (France) ; German Cancer Aid, German Cancer Research Center, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam- ; Rehbruecke, Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Germany) ; Fondazione AIRC per la ricerca sul cancro ; Compagnia di San Paolo ; Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports ; Netherlands Cancer Registry ; LK Research Funds ; Dutch Prevention Funds ; Zorg Onderzoek Nederland ; World Cancer Research Fund International (WCRF) ; Netherlands Government ; Instituto de Salud Carlos III ; Junta de Andalucia ; Regional Government of Asturias ; Basque Government ; Regional Government of Murcia ; Regional Government of Navarra ; Catalan Institute of Oncology (Spain) ; Swedish Cancer Society ; County Council of Skane (Sweden) ; County Council of Vasterbotten (Sweden) ; Cancer Research UK 14136 C8221/A29017 ; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI) ; Medical Research Council UK (MRC) 1000143 MR/M012190/1 ; Hellenic Health Foundation (Greece) ; NIHR* Cambridge BRC: Nutrition, Diet, and Lifestyle Research Theme IS-BRC-1215-20014 ; British Heart Foundation ; Institute of Health Carlos III (European Social Fund-European Social Fund Investing in Your Future) CP15/00100 ; BHF-Turing Cardiovascular Data Science Award ; European Commission-Innovative Medicines Initiative (BigData@Heart) ; MRC-Newton project grant MR/P013880/1 ; United Kingdom Research and Innovation-Global Challenges Research Fund ; NIHR Senior Investigator Award

Acknowledgments Research reported in this publication was supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the University of Melbourne, Public Health England, the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, the National Institute on Aging of the National Institutes of Health (award P30AG047845), and the National Institute of Mental Health of the National Institutes of Health (award R01MH110163). Aruna M Kamath is funded by the National Institutes of Health (T32GM086270). The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation or the National Institutes of Health. Lucas Guimarães Abreu acknowledges Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Código de Financiamento 001, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) (404710/2018-2 and 310797/2019-5), Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG), and Pró-Reitoria de Pesquisa (PRPq) of Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Olatunji O Adetokunboh was supported by the National Research Foundation, and Department of Science and Innovation, South Africa. Syed Mohamed Aljunid would like to acknowledge the Department of Health Policy and Management, Faculty of Public Health, Kuwait University, Kuwait and International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Malaysia, Malaysia for the approval and support to participate in this research project. Marcel Ausloos, Adrian Pana, and Claudiu Herteliu are partially supported by a grant of the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research and Innovation, CNDS-UEFISCDI, project number PN-III-P4-ID-PCCF-2016-0084. Claudiu Herteliu and Adrian Pana are partially supported by a grant of the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research and Innovation, CNDS-UEFISCDI, project number PN-III-P2-2.1-SOL-2020-2-0351. Derrick A Bennett receives support from the Oxford National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre. The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the National Health Service (NHS), the NIHR, or the Department of Health and Social Care. Felix Carvalho and Eduarda Fernandes acknowledge UID/MULTI/04378/2019 and UID/QUI/50006/2019 support with funding from FCT/MCTES through national funds. Joao Conde acknowledges the European Research Council, ERC starting grant agreement No 848325. Vera Marisa Costa acknowledges her grant (SFRH/BHD/110001/2015), received by Portuguese national funds through Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT), IP, under the Norma Transitória DL57/2016/CP1334/CT0006. Sagnik Dey acknowledges the support of the Centre of Excellence for Research on Clean Air (CERCA) and IIT Delhi for the institute chair position. Santosh Gaihre acknowledges the GCRF SAFEWATER Project, Ulster University, Northern Ireland. Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam acknowledges support from fellowships and funding from NHMRC and National Heart Foundation of Australia. Oommen John is recipient of an UIPA scholarship through University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia. Md Nuruzzaman Khan acknowledges the support of Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh. Yun Jin Kim was supported by the Research Management Centre, Xiamen University Malaysia, Malaysia (XMUMRF/2020-C6/ITCM/0004). Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane Laxminarayana acknowledges support provided by Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India. Kewal Krishan is supported by the UGC Centre of Advanced Study (CAS II), awarded to the Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India. Manasi Kumar would like to acknowledge NIH/FIC k43 tw010716-04. Ben Lacey acknowledges support from UK Biobank, the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, and the BHF Oxford Centre of Research Excellence. Iván Landires is a member of the Sistema Nacional de Investigación (SNI), which is supported by the Panama's Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (SENACYT). John J McGrath has been supported by the Danish National Research Foundation (Niels Bohr Professorship), and is employed by The Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research which receives core funding from the Queensland Health. Stefania Mondello acknowledges support from the Italian Ministry of Health (grant number GR-2013-02354960). Jonathan F Mosser acknowledges funding from BMGF (OPP1182474). Bruno Ramos Nascimento was supported in part by CNPq (Bolsa de produtividade em pesquisa, 312382/2019-7), by the Edwards Lifesciences Foundation (Every Heartbeat Matters programme 2020), and by FAPEMIG (grant APQ-000627-20). Shuhei Nomura acknowledges support from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan (MEXT). Oluwakemi Ololade Odukoya was supported by the Fogarty International Center of the National Institutes of Health under award number K43TW010704. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health. Alberto Ortiz was supported by FIS/Fondos FEDER (PI18/01366, PI19/00588, PI19/00815, DTS18/00032, ERA-PerMed-JTC2018 (KIDNEY ATTACK AC18/00064 and PERSTIGAN AC18/00071, ISCIII-RETIC REDinREN RD016/0009), Sociedad Española de Nefrología, FRIAT, Comunidad de Madrid en Biomedicina B2017/BMD-3686 CIFRA2-CM. Jagadish Rao Padubidri acknowledges the Manipal Academy of Higher Education Mangalore, Mangalore, India for their constant support. George C Patton is supported by an NHMRC senior principal research fellowship. Alberto Raggi is supported by a grant from the Italian Ministry of Health (Ricerca Corrente, Fondazione Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Linea 4 Outcome Research: dagli Indicatori alle Raccomandazioni Cliniche). Bhageerathy Reshmi acknowledges support from Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal, India. Daniela Ribeiro acknowledges the financial support from the European Union [FEDER funds through COMPETE, POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029253). Abdallah M Samy acknowledges the support from the Egyptian Fulbright Mission Program, and being a member of the Egyptian Young Academy of Sciences and Technology. Davide Sattin and Silvia Schiavolin acknowledge support by a grant from the Italian Ministry of Health (Ricerca Corrente, Fondazione Istituto Neurologico C Besta, Linea 4 Outcome Research: dagli Indicatori alle Raccomandazioni Cliniche). Francesca Giulia Magnani acknowledges support by a grant from the Italian Ministry of Health GR2016-02365049. Feng Sha and Bingyu Li acknowledge support by the Shenzhen Social Science Fund (Grant No SZ2020C015) and the Shenzhen Science and Technology Program (Grant KQTD20190929172835662). Aziz Sheikh acknowledges the support of the Health Data Research UK BREATHE Hub. João Pedro Silva acknowledges support from grant number UIDB/04378/2020 from the Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit (UCIBIO), supported through Portuguese national funds via FCT/MCTES. David A Sleet acknowledges support from the James F and Sarah T Fries Foundation, The Bizzell Group. Mohammad Reza Sobhiyeh acknowledges support from the Clinical Research Development center of Imam Reza Hospital Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Iran. Joan B Soriano acknowledges support from the Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain. Gizachew Assefa Tessema is a recipient of the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) investigator grant (APP1195716). Riaz Uddin is supported by an Alfred Deakin Postdoctoral Research Fellowship. Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan acknowledges Katurba Medical College, Mangalore, India. Charles Shey Wiysonge is supported by the South African Medical Research Council. Sojib Bin Zaman received a scholarship from the Australian Government Research Training Program (RTP) in support of his academic career. Yunquan Zhang acknowledges the Science and Technology Research Project of Hubei Provincial Department of Education (grant number Q20201104) and Middle Aged Technology Innovation Team Project of Hubei Provincial Department of Education (grant number T2020003). ; Peer reviewed ; Publisher PDF

El nivel de reconocimiento de la pobreza energética ha aumentado en los últimos años, permitiendo definir la ausencia de servicios energéticos en hogares vulnerados. La lucha contra esta problemática se basa en la defensa de la energía como un derecho. Va adquiriendo relevancia tanto a nivel político como mediático, incluyéndose en propuestas normativas globales como la Agenda 2030 y los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenibles (ODS). En concreto, se materializa como el ODS 7 de Energía asequible y No contaminante. El Observatorio Europeo de la Pobreza Energética (EPOV) propone una definición y conjunto de indicadores principales y secundarios para medir hogares bajo situación de pobreza energética de manera general para el ámbito europeo. No obstante, se trata de un concepto que depende de múltiples factores tales como sistema polito-económico del territorio, el clima, la edificación, etc., lo que dificulta encontrar una definición o indicador que se adapte y represente las distintas realidades. Realizar los estudios por territorios más acotados, como por comunidades autónomas, permite identificar grupos vulnerados o problemáticas específicas ligadas a un territorio. Será necesario potenciar el desarrollo de estudios por provincias y comunidades, ya que la mayoría de los informes y proyectos actuales se han realizado a nivel nacional. Con ello, se podría presentar un grupo de medidas a implementar en base a las problemáticas identificadas, resultado más eficientes. En concreto, este documento se centrará en la comunidad andaluza, dado que la estancia realizada en la Agencia Andaluza de la Energía supone una fuente de información de gran relevancia. También se explica esta elección por los trabajos previos realizados de la misma autoría sobre este territorio. El presente proyecto propone un conjunto de definiciones e indicadores que permiten medir la pobreza energética estableciendo un límite cuantificable, que será el indicador de dos veces la mediana (2M). Además, se presentan modificaciones sobre los indicadores que se emplean en los principales estudios de pobreza energética en Europa. No obstante, implementar estas modificaciones supondría cambiar la metodología de las encuestas nacionales empleadas para recabar información de los hogares y ampliar la muestra para que haya suficientes hogares representativos de cada comunidad autónoma o provincia. Es por ello que se han actualizado los resultados de los principales indicadores, sin incluir las modificaciones, para el territorio andaluz a partir de los datos del Instituto Nacional de Estadística del año 2018, el último registro disponible. Los resultados se presentan desagregados por sexo, incluyendo otras variables como la relación de los hogares afectados con la salud. Con ello se quiere mostrar cómo afecta la ausencia de servicios energéticos en la comunidad andaluza, sentando las bases sobre las que exponer medidas útiles a implantar Si bien en la mayoría de ocasiones se proponen como medidas acciones relacionadas con la eficiencia energética en los edificios, el ahorro y la implementación de energías renovables y de autoconsumo; en