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Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Wankasambar-3 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 583ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 577 ha (98%) in the microwatershed is covered by soils and 150 cm) and 13 per cent soils are moderately shallow (50-75 cm).  About 47 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils, 40 per cent clayey soils and 13 per cent are sandy at the surface.  Entire area of the microwatershed is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  Entire area in the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands.  An area of about 1 per cent are slightly (e1) eroded, 91 per cent are moderately (e2) eroded and 7 per cent area severely (e3) eroded.  An area of about 1 per cent soils are moderately acid (pH 5.5-6.0), 10 per cent soils are slightly acid (pH 6.0-6.5), 26 per cent soils are neutral (pH 6.5-7.3), 20 per cent soils are slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8), 23 per cent soils are moderately alkaline (pH 7.8 - 8.4), 17 per cent soils are strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) and 2 per cent soils are very strongly alkaline.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire area of the microwatershed is dominantly 0.75%) in organic carbon.  About34 per cent area is low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 24 per cent is low (20 ppm) in 7 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) in 23 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 97(17) 432(75) Sapota - 114(20) Maize 97(17) 55(9) Pomegranate - 491(85) Bajra 97(17) 461(79) Musambi - 491(85) Groundnut - 169(29) Lime - 491(85) Sunflower - 474(82) Amla 97(17) 432(74) Redgram - 491(84) Cashew - 65(11) Bengal gram 38 (7) 491(84) Jackfruit - 97(17) Cotton 6(1) 523(90) Jamun - 187(32) Chilli - 546(94) Custard apple 97(17) 432(74) Tomato 97(17) 72(12) Tamarind - 187(32) Drumstick - 491(85) Mulberry - 97(17) Mango - - Marigold - 546(94) Guava - 114(20) Chrysanthemum - 546(94)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserves soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Wankasambar-3 is located at North latitude 160 39' 16.015" and 160 37' 27.275" and East longitude 770 22' 37.304" and 770 20' 41.304" covering an area of about 583.14 ha coming under Vankasambara, Sambara and Madhwara villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Wankasambar-3 micro watersheds of Turk Madhawar sub-watershed, Yadgir taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 40 farmers were sampled in Wankasambar-3 micro-watershed among households surveyed 7 (17.50%) were marginal, 15 (37.50%) were small, 8 (20.00 %) were semi medium, 5 (12.50 %) were medium farmers. 5 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 119 (54.09%) men and 101 (45.91 %) were women.  Majority of the respondents (53.64%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 25.00 per cent illiterates, 71.37 per cent pre university education and 7.27 per cent attained graduation.  About, 52.50 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 47.50 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 34.09 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 70.00 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 2.50 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 82.50 per cent possess TV, 75.00 per cent possess mixer grinder, 90.00 per cent possess mobile phones and 15.00 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 32.50 per cent of the households possess plough, 5.00 per cent possess tractor, 15.00 per cent possess bullock cart.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 15.00 per cent possess local cow and 2.50 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.92, women available in the micro watershed was 1.78, hired labour (men) available was 4.97 and hired labour (women) available was 11.33.  Further, 2.50 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season. 2  In the study area, about 10.45 per cent of the respondents migrated from the micro watershed in search of jobs with an average distance of 1705.00 kms for about 4.30 months.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 91.32 per cent (69.64 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 8.68 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 4.00 live bore wells and 3.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore/open well was the major source of irrigation for 10.00 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Cotton, Red gram, Sugarcane, Groundnut and Paddy and cropping intensity was recorded as 100.00 per cent.  Out of the sample households 85.00 percent possessed bank account and 17.50 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 67.50 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 157.14 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 128.57 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 50.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Cotton, Red gram, Sugarcane, Groundnut and Paddy was Rs.64881.38, 20711.75, 0.00, 71012.87 and 125743.60 with benefit cost ratio of 1:0.60, 1: 1.70, 1: 0.00, 1: 0.80 and 1:0.50 respectively.  Further, 30.00 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 10.00 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 81625.03 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 53400.03 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 1050 horticulture trees and 1022 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  About 42.50 per cent of the households shown interest to cultivate horticultural crops.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 10225.00 for land development and Rs. 150.00 for irrigation facility.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 52.50 per cent depends on own funds and 35.00 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 60.00 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 50.00 per cent have sold in regulated markets. 3  Further, 40.00 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (85.00%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 35.00 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 100.00 per cent of the households.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 100.00 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 97.50 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 40.00 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 97.50 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (102.50%), pulses (75.00%) and oilseeds (50.00%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (90.00%) wild animal menace on farm field (82.50%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (57.50%), inadequacy of irrigation water (52.50%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (55.00%), high rate of interest on credit (45.00%), low price for the agricultural commodities (67.50%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (62.50%), inadequate extension services (52.50%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (42.50%), Less rainfall (2.50%) and Source of Agri-technology information (Newspaper/ TV/Mobile) (2.50%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Nilahalli-3 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 409 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 320 ha (78%) in the microwatershed is covered by soils and about 89 ha (22%) by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 10 soil series and 19 soil phases (management units) and 6 land use class.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 37 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep to very deep (75 - >150 cm) and 41 per cent soils are shallow to moderately shallow (25-75 cm).  About 43 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils, 27 per cent clayey soils and 9 per cent are sandy at the surface.  About 65per cent area of the microwatershed has non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  Entire area in the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands.  An area of about 76 per cent are moderately (e2) eroded and 3 per cent area is severely (e3) eroded.  An area of about 4 per cent soils are neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) in soil reaction, 13 per cent soils are slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8), 31 per cent soils are moderately alkaline (pH 7.8 - 8.4), 25 per cent soils are strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) and 5 per cent soils are very strongly alkaline (pH >9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire area of the microwatershed is dominantly 0.75%) in organic carbon.  About4 per cent area is low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 26 per cent is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 33 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) in 35 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Entire area in the microwatershed is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in available iron.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 298(73) Sapota - - Maize - 147(36) Pomegranate - 152(36) Bajra - 298(72) Musambi - 152(37) Groundnut - 78(19) Lime - 152(37) Sunflower - 151(37) Amla - 298(73) Redgram - 127(31) Cashew - - Bengal gram 24 (6) 274(67) Jackfruit - - Cotton 24 (6) 274(67) Jamun - 142(34) Chilli - 298(72) Custard apple - 298(73) Tomato - 147(36) Tamarind - 142(34) Drumstick - 151(36) Mulberry - - Mango - - Marigold - 298(72) Guava - - Chrysanthemum - 298(72)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Nilahalli-3 is located at North latitude 160 38' 0.588" and 160 36' 23.07" and East longitude 770 16' 25.108'' and 770 14' 47.381" covering an area of about 409.04 ha coming under Neelahalli, Kudlura and Killanakera Villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Nilahalli-3 micro watersheds of Kilankeri subwatershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 farmers were sampled in Nilahalli-3 micro-watershed among households surveyed 4 (11.43%) were marginal, 15 (42.86%) were small, 14 (40.00 %) were semi medium and 1 (2.86 %) were medium farmers. 1 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 102 (59.30%) men and 69 (40.12 %) were women. The average population of landless was 4, marginal farmers were 5.3, small farmers were 4.9, semi medium farmers were 4.9 and medium farmers were 4.  Majority of the respondents (45.93%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 51.74 per cent illiterates, 1.74 percent were functional literates, 43.01 per cent pre university education and 3.49 per cent attained graduation.  About, 94.29 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 5.71 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 58.72 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 88.57 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 0.00 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 77.14 per cent possess TV, 62.86 per cent possess mixer grinder, 88.57 per cent possess mobile phones and 28.57 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 57.14 per cent of the households possess plough and 17.14 per cent possess bullock cart.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 20.00 per cent possess local cow and 2.86 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own men and women labour availability in the micro watershed was 9.92 each, while the hired labour (men) availability was 1.34.  Further, 2.86 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season. 2  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 66.26 per cent (53.61 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 24.38 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 9.00 live bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 25.71 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Cotton, Groundnut cropping intensity was recorded as 96.53 per cent.  Out of the sample households 2.86 percent possessed bank account and 2.86 per cent of them have savings in the account.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 100.00 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Cotton and Groundnut was Rs.23410.27 , 26041.35 and 56704.52 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.50, 1: 1.90 and 1: 1.24 respectively.  Further, 5.71 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 5.71 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 81817.14 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 55431.43 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 4 horticulture trees and 106 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 8428.57 for land development and Rs. 1000.00 for irrigation facility.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 5.71 per cent depends on own funds and 60.00 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 82.86 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants.  Further, 85.71 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (68.57%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 82.86 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 100.00 per cent of the households.