Suchergebnisse

Objetivos Innocent Gentillet fue uno de los juristas y polemistas hugonotes más activos durante las Guerras de Religión en Francia (1562-1598). Pese al importante papel que sus escritos jugaron en este conflicto, su figura quedó en la sombra después del siglo XVII. Tampoco filósofos e historiadores contemporáneos dedicaron mucha atención a este jurista delfinés, siempre considerado en segundo plano por detrás de sus correligionarios 'monarcómacos', teólogos y juristas como Hotman, Duplessis-Mornay o Bèze, a los que, durante mucho tiempo, se tomó como exponentes principales del pensamiento político y jurídico hugonote. Teniendo en cuenta este olvido relativo (la única monografía dedicada a Gentillet es una breve presentación de sus ideas anti-maquiavélicas redactada en 1969), consideramos adecuado acometer un estudio sistemático del pensamiento del jurista calvinista que tuviera en cuenta tanto el importante papel que desempeñó en el movimiento reformado francés entre 1574 (fecha de publicación de su primera Remonstrance) y 1588 (fecha de su muerte) como su relevancia para la historia de la filosofía y de las ideas políticas. Metodología La tesis doctoral realiza, en primer lugar, una reconstrucción histórica de la biografía de Gentillet desde una perspectiva filosófico-política. En esta biografía se tienen en cuenta, por primera vez, datos importantes extraídos de fuentes primarias como el registro de la Universidad de Grenoble, la correspondencia de figuras destacadas en la Francia de la segunda mitad del siglo XVI o distintos documentos de archivo relativos a la historia del Delfinado en el período mencionado. El trabajo redactado ofrece, en segundo lugar, una lectura sistemática de los escritos publicados por Gentillet entre 1574 y 1576. Poniendo en práctica las pautas de trabajo seguidas actualmente en las disciplinas de la historia de los conceptos y de las ideas políticas, se busca, ante todo, contextualizar los escritos analizados en el marco de los acontecimientos coetáneos y ponerlos en relación con el resto de la producción polémica de la época. Conclusiones La tesis redactada ofrece, por primera vez, informaciones sobre la formación universitaria de Innocent Gentillet en el Grenoble de la década de 1550, período en el que la Facultad de Derecho contaba entre sus profesores con el famoso civilista portugués António Gouveia, a nuestro juicio importante para entender la singular perspectiva jurídico-política desarrollada por Gentillet en el seno del movimiento reformado francés. De este ideario rescatamos, sobre todo, las ideas y conceptos empleados por Gentillet para proponer una reforma en el modo de administrar los asuntos públicos en la Corona francesa de su tiempo. Nos concentramos también en la forma en la que el jurista conceptualizó la autoridad regia proponiendo a los monarcas un ejercicio "civil" (y no "absoluto") de su poder. La tesis muestra la postura de Gentillet como una 'tercera vía' (muy influida por pensadores precedentes como Seyssel) entre la forma pragmática y 'autoritaria' de gobierno que Maquiavelo recomendó en Il principe y el republicanismo de los protestantes monarcómacos, empeñados en someter la autoridad regia al control de la nobleza y de instituciones como los Parlamentos y los Estados Generales. La tesis destaca, finalmente, la importancia del Discours contre Machiavel para la historia de la filosofía política. Se trata de un amplio tratado escrito por Gentillet en 1576 y ampliado en una edición muy poco conocida (se conserva un único ejemplar) de 1585. La importancia de esta obra deriva del hecho de que se trata de la primera crítica sistemática a los principales escritos de Maquiavelo (Il principe, Discorsi, Istorie fiorentine, Dell'arte della guerra) y de que Gentillet acometió en ella una refutación a la vez política, social, económica, histórica y teológica a las ideas del florentino. ABSTRACT Objectives Innocent Gentillet was one oft the most influential Huguenot polemists during the French Wars of Religion (1562-1598). Although the important role played by his writings in this conflict, his figure remained in the shadow after the 17th Century. Neither contemporary philosophers nor historians, payed too much attention to this author, always considered secondly after his 'monarchomach' co-religionists, theologians and jurists such as Hotman, Duplessis-Mornay or Bèze, taken since a long time ago as the main exponents of Huguenot juridical and political thought. Taking into account this relative forget (the only monography dedicated to Gentillet is a brief account of his anti-Machiavellian ideas which was written in 1969), we considered that it was necessary a systematic study of the ideas and writings of Gentillet which focused in the important role played by this Calvinist jurist in the French Reformed Movement between 1574 (date of publication of his first Remonstrance) and 1588 (date of his death) and in his relevance for the History of Philosophy and for the History of Political Ideas. Methodology This work undertakes a reconstruction of Gentillet´s biography from a philosophical and political perspective. In this biography we use, for the first time, important pieces of information taken from primary sources as the register of Grenoble University, the letters of important figures in 16th Century France and other documents related to the history of Dauphiné in the above-mentioned period. Our dissertation offers, secondly, a systematic lecture of the writings published by Gentillet from 1574 to 1576. Putting into practice the most contemporary trends of research in the areas of the History of Political Ideas and Conceptual History, we contextualize these writings and we show their relationship with other important pieces of the polemical debates of this period. Conclusions The dissertation provides, for the first time, specific information about the studies followed by Innocent Gentillet at Grenoble University in the 1550s, when the Faculty of Law had among their teachers the famous Portuguese civil jurist António Gouveia. We consider Gouveia as a very important figure to understand the very specific juridical and political perspective developed by Gentillet among the French Reformed polemists. While studying this perspective, we focus specially in the ideas and concepts employed by Gentillet in order to propose a reform of the way of dealing with public affairs in the French Crown of his time. We also analyze the conceptualization of royal authority in the writings of Gentillet, showing that he proposed the kings a "civil" (opposed to "absolute") exercise of his power. Our book takes Gentillet's proposals as a 'third way' (very influenced, on the other hand, by earlier thinkers as Seyssel) between the pragmatic and 'authoritarian' government recommended by Machiavelli in his Prince and the republican ideas of monarchomach Protestants, interested in submitting royal authority to the control of nobility and institutions such as Parliaments and General Estates. Our dissertation underlines, finally, the importance of the Discours contre Machiavel for the History of Political Philosophy. This book is a long treatise written by Gentillet in 1576 and reissued in a very rare (there is only one available copy in Grenoble) 1585 edition. Gentillet´s Discours is, in fact, the first systematic critic to the main writings of Machiavelli (Il principe, Discorsi, Istorie fiorentine, Dell'arte della guerra). Moreover, Gentillet undertook in his work a total refutation of the ideas of the famous Florentine secretary, taking into account his opinions about politics, society, economy, history or theology.