este caso se quiere ampliar la visión en búsqueda de medidas para construir ciudades sostenibles. Estas ciudades se entienden como espacios que potencian todas esas medidas de ahorro y autoconsumo, incluyendo además la dimensión social y colectiva. El problema no se debería abordar incidiendo en edificio tras edificio, si no construyendo ciudades que promuevan medidas sostenibles, que aboguen por una transición energética justa y que incluya a toda la ciudadanía como agentes activos, desde la niñez hasta la vejez, en todas sus dimensiones. Se presenta, por lo tanto, una identificación de agentes que desarrollan servicios o productos innovadores en ciudades sostenibles en Andalucía. Esta información se pone a disposición de la ciudadanía como una herramienta que permite filtrar a los agentes en función de su naturaleza (empresas, centros tecnológicos, grupos de investigación universitaria, etc.), del sector de innovación en el que trabajan o incluso de la provincia en la que se encuentran. De este modo, se puede consultar esta base para optar por medidas más sostenibles en los proyectos o para aunar fuerzas entre agentes dando lugar a productos o servicios finales más potentes. ; The level of recognition of the energy poverty is on the rising for the last few years, explaining the lack of energy services in vulnerable household. The fight against this problem is based in defending the energy as a right. It is becoming relevant both in a political and mediatic level, including it in proposals global regulations such as the 2030 Agenda and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). That is to say, the SDG 7 of Energy affordable and no contaminating.EU energy poverty observatory (EPOV) suggest a definition and a group of principal and secondary indicators in order to measure the households under energy poverty generally for the European territory. This concept will depend of multiples factors such as the politic-economic system of the territory, the weather, the edification, etc., which make difficult to find a definition or an indicator that can adapt and represent the different realities. To make the different studies by territory such as regions, allows us to identify vulnerable groups o specific problematics in a certain territory. It will be needed to encourage the development of studies by regions and communities, because the majority of the information and actual projects have been made in a national level. With that, a group of measures could be suggested related to the identificated problems, being more efficient that way. This document will center around the Andalusian community, as the stayin the Energy Agency of Andalusia is a point of resources and information very powerful. It's also related to the previous work of the author related with this topic. The project suggests a set of definitions and indicators that allows us to measure the energy poverty setting a quantifiable limit, the indicator of high share of energy expenditure in income (2M). In addition,the proposal includes modifications to the indicators used in the main studies about energy poverty in Europe. However, to implement these modifications would mean changing the methodology of the national surveys, which are used to collect information about the households and to broaden the sample, in order to have enough representative households for each autonomous community or district. That's the reason why the outcomes of the main indicators have been updated, without including the modifications, for the Andalusian territory using data provided by the National Statistics Institute for 2018, the last record available. The results are presented disaggregated by sex, including others variables like the relationship between the representative households and their health. It is intended to demonstrate how the lack of energy services affects the Andalusian community, setting the foundation to expose useful measures to implant. In most cases, the proposed measures are activities related to energy efficiency into the buildings, to energy savings and to the integration of renewable energy and self-consumption. However, in this case, the study aims to broaden the vision and look for measures to build sustainable cities. These cities are understood as spaces that enhance the savings measures and self-consumption, including both social and collective dimension. The problem should not to be approached focusing on each building, it has to be solved by building cities that promote sustainable measures, that advocate for a fair energy transition and that include the whole population as active agents, from childhood to seniors. The document submits an agents identification that develops innovative services or products in sustainable cities in Andalusia. This information is available to the public as a tool that allows the user to filter the different agents by nature (companies, technology centers, university research groups, etc.), innovative sector and the region in which they are based. Any citizen can consult the database to select sustainable solutions for projects or to join forces between agents, giving more powerful services and products. ; Universidad de Sevilla. Máster en Ciudad y Arquitectura Sostenibles

У дослідженні з урахуванням теоретичних та емпіричних методів теоретично обґрунтовано й розроблено науково-методичне забезпечення процесу формування мовленнєвої компетентності майбутніх фахівців з журналістики в умовах закладу фахової передвищої освіти. Проведений аналіз і узагальнення наукових джерел дозволило окреслити досвід підготовки фахівця як культуромовної особистості фахівця в педагогічній теорії і практиці. Виявлено стан розроблення досліджуваної проблеми шляхом виокремлення й аналізу таких взаємопов'язаних складових: міжнародні та загальнодержавні, законодавчі документи щодо інформаційної безпеки, функціонування державної мови в масмедіа, медіа та інформаційної грамотності; теоретичні та практичні аспекти професійної підготовки, професійної компетентності фахівців із журналістики, видавничо-поліграфічної справи і редагування, в т.ч. у коледжах; специфіка мовнокомунікативної, мовленнєвої компетентності фахівців та формування означеної якості в межах професійної підготовки. Констатуємо становлення міждисциплінарного дискурсу, що дозволяє увиразнити зміст мовленнєвої компетентності, обґрунтувати теоретичні та методичні основи формування мовленнєвої компетентності майбутніх молодших спеціалістів з журналістики у процесі професійної підготовки. На основі термінологічного аналізу ключових понять дослідження («журналіст», «редактор», «професійне мовлення», «професійна компетентність», «мовленнєва компетентність», «мовленнєва компетенція» та ін.), з урахуванням аналізу стану професійної підготовки майбутніх молодших спеціалістів з журналістики в коледжах у контексті формування мовленнєвої компетентності уточнено сутність поняття «мовленнєва компетентність майбутніх молодших спеціалістів з журналістики» як вагомий складник професійної компетентності, інтегративну професійну якість особистості, що характеризується наявністю стійких мотивів, прагненням до мовленнєвого розвитку і саморозвитку, наявністю мовно-мовленнєвих знань, мовленнєвих умінь, здібностей, важливих для здійснення мовнокомунікативної взаємодії з учасниками редакційно-видавничого та медійного процесу. Поняття «формування мовленнєвої компетентності майбутніх фахівців з журналістики» уточнено як цілісний компетентнісно орієнтований освітній процес, що відбувається з урахуванням низки наукових підходів і принципів, спрямований на формування мотивації, мовно-мовленнєвих знань, умінь і навичок українськомовного спілкування, а його результатом є позитивна динаміка у формуванні мовленнєвої компетентності майбутніх фахівців, новий якісний стан, що забезпечує ефективне виконання професійної діяльності (створення, редагування, просування українськомовного медійного та інформаційного продукту, здійснення медійної комунікації, спілкування з автором/замовником). На основі системно-структурного аналізу розкрито змістове наповнення мовленнєвої компетентності майбутнього фахівця з журналістики: мовний, соціокультурний, прагматичний (комунікативно-стратегічний), інфомедійний складники. Обґрунтовано структуру мовленнєвої компетентності майбутніх молодших спеціалістів з журналістики в єдності компонентів: мотиваційно-особистісного (шанобливе ставлення до української мови, бажання вдосконалювати власне мовлення; прагнення/здатність до мовленнєвого розвитку і саморозвитку, емпатія, рефлексія); мовленнєво-когнітивного (володіння нормами літературної мови (орфоепічними, акцентологічними, орфографічними, лексико-фразеологічними, граматичними, стилістичними), фаховою термінологією, етикою професійного спілкування); мовленнєво-поведінкового (сформовані мовнокомунікативні, текстово-жанрові, стилістично-редакторські, мовленнєво-риторичні, інфомедійні уміння як підґрунтя для здійснення редакційно-видавничої та медійної діяльності). На основі аналізу наукових джерел, вивчення специфіки професійної діяльності і підготовки схарактеризовано положення особистісно-розвивального, системного, культурологічного, компетентнісного, текстового, аксіологічного наукових підходів щодо формування мовленнєвої компетентності майбутніх фахівців з журналістики у процесі професійної підготовки. Визначено, що в основу організації означеного процесу доцільно покласти загальнодидактичні (цілісності; системності; систематичності та послідовності навчання; наступності, зв'язку навчання з практикою; особистісного розвитку; проблемності змісту навчання, поєднання індивідуальних, групових і колективних форм навчання; міждисциплінарних зв'язків) та специфічні принципи (студентоцентризму, навчання на мовленнєвих взірцях, мовленнєвої практики, комунікативності, партнерської взаємодії; функційно-комунікативної спрямованості навчання; інформаційної екології). Обґрунтовано педагогічні умови формування мовленнєвої компетентності майбутніх фахівців з журналістики: оновлення змісту дисциплін мовно-літературного, професійно-практичного циклу на основі міждисциплінарних зв'язків; упровадження інтерактивних форм і методів з метою стимулювання позитивної мотивації до мовленнєвого розвитку і саморозвитку; моделювання професійних ситуацій для активізації мовнокомунікативної взаємодії з учасниками редакційно-видавничого та медійного процесу; залучення студентів до активного інформаційно-розвивального освітнього середовища з метою створення авторських медійних та інформаційних продуктів. ; The main scientific results on the topic: The problem of formation of speech competence of future junior specialists in journalism in the process of professional training is generalized and practically solved in the dissertation, basing on the analysis of theory and study of empirical experience. The state of elaboration of the problem of the future junior journalism specialists' speech competence formation is revealed. The use of structural and logical analysis allowed to summarize international and national legislative and regulatory documents on information security and the functioning of the state language in mass media, higher education, journalistic standards, key competencies of specialists, including specialty 061 Journalism («Publishing and Editing»); to study the elements of Ukrainian and foreign experience regarding the specifics of the professional activity of media specialists, the formation of linguistic-communicative, speech competence of specialists of various specializations, including in colleges; professional training of future junior specialists in journalism in the context of formation of speech competence; to distinguish interdisciplinary discourse, which allows to emphasize the absence of speech competence, to substantiate the theoretical and methodological foundations of professional speech training of such specialists. According to the results of terminological and structural-logical analysis of key research concepts («speech», «journalist», «editor», «professional competence», «speech competence» etc.) and generalization of requirements for the professional training of future journalism specialists the essence of the concept of «speech competence of future junior journalism specialists» is clarified as an important component of professional competence, integrative professional quality of personality, characterized by the presence of stable motives, desire for speech development and self-development, the presence of language and speech knowledge, speech skills, abilities, important for the implementation of language communication with participants in the editorial, publishing and media process. The concept of «formation of speech competence of future junior specialists in journalism» is specified