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 94.29 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 97.14 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card. 3  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (97.14%), pulses (77.14%) and oilseeds (14.29%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (85.71%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (82.86%), inadequacy of irrigation water (2.86%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (80.00%), high rate of interest on credit (5.71%), low price for the agricultural commodities (85.71%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (65.71%), inadequate extension services (2.86%) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (60.00%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Gopalapur Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 735 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 712 ha (97%) in the microwatershed is covered by soils and 23 ha (3%) by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 9 soil series and 21 soil phases (management units) and 3 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 60 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are deep to very deep (100 to >150 cm) and 36 per cent soils are very shallow to moderately shallow (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 6 per cent has nearly level (0-1%) and 91 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) in the microwatershed lands.  An area of about 6 per cent are slightly (e1) eroded, 81 per cent are moderately (e2) eroded and 11 per cent area is severely (e3) eroded.  An area of about 1 per cent is slightly acid (pH 6.0-6.5), 8 per cent is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3), 17 per cent is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8), 39 per cent is moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4), 24 per cent is strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) and 8 per cent is very strongly alkaline (pH >9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire area of the microwatershed is dominantly 0.75%) in organic carbon.  About 65 per cent area is low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 51 per cent is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 3 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) in 17 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available iron is deficient (4.5 ppm) in 79 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 516(70) Sapota - - Maize - 65 (9) Pomegranate - 450(61) Bajra - 516(70) Musambi - 450(61) Groundnut - - Lime - 450(61) Sunflower - 451(61) Amla - 516(70) Redgram - 450(61) Cashew - - Bengal gram - 516(70) Jackfruit - - Cotton - 516(70) Jamun - 441(60) Chilli - 515(70) Custard apple - 515(70) Tomato - 65(9) Tamarind - 441(60) Drumstick - 450(61) Mulberry - - Mango - - Marigold - 515(70) Guava - - Chrysanthemum - 515(70)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Gopalapur is located at North latitude 160 44' 34.25" and 160 43' 1.624" and East longitude 770 19' 32.865'' and 770 17' 7.334" covering an area of about 734.61 ha coming unde Gopalapur and Yaleri Villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Gopalapur micro watersheds of Gopalapur subwatershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 37 farmers were sampled in Gopalapur micro-watershed among households surveyed 12 (32.43%) were marginal, 10 (27.03%) were small, 8 (21.62 %) were semi medium and 1 (2.70 %) were medium farmers. 6 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 115 (57.50%) men and 83 (41.50 %) were women. The average population of landless was 5.3, marginal farmers were 5.1, small farmers were 5.9, semi medium farmers were 5.4 and medium farmers were 5.  Majority of the respondents (51.50%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 44.00 per cent illiterates, 1.00 percent were functional literates, 46.50 per cent pre university education and 8.50 per cent attained graduation.  About, 32.43 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 62.16 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 17.00 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 97.30 per cent of the households possess katcha house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 91.89 per cent possess TV, 37.84 per cent possess mixer grinder, 86.49 per cent possess mobile phones and 40.54 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 13.51 per cent of the households possess plough.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 8.11 per cent possess local cow.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.54, women available in the micro watershed was 1.50, hired labour (men) available was 9.48 and hired labour (women) available was 8.85.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 76.17 per cent (42.11 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 10.57 per cent area is irrigated land. 2  Bore/open well was the major source of irrigation for 5.41 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Green gram, Sorghum, Paddy and Groundnut and cropping intensity was recorded as 100.00 per cent.  Out of the sample households 72.97 percent possessed bank account and 54.05 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 54.05 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Green gram, Sorghum, Paddy and Groundnut was Rs.39973.87, 27132.07, 32948.88, 87915.02 and 17905.10 with benefit cost ratio of 1:2.50, 1: 2.50, 1: 1.70, 1: 1.20 and 1:1.50 respectively.  Further, 2.70 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 74013.51 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 46013.51 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 22 horticulture trees and 35 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 3621.62 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 59.46 per cent depends on own funds and 2.70 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 70.27 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants.  Further, 70.27 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (37.84%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 62.16 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 94.59 per cent of the households and 5.41 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 97.30 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 89.19 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (100.00%), pulses (83.78%) and oilseeds (8.11%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (70.27%) wild animal menace on farm field (10.81%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (56.76%), inadequacy of 3 irrigation water (8.11%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (51.35%), high rate of interest on credit (10.81%), low price for the agricultural commodities (56.76%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (56.76%), inadequate extension services (2.70%) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (51.35%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Adavalli-4 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 474 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 98 per cent is covered by soils, two per cent by water bodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 8 soil series and 11 soil phases (management units) and 5 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm).  Entire area has clayey soils at the surface.  About 70 per cent of the area has non-gravelly soils, 26 per cent gravelly soils (15-35 % gravel) and 2 per cent extremely gravelly (60- 80% gravel) soils.  About 27 per cent of the area has very low (200mm/m) available water capacity.  Entire area has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  Entire area has moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about 28 per cent has soils that are strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) and 69 per cent very strongly alkaline (pH>9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75%) in organic carbon.  Available phosphorus is low (10 ppm).  Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 56 per cent area, medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in 2 per cent and 40 per cent is high (>1.0 ppm).  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in the entire area.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  The land suitability for 24 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 260 (55) 91 (19) Sapota - - Maize - - Jackfruit - - Bajra - - Jamun - 139 (29) Groundnut - 26 (6) Musambi 139 (29) 187 (39) Sunflower 139 (29) 187 (39) Lime 139 (29) 187 (39) Chilli - - Cashew - - Tomato - - Custard apple 260 (55) 91 (19) Drumstick - 326 (69) Amla - 351 (74) Mulbery 351 (74) Tamarind - 139 (29) Pomegranate - 326 (69) Marigold - 351 (74) Guava - - Chrysanthemum - 351 (74) Mango - - Jasmine - 26 (6) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 5 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which inturn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contributes to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: The Adavalli-4 micro-watershed (Koppal taluk and district) is located in between 15019' – 15021' North latitudes and 75055' – 75057' East longitudes, covering an area of about 473.70 ha, bounded by Kavalura village and Yelburga taluk. It falls under Agro Ecological Region (AER)–3: (Deccan plateau, hot arid ecosubregion) Karnataka Plateau (Rayalseema as inclusion), hot arid ESR with deep loamy and clayey mixed red and black soils, low to medium AWC and LGP 60-90 days We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified for each watershed. Results: We found that Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 51 to 49 per cent to the total sample population  Younger age groups of population is around 64 per cent to the total population  Literacy population is around 75per cent  Wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 89 per cent.  Around 33 % of farmers have taken yeshaswini health cards  Majority of farm households (89 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employments  Dependence on ration cards through public distribution system is around 89 per cent  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 11 per cent of sample households.  Institutional participation is only 14 per cent of sample households.  Women participation is decision making is found. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 2.47 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation only among 32 per cent and agricultural labours is predominant subsidiary occupation for 59 per cent of sample households. 2  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs 8091 per household. Mobile and television are mass popular mass communication media.  The average farm assets values is around 5 lakhs, about 11 per cent of sample farmers are owing tractors.  The average livestock values are around Rs 16917 per livestock. The average milk produced is 1680 litter per lactation per animal.  The average fodder availability is 1044 kg/ha on season for the livestock feeding.  The average per capita food consumption is around 584 grams (1628.7 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition recommendation at 827 gram. Around 100 per cent of sample farmers are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs 98238 per household. About 56 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly expenditure is around Rs 715 per household. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs 7004 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs 3309315 per year for the total area of 473.7 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food production is around Rs 10177/ ha/year. Per ha food production services is maximum in Red gram (Rs 26171/ha) followed by Sorghum (Rs 13486/ha), Green gram (Rs. 9269/ha), sunflower (Rs. 8763), Bengal gram (Rs. 2578) and Maize (Rs. 1525).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs 1805/ ha/year. Per ha a fodder production service is maximum in maize (Rs 2947) and followed by Sorghum (Rs. 663)  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in Red gram (Rs 67233) followed by green gram (Rs 51173), bengal gram (Rs 45488), sorghum (Rs. 36719), sunflower (Rs 26257) and maize (Rs 998). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is sunflower (29.97 %) followed by sorghum (20.64 %), Bengal gram (20.44 %), green gram (15.33 %), Maize (8.51 %) and red gram (5.11 %).  In Adavalli-4 Microwatershed, soil major soil series is Muttal (MTL) soil series are having shallow soil depth cover around 22 per cent of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing is sunflower. Handrala (HDL) soil series are 3 having deep soil depth cover around 7 per cent of area, major crop grown are bengal gram (50 %), Red gram (25 %) and Green gram (25 %). Bardur (BDR) soil series are very deep soil depth cover around 18 per cent area, crop grown are maize (53 %) and Sunflower (47 %). Narasapura (NSP) and Dambarahalli (DRL) soils series moderately deep soil depth cover around 27 % and 14 % of area respectively. The major crop grown is Sorghum, Sunflower, Bengal gram and Green gram.  The total cost of cultivation in study area for sunflower ranges between Rs. 21372/ha in MTL soil (with BCR of 1.69) and Rs. 12514/ha in DRL soil (with BCR of 1.11).  