[ES]El propósito de la presente Tesis Doctoral es el estudio en profundidad de la obra histórica del polígrafo granadino Ibn al-Jaṭīb Kitāb A´māl al-a´lām fī man būyi´a qabla al-iḥtilām min mulūk al-islām wa mā yaŷurru ḏālika min šuŷūn al-kalām (Libro de las gestas de los hombres ilustres acerca de los reyes del islam que fueron proclamados antes de alcanzar la pubertad, con lo que ello conlleva de digresiones). Es esta obra posiblemente el último y más sincero testimonio del sabio granadino. Se trata de una historia del islam inacabada que Ibn al-Jaṭīb compuso refugiado en la corte meriní para defender la legalidad de la proclamación del joven monarca menor de edad, Abū Zayyān Muḥammad al-Sa´īd II bajo la tutela del visir Abū Bakr b. Gāzī, ante los ataques de sus enemigos granadinos que negaban la legitimidad de la proclamación de un menor de edad. Por esta razón, Ibn al-Jaṭīb redactó esta obra, buscando ejemplos en los soberanos anteriores de la Historia del islam que se habían encontrado en las mismas circunstancias. Así pues, el contenido del A´māl al-a´lām es más amplio de lo que el título hace suponer. La obra consta de tres partes, de las cuales la segunda es el objeto de mi estudio y traducción, la dedicada a la conquista y la presencia islámica en la Península Ibérica, al-Andalus. En esta parte además de proporcionarnos abundantes noticias sobre los distintos periodos, en especial el de los reyes de taifas, Ibn al-Jaṭīb redacta un capítulo final dedicado a los reyes cristianos, así como un capítulo autobiográfico en el que nos da a conocer su experiencia vital y personal como alto dignatario durante el segundo reinado del sultán nazarí Muḥammad V, y expone sus ideas sobre la sociedad, la política y el arte de gobernar. Esta Tesis Doctoral incluye la traducción del periodo histórico comprendido entre el califato de Muḥammad II b. ´Abd al-Ŷabbār en Córdoba (399/1009) , hasta los últimos días de Ibn al-Jaṭīb exiliado en Fez en el año 735/1374, es decir, cuatro siglos de agitada historia. Par abordar el estudio de esta obra, este trabajo ha sido orientado en diferentes direcciones, con el objetivo de tratar de cubrir todos o los más importantes aspectos que Ibn al-Jaṭīb expone en esta obra. De esta manera, se ofrece un estudio bibliográfico sobre la vida y obra de Ibn al-Jaṭīb, un esbozo del contexto social y político del Reino Nazarí, en particular de los reinados de Yūsuf I y Muḥammad V. Del mismo modo, se incluye un estudio sobre la faceta mística del visir granadino, sobre su concepto del Estado y la política, así como un análisis de su relación personal y profesional con el sabio tunecino Ibn Jaldūn en base a la correspondencia que mantuvieron. La segunda parte del estudio se centra en la labor histórica de Ibn al-Jaṭīb y se presenta un análisis del concepto de la Historia según nuestro autor, un estudio de la estructura y contenido del Kitāb A´māl al-a´lām y un capítulo dedicado a las dificultades encontradas a lo largo de todo el proceso de traducción. Para finalizar, esbozamos una conclusión relativa al contenido del presente estudio. Por último, se ofrece la relación de las fuentes y estudios empleados en la elaboración del presente trabajo. ; [EN]The purpose of the present thesis is to study in depth the historical work of the granadian polygraph Ibn al-Jaṭīb Kitāb A´māl al-a´lām fī man būyi´a qabla al-iḥtilām min mulūk al-islām wa mā yaŷurru ḏālika min šuŷūn al-kalām (Book of the noblemen´s feats about the islam´s kings who where proclaimed before reach puberty, with all that implies of digressions). This work is possibly the last and most sincered testimony of the granadian vizier. It is an unfinished history of Islam that Ibn al-Jaṭīb wrote when he was refugee in the marinid court, to defend the legality of the proclamation of the young under age merinid monarch Abū Zayyān Muḥammad al-Sa´īd II under the guardianship of the vizier Abū Bakr b. Gāzī, against the attacks of his granadian enemies who denied the legitimacy of the proclamation of a minor. For this reason, Ibn al-Jaṭīb composed this work looking for exemples from previous monarchs of the history of Islam who found themselves in the same circumstances. Thus, the content of the A´māl al-a´lām is more extensive than the tittle suggests. The work consists on three parts. The second one, aim of my study and translation, is dedicated to the conquest and the Islamic presence in the Iberian Peninsula, al-Andalus. In this part apart from providing abundant news about the different periods, especially from the taifas´s kings, Ibn al-Jaṭīb writes a final chapter dedicated to the Christian kings, and also presents an autobiographical chapter that reveals his vital and personal experience as a high dignitary during the second reign of the nasrid sultan Muḥammad V, and express his ideas about society, politicy and statecraft. This thesis includes the translation of the historical period comprised between the caliphat of Muḥammad II b. ´Abd al-Ŷabbār in Cordoba (399/1009), untill the last days of Ibn al-Jaṭīb exiled in Fez in the year 735/1374, that is, four centuries of turbulent history. For the study of this work has taken several different directions, with the aim of triying to cover all or the most important aspects that Ibn al-Jaṭīb presents in this work. Thus, it provides a historiographical study of the life and work of Ibn al-Jaṭīb, an outline of the social and political context of the Nasrid Reign, particularly from the reigns of Yūsuf I and Muḥammad V. In the same way, a study of the mystical side of the granadian vizier, as well as and on his concept of state and politics, and an analysis of his personal and professional relationship with the tunisian wiseman Ibn Jaldūn based on the correspondence maintained between the two is included. The second part of the study focus on the historical work of Ibn al-Jaṭīb and presents an analysis of the concept of History according to our author, and analysis of the structure and content of the Kitāb A´māl al-a´lām and a chapter dedicated to the difficulties encountered along all the process of traslation. Finally, we outline a conclusion about the content of this study. After that, we offer the account of sources and bibliography used to draw up this study.

Thomas Jefferson y John Marshall encarnan las dos más relevantes personalidades contrapuestas de la joven República. Simbolizan asimismo dos enfrentadas convicciones constitucionales en esta época. Esa contraposición se ponía especialmente de manifiesto en el caso United States v. Burr (1807), en el que Aaron Burr, Vicepresidente de los Estados Unidos durante el primer mandato presidencial de Jefferson, iba a ser acusado del delito de traición.Desde el punto de vista constitucional, el Derecho de traición presentaba un interés excepcional. El delito era el más grave contra la seguridad del Estado, pero, por el estigma que entrañaba y por la vaguedad de su alcance, se podía convertir en un notorio instrumento de poder arbitrario y de facción política. A tenor de la Sección tercera del Art. III de la Constitución: «La traición contra los Estados Unidos consistirá tan sólo en hacer la guerra en su contra o en unirse a sus enemigos, dándoles su ayuda y protección. A ninguna persona se le condenará por traición a no ser con base en la declaración de dos testigos del mismo acto manifiesto, o en una confesión en sesión pública de un tribunal».Marshall iba a presidir el Tribunal de Circuito de Richmond que juzgaría a Aaron Burr. El caso de Burr era un juicio político de primera magnitud. Con anterioridad al juicio de Burr, el Presidente Jefferson, en un mensaje dirigido al Congreso, con base en débiles pruebas y simples rumores, proclamó abiertamente la culpabilidad de Burr. Como algún autor ha dicho, Jefferson estaba salvajemente decidido a que Burr fuera colgado y proyectó todo el peso y prestigio de la Administración detrás de la acusación. Para alcanzar tal fin, el Presidente estaba completamente dispuesto a burlar la Constitución. Marshall era consciente de que una definición permisiva del delito de traición posibilitaría su utilización como un arma para la represión política. De ahí que en un caso anterior, Ex Parte Bollman, sostuviera que: «Es más seguro, así como más conforme a los principios de nuestra Constitución, que el delito de traición no debe extenderse por deducción a los casos dudosos, y que aquellos delitos no claramente dentro de la definición constitucional reciban el castigo que la sensatez de la legislatura pueda disponer».En su alocución al jurado en el caso de Burr, Marshall adujo dos consideraciones cruciales: lª) Que esta acusación, habiendo formulado cargos al prisionero (Aaron Burr) de hacer la guerra en la isla de Bennerhassett y no conteniendo otro acto manifiesto, no puede sostenerse por la prueba de que la guerra se hizo en aquel lugar por otras personas, en ausencia del prisionero, aún admitiendo que esas personas estén relacionadas con él en una común conspiración traidora. 