as a holistic competence-oriented educational process in the interconnection of educational, research and practical components, aimed at forming positive motivation, language and speech skills, skills and abilities of Ukrainian-language effective communication, which provides the effective performance of professional activity (creation, editing, promotion of Ukrainian-language media/information product, communication with the author/ customer, etc.), and the result is a positive dynamics of the levels of formation of speech competence of future professionals. The content of the speech competence of the future junior specialist in journalism (its language, socio-cultural, pragmatic (communicative-strategic), info-media components) is revealed, basing on the system-structural analysis. The component structure of speech competence of future junior specialists in journalism is substantiated in the unity of components: motivational-personal (respectful attitude to the Ukrainian language, desire to improve one's own speech; desire/ability to speech development and self-development, empathy, reflection); speech-cognitive (knowledge of linguistic literary norms (orthoepic, accentological, orthographic, lexical-phraseological, grammatical, stylistic), system of knowledge about the peculiarities of professional communication); speech-behavioural (formed language-communicative, text-genre, stylistic-editorial, speech-rhetorical, info-media skills as a basis for editorial-publishing and media activities). Based on the analysis of scientific sources, study of the specifics of professional activity and training, the position of personal-developmental, systemic, culturological, competence, textual, axiological scientific approaches to the formation of speech competence of future junior specialists in journalism in the training process is characterized. It is determined that the organization of this process should be based on general didactic (integrity; system; systematic and consistent learning; continuity, connection of learning with practice; personal development; problems of the content of education, a combination of individual, group and collective forms of education; interdisciplinary integration) and specific principles (student-centeredness, learning using speech patterns, speech practice, communication, partnership; functional and communicative orientation of education; information ecology). The pedagogical conditions are substantiated: updating of the maintenance of educational-research and practical preparation on the basis of interdisciplinary communications; introduction of interactive forms and methods in order to stimulate positive motivation of young people to improve their own speech and self-education; modelling of professional-imitation situations for the purpose of activation of speech-communicative interaction with participants of editorial-publishing and media process; involvement of students in an active information and developmental educational environment in order to create author's media / information products.

Forskerparker (Science and Technology Parks - STP) har tiltrukket sig en betydelig forskningsmæssig og politisk interesse på grund af deres potentielle bidrag til udviklingen af økonomien i den region, hvor de er placeret. På trods af deres potentiale er forskerparker blevet kritiseret for at have svært ved at opfylde forventningerne. Den videnskabelige litteratur har antydet, at en af grundene hertil er deres manglende integration i den regionale økonomi. Der mangler en systematisk forståelse af hvordan den regionale kontekst (f.eks. lokale universiteter og forskningsinstitutioner, industriel struktur og normer) påvirker forskerparkers bidrag til den regionale udvikling. Denne manglende systematiske forståelse gør det vanskeligt at designe forskerparkstrategier, der passer til de konkrete regionale udfordringer. Denne afhandling undersøger derfor den rolle, som de regionale kontekstuelle faktorer har for forskerparkers bidrag til den regionale økonomiske udvikling. Det konkrete formål med afhandlingen er tredobbelt. For det første er det formålet at konceptualisere de regionale kontekstuelle faktorers betydning for forskerparkers mulighed for at bidrage til den regionale udvikling. Det gøres igennem en systematisk litteraturgennemgang. Resultatet af den systematiske litteraturgennemgang er en konceptuel ramme for resten af afhandlingen. Det andet formål er ved hjælp af denne konceptuelle ramme at give en empirisk indsigt i de regionale kontekstuelle faktorers betydning for udvikling af forskerparker i en konkret kontekst; nemlig regioner i et udviklingsland. Konkret drejer det sig om Thailand og især den sydlige Songkhla provins. For det tredje er det målet at anvise konkrete strategier for udvikling af en forskerpark med udgangspunkt i den konceptuelle ramme og indsigten i den konkrete kontekst. Afhandlingens overordnede konceptuelle udgangspunkt er eksisterende teoridannelser for regionale innovationssystemer, innovationssystemer i udviklingslande, smart specialisering, teknologisk fremsyn samt evolutionær økonomisk geografi generelt. Metodemæssige bygger afhandlingen på dels en systematisk gennemgang af litteraturen, dels en empirisk undersøgelse af det aktuelle regionale innovationssystem og tilhørende forskerpark, samt dels et teknologisk fremsyn for at identificere mulige måder til at forbedre den aktuelle situation. Analysen er baseret på semistrukturerede interviews, sekundære data samt Delphi-spørgeskemaer. De sekundære datakilder dækker regionale statistiske rapporter, nationale policy rapporter, forskerparkernes interne rapporter samt offentlige hjemmesider og nyheder. Afhandlingens bidrag er også tredobbelt. Det første bidrag er en bedre forståelse af forskerparkers dynamik i deres regionale kontekst, hvilket mangler i eksisterende studier af forskerparker. Afhandlingen opstiller en omfattende ramme af regionale faktorer, der har indflydelse på forskerparkernes bidrag til den regionale udvikling. Afhandlingen giver dermed en ny indsigt i den betydning som regionale kontekstuelle faktorer (dvs. grad af urbanisering, industriel struktur, regionale institutioner og kultur, universitets- og forskningsinstitutter og økonomiske ressourcer) har på forskerparkernes udvikling. For det andet giver afhandlingen indblik i det nationale og regionale innovationssystem i en thailandsk kontekst. Det sammenlignende casestudie af tre forskerparker i Thailand konkluderer, at de forskellige innovationssystemer i de tre regioner har afgørende betydning for forskerparkernes bidrag til den regionale udvikling, selvom de alle opererer under det samme nationale innovationssystem. Denne konklusion understøtter ideen om, at det regionale niveau er det optimale niveau i analysen af innovationspolitisk intervention. I thailandsk sammenhæng er en national politikformulering til forbedring af støttebetingelser og koordinering af politiske forbindelser på regionalt niveau imidlertid en anden afgørende betingelse. Desuden viser afhandlingen, at den regionale innovationskultur i form af tillid, samarbejde og interaktion er afgørende for forskerparkernes udvikling, da den er grundlaget for innovation i regionen. Afhandlingens tredje bidrag er metodemæssig. Afhandlingen demonstrerer en fremsynsproces (technology foresight) som et værktøj til implementering af en smart specialiseringsstrategi (S3), hvor forskerparkers strategi tilpasses den regionale kontekst. Afhandlingen konkluderer, at systematisk brug af et teknologisk fremsyn i høj grad kan bidrage til den regionalpolitiske intervention ved at muliggøre en systemisk vurdering af regionale innovationsøkosystemer og deres teknologiske kapaciteter og derefter oversætte den til en politisk (policy) prioritering. Afhandlingen anviser en praktisk fremgangsmåde for implementering af en smart specialiseringsstrategi under begrænset tid og ressourcer. Samlet giver afhandlingen en omfattende ramme og foreslår innovationspolitiske værktøjer for forskerparker; værktøjer, der er mere specifikke i forhold til en regional kontekst. Håbet er, at resultaterne af denne forskning vil bidrage til en dybere forståelse af regional innovationspolitisk intervention; nærmere bestemt forskerparker i udviklingslande. ; Science and technology parks (STPs) have gained significant academic and political interest for their potential to develop regional economies. Despite their popularity, STPs receive criticism for their inconclusive contributions. Increasing numbers of studies argue that the performance capacity of STPs relies both on STPinternal factors and the regional conditions where the STP is located. While most research focus on STPinternal factors, literature on the linkages between the STP performance and the regional context is still lacking, raising the challenge of designing STP strategies in response to regional specificities. The thesis takes up this call by exploring the role of regional contextual factors in STPs' performance. The aims of this thesis are threefold. First, the thesis aims to conceptualise the role of regional contextual factors and STP performance by conducting a systematic literature review, the outcome of which is a conceptual framework. Second, the thesis aims to use the framework to provide empirical insight into regional contextual factors and STP development in a developing-country context. Third, the thesis aims to concretise a route from the theoretical to a practical application of STPs' innovation strategies by integrating STP functions with the concept of smart specialisation strategy (S3) using innovation system foresight. The overall conceptual framework of the thesis builds on the field of regional innovation systems, innovation systems in developing countries, smart specialisation, foresight studies and the broader perspective of evolutionary economic geography. Thailand is the case study for drawing on empirical experiences. The research approach builds on a systematic review of the literature, empirical investigation of the current practice of regional innovation systems and STPs in the Thai context and a foresight exercise to identify possible ways to improve the current situation. The data collected from semi-structured interviews, secondary data and a Delphi questionnaire provide the basis for the analysis. The secondary data sources cover regional statistical reports, national policy reports, science-park internal reports, government websites and news. The contributions of this thesis are threefold. First, from the theoretical perspective, the purpose of developing a systematic literature review was to contribute to better understanding the dynamics of STPs in their regional context, which is still lacking in STP studies. The thesis offers a comprehensive framework of regional factors that influence STP performance, providing new insight into the role of regional factors (i.e. degree of urbanisation, industrial structure, regional institutions and culture, university and research institutes and financial resources) for STP development. Second, from the empirical perspective, the study offers insights into national (NIS) and regional innovation systems (RIS) in the Thai context. The comparative case study from Thailand presents different regions demonstrating different levels of RIS capacity and, thus, STP performance, although the same national innovation system encompasses the establishment of them all. These findings support the idea that the regional level is optimal for analysing innovation policy intervention. However, in Thailand's context, a national policy formulation to improve supportive conditions and coordinate policy linkages at the regional level is another crucial condition. Moreover, the empirical findings also suggest that regional innovation culture in the form of trust and local collaboration is a foundation for STP development. Third, from the methodological point of view, the thesis proposes the foresight process as a tool for implementing S3, where STPs align their functions with a regional context. The thesis presents the rationale use of foresight that has greatly contributed to regional policy intervention by enabling a systemic assessment of regional innovation ecosystems and their technological capabilities, then translating it to a policy-priority setting. The suggested approach eases S3 implementation with limited time and resources. Taken together, this thesis provides a comprehensive framework and proposes a tool for designing STPs that are more specific and sensitive to regional context. The author hopes that this research will contribute to a deeper understanding of regional innovation policy intervention—more specifically, STPs in the context of developing countries.