In green gram the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 27561/ha in HDL soils (with BCR of 1.08) and Rs. 19249/ ha in NSP soil (with BCR of 1.62).  In bengal gram the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 30120/ha in HDL soil (with BCR of 1.03) and Rs. 23566 /ha in NSP soils (with BCR of 1.03).  In sorghum the cost of cultivation range between Rs Rs. 14565/ha in DRL soils is (with BCR of 1.66) and Rs. 11171/ha in HDL soils (with BCR of 1.7).  In red gram the cost of cultivation in HDL soil is Rs 19857/ha (with BCR of 2.24) and maize cultivation in BDR soils of Rs. 17224/ha with BCR of (1.13). Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in Sunflower (8.9 %), bengal gram (16.7 to 35. %), maize (85.6 %), red gram (9.1 %), sorghum (20 to 50.5 %) and sunflower (44.4 to 57.1 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Narayanapet-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 646 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 631 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 3 ha by rock outcrops and about 13 ha by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 9 soil series and 19 soil phases (management units) and 3 land use class.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 66 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep to very deep (75 - >150 cm) and 31 per cent soils are shallow to moderately shallow (25-75 cm).  About 17 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 81 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  Entire area of the microwatershed is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 35 per cent is medium (101-150 mm/m), 2 per cent is low (51-100 mm/m) and 1 per cent area is very low (0.75).  About 13 per cent area is low in available phosphorus, 69 per area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 15 per cent is high (>57 kg/ha).  About 75 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in available potassium and 22 per cent is high (>337 kg/ha).  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in 97 per cent area and sufficient in 1 per cent area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 26 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 623(97) Sapota - 15(2) Maize - - Pomegranate - 429(66) Bajra - 429(66) Musambi - 428(66) Groundnut - 15 (2) Lime - 428(66) Sunflower - 429(66) Amla - 622(97) Redgram - 429(66) Cashew - - Bengal gram 29(5) 573(89) Jackfruit - 15(2) Cotton 29(5) 579(90) Jamun - 383(59) Chilli - 429(66) Custard apple - 623(97) Tomato - 15(2) Tamarind - 383(59) Drumstick - 429(66) Mulberry - 15(2) Mango - 29(5) Marigold - 623(97) Guava - 15(2) Chrysanthemum - 623(97)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Narayanapet-2 micro-watershed (Yadgir taluk and district) is located in between 16034' – 16036' North latitudes and 770 14' – 76016' East longitudes, covering an area of about 645.69 ha, bounded by Kanikal, Kudlura, Hegganakera and Kyathanala villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Narayanpet-2 micro-watershed in Yadgir taluk and district are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 43.9 to 56.1 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age group 18 to 50 of population is around 43.9 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 54.9 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) are around 62.5 per cent.  Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking around 93.8 per cent sample households.  About 12.5 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  About 12.5 per cent farm households having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 87.5 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 25 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making are around 75 per cent of households were found. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 2.21 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers. The account for dry land of 31.16 ha among the total cultivated land among the sample households. 2  Agriculture is the main occupation is only 6.10 per cent and agriculture is the main and non agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 40.24 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs.14679 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs.12142 per household, about 20.0 per cent of sample farmers are owing plough.  The average value of livestock is around Rs.43333 per household; about 26.32 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 1168.2 grams (2557.1 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition recommendation at 827 gram. Around 94 per cent of sample households are consuming more than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs.55121 per household. About 93.8 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs.4689. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. Rs.9659/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in cotton (Rs.15372) followed by green gram (Rs.12705), red gram (Rs.8639) and sorghum (Rs. 1920).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs.1646/ ha/year in sorghum.  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The value of per hectare water used and value of water was maximum in cotton (Rs.63129) followed by green gram (Rs.56859), red gram (Rs.48518) and sorghum (Rs. 37643). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is redgram (51.2%) followed by cotton (36.7 %), green gram (6.0 %) and sorghum (6.0 %).  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for cotton ranges between Rs.73340/ha in medium farmers (with BCR of 1.01) and Rs.28595/ha in semi medium farmers (with BCR of 1.42).  In redgram the cost of cultivation range between Rs.45689/ha in medium farmers (with BCR of 1.12) and Rs.29530/ha in small farmers (with BCR of 1.34), 3  In sorghum the cost of cultivation is Rs.17480/ha in small farmers (with BCR of 1.20) and  In greengram the cost of cultivation is Rs.23522/ha in small farmers (with BCR of 1.54).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soils to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in cotton (33.5 %), redgram (22.8 to 29.2 %), greengram (3.6 %) and sorghum (56.0 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Chik Hangargi-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 711ha in Chik Hangargi-2 microwatershed in Jewargi taluk of Gulbarga district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 751 mm, of which about 538 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 75 mm during the rest of the year. 98 per cent area is covered by soils and 2 per cent is by habitation and waterbodies. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 4 soil series and 8 soil phases (management units) and 3 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the 1st week of June to 1st week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 19 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with the constraints were generated.  Entire area is suitable for agriculture.  About 2 per cent of the soils are very deep (>150 cm) and 24 per cent is deep (100- 150 cm), 33 per cent is shallow (25-50 cm) and 39 per cent are very shallow (200mm/m) and 24 per cent is medium (101-150 mm/m) in available water capacity. About 33 per cent low (50-100 mm/m) and very low (9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75%) in 6 ha (1%) in organic carbon.  Major area of 94 per cent has soils that are low (1 per cent high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 76 per cent high (>337 kg/ha) and 22 per cent medium (145-337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is medium (10-20 ppm) in 71 per cent, 15 per cent high (>20 ppm) and 12 per cent low (1.0 ppm) in about 1%.  Major area is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) and 4 per cent is deficient (0.6 ppm).  The land suitability for 19 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 186 (26) - Guava - 14 (2) Maize - - Jackfruit - - Red gram - 186 (26) Jamun - 186 (26) Soybean 14 (2) 172 (24) Musambi 186 (26) - Bengalgram 186 (26) 235 (33) Lime 186 (26) - Sunflower 186 (26) - Cashew - - Cotton 186 (26) - Custard apple 186 (26) - Sugarcane - - Amla 186 (26) - Mango - - Tamarind - 186 (26) Sapota - 14 (2) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 3 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder fibre and horticulture crops that helps in maintaining the productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges that would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel and generate lots of biomass. This would help in maintaining ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Chick Hangargi-2 micro-watershed (Chick Hangargi sub-watershed, Jewargi taluk, Gulbarga district) is located in between 16045' – 16051' North latitudes and 76032' – 76035' East longitudes, covering an area of about 711.06 ha, bounded by Sumbada and Yedrami villages with length of growing period (LGP)120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for Chick Hangargi-2 (Chick Hangargi subwatershed, Jewargi taluk, Gulbarga district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 59.0 to 41.0 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 48.7 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 66.7 per cent.  Social groups belong to other back ward caste (OBC) is around 80.0 per cent.  Wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 90.0 per cent.  About 20.0 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  About 10.0 per cent of farm households are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system among all sample households.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 20.0 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making among all the households were found. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 1.70 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers. The dry land is total cultivated land area among all the sample farmers. 2  Agriculture is the main occupation among 18 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is a subsidiary occupation is 56.4 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 19206 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 5036 per household, about 59.0 per cent of sample farmers having weeder.  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 13667 per household; about 33.3 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 757.9 grams (1664.8 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 90.0 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 61121 per household. About 80.0 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs. 1612. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 683 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 476440 per year for the total area of 698 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs 259749/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in redgram (Rs. 504654) followed by cotton (Rs. 242593) and sorghum (Rs. 32000).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs 3293/ ha/year in sorghum.  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in redgram (Rs 62518), cotton (Rs 53778) and sorghum (Rs 40152). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is redgram (58.8 %) followed by cotton (32.8 %), sorghum (7.9 %) and paddy (0.5 %).  In Chick Hangargi-2 micro-watershed, major soil is Margutti (MGT) series is having very shallow soil depth cover around 38.93 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing cotton (20.8 %) and redgram (79.2 %). 3 Novinihala (NHA) are having shallow soil depth cover 33.09 % of area, the crops are redgram (67.4 %) and sorghum (32.6 %) and Dimal (DIM) series are having deep soil depth cover around 24.15 % of area, the crops are cotton (67.4 %) and redgram (32.6%).  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for cotton range between Rs 33716/ha in MGT soil (with BCR of 1.40) and Rs 29641/ha in DIM soil (with BCR of 1.61).  In redgram the cost of cultivation range between in MGT soil Rs. 29316/ha (with BCR of 1.60) and Rs 21477/ha in NHA soil (with BCR of 1.47).  In sorghum the cost of cultivation Rs 20465/ha in NHA soil (with BCR of 1.45).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in sorghum (53.1 %), cotton (31.1 to 12.6 %) and redgram (8.9 to 3.4 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Chilavadgi-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 509 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 97 per cent is covered by soils, 150 cm).  About 9 per cent of the area is having sandy soils, 69 per cent loamy soils and 20 per cent has clayey soils at the surface.  About 29 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200mm/m).  An area of about 20 per cent has nearly level (0-1%) lands, 77 per cent has gently sloping (1-3%) lands and less than one per cent has very gently sloping lands (3-5%).  An area of about 37 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 60 per cent is moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about 2 per cent has strongly acid (pH 5.0 to 5.5) soils, 3 per cent moderately acid (pH 5.5 to 6.0),9 per cent slightly acid (pH 6.0 to 6.5), 33 per cent neutral (pH 6.5 to 7.3) soils, 16 per cent slightly alkaline (pH 7.3 to 7.8), 22 per cent moderately alkaline (pH 7.8 to 8.4), 8 per cent strongly alkaline (pH 8.4 to 9.0) and 5 per cent soils are very strongly alkaline (pH>9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75% ) in 33 per cent area of the soils.  