2ª) Que admitiendo que tal acusación pudiera sostenerse por tal prueba, la previa condena de alguna persona que cometió el acto del que se dice equivaler a hacer la guerra, es indispensable para la condena de una persona que aconsejó o procuró ese acto. El jurado emitió un veredicto de no culpabilidad, exonerando a Burr del delito de traición. De inmediato, Jefferson criticó acerbamente a Marshall al considerar que el Presidente del Tribunal había adoptado una conducta partidista en el juicio de Burr. Jefferson nunca discutió en términos jurídicos la sentencia; tampoco la interpretación dada por Marshall a la cláusula constitucional de traición; su crítica siempre giró en torno a que el proceso fue un evento político. El caso United States v. Burr fue en realidad el caso de John Marshall contra Thomas Jefferson. ; Thomas Jefferson and John Marshall embodie two opposed personalities of the young Republic. They also symbolize two encountered constitutional convictions at this time. That conflict was especially showed in the United States v. Burr case (1807) in which Aaron Burr, Vice-president of the United States during the first Jefferson´s presidential period, was charged of treason. From the point of view constitutional, the Law of treason offered an exceptional interest. The crime was the most serious against the safety of the state; but, by the same token, the stigma it carries, and the vagueness of its reach might to be converted in a notorious instrument of arbitrary power and political faction. In accordance with the third Section of the Art. III of the Constitution: «Treason against the United States, shall consist only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court». Marshall presided over the Circuit Court at Richmond which judged Aaron Burr. The Burr case was a political trial of the first magnitude. Previously the trial, President Jefferson, in a message sent to Congress, on weak evidences and mere rumours, openly proclaimed thar Burr was guilty. As some author has told, Jefferson was savagely determined that Burr should hang and threw the whole weight and prestige of the administration behind the prosecution. He was quite prepared to circumvent the Constitution to this end. Marshall was aware that a permissive definition of treason should allow its utilization as a weapon for the political repression; so that in a previous case, the Ex Parte Bollman case, maintained: «It is, therefore, more safe as well as more consonant to the principles of our constitution, that the crime of treason should not be extended by construction to doubtful cases; and that crimes not clearly within the constitutional definition, should receive such punishment as the legislature in its wisdom may provide». In his charge to jury in the Burr case, Marshall alleged two crucial considerations: 1st. «That this indictment, having charged the prisoner —Aaron Burr— with levying war on Blennerhassett´s island, and containing no other overt act, cannot be supported by proof that war was levied at that place by other persons, in the absence of the prisoner, even admitting those persons to be connected with him in one common treasonable conspiracy». 2nd. «That admitting such an indictment could be supported by such evidence, the previous conviction of some person who committed the act which is said to amount to levying war, is indispensable to the conviction of a person who advised or procured that act». The jury expressed a verdict of no guilty and by it the jurors exculpated Burr of the crime of treason. Immediately, Jefferson criticized bitterly Marshall on considering that the Chief Judge had assumed a factional behaviour in the Burr trial. Jefferson never discussed in legal terms the judgment; neither the interpretation given by Marshall of the treason clause; its criticism always turned around the process had been a political event. The case United States v. Burr was actually the case John Marshall versus Thomas Jefferson.

Zusammenfassung: Als Psychotherapeut und ehemaliger Kantonsrat beschreibt der Autor die Bedeutung einer Sozialisation mit dem Ziel der Emanzipation und Autonomieentwicklung in der Politik. Er zeigt, wie ambivalent die politische Praxis diesbezüglich ist. Er verbindet seine Ausführungen auch mit der Bedeutung des emanzipatorischen Aspektes der Psychotherapie und stellt die These auf, dass Psychotherapie von Politik nicht zu trennen ist. Wenn Psychotherapie Menschen verändert und emanzipatorisch wirkt, so hat das einen politischen Impakt. Er fordert die Psychotherapeuten auf, sich der politischen Bedeutung ihrer Arbeit bewusst zu sein und die eigenen Therapiekonzepte ideologiekritisch immer wieder auf unerkannte politische Einschlüsse aus dem Zeitgeist zu hinterfragen. Erkenntnisse der Therapeuten aus dem Sprechzimmer sollen auch in geeigneter Form öffentlich gemacht werden, nicht nur in Fachzeitschriften.Schlüsselwörter: Psychotherapie, Politik, Emanzipation, Menschenrechte ; Summary: The author, in his role as psychotherapist and former member of the Cantonal Council, describes the meaning of socialization with the goal of emancipation and the development of autonomy in politics. In this regard he shows how ambivalent political practice is. He also links his submissions to the meaning of the emancipatory aspects of psychotherapy and puts forward the thesis that psychotherapy cannot be separated from politics. If psychotherapy changes people and works in an emancipatory way, then it has a political impact. He calls upon psychotherapists to be aware of the political meaning of their work and to be ideologically critical of their therapy concepts and to constantly question unknown political inclusions emerging from the spirit of our times. Therapists' insights from the consulting room should be made public in an appropriate form, and this should not just be in professional journals.Keywords: Psychotherapy, Politics, Emancipation, Human rights ; Le cœur de l'action politique est de réglementer les affaires de la collectivité en adoptant des décisions contraignantes. Il s'agit des affaires publiques, et avec elles du cadre social dans lequel les hommes et les sous-systèmes d'une collectivité grandissent, auquel ils participent et qu'ils co-organisent, dans lequel ils parviennent à maturité ou souffrent. Un politicien est donc en ce sens quelqu'un qui se saisit des affaires publiques et qui contribue à l'organisation des conditions de vie sociale par son action politique. Il s'occupe des maux de la société.Par opposition, les psychothérapeutes s'occupent généralement de la souffrance subjective des individus vivant dans la société. C'est en ce sens que la psychothérapie et la politique entrent en interaction. La politique et la psychothérapie ne peuvent être déconnectées l'une de l'autre. Lorsque la psychothérapie contribue à l'émancipation des individus, elle représente une force capable de changer la société et a donc une portée politique.L'intérêt curatif de la psychothérapie (guérison des maladies) ne peut être déconnecté de l'intérêt émancipatoire (promotion du développement de la personnalité pour aboutir à l'autonomie et à la responsabilisation sociale). La psychothérapie est enracinée dans un cadre culturel, social et politique. Elle fait à ce titre partie de la société et partie du système. C'est l'un des grands défis posés à notre profession que de ne pas s'engager plus loin dans le système malgré cette imbrication, mais de garder en ligne de mire les interactions entre les souffrances subjectives et la société, de même que les maux de la société. Le processus thérapeutique doit être organisé de façon à pouvoir agir sur le système auquel on appartient (la famille ou autre cercle), de s'y développer, donc de souffrir moins. Cela suppose une guérison durable grâce à l'émancipation et au développement de la personnalité.Dans la culture politique de la Suisse, la diversité est un élément important. Notre pays possède une belle diversité de partis dans son paysage politique. Cette situation aiguise la concurrence entre les partis, qui se dispute pouvoir et influences. Le spectre politique reflète les postures sociales et les contradictions, qui se manifestent aussi à l'intérieur de chacun des partis par des querelles intestines. Tout système politique qui offre une pluralité de partis ouvre la voie à une polarisation et à des projections de chacun sur les autres. Au lieu de considérer la logique contradictoire dans son ensemble et de chercher des solutions pour y remédier, les partis ne se servent souvent que d'aspects isolés pour se démarquer des autres partis. Le système de concordance va à l'encontre de ce principe en Suisse en intégrant les principaux partis dans le gouvernement, à tous les niveaux politiques (communes, cantons, Confédération). C'est l'une des différences les plus marquantes avec les formes de démocratie des autres pays où le parti majoritaire gouverne. Le système de concordance oblige à mener des débats pour adopter des réglementations et les appliquer.Cet aspect de la politique suisse démontre à quel point l'on se soucie que la politique ne conduise pas à une normalisation de tout. La politique en Suisse se caractérise en règle générale par son pragmatisme et le respect des minorités dans la société. Sans cette préoccupation particulière pour les minorités, la Suisse serait menacée dans son unité en tant qu'état et société cohérente rassemblant plusieurs régions linguistiques. Ce qui caractérise et unit la Suisse est, entre autres choses, ce sentiment commun de ne pas vouloir être rattaché aux différents voisins plus grands : les Tessinois sont fiers de ne pas être italiens mais suisses, les Romands de ne pas être français mais suisses, les Suisses alémaniques de ne pas être allemands. La Suisse peut donc être considérée comme une oasis pour tous ceux qui ont fui la pression de la normalisation culturelle