Funding text #1 We thank all the hospitals and clinical microbiology laboratories who submitted data and isolates to the reference laboratories as part of their surveillance programmes. We acknowledge the assistance of laboratory personnel who made important contributions to the microbiological data in this study: Wendy Keijzers, Ilse Schuurman, and Agaath Arends in the Netherlands Reference Laboratory for Bacterial Meningitis, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Marie-C?cile Ploy, Carole Grelaud, and all the microbiologists of the French Regional Observatory of Pneumococci Network (Limoges, France); Alice Enefer, Anna Lewis, Karina Micah, Samuel Rose, Chenchal Dhami, and Roger Daniel at the Public Health England Respiratory and Vaccine Preventable Bacteria Unit, London, UK; Xilian Bai, Aiswarya Lekshmi, Jay Lucidarme, Andrew Walker, Lloyd Walsh, and Laura Willerton at the Public Health England Meningococcal Reference Unit in Manchester, UK; Ana Paula Silva de Lemos and Samanta Cristine Grassi Almeida at the .View all Funding text #2 We thank all the hospitals and clinical microbiology laboratories who submitted data and isolates to the reference laboratories as part of their surveillance programmes. We acknowledge the assistance of laboratory personnel who made important contributions to the microbiological data in this study: Wendy Keijzers, Ilse Schuurman, and Agaath Arends in the Netherlands Reference Laboratory for Bacterial Meningitis, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Marie-Cécile Ploy, Carole Grelaud, and all the microbiologists of the French Regional Observatory of Pneumococci Network (Limoges, France); Alice Enefer, Anna Lewis, Karina Micah, Samuel Rose, Chenchal Dhami, and Roger Daniel at the Public Health England Respiratory and Vaccine Preventable Bacteria Unit, London, UK; Xilian Bai, Aiswarya Lekshmi, Jay Lucidarme, Andrew Walker, Lloyd Walsh, and Laura Willerton at the Public Health England Meningococcal Reference Unit in Manchester, UK; Ana Paula Silva de Lemos and Samanta Cristine Grassi Almeida at the .View all Funding text #3 The following authors received support for work unrelated to this study: MPGvdL has received grants from Pfizer, Merck, and the Robert Koch Institut; RB has done contract research on behalf of Public Health England for GlaxoSmithKline, Pfizer, and Sanofi Pasteur, but received no personal remuneration; MC has received grants from Pfizer; SAC has done contract research on behalf of Public Health England for GlaxoSmithKline, Pfizer, and Sanofi Pasteur, but received no personal remuneration; SD has received a grant from Pfizer; SJG did contract research (carriage studies) for vaccine manufacturers (GlaxoSmithKline and Pfizer) on behalf of Public Health England, but received no personal remuneration; MH has received grants from Pfizer and the Federal Office of Public Health, and personal fees (for being on an advisory board) from Pfizer and Merck Sharp & Dohme; HH has received grants from Astellas and Pfizer; KAJ has received a grant from Wellcome Trust and personal fees from GlaxoSmithKline; SNL has done contract research for vaccine manufacturers (GlaxoSmithKline, Pfizer, and Sanofi Pasteur) on behalf of St. George's University of London, but received no personal remuneration; DJL has received grants from GlaxoSmithKline and Pfizer; SM has received a grant from Sanofi Pasteur; CM-A has received grants from Quiastat, Roche, Pfizer, and Genomica, and personal fees from Roche, Pfizer, and Qiagen; LS has received a grant from GlaxoSmithKline; H-CS has received a grant from Pfizer; MI has received non-financial support from GlaxoSmithKline and Pfizer, personal fees from Pfizer (speaker fees) and Merck Sharp & Dohme (speaker fees), and grants from Merck Sharp & Dohme; M-KT has received grants from GlaxoSmithKline, Pfizer, and Sanofi Pasteur; ASk has received grants and non-financial support from Pfizer, and personal fees from Pfizer, Merck Sharp & Dohme, and Sanofi Pasteur; CLS has received grants from Pfizer and GlaxoSmithKline for investigator-led research; EV has received grants on behalf of her institution (Intercommunal Hospital of Créteil) from Pfizer and Merck Sharp & Dohme; MT has received grants from GlaxoSmithKline and Pfizer; NKF's institution (Public Health England) has received funding for investigator-initiated research from GlaxoSmithKline, Pfizer, and Affinivax, but NKF received no personal remuneration; AvG has received a grant from Sanofi Pasteur; NMvS has received a grant from Pfizer, a fee for service paid to their institution from Merck Sharp & Dohme and GlaxoSmithKline, and also has a patent (WO 2013/020090 A3) on vaccine development against Streptococcus pyogenes, unrelated to this study, with royalties paid to University of California San Diego, CA, USA; and MKT has a patent (630133) for a vaccine for serogroup X meningococcus with GlaxoSmithKline. All other authors declare no competing interests. Publisher Copyright: © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license ; Background: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Neisseria meningitidis, which are typically transmitted via respiratory droplets, are leading causes of invasive diseases, including bacteraemic pneumonia and meningitis, and of secondary infections subsequent to post-viral respiratory disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of invasive disease due to these pathogens during the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: In this prospective analysis of surveillance data, laboratories in 26 countries and territories across six continents submitted data on cases of invasive disease due to S pneumoniae, H influenzae, and N meningitidis from Jan 1, 2018, to May, 31, 2020, as part of the Invasive Respiratory Infection Surveillance (IRIS) Initiative. Numbers of weekly cases in 2020 were compared with corresponding data for 2018 and 2019. Data for invasive disease due to Streptococcus agalactiae, a non-respiratory pathogen, were collected from nine laboratories for comparison. The stringency of COVID-19 containment measures was quantified using the Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker. Changes in population movements were assessed using Google COVID-19 Community Mobility Reports. Interrupted time-series modelling quantified changes in the incidence of invasive disease due to S pneumoniae, H influenzae, and N meningitidis in 2020 relative to when containment measures were imposed. Findings: 27 laboratories from 26 countries and territories submitted data to the IRIS Initiative for S pneumoniae (62 837 total cases), 24 laboratories from 24 countries submitted data for H influenzae (7796 total cases), and 21 laboratories from 21 countries submitted data for N meningitidis (5877 total cases). All countries and territories had experienced a significant and sustained reduction in invasive diseases due to S pneumoniae, H influenzae, and N meningitidis in early 2020 (Jan 1 to May 31, 2020), coinciding with the introduction of COVID-19 containment measures in each country. By contrast, no significant changes in the incidence of invasive S agalactiae infections were observed. Similar trends were observed across most countries and territories despite differing stringency in COVID-19 control policies. The incidence of reported S pneumoniae infections decreased by 68% at 4 weeks (incidence rate ratio 0·32 [95% CI 0·27–0·37]) and 82% at 8 weeks (0·18 [0·14–0·23]) following the week in which significant changes in population movements were recorded. Interpretation: The introduction of COVID-19 containment policies and public information campaigns likely reduced transmission of S pneumoniae, H influenzae, and N meningitidis, leading to a significant reduction in life-threatening invasive diseases in many countries worldwide. Funding: Wellcome Trust (UK), Robert Koch Institute (Germany), Federal Ministry of Health (Germany), Pfizer, Merck, Health Protection Surveillance Centre (Ireland), SpID-Net project (Ireland), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (European Union), Horizon 2020 (European Commission), Ministry of Health (Poland), National Programme of Antibiotic Protection (Poland), Ministry of Science and Higher Education (Poland), Agencia de Salut Pública de Catalunya (Spain), Sant Joan de Deu Foundation (Spain), Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation (Sweden), Swedish Research Council (Sweden), Region Stockholm (Sweden), Federal Office of Public Health of Switzerland (Switzerland), and French Public Health Agency (France). ; Peer reviewed