Available phosphorus is low (337 kg/ha) in 33 per cent of the soils.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 5 per cent area of the soils  Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) in 62 per cent of the area.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 32 per cent of the area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area.  The land suitability for 28 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (Class S1) and moderately suitable (Class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 20(4) 120(24) Pomegranate 18(4) 194(38) Maize 14(3) 98(19) Guava 18(4) 165(33) Bajra 18(4) 213(42) Jackfruit 18(4) 166(33) Redgram 18(4) 76(15) Jamun 6(1) 197(39) Bengal gram 3(<1) 137 (27) Musambi 20(4) 192(38) Groundnut 5(<1) 414 (81) Lime 20(4) 192(38) Sunflower 20(4) 74(15) Cashew 16(3) 186(37) Cotton 6(1) 133(26) Custard apple 56(11) 421(83) Chilli 16(3) 95(19) Amla 55(11) 423(83) Tomato 16(3) 95(19) Tamarind 6(1) 129 (26) Drumstick 55(11) 239(47) Marigold 16(3) 124(24) Mulberry 53(10) 351(69) Chrysanthemum 16(3) 124(24) Mango 6(1) 59(12) Jasmine 16(3) 96(19) Sapota 18(4) 174(34) Crossandra 18(4) 93(18) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 7 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Chilayadgi-2 is located at North latitude 150 24' 50.658" and 150 23' 50.5'' and East longitude 760 11' 48.216'' and 760 9' 17" covering an area of about 509.47 ha coming under Chilavadagi, Kalakeri and Tenakanakallu Villages of Koppal taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Chilayadgi-2 micro watersheds of Bhagyanagar subwatershed, Koppal taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 total respondents, 9 (25.71%) were marginal, 11(31.43%) were small, 8 (22.86 %) were semi medium and 2 (5.71 %) were medium farmers. 5 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 95 (51.91%) men and 88 (48.09 %) were women. The average population of landless was 4.8, marginal farmers were 5.1, small farmers were 4.7 and medium farmers were 5.5.  Majority of the respondents (39.89%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 36.61 per cent of illiterates, 2.73 per cent of functional literate, 43.17 per cent of them had primary school education, 2.73 per cent middle school education, and 8.20 per cent high school education, 2.19 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.55 per cent of them had Diploma and 3.28 per cent attained graduation education.  About, 82.86 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 14.29 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 18.03 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 91.43 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 8.57 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 88.57 per cent possess TV, 62.86 per cent possess mixer grinder, 77.14 per cent possess mobile phones and 34.29 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 34.29 per cent of the households possess plough, 5.71 per cent possess tractor, 17.14 per cent possess bullock cart and 31.43 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 17.14 per cent possess local cow and 2.86 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.58, women available in the micro watershed was 1.28, hired labour (men) available was 10.67 and hired labour (women) available was 12.11. 2  Further, 2.86 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was adequate and 97.40 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was Inadequate.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 55.92 per cent (36.66 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 44.08 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 11.00 live bore wells and 1.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 31.43 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Paddy, Maize, Bajra, Cotton and Sugarcane and cropping intensity was recorded as 89.18 per cent.  Out of the sample households 42.86 percent possessed bank account and 42.86 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 42.86 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Per hectare cost of cultivation for Paddy, Maize, Bajra, Cotton and Sugarcane was Rs.164281.29 , 34311.18, 36657.05, 30777.03 and 20719.54 with benefit cost ratio of 1:0.90, 1: 1.30, 1: 0.90, 1: 3.40 and 1:2.90 respectively.  Further, 5.71 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 17.14 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 147638.57 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 77010.00 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 29 horticulture trees and 42 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 142.86 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 2.86 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 20.00 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 74.29 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 108.57 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (45.71%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 45.71 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Firewood was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 97.14 per cent of the households.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 60.00 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 42.86 per cent of the households possess toilet facility. 3  Regarding possession of PDS card, 85.71 per cent of the households possessed BPL card and 14.29 per cent of the household's possessed APL.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (100.00%), pulses (51.43%) and oilseeds (11.43%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (48.57%) wild animal menace on farm field (62.86%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (31.43%), inadequacy of irrigation water (2.86%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (22.86%), high rate of interest on credit (8.57%), low price for the agricultural commodities (8.57%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (11.43%), inadequate extension services (5.71%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (17.14%), Less rainfall (62.86%) and Source of Agritechnology information (Newspaper/ TV/Mobile) (68.57%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Chikka Alur-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 858 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 555 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 298 ha (6%) area is covered by rock outcrops and 5 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 9 soil series and 9 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 555 ha area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 10 per cent of area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately shallow (50-75 cm), 20 per cent of area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep (75-100 cm), 8 per cent of area is deep (100 - 150 cm) and 26 per cent of area is very deep (>150 cm).  About 12 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 53 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  Non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 17 per cent is medium (51-100 mm/m) and 14 per cent is low (51-100 mm/m).  Entire cultivated area in the microwatershed is under very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands.  Entire cultivated area is moderately (e2) eroded in the microwatershed.  About 17 per cent area is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3), 22 per cent area is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8), 26 per cent area is moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4) and 0.75%) in organic carbon content of the soil.  About 21 per cent of area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus content of the soil, 38 per cent of area is high (>57 kg/ha) and 6 per cent of area is low (337 kg/ha) in 58 per cent area in the microwatershed.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in 38 per cent area and deficient (0.6 ppm) in 11 per cent area in the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 29 (3) 522 (61) Guava 12 (1) 29 (3) Maize 41 (5) 510 (60) Sapota 12 (1) 29 (3) Bajra 41 (5) 510 (60) Pomegranate 12 (1) 167 (20) Groundnut 12 (1) 116 (14) Musambi 12 (1) 167 (20) Sunflower - 179 (21) Lime 12 (1) 167 (20) Redgram - 463 (55) Amla 41 (5) 226 (26) Bengal gram 138 (16) 130 (15) Cashew - 41 (5) Cotton - 254 (30) Jackfruit 12 (1) 29 (3) Chilli 41 (5) 226 (26) Jamun - 12 (1) Tomato 41 (5) 88 (10) Custard apple 41 (5) 226 (26) Brinjal 41 (5) 88 (10) Tamarind - 12 (1) Onion 41 (5) 88 (10) Mulberry 12 (1) 29 (3) Bhendi 41 (5) 226 (26) Marigold 41 (5) 226 (26) Drumstick 12 (1) 167 (20) Chrysanthemum 41 (5) 226 (26) Mango - 12 (1)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Chikka Alur-2 is located at North latitude 160 59' 57.118" and 160 57' 36.993" and East longitude 770 9' 8.415'' and 770 7' 13.762" covering an area of about 840.96 ha coming under Allura.K and Allura .B Villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 respondents, 16 (45.71%) were marginal, 10 (28.57%) were small and 6 (17.14%) were semi medium and 1 (2.86%) were medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 89 (56.33%) men and 67 (42.41%) were women.  Majority of the respondents (43.04%) were in the age group of 35-60 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, majority there were 44.30 per cent illiterates and only 6.33 per cent attained graduation.  About, 80.00 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 8.57 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 60.76 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 71.43 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 8.57 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 57.14 per cent possess TV, 8.57 per cent possess mixer grinder and 97.14 per cent possess mobile phones.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 17.14 per cent of the households possess plough. Regarding livestock possession by the households, 20.00 per cent possess local cow and 2.86 per cent possess buffalo respectively.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.57, women available in the micro watershed was 1.40, hired labour (men) available was 7.34 and hired labour (women) available was 6.34.  Further, 11.43 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents (42.09 ha), 100.00 per cent of the area is under dry condition.  Cropping intensity was recorded as 100.36 per cent.  The sample households possessed 88.57 per cent bank account and 0.00 per cent of them have savings in the account.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 100.00 per cent from Cooperative bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00 %) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 100.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations. 2  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram and Jowar was Rs.30642.84 and 24912.40 with benefit cost ratio of 1:0.90 and 1: 0.70, respectively.  Further, 20.00 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 33457.14 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 26657.14 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have planted 26 neem trees, 11 acacia trees, 1 banyan trees together in both field and backyard.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 2542.86 for land development, Rs.4257.14 for adoption of improved crop production and Rs.400.00 adoption of improved livestock breeds activities.  Source of funds raised from bank as a loan and from own sources for land development and improved crop production was 11.43 and for improved livestock adoption was 2.86 per cent.  Regarding marketing channels, 91.43 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 5.71 per cent have sold by Agents/Traders.  Further, 85.71 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (97.14 %) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 94.29 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Firewood connection was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 60.00 per cent of the households and 40.00 per cent households has LPG.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 100.00 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 60.00 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 97.14 per cent of the households possessed BPL card and 2.86 per cent do not possess PDS card.  Cereals (54.29%), pulses (51.43%), oilseeds (42.86%) were adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (94.29%) wild animal menace on farm field (94.29%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (54.29%), inadequacy of irrigation water (74.29%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (91.43%), high rate of interest on credit (94.29%), low price for the agricultural commodities (94.29%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (28.57%), inadequate extension services (68.57%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (80.00%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kesapur Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 596 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 76 per cent in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 12 per cent by rock outcrops and 12 per cent by others (Habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 7 soil series and 10 soil phases (management units) and 6 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire cultivated area is suitable for agriculture in the microwatershed.  