et politique des grands pays voisins et qui savent pouvoir compter ici sur un système fédéral.Il existe aussi divers courants et diverses orientations en psychothérapie. La diversité est une valeur également prisée dans les soins de base en psychothérapie, principe que défend la Charte suisse pour la psychothérapie.Une démocratie mature a besoin de citoyens autonomes, émancipés et s'appuie sur la déclaration des droits de l'homme de l'ONU. Il en va de même pour la psychothérapie. La normalisation et les adaptations aux besoins sociaux constituent un danger pour le développement politique et le développement de la psychothérapie. Il faut bien comprendre que les deux sont soumis à un processus d'évolution perpétuel. Du point de vue émancipatoire, les deux doivent veiller à ne pas écouter les sirènes populistes ou (dans le domaine de la psychothérapie) à ne pas se laisser emporter sans réfléchir par les courants dominants de l'époque, qui relèguent l'objectif émancipatoire dans les profondeurs. L'histoire des relations de la psychothérapie par rapport aux évolutions politiques en dit long. Aujourd'hui, la psychothérapie émancipatoire risque d'être noyée par l'intégration, sans sens critique, de concepts thérapeutiques ésotériques, idéologiques et orientaux mal compris, qui entrainent une nouvelle dépendance envers des gourous et maitres. Des risques comparables existent en politique par le fait de suivre des leaders idéologiques.Mots clefs : Psychothérapie, politique, émancipation, droits de l'homme ; Riassunto: L'autore, psicoterapeuta ed ex-membro del Gran Consiglio, descrive il significato di una socializzazione finalizzata all'emancipazione e allo sviluppo dell'autonomia in politica, mostrando come sia ambivalente a questo riguardo la pratica politica. Collega le sue argomentazioni anche al significato dell'aspetto emancipatorio della psicoterapia e basa questa tesi sull'inseparabilità di psicoterapia e politica: se la psicoterapia cambia le persone e agisce in modo emancipatorio, ciò ha un impatto politico. L'autore esorta gli psicoterapeuti a essere consapevoli del significato politico del proprio lavoro e ad analizzare sempre criticamente rispetto all'ideologia i propri concetti terapeutici, considerando le implicazioni politiche dello spirito del tempo. Le cognizioni che il terapeuta sviluppa nella pratica all'interno del suo studio devono essere, in forma idonea, rese anche pubbliche non solo sulle riviste specializzate.Parole chiave: Psicoterapia, Politica, Emancipazione, Diritti humani

La presente tesis aborda la colaboración cinematográfica que se lleva a cabo entre la Italia de Mussolini y la España de Franco, a lo largo del periodo comprendido durante los años 1939-1943. Este trabajo cuenta con dos grandes bloques. El primero se basa en el contexto histórico, político y cinematográfico en el que dicha colaboración se desenvuelve. El segundo bloque ofrece un análisis pormenorizado de cada una de las películas que resultan de esta producción hispano-italiana. La tesis está dividida en ocho capítulos. En el primero de ellos, a modo de introducción, se expone el estado de la cuestión, revisando los estudios realizados hasta la fecha, y se plantean los aspectos metodológicos de la investigación. El segundo apartado ofrece una visión general del contexto político y cinematográfico tanto español como italiano. El tercer epígrafe está dedicado a las relaciones que se despliegan a nivel internacional dentro de Europa durante los años treinta y cuarenta. Se desarrollan conceptos como los de la autarquía cinematográfica o el de la creación de un cine estrictamente europeo, capaz de hacer frente a la concurrencia de la industria americana. También se estudia el papel de aquellas manifestaciones culturales como la Mostra di Venezia o estructuras como la Cámara Internacional de Cine, las cuales fueron usadas como plataforma a la hora de alcanzar dichos fines por países como Alemania, Italia o España. El cuarto capítulo se centra únicamente en las relaciones cinematográficas hispano-italianas y en él se hace un análisis general de las películas producidas en régimen de colaboración. Desde una perspectiva histórica, cultural, política y económica se plantea el por qué se realizan dichas películas. Además, se exponen los principales objetivos, los logros y el final de esta colaboración y se mencionan los numerosos intercambios que, se dieron entre técnicos y artistas de España e Italia como consecuencia de aquella. Con el quinto apartado se inicia el segundo bloque dedicado a los largometrajes. Se incluye una ficha técnica de cada uno de ellos y un texto dedicado al análisis de los mismos. Los largometrajes han sido analizados a partir de una perspectiva histórica que toca aspectos de tipo sociocultural, en los cuales se determinan varios de los modelos que condicionan estas películas, así como las relaciones e influencias literarias o artísticas presentes en cada una de ellos. En algunas ocasiones se ha recurrido al análisis estético, pero se ha dado preferencia a la investigación historiográfica, en base al uso de documentación de archivo en su mayor parte no publicada hasta la fecha. Por otro lado, la obra cinematográfica es estudiada en sí no sólo como parte integrante del grupo de las coproducciones hispano-italianas, sino también bajo un punto de vista que la inserta en una línea discursiva más amplia, a través de la cual se la relaciona con otras similares dentro de la historia del cine español e italiano. Los últimos tres capítulos incluyen las conclusiones, la bibliografía examinada y un apéndice con imágenes y documentos que ilustran los apartados anteriores, especialmente aquellos dedicados a los largometrajes. Para la realización de este trabajo se ha consultado una amplia bibliografía relacionada con cada uno de los temas tratados, se han examinado de forma sistemática numerosas publicaciones periódicas contemporáneas a los hechos, así como materiales inéditos, provenientes de archivos españoles, italianos o americanos y de colecciones privadas. Abstract (in English): The thesis "Cinematographic Coproduction and Collaboration between Spain and Italy during the years 1939-1943" examines the subject of the cooperation in the field of cinema that took place between Spain and Italy in the last years of Mussolini's regime and the first ones of Franco's dictatorship. This work is divided in two sections. The first section is based on the historical, political and cinematographic context, where collaboration between Mussolini and Franco developed. The second section offers a detailed analysis of each one of the films that were a result of the above-mentioned Spanish-Italian cooperation. This thesis is divided in eight chapters. Chapter one introduces a review of the state of the studies made about this subject and the description of the methodological aspects followed for this research. The second chapter offers a general vision of the political and cinematographic context in Spain and Italy during the third and the fourth decade of the 20th century. The third chapter is dedicated to the relations that on an international level matured in Europe on that period. In this sense, some specific concepts are developed, such as the cinematographic autarchy or the idea of creating a strictly European cinematography, capable of reacting against the competition of the American industry. This chapter also studies the role of all those cultural events, like the Mostra di Venezia Cinematographic Festival and structures like the International Film Chamber, that were used as a platform to drive the above mentioned purposes by countries like Germany, Italy or Spain. The fourth chapter emphasizes the Spanish-Italian cinematographic relations. The films produced in collaboration are here analyzed as a whole, and from a historical, cultural, political and economic perspective. In addition, the author defines the main reasons, the achievements and the end of this collaboration, as well as mentions the numerous exchanges that took place between cinema professionals from Spain and Italy, as a consequence of these works. The fifth chapter opens the door of the section of work dedicated to film. Included is a technical sheet for each one of the films, and the accompanying text with an analysis of them. The films have been examined in terms of a historical viewpoint that embrace social and cultural aspects or genre as well as the literary and artistic influences, present in each one of them in which some of the models that condition these films are determined. Occasionally, the reader may note that not only are there traces of an aesthetic analysis of the film, but a historiographical perspective has been preferred, in base to the use of primary source documents not previously published. The film has been studied not just as part of the group of the Spanish-Italian co-productions, but, under a wider point of view in order to compare it with analogous films from the history of cinema. The last three chapters include the conclusions of the research and the consulted bibliography with an appendix of images and archival documents. For this study, a great number of monographs related to topics connected with the main subject and numerous periodicals that are contemporary to the facts had been examined in a systematic way, as well as previously unreleased materials from Spanish, Italian and American archives and private collections.