The paper addresses the history of excavations of the largest Roman tomb, the Mausoleum of the Emperor Caesar Augustus. The author focuses on the results of recent archaeological activities and how they have transformed the perception of the monument. The tomb of the fi rst Roman Emperor in the post-classical era underwent various transformations and was repeatedly plundered. As a result, the tomb has preserved in a severely damaged condition. The monument had been used for utilitarian purposes until the 1930s. The mausoleum was used as a quarry, a fortress which has been repeatedly destroyed, a vineyard, a garden, an amphitheater for bullfi ghting, a theater, and a concert hall. The fi rst archaeological excavation in the territory of the monument was carried out in the 16th century. It is them which marked the beginning of the monument's study history. The material obtained during these fi eld works is still of great importance for scholars who engage in the study of the monument. For a long time after the Renaissance era the Mausoleum was studied only periodically due to construction works carried out in its territory. The archaeological study of the monument has intensifi ed since the beginning of the 20th century. Ambitious works were carried out in the 1920s and 1930s. Their implementation was not dictated by scholarly interest: Benito Mussolini sought to use the heritage of Ancient Rome for his propaganda. Nevertheless, as a result of the completed excavations, the mausoleum was not only freed from the post-antique layers, but the obtained results laid the foundation for the modern idea of the monument. New interest in the monument arose only after seventy years. The immediate reason to that was the government's plan for the reconstruction of the mausoleum and the surrounding area. Excavations were carried out by the Department of Cultural Heritage of the Capital of Rome. The obtained archaeological data have greatly changed the modern perception of the monument and make it possible to put an end to the discussion of the issue. ; В статье рассматривается история раскопок крупнейшей римской гробницы, а именно мавзолея императора Цезаря Августа. Основное внимание уделяется результатам недавних археологических работ и тому, как они повлияли на представление о памятнике. Гробница первого римского императора в пост-античную эпоху претерпела различные трансформации и неоднократные грабежи, в результате которых сильно пострадала. Памятнику находили практическое применение вплоть до 1930-х гг. За многовековую историю мавзолей использовали как каменоломню, крепость, которую не раз разрушали, виноградник, сад, амфитеатр для корриды, театр и концертный зал. Первые археологические работы на территории памятника проводились уже в XVI в. Именно с них начинается история исследования монумента и результаты, полученные тогда, до сих пор имеют большое значение для науки. На протяжении длительного времени после эпохи Ренессанса объект изучался только периодически, в связи с какими-либо строительными работами, проводившимися на его территории. Работы на памятнике активизируются с начала XX в. Масштабные раскопки состоялись в 1920-30-е гг. Их проведение диктовалось не научными целями: Бенито Муссолини стремился использовать римское наследие в своей пропаганде. Тем не менее, в результате проведенных работ мавзолей был не только освобожден от пост-античных наслоений, но полученные тогда результаты заложили современное представление о памятнике. Интерес к мавзолею возобновляется только через семьдесят лет. Непосредственным толчком было решение реконструировать мавзолей и площадь вокруг него. В результате раскопок, проведенных департаментом культурного наследия столицы Рима, были получены археологические данные, изменяющие взгляд на внешний облик монумента и позволяющие поставить точку в дискуссии по данному вопросу. Библиографические ссылки Agnoli N., Carnabuci E., Caruso G., Maria Loreti E. Il Mausoleo di Augusto. Recenti scavi e nuove ipotesi ricostruttive // Apoteosi. Da uomini a dei. Il Mausoleo di Adriano, Catalogo della Mostra / Eds. Abbondanza L., Coarelli F., Lo Sardo E. Roma: Munus, Palombi, 2014. P. 214–229. Albers J. Die letzte Ruhestätte des Augustus: Neue Forschungsergebnisse zum Augustusmausoleum // Antike Welt. 2014. №4. P. 16–24. Betti F. Il Mausoleo di Augusto. Metamorfosi di un monument // Mausoleo di Augusto. Demolizioni e scavi. Fotografi e 1928/1941 / Ed. F. Betti. Milano: Electa, 2011. P. 20–41. Borg B. Roman Tombs and the Art of Commemoration: Contextual Approaches to Funerary Customs in the Second Century CE. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019. 368 p. Boschung D. Tumumuls Iuliorum – Mausoleum Augusti // Hefte des Archäologischen Seminars der Universität Bern. 1980. №6. S. 38–41. Buchner E. Ein Kanal für Obelisken vom Mausoleum des Augustus in Rom // Antike Welt. Vol. 27. №3. S. 161–168. Carnabucci E., Agnoli N., Maria Loreti E. Mausoleo di Augusto. 2012. URL: http://www.fastionline.org/excavation/micro_view.php?fst_cd=AIAC_2307&curcol=sea_cd-AIAC_4480. Дата обращения 30.05.2020 Coletti C.M., Naria Loreti E. Piazza Augusto Imperatore, excavations 2007–2011: the late antiquetransformations // MAAR. 2016. № 61. P. 304−325. Collini M. A., Ciglioli G.Q. Relazione della prima campagna di scavo nel Mausoleo di Augusto // BCom.1926. №54. Р. 191−237. Davies P.J.E. Death and the Emperor: Roman Funerary Monuments from Augustus to Marcus Aurelius. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000. 256 p. Diebner S. Tombs and Funerary Monuments // A Companion to the Archaeology of the Roman Republic / Ed. J. DeRose Evans. Malden: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013. P. 67−80. Fugate Brangers S. L. Political Propaganda and Archaeology: The Mausoleum of Augustus in the Fascist Era // International Journal of Humanities and Social Science 2013. № 3. Р. 126–135. Fugate Brangers S. L. The mausoleum of Augustus: expanding meaning from its inception to present day. PhD diss. Louissville, 2007. 220 p. Gatti G. Nuove osservazioni sul Mausoleo di Augusto // L'Urbe 1938. № 3. P. 1–17. Giglioli, G.Q. and A. M. Colini. II Mausoleo d'Augusto. Milan and Rome: Bestetti e Tumminelli, 1930. 51 p. Hase Salto M. A. von «L'augusteo» Das Augustusmausoleum im Wandel der Geschichte // Antike Welt. 1997. № 28. S. 297–308. Hesberg H., Panciera S. Das Mausoleum des Augustus. Der Bau und seine Inschriften. München: Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1994. 199 p. Johnson M.J. The Mausoleum of Augustus: Etruscan and Other Infl uences on its Design // Etruscan Italy. Etruscan Infl uences on the Civilizations of Italy from Antiquity to the Modern Era / Ed. John F. Hall. Provo, 1996. P. 217–239. La Manna S., G. Caruso, Agnoli N., Carnabucci E., Loreti E., Documento preliminare alla progettazione. 2008 URL: http://sovraintendenzaroma.it/sites/default/fi les/storage/original/application/368fc32a188973a80557f3f49e3409f3.pdf. Дата обращения 28.05.2020. Lanciani R. Storia degli scavi di Roma e notize intorno le collezioni Romane di antichità. Vol. II. Roma: Ermanno Loescher&Co, 1903. 277 p. Lanciani R. The Ruins and Excavations of Ancient Rome. London: Mac Millan, 1897. 700 p. McFeaters, A. P. The Past Is How We Present It: Nationalism and Archaeology in Italy from Unifi cation to WWII // Nebraska Anthropologist. 2007. №33. P. 49–69. Mirabilia Romae e codicibus vaticanis emendate / G. Parthey (ed.). Berolini: in aedibus Frederici Nicolai, 1869. 85 p. Nash E. Pictorial Dictionary of Ancient Rome. Vol .I. London: A Zimmer Ltd., 1961. 532 p. Ortolani G. Ipotesi sulla struttura architettonica originaria del Mausoleo di Augusto // BCom. 2004. Vol. 105, P. 197–222. Parker J. Politics, Urbanism, and Archaeology in "Roma capitale": A Troubled Past and a Controversial Future // The American Journal of Archaeology. 1989. № 93. P. 137-141. Reeder J.C. Typology and Ideology in the Mausoleum of Augustus: Tumulus and Tholos // Classical Antiquity. 1992. № 11. P. 265–307. Riccomini A.M. La Ruina di si bela cosa. Vicende e transformationi del Mausoleo di Augusto. Milano: Electa, 1996. 202 p. Sovraintendenzaroma.it. URL: http://www.sovraintendenzaroma.it/i_luoghi/roma_antica/monumenti/mausoleo_di_augusto. Дата обращения 01.06.2020 Tittoni M.E. Introduzione // Il Mausoleo di Augusto. Metamorfosi di un monument Mausoleo di Augusto. Demolizioni e scavi. Fotografi e 1928/1941 / Ed. F. Betti. Milano: Electa, 2011. P. 11−14. Urbanistica.comune.roma.it. URL: http://www.urbanistica.comune.roma.it/citta-storica-mausoleoaugusto.html. Дата обращения 25.05.2020. Vögtle S. »ubi saepe sedebat Octavianus« Das Augustusmausoleum – Innen und Aussen eines imperialen Grabbaus // Das Marsfeld in Rom : Beiträge der Berner Tagung vom 23./24. November 2007 / Ed. J. Albers. Bern: Bern Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science, 2008. P. 63-78.