About 5 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are very shallow (150 cm) soils in the microwatershed.  About 10 per cent are sandy soils at the surface, 50 per cent are loamy soils and 16 percent soils are clayey soils at the surface.  An area of about 20 per cent is non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of 30 per cent area of the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands and 46 per cent of the soils are gently sloping (3-5%).  An area of about 12 per cent is slightly (e1) eroded, 63 per cent is moderately (e2) eroded and 1 per cent is severely eroded (e3) soils in the microwatershed.  About an area of 19 per cent is moderately acid (pH5.5-6.0), 9 per cent is slightly acid(pH 6.0-6.5), 22 per cent is neutral (pH6.5-7.5), 11 per cent is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8), 12 per cent is moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4) and 4 per cent is strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) soils.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is dominantly 0.75%) in organic carbon content.  An area of 20 percent is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and about 56 per cent is high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  An area of about 4 per cent is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Entire area is low (4.5 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 24 per cent area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 24 (4) Guava - 71 (12) Maize - 24 (4) Sapota - 71(12) Bajra 71 (12) 24 (4) Pomegranate - 71 (12) Groundnut - 71 (12) Musambi - 71 (12) Sunflower - - Lime - 71 (12) Redgram - 95(16) Amla - - Bengal gram - 24 (4) Cashew - - Cotton - - Jackfruit - - Chilli - 71(12) Jamun - 71(12) Tomato 71 (12) - Custard apple - - Brinjal 71(12) - Tamarind - 71(12) Onion 71 (12) - Mulberry - - Bhendi 71 (12) - Marigold 71 (12) - Drumstick - 71 (12) Chrysanthemum 71 (12) - Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified 6 LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Kesapur is located at North latitude 160 49' 56.172" and 160 47' 53.467" and East longitude 770 26' 2.181'' and 770 23' 52.783" covering an area of about 602.17 ha coming under Keshawara, Najarapura and Javaharnagara villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Kesapur micro watersheds of Chandaraki subwatershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 farmers were sampled in Kesapur micro-watershed among households surveyed 16 (45.71%) were marginal, 11 (31.43%) were small and 3 (8.57 %) were semi medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 91 (57.59%) men and 67 (42.41 %) were women. The average population of landless was 3.6, marginal farmers were 4.9, small farmers were 4.5 and semi medium farmers were 4.  Majority of the respondents (47.47%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 37.34 per cent illiterates, 60.77 per cent pre university education and 1.90 per cent attained graduation.  About, 85.71 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 11.43 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 46.20 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 62.86 per cent of the households possess katcha house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 88.57 per cent possess TV, 48.57 per cent possess mixer grinder, 97.14 per cent possess mobile phones and 8.57 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 20.00 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.86 per cent possess tractor, 20.00 per cent possess bullock cart.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 2.86 per cent possess local cow.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.71, women available in the micro watershed was 1.51, hired labour (men) available was 4.49 and hired labour (women) available was 4.49.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 100.00 per cent (31.19 ha) of the area is under dry condition. 2  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Groundnut, Cotton and Maize and cropping intensity was recorded as 101.46 per cent.  Out of the sample households 100.00 percent possessed bank account and 28.57 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 62.86 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 68.75 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 31.25 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 94.12 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Groundnut and Cotton was Rs.39301.40, 34039.15 and 21704.88, with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.60, 1: 1.40 and 1: 2.70, respectively.  Further, 17.14 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 5.71 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 37214.29 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 29500.00 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 15 horticulture trees and 18 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 1400.00 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 37.14 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 80.00 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 5.71 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 85.71 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (82.86%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 85.71 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Firewood was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 54.29 per cent of the households and 65.71 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 77.14 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 20.00 per cent of the households possess toilet facility. 3  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (88.57%), pulses (85.71%) and oilseeds (71.43%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by (88.57 %) per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (85.71%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (85.71%), inadequacy of irrigation water (85.71%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (85.71%), high rate of interest on credit (85.71%), low price for the agricultural commodities (80.00 %), lack of marketing facilities in the area (74.29%), inadequate extension services (31.43 %) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (45.71%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Shampurhalli Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 902 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 769 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 6 ha by railway, 68 ha by rock outcrops and 59 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 11 soil series and 15 soil phases (management units) and 7 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 43 per cent area are very shallow to shallow (150 cm).  About 6 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy, 57 per cent area loamy and 22 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  Entire area of the microwatershed is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 10 per cent area medium (101-150 mm/m), 26 per cent area low (51- 100 mm/m) and 45 per cent area very low (0.75%) in 37 per cent area.  15 per cent area is high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus and 70 per area is medium (23-57 kg/ha).  About 35 per cent is high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium and 50 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha).  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  About 62 per cent area is deficient (0.6 ppm).  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 132(15) 83(9) Guava - 87(10) Maize 87(10) 128(14) Sapota - 87(10) Bajra 87(10) 127(14) Pomegranate - 132(15) Groundnut - 126(14) Musambi 45(5) 87(10) Sunflower 45(5) 87(10) Lime 45(5) 87(10) Redgram - 132(15) Amla 87(10) 127(14) Bengal gram 45(5) - Cashew - - Cotton 45(5) 130(14) Jackfruit - 87(10) Chilli 87(10) 127(14) Jamun - 45(5) Tomato 87(10) 82(9) Custard apple 45(10) 169(19) Brinjal 87(10) 82(9) Tamarind - 45(5) Onion 87(10) 82(9) Mulberry - 87(10) Bhendi 87(10) 127(14) Marigold 87(10) 127(14) Drumstick - 132(15) Chrysanthemum 87(10) 127(14) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserves soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Shampurhalli is located at North latitude 160 53' 58.964" and 160 52' 17.5" and East longitude 770 3' 45.645'' and 770 2' 1.833" covering an area of about 590.86 ha coming under Yaragola and Vaddanahalli villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Shampurhalli micro watersheds of Kollur subwatershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 46 farmers were sampled in Shampurhalli micro-watershed among households surveyed 20 (43.48%) were marginal, 13 (28.26%) were small, 6 (13.04 %) were semi medium, 3 (6.52 %) were medium farmers. 4 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 125 (55.80 %) men and 99 (44.20 %) were women. The average population of landless was 2.5, marginal farmers were 4.7, small farmers were 5.5, semi medium farmers were 5.2 and medium farmers were 6.  Majority of the respondents (44.20%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 55.36 per cent illiterates, 45.53 per cent pre university education and 2.23 per cent attained graduation.  About, 86.96 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 6.52 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 51.79 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 95.65 per cent of the households possess katcha house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 82.61 per cent possess TV, 17.39 per cent possess mixer grinder, 89.13 per cent possess mobile phones and 19.57 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 28.26 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.17 per cent possess tractor, 13.04 per cent possess bullock cart and 8.70 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 10.87 per cent possess local cow and 6.52 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2, women available in the micro watershed was 1.62, hired labour (men) available was 11.12 and hired labour (women) available was 11.48.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 92.16 per cent (58.58 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 7.84 per cent area is irrigated land. 2  There were 4.00 live bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 9.28 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Paddy, Green gram, Groundnut and Cotton and cropping intensity was recorded as 90.41 per cent.  Out of the sample households 2.17 percent possessed bank account and 2.17 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 2.17 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Paddy, Green gram, Groundnut and Cotton was Rs.33860.41, 92284.45, 28578.29, 68794.02 and 37869.12 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.70, 1: 0.90, 1: 1.20, 1: 1.02 and 1:2.10 respectively.  Further, 67.39 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 13.04 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 94073.48 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 44528.26 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 32 horticulture trees and 145 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 2956.52 for land development and Rs. 4456.52 for irrigation facility.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 12.77 per cent depends on own funds.  Regarding marketing channels, 89.13 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants.  Further, 89.13 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (71.74%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 73.91 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 100.00 per cent of the households.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 34.78 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 34.78 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (100.00%), pulses (84.78%) and oilseeds (32.61%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (91.30%) wild animal menace on farm field 3 (67.39%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (76.09%), inadequacy of irrigation water (10.87%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (84.78%), high rate of interest on credit (47.83%), low price for the agricultural commodities (69.57%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (76.09%), inadequate extension services (4.35%) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (56.52%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Yagapur Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 458 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 362 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 75 ha by rock outcrops and 22 ha by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 4 soil series and 7 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 362 ha area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 5 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are deep to very deep (100 - >150 cm) and 74 per cent soils are very shallow to moderately shallow (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 13 per cent area low (51-100 mm/m) and 64 per cent area very low (0.75%) in organic carbon content.  