El objeto de estudio de esta Tesis Doctoral analiza la participación en el programa de Deporte Escolar de la Región de Murcia durante cinco años (2005-2010) y teniendo en cuenta diferentes variables (categoría, género, grupo intermunicipal, curso, tipo de deporte, tipo de centro). Se ha realizado un recorrido conceptual alrededor de términos relacionados con el deporte y hemos observado la realidad del deporte escolar en las diferentes comunidades autónomas, así como aspectos relacionados con esta actividad como: competición, valores, centros de enseñanza, etc. A partir de la problemática observada a lo largo del marco teórico del Deporte en Edad Escolar, se han establecido los objetivos siguientes: Objetivos: 1. Detectar si la participación femenina aumenta con el paso del tiempo. 2. Constatar la evolución en la participación, en el paso de la enseñanza primaria a la secundaria (de la categoría alevín a infantil) del alumnado en el programa de Deporte Escolar. 3. Diferenciar la participación del alumnado de centros privados-concertados en las competiciones del programa de Deporte Escolar, respecto a los de centros públicos. 4. Comparar las preferencias en cuanto al género, respecto a los deportes colectivos e individuales. 5. Discriminar si la participación por categorías depende de la zona geográfica donde se desarrolle el programa de Deporte Escolar. 6. Destacar que tipo de deporte se realiza más según la zona geográfica donde se practica. 7. Determinar qué tipo de deporte se practica más según el tipo de centro. 8. Comprobar si la participación en deporte escolar de cada grupo intermunicipal durante el período de estudio no es directamente proporcional a la población escolar de estos. Población La Población de estudio corresponde a todos los sujetos en Edad Escolar de la Región de Murcia, 741.728, con una edad comprendida entre los 8 y los 18 años (Benjamín-Juvenil) durante los 5 cursos académicos objeto de esta investigación. Muestra La muestra seleccionada corresponde a todas las participaciones que han realizado los sujetos en el Campeonato de Promoción Deportiva del programa de "Deporte Escolar" de la Región de Murcia, Un total de 249.326 participaciones de alumnos durante las cinco temporadas objeto de estudio. Material e Instrumentos La inscripción de los alumnos de cada centro escolar se realiza desde el propio centro a través de la página web de la Comunidad Autónoma de la Región de Murcia, en una Aplicación Informática de la Dirección General de Deportes, de la que se extrajeron los datos de participación. Con estos datos se ha programado una base de datos en el Programa de Análisis estadístico SPSS versión 15.0. CONCLUSIONES Las participaciones femeninas en el Campeonato de Promoción Deportiva aumentan con el paso del tiempo, sin embargo las masculinas son superiores a las femeninas en todas las categorías, grupos intermunicipales y tipos de centro. Las participaciones son mayores en categoría Alevín y aumentan durante el período de estudio. Se produce un mayor porcentaje de participaciones en los centros públicos que en los privados-concertados. Las mayores participaciones se producen en los deportes individuales de forma global y con un porcentaje más alto en las chicas. El mayor ratio de participación por individuo de población se produce en el grupo intermunicipal uno, donde se ubican, entre otros, los municipios de Librilla y Lorca. La participación en deportes individuales y/o colectivos es similar en los centros privados-concertados, mientras que en los públicos, los deportes individuales aventajan en un pequeño porcentaje a los colectivos. El ratio de participación por individuo de la población en deporte escolar de cada grupo intermunicipal no es directamente proporcional a la población escolar de los mismos en ninguna zona y en ningún curso. Author: VICENTE MORALES BAÑOS Title: Analysis of the participation to sports in school age in Region of Murcia 2005-2010 Directors: D. Arturo Díaz Suárez, D. Alfonso Martínez Moreno, D. Enrique Javier Garcés de los Fayos Ruiz Department: Personalidad, Evaluación y Tratamiento Psicológico Abstract: The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the participation to the School Sports programme in the Region of Murcia during five years (2005-2010), taking into account several variables (category, genre, intermunicipal group, course, type of sport, type of centre). Different concepts about sports have been studied, therefore, we have been able to notice the reality of School Sports in the different Autonomous Regions and some features related to this activity such as: competition, values, educational institution, etc. Based on the problems discerned along the theoretical frame of sport in school age, some objectives have been established: Objectives: 1. Detect if female participation is increasing along time. 2. Verify the development in participation of students in the programme of School Sports when they start Secondary School and leave behind Primary school (from alevin to infantil category). 3. Distinguish between state-subsidised or private students participation and public students participation in competitions in the School Sport programme. 4. Compare the genre preferences related to individual and group sports. 5. Establish if the participation by categories depends on the geographical area. 6. Specify what sport is played the most on each geographical area. 7. Determine what sport is played most depending on the type of the educational centre. 8. Corroborate if the participation of each intermunicipal group in School Sports is not directly proportional to their student population. Population The target population corresponds to all the school-age individuals in the Region of Murcia (741,728) aged between 8 to 18 years old (Benjamín-Juvenil categories) during five academic years. Sample The chosen sample corresponds to all the participations the individuals have made in the Sport Promotion Championship of the School Sport programme of the Region of Murcia (a total of 249,326 participations during the five target seasons). Materials and Resources Student's registration in each educational centre is performed at their own centre through Region of Murcia's web page in the Dirección General de Deportes' App from which the data participation was taken. A database has been programmed with this data in the Statistic Analysis Programme SPSS version 15.0. CONCLUSIONS Female participations in the Sport Promotion Championship are increasing over time, however male participations are still superior to female ones in each category of the intermunicipal groups and types of educational centre. Female participants are superior in Alevín category and are increasing during the study period. A greater percentage of participants are set in public centres than in state-subsidised centres. The greatest number of participants is in individual sports and with a higher percentage in female participation. The biggest ratio of participations per individual is set in the intermunicipal group number one, where local governments of Librilla and Lorca are located. Participation in individual/group sports is similar in state-subsidised or private educational centres, whereas in public centres individual sports lead the group ones by a small percentage. The ratio of participations per individual in School Sports of each intermunicipal group is not directly proportional to the student population in any area and any school year.