In the article, the E. Wallerstein world-system methodology is supplemented by the analysis of the counter-system factor in world history of the late Х1Х - the beginning of the ХХ1 century. The author dwells on the analysis of the key stages of the counter-system development. This is a) a counter-systemic challenge embodied in the K. Marx theory; b) Lenin's attempt to make a global counter-system revolution; c) the Stalinist technology of constructing and global expanding the counter-system structure; c) self-destruction of the socialist counter-system during Gorbachev's rule; d) the development of counter-system processes at the beginning of the 21st century, in which China begins to play a decisive role.The first(Marxist) stage is characterized by the theoretical development of the alternative world-system concept, new world-system which should replace the existing one. Marx formulated the basic principles of how the existing world-system should be reorganized. He made first steps towards in practical reorganization of world revolutionary process. According to Marx, Western Europe and, above all, Germany (by the end of the 19th century) have the most numerous and politically organized proletariat. So exactly this region should have become the "assemblage point" of a new world system with new social relations, new state and new government.The second (Leninist) stage is associated with an attempt through the "world revolution" completely eliminate the bourgeois world-system . However, this Lenin's installation was not fully realized, limiting itself only to a breakthrough of the old world system "weak link". Nevertheless, a new configuration arose: a counter-systemic neoplasm appeared and began to develop rapidly. It carried distinct signs of a historical alternative. Appeared situation about which Marx did not write and Lenin could not foreseen.The thirdstage in development of the world-system alternative was the Stalinist USSR with its mobilization technology for an alternative future constructing. Stalin's strategic plan was not in the spontaneous "world revolution", but in the consistent projection of a pre-prepared world-system model (Soviet-style of socialism) on the rest of the world.This Stalinist project clashed with active resistance from the old world-system/ It generated German Nazism as a weapon of a global competitor eliminating. However, in reality, everything turned out differently than expected: before attacking his enemy, Nazism attacked his masters. This made them seek support from the USSR, their strategic adversary. So the situational "anti-Hitler coalition" was established.Ultimately, both competing world-systems did not achieve (each for himself) the full result. The capitalist world-system failed to destroy and assimilate the socialist world-system. The socialist world-system failed to totally crush the capitalist world-system and cover the whole world. The protracted process of "tug of war" between the socialist and capitalist world-systems has begun,After the death of Stalin, the socialist world-system lost its strategic initiative. The Stalinist successors are mired in petty political intrigues in short-sighted and ineffective geopolitical combinations, in imitations of a "victorious movement" towards communism. Having stopped in its external advancement, the socialist world-system began to lose its innovative potential, and, consequently, competitiveness.The logical conclusion to the involution of the post-Stalinist world-system was the fourth (Gorbachev's) period. The socialist world-system, strategically disoriented, decaying morally and cheaply sold out by its own corrupt elite, became an object of absorption of the victorious capitalist world-system.However, from the beginning of the 21st century, the fifth period of world-system transformations had began. Anti-systemic moods are growing in the now-days world and anti-system processes are developing. The main "markers" of these processes were a) Islamist air attacs on the New York "twin towers", b) Russia's neo-imperial ambitions, and, c) most importantly, the emergence of the Chinese global alternative.The Chinese world-system alternative embodies a new strategy that is adequate to the realities of the 21st century. Its essence lies in the consistent "embedding" of a new world-system cluster into the existing world-system. One of the manifestations of such a new convergent strategy is the "Belt and Path project". It can turn the Eurasian continent into a grandiose construction site with a huge scientific and technical scope. The article suggests that it is a new wave which is moving from the East. And that may symbolize the end of the 500-year history of the old capitalist world-system and the beginning of a new historical era. ; В представленной статье мир-системная методология И. Валлертайна дополнена авторским анализом контр-системного фактора в мировой истории (конец Х1Х - начало ХХ1 века). Автор останавливается на анализе ключевых этапов развития контр-системы. Это а) контр-системный вызов, заключенный в теории К. Маркса; б) ленинская попытка глобальной контр-системной революции; в) сталинская технология построения и экспансии контр-системной структуры; в) саморазрушение социалистической контр-системы в период горбачевского правления; г) развитие контр-системных процессов в начале ХХ1 в., в которых определяющую роль начинает играть Китай. Первый (марксистский) этап характеризуется теоретической разработкой концепции альтернативной мир-системы, которая должна прийти на смену существующей. Второй (ленинский) этап связан с попыткой тотальной ликвидации буржуазной мир-системы посредством «мировой революции». Третьим этапом развития мир-системной альтернативы явился сталинский СССР с его структурными особенностями и жесткой мобилизационной технологией построения альтернативного будущего. Стратегический замысел Сталина заключался в последовательной проекции заранее подготовленной мир-системной модели (социализм советского образца) на весь остальной мир. Логическим завершением инволюции пост-сталинской мир-системы стал четвертый (горбачевский) период. Социалистическая мир-система, дезориентированная стратегически, разложившаяся морально и распроданная собственной коррумпированной элитой, стала объектом поглощения со стороны победившей капиталистической мир-системы. Однако, с начала ХХ1 века начинается пятый период мир-системных трансформаций. Основными «маркерами» этих процессов явились авиа-удары исламистов по нью-йоркским «башням-близнецам», нео-имперские амбиции России, и, ‒ главное, ‒ появление китайской глобальной альтернативы. Суть ее ‒ в последовательном «встраивании» нового мир-системного кластера в существующую мир-систему с последующей ее контентной трансформацией. Одним из проявлений такой новой конвергентной стратегии является проект «Пояса и Пути», В статье высказано предположение о формировании новой мир-системной реальности, завершающей 500-летнюю историю старой капиталистической мир-системы и открывающей новую сложную историческую эпоху. ; У даній статті світ-системна методологія І. Валлертайна доповнена авторським аналізом контр-системного чинника у світовій історії (кінець Х1Х - початок ХХ1 століття). Автор зупиняється на аналізі ключових етапів розвитку контр-системи. Це а) контр-системний виклик, укладений в теорії К. Маркса; б) ленінська спроба глобальної контр-системної революції; в) сталінська технологія побудови і експансії контр-системної структури; в) саморуйнування соціалістичної контр-системи в період горбачовського правління; г) розвиток контр-системних процесів на початку ХХ1 ст., в яких визначальну роль починає грати Китай.Перший (марксистський) етап характеризується теоретичної розробкою концепції альтернативної світ-системи, яка повинна прийти на зміну існуючої.Другий (ленінський) етап пов'язаний зі спробою тотальної ліквідації буржуазної світ-системи за допомогою «світової революції».Третім етапом розвитку світ-системної альтернативи з'явився сталінський СРСР з його структурними особливостями і жорсткої мобілізаційної технологією побудови альтернативного майбутнього. Стратегічний задум Сталіна полягав в послідовній проекції заздалегідь підготовленої світ-системної моделі (соціалізм радянського зразка) на увесь інший світ.Логічним завершенням інволюції пост-сталінської світ-системи став четвертий (горбачовський) період. Соціалістична світ-система, дезорієнтована стратегічно, розкладена морально і розпродана власної корумпованої елітою, стала об'єктом поглинання з боку перемогла капіталістичної світ-системи.Однак з початку ХХ1 століття починається п'ятий період світ-системних трансформацій. Основними «маркерами» цих процесів з'явилися авіа-удари ісламістів по нью-йоркським «вежах-близнюках», нео-імперські амбіції Росії, і, - головне, - поява китайської глобальної альтернативи.Суть її - в послідовному «вбудовування» нового світ-системного кластера в існуючу світ-систему з подальшою її змістовної трансформацією. Одним з проявів такої нової конвергентної стратегії є проект «Пояси і Шляхи», У статті висловлено припущення про формування нової світ-системної реальності, завершальній 500-річну історію старої капіталістичної світ-системи та відкриває нову складну історичну епоху.

In the article, the E. Wallerstein world-system methodology is supplemented by the analysis of the counter-system factor in world history of the late Х1Х - the beginning of the ХХ1 century. The author dwells on the analysis of the key stages of the counter-system development. This is a) a counter-systemic challenge embodied in the K. Marx theory; b) Lenin's attempt to make a global counter-system revolution; c) the Stalinist technology of constructing and global expanding the counter-system structure; c) self-destruction of the socialist counter-system during Gorbachev's rule; d) the development of counter-system processes at the beginning of the 21st century, in which China begins to play a decisive role.The first(Marxist) stage is characterized by the theoretical development of the alternative world-system concept, new world-system which should replace the existing one. Marx formulated the basic principles of how the existing world-system should be reorganized. He made first steps towards in practical reorganization of world revolutionary process. According to Marx, Western Europe and, above all, Germany (by the end of the 19th century) have the most numerous and politically organized proletariat. So exactly this region should have become the "assemblage point" of a new world system with new social relations, new state and new government.The second (Leninist) stage is associated with an attempt through the "world revolution" completely eliminate the bourgeois world-system . However, this Lenin's installation was not fully realized, limiting itself only to a breakthrough of the old world system "weak link". Nevertheless, a new configuration arose: a counter-systemic neoplasm appeared and began to develop rapidly. It carried distinct signs of a historical alternative. Appeared situation about which Marx did not write and Lenin could not foreseen.The thirdstage in development of the world-system alternative was the Stalinist USSR with its mobilization technology for an alternative future constructing. Stalin's strategic plan was not in the spontaneous "world revolution", but in the consistent projection of a pre-prepared world-system model (Soviet-style of socialism) on the rest of the world.This Stalinist project clashed with active resistance from the old world-system/ It generated German Nazism as a weapon of a global competitor eliminating. However, in reality, everything turned out differently than expected: before attacking his enemy, Nazism attacked his masters. This made them seek support from the USSR, their strategic adversary. So the situational "anti-Hitler coalition" was established.Ultimately, both competing world-systems did not achieve (each for himself) the full result. The capitalist world-system failed to destroy and assimilate the socialist world-system. The socialist world-system failed to totally crush the capitalist world-system and cover the whole world. The protracted process of "tug of war" between the socialist and capitalist world-systems has begun,After the death of Stalin, the socialist world-system lost its strategic initiative. The Stalinist successors are mired in petty political intrigues in short-sighted and ineffective geopolitical combinations, in imitations of a "victorious movement" towards communism. Having stopped in its external advancement, the socialist world-system began to lose its innovative potential, and, consequently, competitiveness.The logical conclusion to the involution of the post-Stalinist world-system was the fourth (Gorbachev's) period. The socialist world-system, strategically disoriented, decaying morally and cheaply sold out by its own corrupt elite, became an object of absorption of the victorious capitalist world-system.However, from the beginning of the 21st century, the fifth period of world-system transformations had began. Anti-systemic moods are growing in the now-days world and anti-system processes are developing. The main "markers" of these processes were a) Islamist air attacs on the New York "twin towers", b) Russia's neo-imperial ambitions, and, c) most importantly, the emergence of the Chinese global alternative.The Chinese world-system alternative embodies a new strategy that is adequate to the realities of the 21st century. Its essence lies in the consistent "embedding" of a new world-system cluster into the existing world-system. One of the manifestations of such a new convergent strategy is the "Belt and Path project". It can turn the Eurasian continent into a grandiose construction site with a huge scientific and technical scope. The article suggests that it is a new