About 71 per area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 8 per cent is high (> 57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  An area 5 per cent is high (>337 kg/ha) and 74 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in available potassium in the microwatershed.  Available sulphur is low ( 20 ppm) in 7 per cent of the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient ( 0.6 ppm) in 40 per cent area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 56(12) Guava - - Maize - 56(12) Sapota - - Bajra - 56(12) Pomegranate - 9(2) Groundnut - 47(10) Musambi - 9(2) Sunflower - 9(2) Lime - 9(2) Redgram - 9(2) Amla - 47(10) Bengal gram - 9(2) Cashew - - Cotton - 9(2) Jackfruit - - Chilli - 56(12) Jamun - - Tomato - 47(10) Custard apple - 56(12) Brinjal - 47(10) Tamarind - - Onion - 47(10) Mulberry - - Bhendi - 56(12) Marigold - 56(12) Drumstick - - Chrysanthemum - 56(12) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and sub marginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Yagapur is located at North latitude 160 54' 58.168" and 160 53' 42.955" and East longitude 770 9' 3.054'' and 770 6' 57.985" covering an area of about 397.22 ha coming under Yakkihalli and Baggalamadu Villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 respondents, 14 (40.00%) were marginal, 11(31.43%) were small and 5 (14.29%) were semi medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 90 (58.82%) men and 63 (41.18%) were women.  Majority of the respondents (39.22%) were in the age group of 35-60 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, majority there were 49.02 per cent illiterates and only 3.92 per cent attained graduation.  About, 82.86 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 14.29 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 50.33 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 71.43 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 5.71 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 80.00 per cent possess TV, 31.43 per cent possess mixer grinder and 97.14 per cent possess mobile phones.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 25.71 per cent of the households possess plough.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 14.29 per cent possess local cow.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.63, women available in the micro watershed was 1.20, hired labour (men) available and hired labour (women) available was 4.86.  Further, 8.57 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season.  In the study area, about 0.65 per cent of the respondents migrated from the micro watershed in search of jobs with an average distance of 550.00 kms for about 6.00 months.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents (35.41 ha), 77.94 per cent of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 16.34 per cent area is irrigated land. 2  There were 3.00 bore wells and 1.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 8.57 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Cotton, Groundnut, Jowar and Green gram and cropping intensity was recorded as 99.76 per cent.  The sample households possessed 91.43 per cent bank account and 28.57 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 62.86 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources. Among the credit borrowed by households, 90.00 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks.  Majority of the respondents (100.00 %) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 100.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Cotton, Groundnut, Jowar and Green gram was Rs.32172.54, 19269.10, 71297.18, 22469.37 and 21568.85 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.20, 1: 0.80, 1: 1.10, 1: 2.10 and 1:1.10 respectively.  Further, 20.00 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 135674.29 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 47760.00 comes from agriculture.  The total number of horticultural trees grown (both field and backyard) by the sampled households were coconut (15) in the fields and forest species were grown 7 teak trees, 40 neem trees together in both field and backyard.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 485.71 for land development and Rs. 1428.57 for creation of irrigation facility.  Source of funds raised from own sources for land development was 11.43 and for irrigation facility was 2.86 per cent.  Regarding marketing channels, 65.71 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 14.29 per cent have sold by Agents/Traders.  Further, 51.43 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (48.57 %) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 77.14 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Firewood connection was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 71.43 per cent of the households and 37.14 per cent households has LPG.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 97.14 per cent of the households. 3  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households. In the study area, 62.86 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card. Cereals (97.14%), pulses (88.57%), oilseeds (74.29%) were adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (80.00%) wild animal menace on farm field (60.00%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (74.29%), inadequacy of irrigation water (65.71%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (77.14%), high rate of interest on credit (74.29%), low price for the agricultural commodities (74.29%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (22.86%), inadequate extension services (2.86%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (25.71%), Less rainfall (5.71%) and Source of Agri-technology information (Newspaper/TV/Mobile) (5.71%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

학위논문(석사)--서울대학교 대학원 :행정대학원 글로벌행정전공,2019. 8. 권혁주. ; 한국의 자금세탁방지제도는 2001년 9월 3일 특정금융거래정보의 보고 및이용 등에관한법률과 범죄수익은닉의규제및처벌등에관한법률이 국회를 통과하면서 도입되었다. 자금세탁방지제도는 불법자금의 세탁을 적발하고 예방하기 위해 정부와 민간영역에서 이루어지는 모든 장치를 의미하는 것으로 관련 장치로서 법?제도적 장치 분만 아니라 관련된 사법제도와 금융제도, 국제협력을 모두 포괄하는 개념이다. 이 연구는 한국의 자금세탁방지제도 도입과정을 세시기로 나눈 뒤, 정책네트워크 모형을 이용하여 분석하였다. 기존 연구에 의하면 정책네트워크 행위자, 행위자의 목표와 전략, 행위자들간의 상호작용, 정책네트워크의 구조와 유형, 정책환경 등이 정책결과에 영향을 끼친다. 이 연구에서는 정책환경 요소와 정책망 요소, 정책결과로 나누어 분석을 진행하였다. 정책환경 요소로는 정책문제에 대한 사회적 인식, 정치경제적 상황, 국제적 맥락 등이 해당하며, 정책망 요소에는 행위자, 행위자간 상호작용, 정책네트워크 구조가 해당한다. 그리고 이러한 요소들이 정책결과에 미친 영향을 분석하였으며, 분석결과는 다음과 같다. 제도 도입 제1기에는 금융실명제 도입과, 전직대통령의 비자금 사건 등이 발생하면서 자금세탁방지제도에 대한 논의가 시작되었다. 시민단체, 국회, 정부가 주요 행위자였으며, 제도 도입을 적극적으로 지지한 시민단체와 일부 국회의원과 제도 도입에 유보적인 입장을 취하는 정부와 국회가 갈등하였다. 행위자들은 제도 도입을 두고 궁극적인 목표에 상이한 의견을 보이면서 대립하였고 이를 중재할 주요 행위자가 부재하면서 정책 네트워크는 분산형 갈등 네트워크 형태를 나타내면서 정책도입에 실패하였다. 제도 도입 2기에는 정부가 정책목표를 변경하여, 금융실명제 보완책과 함께 자금세탁방지제도를 도입할 것을 발표하였다. 시민단체와 정부가 세부내용을 두고 갈등을 보였음에도 정책도입이라는 궁극적인 목표에는 합의한데 반해, 국회는 제도도입에 반대하며 갈등양상을 보였다. 또한 1997년 경제위기와 대통령 선거를 앞두고 자금세탁방지제도 도입 논의가 금융실명제 보완책 및 경제위기 책임론과 함께 논의되면서 갈등이 심화되었다. 결국 갈등 상황에서 이를 중재할 행위자도 부재하였고, 분산형 갈등 네트워크 하에서 갈등이 지속되었다. 제도 도입 3기에는 외환자유화 조치로 불법 자금거래에 대한 가능성이 증가하고, 국제자금세탁방지기구로부터 자금세탁방지 비협조국가(NCCTs)로 지정될 가능성이 증가하면서 행위자들의 목표에 변화가 있었다. 정부와 국회, 시민단체는 제도 도입에 합의하면서 행위자들간 상호작용의 형태는 협력적이었다. 세부 방안을 두고 국회 논의과정에서 갈등이 있었으나 여야 국회의원 9인으로 이루어진 위원회가 이를 조정하는 역할을 하면서 최종적인 합의에 도달하였다. 3기의 네트워크는 협력적 집중 네트워크 형태를 보였고, 조정과 협의를 거쳐 최종적으로 자금세탁방지제도 도입이라는 정책산출을 달성하였다. 분석을 통해 도출한 함의는 첫째, 정책네트워크 유형이 정책결과에 영향을 끼쳤음을 확인할 수 있었다. 1,2기에서 3기로 시간이 흐름에 따라 정책네트워크는 분산형 갈등 네트워크에서 집중형 협력 네트워크로 변화하였고, 제3기에는 행위자들간의 협력적 상호작용과 갈등 중재자의 존재로 정책산출에 성공할 수 있었다. 둘째, 환경요인이 정책네트워크와 정책 결과에 영향을 끼치는 과정을 확인할 수 있었다. 환경변화는 행위자들의 목표와 이해관계, 상호작용 형태, 네트워크 구조에 영향을 끼치고 결과적으로 정책 결과에도 영향을 끼쳤다. 환경 변화는 제도가 도입될 수 있는 기회를 제공하거나, 행위자들 사이의 갈등을 심화시키는 요인으로 작용하기도 하였으며, 행위자들의 선호에 영향을 주고 상호작용 형태 변화에 영향을 주었다. 또한 갈등이 지연되는 경우에는 정책 중재자의 필요성을 대두시키기도 하였다. 그러나 이 같은 정책환경의 영향력은 제한적이었고 정책행위자 끼치는 영향을 통해 정책결과에 영향을 줄 수 있었다. 또한 환경변화 그 자체가 강제성을 가지지 않는 경우 행위자에게 미치는 영향도 간접적이었다. 셋째, 정책네트워크 참여자의 이해관계가 정책 산출에 영향을 끼쳤다. 자금세탁방지제도 도입과 강력한 규제방안의 도입은 금융시장의 투명성 확보 및 국민 경제의 경쟁력을 확보한다는 점에서 규범적인 요소였음에도, 제도 도입 과정에서 정치자금법 제외여부, 선거관리위원회 전속 통보제도, FIU의 계좌 추적 범위 등의 논의를 보면 공익적 가치보다 정책도입 참여자들의 이해관계가 크게 작용했음을 알 수 있다. 최종 정책산출물 또한 이 같은 이해관계의 조정과 타협의 결과물로 볼 수 있다. 마지막으로, 행위자들의 목표가 상충하는 경우뿐만 아니라 공통된 목표를 공유하는 경우에도 정책조정자의 역할이 중요했음을 확인할 수 있다. 정책의 큰 방향에는 합의하더라도 세부적인 내용에 대한 행위자간 갈등은 불가피하다. 이 경우 세무 갈등을 조정하고 최종적 합의에 이를 수 있도록 중재역할을 하는 행위자의 존재가 정책산출에 큰 영향을 미친다. 주제어 : 자금세탁, 자금세탁방지제도, 정책 네트워크 분석. ; In Korea, anti-money laundering policy was introduced on November 28, 2001 with the enforcement of 'the act on report on, and the use of specific financial transaction information' and 'the act on regulation and punishment of criminal proceeds concealment.' The anti-money laundering policy is a collective system of various preventive and suppressive measures taken by the government and the private sectors to prevent money laundering in a wide range of areas including legislation, criminal investigation, financial supervision and financial activities. This study analyzed the introducing process of anti-money laundering policy in Korea. This study demonstrated how various policy actors interacted in policymaking process and how these interactions affected policy outputs using the policy network analysis. The analysis classified factors into policy environment factors, policy network factors, and policy output. Social awareness on policy problem, political and economic situations, and international context were considered as sub-components of the policy environmental factors. As a policy network factor, actors, the interaction among actors, and the structure of the policy network were considered. After that, analysis on the impact of these factors on the final policy output was conducted. For more detailed analysis, the process of introducing an anti-money laundering system is analyzed by dividing it into three periods based on significant changes in policy network. In the first period, with the introduction of the real-name financial system, the need to prevent money laundering began to be discussed. The main policy actors of this period were civic groups and some lawmakers in the National Assembly who shared same policy goal, and the government and political parties still had a lukewarm attitude to enact anti-money laundering legislation. Actors were in conflict while disagreeing over the ultimate policy goals and there was no influential actor who could coordinate conflicts and make it possible to reach agreement. Policy network in the first period defined as a decentralized conflicting network and under this network structure, conflicts between actors had been prolonged and fail to reach to policy output. In the second period, the government changed its policy goal and announced to introduce the measures which complement the real-name financial system and the anti-money laundering system to prevent illegal financial transactions. The government and civic groups shared common goal of introducing the system though they had differences over details. However, the political parties strongly opposed the policy adoption, actors showed conflicting interaction. It was hard to find a major actor who would act as a coordinator in the policy network at this time. The policy network was a decentralized conflicting network, and the conflict between actors was prolonged. Conflicts became intense as issues such as supplementing the real-name financial transaction system and disputes over the responsibility of the economic crisis were discussed along with the anti-money system, and the lack of influential actor to coordinate and mediate the conflicts led to failure in policy adoption and prolonged conflicts. In the third period, NGOs, the government, and the National Assembly had a consensus on the policy goal of introducing an anti-money laundering system, but they differed on detail contents of the system. Thus, there were conflicts among civic groups, the government, and the National Assembly in discussing the details. Unlike the first and second period, there was a mediator who coordinated conflicts and made agreement. With this cooperative interaction and the existence of policy intermediaries, the policy network has changed from a decentralized conflicting network to a centralized cooperative network. Policy output has been successfully achieved through a coordination and compromise. The implications of this study are as follows. First, the type of policy network was a major factor determining policy output. In this study, the types of policy networks were classified by the pattern of interaction (cooperative/conflicting) and distribution of influence (centralized/ decentralized) to centralized cooperative network, centralized conflicting network, decentralized cooperative network and decentralized conflicting network. In each period, the type of policy network and the corresponding