The author studies the role and activities of Platon Zubov, the last favourite of Catherine II, drawing upon documents in the files of the Russian State Archive of Ancient Documents. In 1789 the guard captain became one of the empress's closest confidants. The long title of the last favourite of Catherine, the Great Platon Zubov demonstrates his multiple duties: 'His Serene Highness, General Feldzeugmeister, General Director of Fortifications, Captain-General of the Black Sea and Azov Sea Fleet, Black Sea Cossack Corps, Yekaterinoslav, Voznesensk, and Taurida Governor-General, Member of the Military Division, Honorable Benefactor of the Imperial Foundling Hospital and Honorable Amateur of the Academy of Fine Arts'. The tasks Zubov performed by special warrant of the empress and his correspondence with the officials were well in compliance with the work of the office of secretaries-of-state of the empress. His office's documents, established in 1792, are similar to those compiled by other secretaries-of-state of the time: A. A. Bezborodko, G. R. Derzhavin, D. P. Troshchinsky, and A. M. Gribovsky. More frequently than not, the work of a favourite consisted in providing contact between the empress and her commanders and diplomats. This he could do, according to A.A. Prozorovsky, because of his 'closeness to the highest throne'. Applying to the favourite helped to solve both major and minor issues that needed to be addressed promptly. Communication with the favourite made it possible to determine the empress's reaction to issues which could not be discussed with her personally. Many other noblemen (e. g., N. V. Repnin, A. H. Samoylov, I. S. Baryatinsky) hoped to improve their poor finances with the help of Zubov and receive some material aid from the empress or to be otherwise permitted to remit their debts later.The favourite's main task, similar to that of other secretaries-of-state, was the reception of petitions of all the subjects of state. He received hundreds of petitions for awards, pardons, titles, leaves of absence, vacancies, payments, pensions and enrollment of children in schools. P. A. Zubov's Registers of Civil Letters contain dozens of his letters where he asks for patronage for certain people or gives orders soliciting 'to provide villages', or a vacancy, or to aid the applicant.His powers should not otherwise be overestimated. The decentralization of the administrative system after the 1775 reform, and the increased role of the General Procurator and the emergence of the institution of secretaries-ofstate as a means of communication between the monarch and the authorities and petitioners diminished the importance of the favourite as a ruling position. This may be considered a general European tendency, as in the 18th century the first ministers came to the foreground while favourites (both men and women) made part of the court (though the latter and the former are quite often interconnected) and their status in the new system was different as compared to the favourites or ministers of the 17th century.The case of G. A. Potemkin is an exception rather than a rule, which was due to the personality and unparalleled trust granted to him by Catherine the Great. The empress meant for the new favourite to become a new Potemkin. However, Zubov failed to reach his status. He did not have the talent nor was he able to get the necessary experience because of his inability to leave the court. Obviously, he was not the person to instigate and implement serious actions. That is why Catherine the Great's legal initiatives (Charter for the State Peasants, Instructions for the Proper Treatment of Affairs, Nakaz to the Senate) failed as they never became more than drafts, to say nothing of the abdication in favour of her grandson Alexander even if this plan existed at all. Thus we see the decline of favouritism as an informal mechanism of superior rule. ; Рассматривается роль при дворе и деятельность последнего фаворита Екатерины II Платона Зубова на основании его бумаг, отложившихся в фондах Российского государственного архива древних актов. В 1789 г. гвардейский ротмистр, заняв уже ставшую к тому времени обычной придворную «должность», скоро стал одним из наиболее близких к императрице лиц. Пространный титул последнего фаворита Екатерины П. А. Зубова свидетельствует о его широких обязанностях: «Светлейший князь, генерал-фельдцейхмейстер, над фортификациями генерал-директор, главноначальствующий флотом Черноморским и Азовским и Черноморским казачьим войском, генерал-адъютант, шеф кавалергардского корпуса, Екатеринославский, Вознесенский и Таврический генерал-губернатор, член Военной коллегии, почетный благотворитель императорaского воспитательного дома и почетный любитель Академии художеств».Исполняемые Зубовым «дела по особой доверенности от императрицы» и переписка с должностными лицами вполне соответствовали такой же работе канцелярий статс-секретарей императрицы. Документы созданной в январе 1792 г. его канцелярии аналогичны сводкам, составлявшимся «по части» других статс-секретарей этого времени: А. А. Безбородко, Г. Р. Державина, Д. П. Трощинского, А. М. Грибовского.Роль фаворита заключалась в посреднической, если не сказать секретарской работе по обеспечению контактов императрицы с ее полководцами и дипломатами, обусловленной, по формулировке фельдмаршала А. А. Прозоровского, «доступом вашим к высочайшему престолу». Выход на фаворита позволял решать не только принципиальные, но и частные вопросы, требовавшие быстрого исполнения или способные «зависнуть» при переписке и согласованиях. Отношения с фаворитом позволяли узнавать о реакции государыни на вопросы, с которыми к ней лично обращаться было неловко. Через Зубова другие вельможи (например, Н. В. Репнин, А. Н. Самойлов, И. С. Барятинский) надеялись поправить свои «расстроенные обстоятельства» и получить материальную помощь от императрицы или хотя бы отсрочку в уплате долгов.Основным же занятием фаворита, как и других статс-секретарей, стало получение «всеподданнейших прошений». К нему поступали сотни челобитных о награждении, прощении, чинах, отпуске, «месте», жалованье, пенсии, определении детей в учебные заведения. «Журналы партикулярным письмам» П. А. Зубова излагают десятки его посланий с просьбами о протекции тому или иному лицу или конкретными указаниями «отвести деревни», предоставить «место», содействовать «в настоящем его искании».В других же сферах его возможности не стоит преувеличивать. Децентрализация системы управления по реформе 1775 г., возросшая роль генерал-прокурора и появление института статс-секретарей как аппарата коммуникации монарха с правительственными «местами» и просителями, скорее, ослабляли значение фаворита как управленческой должности. Это можно считать общеевропейской тенденцией: в XVIII в. в европейских державах на первый план выдвигаются «первые министры», а собственно фавориты или фаворитки остаются в придворном кругу (хотя нередко первые и вторые связаны друг с другом) и их статус в новой системе уже иной по сравнению с «министрами-фаворитами» XVII столетия.«Случай» Г. А. Потемкина представляется скорее не правилом, а исключением, обусловленным масштабом личности и абсолютным доверием Екатерины. Императрица стремилась «сделать» из последнего фаворита нового Потемкина. Однако до этого уровня Зубов не поднялся. Он не обладал теми же дарованиями, а нужного опыта приобрести не смог из-за невозможности отлучиться от двора. Очевидно, он не являлся фигурой, способной предложить или провести в жизнь ответственные решения, вследствие чего последние законодательные инициативы Екатерины («Жалованная грамота» государственным крестьянам, «Образ порядочного правления дел», «Наказ Сенату») остались на бумаге, не говоря уже о передаче престола внуку Александру, если даже подобный план и имел место. Перед нами не расцвет, а, скорее, закат фаворитизма как особого неформального механизма высшего управления.