wave which is moving from the East. And that may symbolize the end of the 500-year history of the old capitalist world-system and the beginning of a new historical era. ; В представленной статье мир-системная методология И. Валлертайна дополнена авторским анализом контр-системного фактора в мировой истории (конец Х1Х - начало ХХ1 века). Автор останавливается на анализе ключевых этапов развития контр-системы. Это а) контр-системный вызов, заключенный в теории К. Маркса; б) ленинская попытка глобальной контр-системной революции; в) сталинская технология построения и экспансии контр-системной структуры; в) саморазрушение социалистической контр-системы в период горбачевского правления; г) развитие контр-системных процессов в начале ХХ1 в., в которых определяющую роль начинает играть Китай. Первый (марксистский) этап характеризуется теоретической разработкой концепции альтернативной мир-системы, которая должна прийти на смену существующей. Второй (ленинский) этап связан с попыткой тотальной ликвидации буржуазной мир-системы посредством «мировой революции». Третьим этапом развития мир-системной альтернативы явился сталинский СССР с его структурными особенностями и жесткой мобилизационной технологией построения альтернативного будущего. Стратегический замысел Сталина заключался в последовательной проекции заранее подготовленной мир-системной модели (социализм советского образца) на весь остальной мир. Логическим завершением инволюции пост-сталинской мир-системы стал четвертый (горбачевский) период. Социалистическая мир-система, дезориентированная стратегически, разложившаяся морально и распроданная собственной коррумпированной элитой, стала объектом поглощения со стороны победившей капиталистической мир-системы. Однако, с начала ХХ1 века начинается пятый период мир-системных трансформаций. Основными «маркерами» этих процессов явились авиа-удары исламистов по нью-йоркским «башням-близнецам», нео-имперские амбиции России, и, ‒ главное, ‒ появление китайской глобальной альтернативы. Суть ее ‒ в последовательном «встраивании» нового мир-системного кластера в существующую мир-систему с последующей ее контентной трансформацией. Одним из проявлений такой новой конвергентной стратегии является проект «Пояса и Пути», В статье высказано предположение о формировании новой мир-системной реальности, завершающей 500-летнюю историю старой капиталистической мир-системы и открывающей новую сложную историческую эпоху. ; У даній статті світ-системна методологія І. Валлертайна доповнена авторським аналізом контр-системного чинника у світовій історії (кінець Х1Х - початок ХХ1 століття). Автор зупиняється на аналізі ключових етапів розвитку контр-системи. Це а) контр-системний виклик, укладений в теорії К. Маркса; б) ленінська спроба глобальної контр-системної революції; в) сталінська технологія побудови і експансії контр-системної структури; в) саморуйнування соціалістичної контр-системи в період горбачовського правління; г) розвиток контр-системних процесів на початку ХХ1 ст., в яких визначальну роль починає грати Китай.Перший (марксистський) етап характеризується теоретичної розробкою концепції альтернативної світ-системи, яка повинна прийти на зміну існуючої.Другий (ленінський) етап пов'язаний зі спробою тотальної ліквідації буржуазної світ-системи за допомогою «світової революції».Третім етапом розвитку світ-системної альтернативи з'явився сталінський СРСР з його структурними особливостями і жорсткої мобілізаційної технологією побудови альтернативного майбутнього. Стратегічний задум Сталіна полягав в послідовній проекції заздалегідь підготовленої світ-системної моделі (соціалізм радянського зразка) на увесь інший світ.Логічним завершенням інволюції пост-сталінської світ-системи став четвертий (горбачовський) період. Соціалістична світ-система, дезорієнтована стратегічно, розкладена морально і розпродана власної корумпованої елітою, стала об'єктом поглинання з боку перемогла капіталістичної світ-системи.Однак з початку ХХ1 століття починається п'ятий період світ-системних трансформацій. Основними «маркерами» цих процесів з'явилися авіа-удари ісламістів по нью-йоркським «вежах-близнюках», нео-імперські амбіції Росії, і, - головне, - поява китайської глобальної альтернативи.Суть її - в послідовному «вбудовування» нового світ-системного кластера в існуючу світ-систему з подальшою її змістовної трансформацією. Одним з проявів такої нової конвергентної стратегії є проект «Пояси і Шляхи», У статті висловлено припущення про формування нової світ-системної реальності, завершальній 500-річну історію старої капіталістичної світ-системи та відкриває нову складну історичну епоху.

In the article, the E. Wallerstein world-system methodology is supplemented by the analysis of the counter-system factor in world history of the late Х1Х - the beginning of the ХХ1 century. The author dwells on the analysis of the key stages of the counter-system development. This is a) a counter-systemic challenge embodied in the K. Marx theory; b) Lenin's attempt to make a global counter-system revolution; c) the Stalinist technology of constructing and global expanding the counter-system structure; c) self-destruction of the socialist counter-system during Gorbachev's rule; d) the development of counter-system processes at the beginning of the 21st century, in which China begins to play a decisive role.The first(Marxist) stage is characterized by the theoretical development of the alternative world-system concept, new world-system which should replace the existing one. Marx formulated the basic principles of how the existing world-system should be reorganized. He made first steps towards in practical reorganization of world revolutionary process. According to Marx, Western Europe and, above all, Germany (by the end of the 19th century) have the most numerous and politically organized proletariat. So exactly this region should have become the "assemblage point" of a new world system with new social relations, new state and new government.The second (Leninist) stage is associated with an attempt through the "world revolution" completely eliminate the bourgeois world-system . However, this Lenin's installation was not fully realized, limiting itself only to a breakthrough of the old world system "weak link". Nevertheless, a new configuration arose: a counter-systemic neoplasm appeared and began to develop rapidly. It carried distinct signs of a historical alternative. Appeared situation about which Marx did not write and Lenin could not foreseen.The thirdstage in development of the world-system alternative was the Stalinist USSR with its mobilization technology for an alternative future constructing. Stalin's strategic plan was not in the spontaneous "world revolution", but in the consistent projection of a pre-prepared world-system model (Soviet-style of socialism) on the rest of the world.This Stalinist project clashed with active resistance from the old world-system/ It generated German Nazism as a weapon of a global competitor eliminating. However, in reality, everything turned out differently than expected: before attacking his enemy, Nazism attacked his masters. This made them seek support from the USSR, their strategic adversary. So the situational "anti-Hitler coalition" was established.Ultimately, both competing world-systems did not achieve (each for himself) the full result. The capitalist world-system failed to destroy and assimilate the socialist world-system. The socialist world-system failed to totally crush the capitalist world-system and cover the whole world. The protracted process of "tug of war" between the socialist and capitalist world-systems has begun,After the death of Stalin, the socialist world-system lost its strategic initiative. The Stalinist successors are mired in petty political intrigues in short-sighted and ineffective geopolitical combinations, in imitations of a "victorious movement" towards communism. Having stopped in its external advancement, the socialist world-system began to lose its innovative potential, and, consequently, competitiveness.The logical conclusion to the involution of the post-Stalinist world-system was the fourth (Gorbachev's) period. The socialist world-system, strategically disoriented, decaying morally and cheaply sold out by its own corrupt elite, became an object of absorption of the victorious capitalist world-system.However, from the beginning of the 21st century, the fifth period of world-system transformations had began. Anti-systemic moods are growing in the now-days world and anti-system processes are developing. The main "markers" of these processes were a) Islamist air attacs on the New York "twin towers", b) Russia's neo-imperial ambitions, and, c) most importantly, the emergence of the Chinese global alternative.The Chinese world-system alternative embodies a new strategy that is adequate to the realities of the 21st century. Its essence lies in the consistent "embedding" of a new world-system cluster into the existing world-system. One of the manifestations of such a new convergent strategy is the "Belt and Path project". It can turn the Eurasian continent into a grandiose construction site with a huge scientific and technical scope. The article suggests that it is a new wave which is moving from the East. And that may symbolize the end of the 500-year history of the old capitalist world-system and the beginning of a new historical era. ; В представленной статье мир-системная методология И. Валлертайна дополнена авторским анализом контр-системного фактора в мировой истории (конец Х1Х - начало ХХ1 века). Автор останавливается на анализе ключевых этапов развития контр-системы. Это а) контр-системный вызов, заключенный в теории К. Маркса; б) ленинская попытка глобальной контр-системной революции; в) сталинская технология построения и экспансии контр-системной структуры; в) саморазрушение социалистической контр-системы в период горбачевского правления; г) развитие контр-системных процессов в начале ХХ1 в., в которых определяющую роль начинает играть Китай. Первый (марксистский) этап характеризуется теоретической разработкой концепции альтернативной мир-системы, которая должна прийти на смену существующей. Второй (ленинский) этап связан с попыткой тотальной ликвидации буржуазной мир-системы посредством «мировой революции». Третьим этапом развития мир-системной альтернативы явился сталинский СССР с его структурными особенностями и жесткой мобилизационной технологией построения альтернативного будущего. Стратегический замысел Сталина заключался в последовательной проекции заранее подготовленной мир-системной модели (социализм советского образца) на весь остальной мир. Логическим завершением инволюции пост-сталинской мир-системы стал четвертый (горбачевский) период. Социалистическая мир-система, дезориентированная стратегически, разложившаяся морально и распроданная собственной коррумпированной элитой, стала объектом поглощения со стороны победившей капиталистической мир-системы. Однако, с начала ХХ1 века начинается пятый период мир-системных трансформаций. Основными «маркерами» этих процессов явились авиа-удары исламистов по нью-йоркским «башням-близнецам», нео-имперские амбиции России, и, ‒ главное, ‒ появление китайской глобальной альтернативы. Суть ее ‒ в последовательном «встраивании» нового мир-системного кластера в существующую мир-систему с последующей ее контентной трансформацией. Одним из проявлений такой новой конвергентной стратегии является проект «Пояса и Пути», В статье высказано предположение о формировании новой мир-системной реальности, завершающей 500-летнюю историю старой капиталистической мир-системы и открывающей новую сложную историческую эпоху. ; У даній статті світ-системна методологія І. Валлертайна доповнена авторським аналізом контр-системного чинника у світовій історії (кінець Х1Х - початок ХХ1 століття). Автор зупиняється на аналізі ключових етапів розвитку контр-системи. Це а) контр-системний виклик, укладений в теорії К. Маркса; б) ленінська спроба глобальної контр-системної революції; в) сталінська технологія побудови і експансії контр-системної структури; в) саморуйнування соціалістичної контр-системи в період горбачовського правління; г) розвиток контр-системних процесів на початку ХХ1 ст., в яких визначальну роль починає грати Китай.Перший (марксистський) етап характеризується теоретичної розробкою концепції альтернативної світ-системи, яка повинна прийти на зміну існуючої.Другий (ленінський) етап пов'язаний зі спробою тотальної ліквідації буржуазної світ-системи за допомогою «світової революції».Третім етапом розвитку світ-системної альтернативи з'явився сталінський СРСР з його структурними особливостями і жорсткої мобілізаційної технологією побудови альтернативного майбутнього. Стратегічний задум Сталіна полягав в послідовній проекції заздалегідь підготовленої світ-системної моделі (соціалізм радянського зразка) на увесь інший світ.Логічним завершенням інволюції пост-сталінської світ-системи став четвертий (горбачовський) період. Соціалістична світ-система, дезорієнтована стратегічно, розкладена морально і розпродана власної корумпованої елітою, стала об'єктом поглинання з боку перемогла капіталістичної світ-системи.Однак з початку ХХ1 століття починається п'ятий період світ-системних трансформацій. Основними «маркерами» цих процесів з'явилися авіа-удари ісламістів по нью-йоркським «вежах-близнюках», нео-імперські амбіції Росії, і, - головне, - поява китайської глобальної альтернативи.Суть її - в послідовному «вбудовування» нового світ-системного кластера в існуючу світ-систему з подальшою її змістовної трансформацією. Одним з проявів такої нової конвергентної стратегії є проект «Пояси і Шляхи», У статті висловлено припущення про формування нової світ-системної реальності, завершальній 500-річну історію старої капіталістичної світ-системи та відкриває нову складну історичну епоху.