policy output were analyzed. The network was transformed into a centralized cooperative network and succeeded in introducing the new policy. Second, it could be seen how the policy environment affected the policy network and policy output. Changes in the policy environment brought changes in policy actors' goals and interests and affected the interaction pattern and lastly policy output. These environmental changes provided an opportunity for the debate on anti-money laundering to take place, and have intensified or complicated conflicts among actors. Also, these changed the goals and preferences of the actors and changed the patterns of interaction into cooperative. In the event of a prolonged conflict, these promoted the needs of active policy coordinator to solve the conflicts. However, the impact of the policy environment on policy network and policy output was limited and only affected policy output through the influence on actors. In addition when the policy environment didn't function as coercive force, it did not directly affect the actors' goals and interaction. Third, the interests of policy participants have had a great impact on detailed policy output. The introduction of the anti-money laundering system and strong detailed regulatory measures were normative in terms of the public interest, enhancing transparency in financial markets and secure competitiveness of the national economy by preventing illegal fund flows. However, in the policy network, the interests of policy actors affected more importantly rather than the public interest and justification. From the beginning of the discussion, the details of the anti-money laundering system had changed continuously depending on the interests of the actors. The final policy output in the third period can be evaluated as the results of negotiations and compromise of actors' interests. Finally, the existence of a policy coordinator was important not only when policy goals differed among actors, but also when common policy goals were shared. In the case of all policies, differences over details are inevitable. The role of a policy coordinator is critical to coordinating conflicts that may occur in the short term and reaching a final policy output. Keyword : Money laundering, Anti-money laundering policy, Policy network. ; Chapter1. Introduction 1 1.1 Purpose of Research 1 1.2 Scope of Research 3 1.3 Research Method 5 Chapter2. Theoretical Background 6 2.1 Policy Network 6 1) Concept of Policy Network 6 2) Factors of the Policy Network Analysis Model 7 3) Types of Policy Network 11 2.2 Framework of Analysis 14 1) Variables of Analysis 14 2) Research Questions 19 Chapter3. Overview on AML 20 3.1 Anti-Money Laundering 20 1) The Concept of Money Laundering 20 2) Concept of Anti-Money Laundering 21 2) International Cooperation for AML 22 3) Measures of the AML System 24 3.2 Current AML System in Korea 26 1) Legislation 26 2) AML Regime 26 3) Organization and Authority 32 4) International Cooperation 33 Chapter4. Analysis on Policy-Making Process 36 4.1 Introduction 36 4.2 Policy Network Analysis 37 1) The First Period (1993-1996) 37 (1) Overview 37 (2) Policy Environment 38 (3) Policy Network Factor 39 (4) Output 49 (5) Conclusion 49 2) The Second Period (1997-2000) 50 (1) Overview 50 (2) Policy Environment 51 (3) Policy Network Factor 54 (4) Output 66 (5) Conclusion 66 3) The Third Period (2000-2001.9) 68 (1) Overview 68 (2) Policy Environment 70 (3) Policy Network Factor 73 (4) Output 89 (5) Conclusion 91 Chapter5. Conclusion 93 5.1 Summary 93 5.2 Implication of Analysis 96 Bibliography 101 Abstract in Korean 105 ; Master

ABSTRAK Penelitian yang dilakukan ini bertujuan untuk menguji dan menganalisis pengaruh tenaga kerja dan investasi terhadap PDRB Industri Pengolahan di Pulau Jawa Tahun 2011-2017. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif kuantitatif. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah data sekunder dengan periode observasi 2011-2017 yang diperoleh dari Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) maupun publikasi lainnya yang terkait. Teknik metode analisis yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah regresi berganda data panel dengan model regresi Fixed Effetc Cross-Section Weight. Data diolah menggunakan Eviews 9.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tenaga kerja berpengaruh positif tetapi tidak signifikan terhadap PDRB industri pengolaan dengan koefisien 0,048110 dan nilai probabilitas sebesar 0,7183. Investasi PMA berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap PDRB Industri Pengolahan dengan koefisien sebesar 0,104161 dan nilai probabilitas uji t statistik sebesar 0,0000 atau lebih kecil dari taraf signifikan 5% atau sebesar 0,05. Investasi PMDN berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap PDRB Industri Pengolahan dengan koefisien sebesar 0,052172 dan nilai probabilitas sebesar 0,0018. Tenaga kerja dan investasi secara bersama-sama berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap kemiskinan dengan nilai F statistik 4508.827 dan Prob (F-statistic) 0,000000. Kata Kunci : PDRB Industri Pengolahan, Tenaga Kerja sektor industri, Investasi PMA sektor industri dan Investasi PMDN sektor industri. PENGARUH TENAGA KERJA DAN INVESTASI TERHADAP PDRB INDUSTRI PENGOLAHAN DI PULAU JAWA1. Latar BelakangPDRB Industri Pengolahan merupakan sektor yang berkontribusi besar terhadap perekonomian. Sektor industri dianggap sebagai mesin pertumbuhan ekonomi. Menurut Kusumantoro (2009), kebijakan pembangunan strategis sektoral adalah kebijakan pembangunan di sektor industri. Sektor tersebut dipandang sebagai sektor yang memiliki tingkat produktivitas tinggi, sehingga keunggulannya akan diperoleh nilai tambah yang tinggi. Oleh karena itu, tujuan menciptakan kesejahteraan ekonomi masyarakat dapat lebih cepat direalisasikan dengan mengembangkan sektor ini. Pulau Jawa memiliki nilai kontribusi yang besar dalam perekonomian nasional yang sebagian besar kontribusinya pada PDRB Industri Pengolahan. Disamping itu, karena perannya yang sangat penting dalam perekonomian, PDRB Industri pengolahan dipengaruhi oleh tenaga kerja sektor industri dan investasi PMA dan PMDN di sektor industri. Semakin bertambah besar lapangan kerja yang tersedia maka akan menyebabkan semakin meningkatnya pertumbuhan ekonomi di suatu daerah. Sedangkan dengan adanya investasi maka kapasitas dalam produksi akan meningkat yang kemudian akan mempengaruhi output yang dihasilkan. Meningkatnya output akan menyebabkan peningkatan pada PDRB. Akan tetapi, tenaga kerja dan investasi selalu mengalami fluktasi yang naik turun. Maka dari itu, penelitian ini untuk melihat apakah tenaga kerja sektor industri dan investasi PMA/PMDN sektor industri berpengaruh terhadap terbentuknya PDRB industri pengolahan.2. PermasalahanAdapun Permasalahan dalam penelitian ini sebagai berikut :Apakah terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan tenaga kerja sektor industri terhadap PDRB industri pengolahan di Pulau Jawa tahun 2011-2017?Apakah terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan investasi PMA di sektor industri terhadap PDRB industri pengolahan di Pulau Jawa tahun 2011-2017?Apakah terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan investasi PMDN terhadap PDRB Industri Pengolahan di Pulau Jawa tahun 2011-2017? 3. Tujuan PenelitianUntuk mengetahui dan menganalisa pengaruh tenaga kerja sektor industri terhadap PDRB industri pengolahan di Pulau Jawa.Untuk mengetahui dan menganalisa pengaruh investasi PMA di sektor industri terhadap PDRB industri pengolahan di Pulau Jawa.Untuk mengetahui dan menganalisa pengaruh investasi PMDN di sektor industri terhadap PDRB industri pengolahan di Pulau Jawa.4. Metode PenelitianPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan bukti empiris atau menguji penjelasan sebab dan akibat yang berbentuk berbentuk regresi berganda. Dan penelitian ini menunjukkan arah hubungan antara variabel bebas dengan variabel terikat disamping mengukur kekuatan hubungannya. Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder dengan periode observasi 2011-2017. Data yang digunakan bersumber dari Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) di Pulau Jawa maupun publikasi lainnya yang terkait. Analisis yang digunakan adalah analisis regresi berganda data panel dengan model regresi Fixed Effect Cross-Section Weights. Data diolah dengan menggunakan Eviews 9. 5. Hasil dan PembahasanHasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tenaga kerja sektor industri berpengaruh positif tapi tidak signifikan terhadap PDRB industri pengolahan dengan koefisien 0,048110 dan nilai probabilitas sebesar 0,7183. Tenaga kerja sektor industri berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap PDRB industri pengolahan dengan koefisien sebesar 0,104161 dan nilai probabilitas uji t statistik sebesar 0,0000 atau lebih kecil dari taraf signifikan 5% atau sebesar 0,05. Investasi PMDN berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap PDRB industri pengolahan dengan koefisien sebesar 0,052172 dan nilai probabilitas sebesar 0,0018. 6. Kesimpulan dan rekomendasiKesimpulanTenaga kerja sektor industri menunjukkan pengaruh positif tapi signifikan terhadap PDRB industri pengolahan. Investasi PMA berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap PDRB industri pengolahan. Investasi PMDN berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi. Selain itu uji determinasi (R2) menunjukkan bahwa 99,90% variabel bebas (tenaga kerja sektor industri, investasi PMA dan PMDN di sektor industri) mempengaruhi variabel terikat (PDRB industri pengolahan), sisanya dipengaruhi oleh variabel diluar variabel bebas.RekomendasiMengingat peran PDRB industri pengolahan yang memiliki kontribusi yang besar terhadap perekonomian yang dipengaruhi oleh tenaga kerja sektor industri dan investasi PMA dan PMDN di sektor industri. Pemerintah dan pengusaha diharapkan dapat mendorong terus adanya perbaikan kondisi pekerja dan lingkungannya, sehingga tingkat upah dan produktivitas diharapkan tumbuh selaras dan dapat memperbaiki kondisi kesejahteraan pekerja di Pulau Jawa. Serta menetapkan regulasi-regulasi tentang cara dan persyaratan investasi yang mudah diterima oleh para investor, adanya jaminan stabiltas politik, keamanan dan penegakan hukum yang konsisten, menyediakan informasi yang akurat untuk para investor, mewujudkan mekanisme pelayanan atu pintu yang efektif untutk calon investor.DAFTAR PUSTAKAAbbas, Q. (2011). "Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on Gross Domestic Product." Global Journal of Management and Business Research Volume 11(8), 35-39. Global Journals Inc. (USA).Arifin, Z. (2012). "Analisis Spasial Penyerapan Tenaga Kerja Industri Manufaktur Besar dan Sedang di Pulau Jawa."Jurnal HumanityVol.7 No2, 111-116. Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang.Ariska, N., Hanim,A. (2016)."Dampak Investasi Sektor Industri Pengolahan Terhadap Perekonomian Jawa Timur (Pendekatan Analisis Input-Output). Artikel Ilmiah Mahasiswa. Universitas Jember.Arsyad, L. (2015). Ekonomi Industri. Universitas Terbuka: Banten.Basir, M. (2012). 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Semarang State University, Indonesia.Karlita,B.S dan Yusuf, E. (2013). "Pengaruh Investasi, Tenaga Kerja, Dan Ekspor Terhadap PDRB Sektor Industri Di Kota Semarang Tahun 1993-2010". Diponegoro Journal Of Economics . Vol 2,No. 4.Kuncoro, M. (2001). Metode Kuantitatif: Teori dan Aplikasi Untuk Binsis dan Ekonomi. Yogyakarta: AMP YKPNKurniasih, E.P., Agustini, Y. (2016). "Pengaruh Investasi PMDN, PMA dan Penyerapan Tenaga Kerja Terhadap Pertumbuhan Ekonomi dan Jumlah Penduduk Miskin Kabupaten/Kota di Provinsi Kalimantan Barat". Jurnal Ekonomi Bisnis dan Kewirausahaan Vol. 6(2), 97-119.Kurniasih, E.P. (2017). "Effect of economic growth on income inequality, labor absorption, and welfare". Economic Journal of Emerging Markets Vol. 9 (2), 181-188.Kurniasih, E.P. (2016). "Produktivitas Tenaga Kerja dan Pertumbuhan Ekonomi di Provinsi Kalimantan Barat. SEMNAS FEKON.Lintang, A., Rahman, Y. (2015). "Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi PDRB Kabupaten/Kota Jawa Tengah Tahun 2018-2012".Journal of Economics and Policy 8 (1), 88-99. Universitas Negeri Semarang.Mahyudi, A. (2014). Ekonomi Pembangunan & Analisis Data Empiris. Bogor: Ghalia Indonesia.Melyani, M., Maria, A. (2015). "Pengaruh Investasi dan Tenaga Kerja Terhadap PDRB Sektor Industri di Provinsi Jawa Barat".Jurnal Media Ekonomi Vol. 23 No. 3. Universitas Trisakti,Menajang, H. (2014). "Pengaruh Investasi dan Tenaga Kerja Terhadap Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Kota Manado". Jurnal Ekonomi dan Studi Pembangunan Vol 13 (1), 1-16. Universitas Sam RatulangiPriyarsono, D., Siregar, H. (2017). "Kinerja Sektor Industri Manufaktur Provinsi Jawa Barat Berdasarkan Lokasi di Dalam dan di Luar Kawasan Industri."Jurnal Manajemen Teknologi16(3), 241-257. Insitut Pertanian Bogor.Purwasih,H. (2017). "Pengaruh Pertumbuhan Sektor Industri Terhadap Penyerapan Tenaga Kerja di Kabupaten Sidoarjo."Jurnal Ekonomi Vol.5 No1.Universitas Negeri Surabaya.Rindayati, W., dkk. (2016). "Spatial Consentration and Factors that Affect the Competitiveness of Province Superior Industries in Indonesia". Journal of Economics and Development Studies Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 13-21. American Research Institute for Policy Development.Rosyidi, S. (2000). Pengantar Ilmu Ekonomi. DKI Jakarta: Erlangga.Salim, M. (2013). "Pengaruh Investasi dan Tenaga Kerja Terhadap PDRB Provinsi Papua". Jurnal Manajemen dan Akuntansi (FJMA) Vol 1(1), 1-9. Universitas Yapis Papua, IndonesiaSarwono. (2016). "Analysis of Economic Growth Factors in West Pantura Areas of Central Java." Journal of Economics and Policy Vol 9 (1), 145-158. Diponegoro University, IndonesiaSholihah, I.M., dkk. (2017). "Analisis Investasi Sektor Industri Manufaktur, Pengaruhnya Terhadap Pertumbuhan Ekonomi dan Penyerapan Tenaga Kerja di Indonesia". 