The following study analyzes the environment in the novels: Globalia (2004), written by the French novelist Jean-Christophe Rufin and Amor en la Línea Vieja (Love at the Old Rail) (2007), written by the Costa Rican author Walter Rojas Pérez. This research examines the expression of ecological consciousness represented from the authors' perspectives both in different periods of time (2004/2007) and distinctive places. Below are analyzed the peculiar visions of the Mankind in relationship with the country and the city, accompanied by a corrupt political structure where the inequality of connections influences the ecological unbalance, affecting the natural, anthropic, and human beings' ecosystems. The novels here studied do not reflect the image of nature viewed as «a green hell»; nonetheless, the natural aspects depict the portrait of a Mother furnishing all the necessary for the humankind's survival. Thus, the denunciation premises criticize the abuse committed by mankind against the environment, the deforestation of woods, the contamination of hydrographic basins, the indistinct use of agrochemical products, air and land pollution with industrial residue dumped outside as garbage; most likely destructive elements which shorten humankind's life on the Blue Planet. Both novels accuse the unsustainable exploitation of natural resources by the human conqueror of nature and who serves the globalization goals of the industrialization. This unsustainable development favors the ecological imbalance which leads to the disappearance of uncountable species dying without having ever been studied, taking away the opportunity to the future generations to have even known them. The texts register how the economically poor human beings devastate the nature and give into the economic power for the need to survive, and to finally become "un-people". Global poverty is such that "three quarters of the world population live in the Third World, which stands for more than two thirds of the earth's surface" (Stokke 19). The lucky ones, supported by certain people in power, manipulate the citizens by means of transnational companies, and –using the excuse of modernization- they steal nature's resources. Therefore, when these living beings stop serving the petty interests of the rich, they are laid off without any benefits, directly affecting their human ecology and that of their families; consequently, the underprivileged have no other alternative but to join certain at-risk settlements, live as recycled garbage, and eat from the industrialization's waste. The Earth embodies a living being that pertains to a universal ecosystem and which requires its own sustainable space, within a healthy ecological environment. The planet's stability is of supreme importance to the rest of the species that live together on it. This is the ecocritical discourse that the novelists Rufin and Rojas Pérez desire to transmit, hoping to perpetuate the terrestrial viability that all species could enjoy the nectar which maintains it strong. The novelists' denunciation awakens the consciousness for preserving the Blue Planet's ecological balance. Moreover, the environmental-literary discourse goes beyond the terrestrial frontiers, getting to the Earth's cosmic and universal worlds, as the one that appears in the novel Globalia. A defined cosmological reality surges in Amorn en la Línea Vieja, when –from an inextricable point of vegetation on Earth- one may go through a tunnel onto another dimension where friendly beings interact with each other. On that terrestrial-universal world, the vegetation resembles the one known on Earth, and where the characters Ion and Elena welcome Nuria as member of their family, thus giving Nuria the opportunity to coexist with an interplanetary society of common root species. Both Globalia and Amor en la Línea Vieja pass on to the new generations a clear ecocritical message: they are dedicated to save the global habitat. ; La présente thèse est une étude écocritique où l'on analyse l'environnement dans les romans: Globalia (2004), écrit par l'écrivain français Jean-Christophe Rufin et Amor en la Línea Vieja (Amour sur l'Ancienne Ligne) (2007), écrit par le Costaricien Walter Rojas Pérez. Cette investigation examine l'expression de la conscience écologique, représentée à partir de l'optique de chaque romancier non seulement dans des périodes différentes (2004/2007), mais aussi dans des endroits distincts. Ici sont analysées les visions singulières de l'Homme en relation avec la campagne et la ville, accompagnées d'une structure politique corrompue où l'on observe l'inégalité de correspondances qui influence le déséquilibre écologique, affectant les systèmes naturels , anthropiques et l'être humain. Les romans étudiés ne reflètent pas l'image de la nature vue comme «enfer vert», au contraire, le naturel traduit le portrait d'une Mère qui fournit tout le nécessaire pour la survie des êtres vivants. C'est pour cela que les postulats de dénonciation critiquent l'abus que l'être humain fait contre l'environnement, le déboisement de la forêt, la contamination des bassins hydrographiques, l'utilisation indistincte des produits agrochimiques, la pollution de l'air et de la terre avec des résidus industriels tirés comme décharges à ciel ouvert, tout en se transformant en éléments destructifs qui raccourcissent la vie des êtres vivants sur la Planète Verte. Dans les deux romans les auteurs accusent l'exploitation insoutenable des ressources naturelles par l'homme conquérant de la nature qui sert aux buts globalisateurs de l'industrialisation. Les textes enregistrent une séries de scène qui critiquent la pratique du développement non-durable et où le paupérisé dévaste la nature et se soumet au pouvoir économique par la nécessité de survivre, pour se transformer finalement en «des-gens», vivre comme les ordures recyclées et se nourrir des déchets de l'industrialisation. La pauvreté globale est telle que les «trois quarts de la population mondiale vivent dans le Tiers Monde, ce qui représente plus de deux tiers du secteur de la surface de la terre» (Stokke 19). La Terre incarne l'être vivant qui appartient à un écosystème universel et, pour se maintenir robuste, elle a besoin de son espace soutenable, dans un milieu écologique sain. La stabilité de la planète est d'importance suprême pour le reste des espèces qui la cohabitent. Voici le discours écocritique que les romanciers Rufin et Rojas Pérez souhaitent transmettre dans le but de perpétuer la viabilité terrestre, de sorte que toute espèce prenne plaisir au nectar qui la maintient vigoureuse. La dénonciation des romanciers cherche à éveiller la conscience pour maintenir l'équilibre écologique sur la Planète Verte. De la même manière, le discours environnementaliste-littéraire va au-delà de la frontière terrestre, tout en arrivant à des mondes cosmiques et universalisés de la Terre, comme celui qui apparaît dans le roman Globalia. L'analyse écocritique dans Amor en la Línea Vieja fait transparaître une réalité cosmologique définie depuis une dimension inextricable qui cherche à recréer la bonne interrelation entre toutes les espèces. Ce monde terrestre-universel offre l'occasion de coexister avec la société interplanétaire où les espèces maintiennent une racine commune. Tant Globalia comme Amor en la Línea Vieja donnent aux nouvelles générations le message écocritique suivant: elles sont dédiées à sauver l'habitat global.

During the past two decades, information visualisation (InfoVis) research has created new techniques and methods to support data- intensive analyses in science, industry and government. These have enabled a wide range of analyses tasks to be executed, with tasks varying in terms of the type and volume of data involved. However, the majority of this research has focused on static datasets, and the analysis and visualisation tasks tend to be carried out by trained expert users. In more recent years, social changes and technological advances have meant that data have become more and more dynamic, and are consumed by a wider audience. Examples of such dynamic data streams include e-mails, status updates, RSS 1 feeds, versioning systems, social networks and others. These new types of data are used by populations that are not specifically trained in information visualization. Some of these people might consist of casual users, while others might consist of people deeply involved with the data, but in both cases, they would not have received formal training in information visualization. For simplicity, throughout this dissertation, I refer to the people (casual users, novices, data experts) who have not been trained in information visualisation as non-experts.These social and technological changes have given rise to multiple challenges because most existing visualisation models and techniques are intended for experts, and assume static datasets. Few studies have been conducted that explore these challenges. In this dissertation, with my collaborators, I address the question: Can we empower non-experts in their use of visualisation by enabling them to contribute to data stream analysis as well as to create their own visualizations?The first step to answering this question is to determine whether people who are not trained in information visualisation and the data sciences can conduct useful dynamic analysis tasks using a visualisation system that is adapted to support their tasks. In the first part of this dissertation I focus on several scenarios and systems where different sized crowds of InfoVis non-experts users (20 to 300 and 2 000 to 700 000 people) use dynamic information visualisation to analyse dynamic data.Another important issue is the lack of generic design principles for the visual encoding of dynamic visualization. In this dissertation I design, define and explore a design space to represent dynamic data for non-experts. This design space is structured by visual tokens representing data items that provide the constructive material for the assembly over time of different visualizations, from classic represen- tations to new ones. To date, research on visual encoding has been focused on static datasets for specific tasks, leaving generic dynamic approaches unexplored and unexploited.In this thesis, I propose construction as a design paradigm for non-experts to author simple and dynamic visualizations. This paradigm is inspired by well-established developmental psychological theory as well as past and existing practices of visualisation authoring with