Current issues and Reform Proposals de lege lata and de lege ferenda to the Private International Insolvency Law of Argentina and the MERCOSURConsiderações atuais e propostas de reforma de lege lata e de lege ferenda para o direito internacional privado da insolvência na Argentina e no MercosulThis paper aims to perfunctorily study the status quaestionis and lege lata and, particularly, lege ferenda proposals of private international insolvency law in the Argentine Republic and Mercosur, considering the legislative activity of international agencies, non-governmental organizations, and scientific and professional entities on international bankruptcy law in the last 30 years. It echoes the initiatives developed by institutions such as the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, Insol International, Insol Europe, the International Insolvency Institute, the American Bankruptcy Institute, the American Law Institute, and the International Bar Association, as well as current regulations such as the European Insolvency Regulation of 2000 and 2015. The author proposes adopting regulations such as the Argentine cross-border insolvency bill of 2002—with some amendments and additions—, inspired by the UNCITRAL Model Law on Cross-Border Insolvency of 1997.Current issues and Reform Proposals de lege lata and de lege ferenda to the Private International Insolvency Law of Argentina and the MERCOSURConsiderações atuais e propostas de reforma de lege lata e de lege ferenda para o direito internacional privado da insolvência na Argentina e no MercosulEste trabajo tiene como objeto el estudio somero del status quaestionis y de propuestas de lege lata y, sobre todo, de lege ferenda del derecho internacional privado de la insolvencia de la República Argentina y del Mercosur a la luz de la actividad legisferante de organismos internacionales, entidades no gubernamentales, y entidades científicas y profesionales en el área del derecho concursal internacional en los últimos 30 años. Este trabajo hace eco de las iniciativas elaboradas por instituciones como el Banco Mundial, el Fondo Monetario Internacional, Insol International, Insol Europe, el International Insolvency Institute, el American Bankruptcy Institute, el American Law Institute, la International Bar Association, y de normas vigentes como el Reglamento Europeo sobre Insolvencia de los años 2000 y 2015. El autor propone en este trabajo la adopción de normas como el Anteproyecto argentino del año 2002 sobre insolvencia transfronteriza, con algunas modificaciones y agregados, inspirado en la Ley Modelo sobre Insolvencia Transfronteriza de UNCITRAL de 1997.Para citar este artículo / To reference this article / Para citar este artigoHéctor José Miguens, Consideraciones actuales y propuestas de reforma de lege lata y de lege ferenda para el derecho internacional privado de la insolvencia en Argentina y en el MERCOSUR, en Dikaion 29, 1 (2020), 92-164. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5294/dika.2020.29.1.4Recibido: 03/05/2017Aceptados: 27/04/2020Publicado: 14/08/2020Financiación: este artículo forma parte del plan de investigación del autor como miembro de la carrera de Investigador Científico del CONICET (Argentina) y de Fellow de la Fundación Alexander von Humboldt de Alemania. ; Current issues and Reform Proposals de lege lata and de lege ferenda to the Private International Insolvency Law of Argentina and the MERCOSURConsiderações atuais e propostas de reforma de lege lata e de lege ferenda para o direito internacional privado da insolvência na Argentina e no MercosulEste trabajo tiene como objeto el estudio somero del status quaestionis y de propuestas de lege lata y, sobre todo, de lege ferenda del derecho internacional privado de la insolvencia de la República Argentina y del Mercosur a la luz de la actividad legisferante de organismos internacionales, entidades no gubernamentales, y entidades científicas y profesionales en el área del derecho concursal internacional en los últimos 30 años. Este trabajo hace eco de las iniciativas elaboradas por instituciones como el Banco Mundial, el Fondo Monetario Internacional, Insol International, Insol Europe, el International Insolvency Institute, el American Bankruptcy Institute, el American Law Institute, la International Bar Association, y de normas vigentes como el Reglamento Europeo sobre Insolvencia de los años 2000 y 2015. El autor propone en este trabajo la adopción de normas como el Anteproyecto argentino del año 2002 sobre insolvencia transfronteriza, con algunas modificaciones y agregados, inspirado en la Ley Modelo sobre Insolvencia Transfronteriza de UNCITRAL de 1997.Para citar este artículo / To reference this article / Para citar este artigoHéctor José Miguens, Consideraciones actuales y propuestas de reforma de lege lata y de lege ferenda para el derecho internacional privado de la insolvencia en Argentina y en el MERCOSUR, en Dikaion 29, 1 (2020), 92-164. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5294/dika.2020.29.1.4Recibido: 03/05/2017Aceptados: 27/04/2020Publicado: 14/08/2020Financiación: este artículo forma parte del plan de investigación del autor como miembro de la carrera de Investigador Científico del CONICET (Argentina) y de Fellow de la Fundación Alexander von Humboldt de Alemania. ; Current issues and Reform Proposals de lege lata and de lege ferenda to the Private International Insolvency Law of Argentina and the MERCOSURConsiderações atuais e propostas de reforma de lege lata e de lege ferenda para o direito internacional privado da insolvência na Argentina e no MercosulO objetivo deste trabalho é estudar de forma breve o status quaestionis e as propostas de lege lata e, principalmente, de lege ferenda do direito internacional privado da insolvência da República Argentina e do Mercosul à luz da atividade legiferante de organizações internacionais e não governamentais, e entidades científicas e profissionais na área do direito de falência internacional nos últimos 30 anos. Este trabalho faz ecoar as iniciativas elaboradas por instituições como o Banco Mundial, o Fundo Monetário Internacional, a Insol International, a Insol Europe, o International Insolvency Institute, o American Bankruptcy Institute, o American Law Institute, a International Bar Association, e regulações vigentes como o Regulamento Europeu sobre Insolvência de 2000 e 2015. O autor propõe a adoção de regulamentações como o Anteprojeto argentino de 2002 sobre a insolvência transfronteiriça, com algumas modificações e agregados, inspirado na Lei Modelo da Insolvência Transfronteiriça da Uncitral de 1997.Current issues and Reform Proposals de lege lata and de lege ferenda to the Private International Insolvency Law of Argentina and the MERCOSURConsiderações atuais e propostas de reforma de lege lata e de lege ferenda para o direito internacional privado da insolvência na Argentina e no MercosulEste trabajo tiene como objeto el estudio somero del status quaestionis y de propuestas de lege lata y, sobre todo, de lege ferenda del derecho internacional privado de la insolvencia de la República Argentina y del Mercosur a la luz de la actividad legisferante de organismos internacionales, entidades no gubernamentales, y entidades científicas y profesionales en el área del derecho concursal internacional en los últimos 30 años. Este trabajo hace eco de las iniciativas elaboradas por instituciones como el Banco Mundial, el Fondo Monetario Internacional, Insol International, Insol Europe, el International Insolvency Institute, el American Bankruptcy Institute, el American Law Institute, la International Bar Association, y de normas vigentes como el Reglamento Europeo sobre Insolvencia de los años 2000 y 2015. El autor propone en este trabajo la adopción de normas como el Anteproyecto argentino del año 2002 sobre insolvencia transfronteriza, con algunas modificaciones y agregados, inspirado en la Ley Modelo sobre Insolvencia Transfronteriza de UNCITRAL de 1997.Para citar este artículo / To reference this article / Para citar este artigoHéctor José Miguens, Consideraciones actuales y propuestas de reforma de lege lata y de lege ferenda para el derecho internacional privado de la insolvencia en Argentina y en el MERCOSUR, en Dikaion 29, 1 (2020), 92-164. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5294/dika.2020.29.1.4Recibido: 03/05/2017Aceptados: 27/04/2020Publicado: 14/08/2020Financiación: este artículo forma parte del plan de investigación del autor como miembro de la carrera de Investigador Científico del CONICET (Argentina) y de Fellow de la Fundación Alexander von Humboldt de Alemania.