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Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Nelkud-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 649 ha in Nelkud-1 microwatershed in Gulbarga taluk of Gulbarga district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 740 mm, of which about 540 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 126 mm during north-east and the remaining 74 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 94 per cent is covered by soils, six per cent by waterbodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 7 soil series and 16 soil phases (management units) and four land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from the 3rd week of May to 1rd week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 19 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 82 per cent area is suitable for agriculture and 12 per cent is not suitable for agriculture.  About 73 per cent area has shallow to moderately shallow (25-75 cm) and about 22 per cent are very shallow (0.75%) in organic carbon.  Major area of 7 per cent has soils that are low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (1.0 ppm).  About 5 per cent area has soils that are deficient (4.5 ppm).  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  About 21 per cent area has soils that are deficient (0.6 ppm).  The land suitability for 19 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 386 (59) Guava - - Maize - 386 (59) Jackfruit - - Red gram - 389 6(59) Jamun - - Sunflower - - Musambi - - Cotton - 386 (59) Lime - - Sugarcane - - Cashew - - Soybean - 386 (59) Custard apple - 386 (59) Bengal gram 296(46) 123 (19) Amla - 389 (59) Mango - - Tamarind - - Sapota - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the four identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fibre and horticulture crops that helps sustained production and also in maintaining the ecological balance in the microwatershed.   Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass. This helps in maintaining an ecological balance and also contributes to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Nelkud-1 micro-watershed (Halikher sub-watershed, Gulbarga taluk, Gulbarga district) is located in between 17039'–17041' North latitudes and 7706'–7708' East longitudes, covering an area of about 649 ha, bounded by Kathalli, Itga, Rampur, Patvada, Gobbarwadi and Chintkota villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120- 150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for Nelkud-1 Microwatershed (Halikher subwatershed, Gulbarga taluk, Gulbarga district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 68.2 to 31.8 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 75 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 63.6 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) is around 80.0 per cent.  Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 90.0 per cent.  Only 30 per cent farm households are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 80.0 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 40.0 per cent of sample households.  Institutional participation is only 2.3 per cent of sample households.  Rural migration to unban centre for employment is prevalent among 30.0 per cent of farm households.  Women participation in decisions making are around 90.0 per cent of households 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 2.0 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to small and medium farmers. The total cultivated land is dry land area among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 22.7 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 68.2 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs.19597 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs.7389 per household, about 30.0 per cent of sample farmers having plough and sprayer (30 %).  The average value of livestock is around Rs.29375 per household; about 64.3 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 979 grams (1999.6 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 30 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs.225742 per household. About 40 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs.2418. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 2388 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 1463607 per year for the total area of 649.02 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 22688/ha/year. Per hectare food grains production services is maximum in cotton (Rs. 28348) followed by redgram (Rs. 7027).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in red gram (Rs.53573) and cotton (Rs.49758). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is redgram (88.2 %) and cotton (11.8 %). 3  In Nelked 1 Microwatershed, major soil is soil of Kinhi (KNH) series is having very shallow soil depth cover around 5.8 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing cotton. Dinsi (DSI) soil series having moderately shallow soil depth cover 7.67 % of area; crops grown are red gram. Gutti (GTT) soil series having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 37.9 % of areas, crops grown are cotton (27.5 %) and redgram (72.5 %) and Hobli (HBL) soil series having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 13.8 % of area, crops grown are redgram.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for redgram ranges between Rs.30897/ha in GTT soil (with BCR of 1.36) and Rs.11496/ha in DSI soil (with BCR of 3.29).  In cotton the cost of cultivation range between Rs.26856/ha in KNH soil (with BCR of 1.98 and Rs 15248/ha in GTT soil (with BCR of 2.99)).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthen agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in redgram (22.6 to 10.2 %) and cotton (33.3 to 22.1 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Danda cheruvu-1Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 550 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 489 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils and 59 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 11 soil series and 16 soil phases (management units) and 7 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 15 per cent of area is very shallow (150 cm).  About 10 per cent area in the microwatershed has sand soils, 25 per cent loamy soils and 54 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  Maximum of 89 per cent area in the microwatershed is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 16 per cent is medium (101-150 mm/m), 21 per cent is low (51-100 mm/m) and 37 per cent area is very low (0.75%), 76 per cent of area is medium (0.5- 0.75%) and 3 per cent of area is low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus content of the soil.  About 78 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in available potassium content, 11 per cent of area is low (337 kg/ha).  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in an area of 16 per cent.  Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in an area of 23 per cent of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 31 (6) 174 (32) Guava - 62 (11) Maize 62 (11) 199 (36) Sapota - 62 (11) Bajra 62 (11) 143 (26) Pomegranate - 62 (11) Groundnut 62 (11) 117 (21) Musambi - 62 (11) Sunflower - 62 (11) Lime - 62 (11) Redgram - 119 (22) Amla 62 (11) 86 (16) Bengal gram - - Cashew - - Cotton - 31 (6) Jackfruit - 62 (11) Chilli 62 (11) 86 (16) Jamun - - Tomato 62 (11) 86 (16) Custard apple 31 (6) 117 (21) Brinjal 62 (11) 86 (16) Tamarind - - Onion 62 (11) 86 (16) Mulberry - 62 (11) Bhendi 62 (11) 86 (16) Marigold 62 (11) 86 (16) Drumstick - 62 (11) Chrysanthemum 62 (11) 86 (16) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Danda Cheruvu-1 is located at North latitude 160 54' 42.882" and 160 52'57.032" and East longitude 770 17' 20.846'' and 770 14' 33.85" covering an area of about 549.89 ha coming under under Gajarakota and Kootagera villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Danda Cheruvu-1 micro watersheds of Shivapur subwatershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 total respondents, 17 (48.57 %) were marginal, 13 (37.14%) were small and 3 (8.57 %) were Semi medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 102 (58.29%) men and 73 (41.71 %) were women.  Majority of the respondents (46.29%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 64.00 per cent of illiterates, 3.43 per cent of them had primary school education, 7.43 per cent middle school education, 9.14 per cent high school education, 4.57 per cent of them had PUC education and 10.29 per cent attained graduation  About, 82.86 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 5.71 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 69.71 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 82.86 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 11.43 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 91.43 per cent possess TV, 25.71 per cent possess mixer grinder, 97.14 per cent possess mobile phones and 25.71 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 17.14 per cent of the households possess plough, 8.57 per cent possess bullock cart and 5.71 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 11.43 per cent possess local cow.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own men and women labour availability in the micro watershed was 8.46 each, while the hired labour (men) availability was 2.17.  Further, 11.43 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 97.74 per cent (35.89 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 2.26 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 1.00 live bore wells and 1.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households. 2  Bore/open well was the major source of irrigation for 2.86 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Groundnut, Jowar and Green gram and cropping intensity was recorded as 96.36 per cent.  Out of the sample households 71.43 percent possessed bank account and 45.71 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 51.43 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 38.89 per cent from cooperative/ Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 100.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Groundnut, Jowar and Green gram was Rs.34592.67 , 53172.04, 26298.70, and 11651.35 with benefit cost ratio of 1:4.70, 1: 1.10, 1: 0.90 and 1: 4.40 respectively.  Further, 60.00 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 17.14 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 92714.29 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 52514.29 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 9 horticulture trees and 79 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 4771.43 for land development, Rs. 2428.57 for creation of irrigation facility, Rs.380.00 for adoption of improved crop production activities.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 2.86, 2.86 and 42.86 per cent, the sources of finance raised from governments subsidy for irrigation facility was 2.86 per cent, the sources of finance raised from own funds for improved crop production was 14.29 per cent  Regarding marketing channels, 45.71 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 22.86 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 77.14 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (77.14%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 91.43 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 65.71 per cent of the households and 34.29 per cent households has LPG connection. 3  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 71.43 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 80.00 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 97.14 per cent of the households possessed BPL card and 2.86 per cent of the household's were not having ration cards.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (85.71%), pulses (82.86%) and oilseeds (37.14%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (91.43%) wild animal menace on farm field (91.43%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (82.86%), inadequacy of irrigation water (91.43%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (94.29%), high rate of interest on credit (94.29%), low price for the agricultural commodities (94.29%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (37.14%), inadequate extension services (77.14%) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (17.14%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project