tangible elements. I describe the simple conceptual components and processes underlying this paradigm, making it easier for the human computer interaction community to study and support this process for a wide range of visualizations. Finally, I use this paradigm and tangible tokens to study if and how non-experts are able to create, discuss and update their own visualizations. This study allows us to refine our previous model and provide a first exploration into how non-experts perform a visual mapping without software. In summary, this thesis contributes to the understanding of dynamic visualisation for non-expert users. ; Durant les 20 dernières années, la recherche en visualisation d'informations (InfoVis) a permis l'émergence de nouvelles techniques et méthodes qui permettent d'assister l'analyse de données intensives pour la science, l'industrie, et les gouvernements. Cependant, la plupart de ces travaux de recherches furent orientés sur des données statiques pour des utilisateurs experts.Dernièrement, des évolutions technologique et sociétales ont eu pour effet de rendre les données de plus en plus dynamiques et accessibles pour une population plus diverse. Par exemple des flux de données tels que les emails, les mises à jours de statuts sur les réseaux sociaux, les flux RSS, les systèmes de gestion de versions, et bien d'autres. Ces nouveaux types de données sont utilisés par une population qui n'est pas forcément entraînée ou éduquée à utiliser des visualisations de données. La plupart de ces personnes sont des utilisateurs occasionnels, d'autres utilisent très souvent ces données dans leurs travaux. Dans les deux cas, il est probable que ces personnes n'aient pas reçu de formation formelle en visualisation de données.Ces changements technologiques et sociétaux ont généré une multitude de nouveaux défis, car la plupart des techniques de visualisations sont conçues pour des experts et des bases de données statiques. Peu d'études ont été conduites pour explorer ces défis. Dans ce rapport de thèse, j'adresse la question suivante : « Peut-­on permettre à des utilisateurs non­-experts de créer leur propre visualisation et de contribuer à l'analyse de flux de données ? »La première étape pour répondre à cette question est d'évaluer si des personnes non formées à la visualisation d'informations ou aux « data sciences » peuvent effectuer des tâches d'analyse de données dynamiques utiles, en utilisant un système de visualisation adapté pour supporter cette tâche. Dans la première partie de cette dissertation, je présente différents scénarios et systèmes, qui permettent à des utilisateurs non­-experts (de 20 à 300 ou 2000 à 700 000 personnes) d'utiliser la visualisation d'informations pour analyser des données dynamiques.Un autre problème important est le manque de principes génériques de design pour l'encodage visuel de visualisations d'informations dynamiques. Dans cette dissertation, je conçois, définis, et explore un espace de design pour représenter des donnés dynamiques pour des utilisateurs non­-experts. Cette espace de design est structuré par des jetons graphiques représentant des éléments de données qui permettent de construire dans le temps différentes visualisations, tant classiques que nouvelles.Dans cette thèse, je propose un nouveau paradigme de conception (design) pour faciliter la réalisation de visualisation d'informations par les utilisateurs non­-experts. Ce paradigme est inspiré par des théories établies en psychologie du développement, tout autant que par des pratiques passées et présentes de création de visualisation à partir d'objets tangibles. Je décris tout d'abord les composants et processus de bases qui structurent ce paradigme. Ensuite, j'utiliserai cette description pour étudier *si et comment* des utilisateur non­-experts sont capables de créer, discuter, et mettre à jour leurs propres visualisations. Cette étude nous permettra de réviser notre modèle précédent et de fournir une première exploration des phénomènes relatifs à la création d'encodages visuels par des utilisateurs non­-experts sans logiciel. En résumé, cette thèse contribue à la compréhension des visualisations dynamiques pour des utilisateurs non­-experts.

Elba Rosario Sánchez was born 1949 in Atemajac, Mexico, a small town near Guadalajara. She is the oldest of three girls. Her father worked in the cotton mill until an accident injured one of his eyes. The accident sent him to the United States in search of work, first to Chicago, where the family had relatives, and then to San Francisco, where he worked as a bus boy at the Fairmount Hotel. After about eighteen months, he brought his family to San Francisco in 1960, where they lived at Divisidero and Pine, in a Black neighborhood. At the neighborhood elementary school, Elba was one of very few non-Black children; ironically, even as she struggled to adapt to a white-dominated country, in the racial definitions of that time she was considered white. She learned English quickly, and soon became the translator for her family. Within a few years of her arrival, the social movements of the 1960s altered the national landscape. Witnessing the brutal repression of Black civil rights protestors on television was formative for Sánchez's growing political consciousness and her eventual activism as a young supporter of the United Farm Workers movement. Her early activism with the United Farm Workers boycott on grapes was impressive, particularly since her family did not approve of her protest. This activism grew intertwined with her passion for writing and for language. In the oral history, Elba vividly recalls that her first pieces of poetry were written on small pieces of paper that she then crumpled up and hid in a drawer. Her first poem, "The Price of Color," was published in her parochial high school's yearbook. After graduation, Sánchez attended San Francisco City College. There she was inspired by the Chicano activist spirit of several classmates who had been taking courses at San Francisco State College, where the student protests had shut the campus down. But after a semester and a half she dropped out of college to marry and have a child. In the late 1970s, Sánchez and her husband relocated to Santa Cruz so that her husband could attend UC Santa Cruz. Sánchez became a bilingual counseling aide at Santa Cruz High School. In search of UCSC students who could serve as English tutors at Santa Cruz High, Sánchez met Paco Ramirez, a lecturer in Spanish who coordinated the tutorial program at Stevenson College and Paul Lubeck, a professor in sociology. Both encouraged her to return to college and finish her B.A., which she did, graduating in Latin American studies from Merrill College. At UCSC, Sánchez was a nontraditional student who lived off campus with her husband and her three-year-old child. This experience, plus the class and cultural differences between her and the mostly white middle-class student body of UCSC at that time, led to feelings of alienation and isolation. Professor Roberto Crespi, Sánchez's advisor in Latin American studies, encouraged her to go on to graduate school in literature at UCSC, which she did, earning her MA from UCSC. Crespi was one of very few Latino professors at UCSC in the early years of the campus. He was also one of the founders, with J. Herman Blake, of Oakes College. In 1979, Crespi also hired Sánchez as a tutor in the Spanish for Spanish Speakers Program (SPSS), which he had founded, and which was then only in its second year. Sánchez spent the next fifteen years teaching in, coordinating, and directing the multidisciplinary Spanish for Speakers Program. This pioneering, cutting-edge program, incorporated poetry readings, theatrical performances, cultural nights, political discussions, visual arts exhibitions, and small press publishing into its curriculum. Students studied Latin American history and literature in SPSS courses, and honed critical thinking, speaking, translation, and writing skills. Sánchez credits SPSS for higher levels of retention of Latino students at UCSC, and also for the successful careers of many of those students after graduation. Also while at UCSC, Sánchez was one of the founding and primary editors of REVISTA MUJERES, a bilingual literary and visual arts journal published at UC Santa Cruz from January 1984 to 1993. According to their mission statement, "REVISTA MUJERES: In Our Words and Work, Our Vision," REVISTA was dedicated to interviews, poetry, essays, as well as visual art work and set a page in the history, struggles, and contributions of Chicana and Latina undergraduate and graduate students, staff, and faculty members…REVISTA was also envisioned and produced as a response to the lack of access in mainstream publications for Chicana/Latina bilingual, budding as well as experienced writers, whose work was unpublished. Its aim was to promote and encourage a community of writers and artists, to plant a seed of reality and creativity. Sánchez's commitment to honor the Spanish language, teach Latin American history, and to offer a keen critique of colonization is part of her legacy on the UC Santa Cruz campus. This commitment was particularly evident in her fervent dedication to SSSP and the co-production of Revista Mujeres. In her oral history, Sánchez describes the organizational work that went into funding, editing, producing, and distributing this groundbreaking journal, which was distributed far beyond UCSC and was the first of its kind published in the state of California. Sánchez locates REVISTA in a cultural effervescence of Chicano-Latino writing and publishing in the 1980s and 1990s. Sánchez recalls that at the time of her earliest publications, there were very few Chicana and Chicano writers who were published. Sánchez's own development as a writer flourished during that cultural flowering. She participated in a bilingual writer's workshop in San Francisco with several other key Chicana and Chicano writers. She is the author or coauthor of several books of poetry including Tallos de luna /Moon Shots (Moving Parts Press, 1992), From Silence to Howl (Moving Parts Press, 1993) and is a contributor to many anthologies, including Chicana Feminisms: A Critical Reader (Duke University Press, 2003), Making Face, Making Soul/Haciendo Caras: Creative and Critical Perspectives by Feminists of Color (Aunt Lute Books, 1990). She continues to write and is currently working on flash fiction and children's books. Elba Sánchez was interviewed in three sessions by Susy Zepeda in several locations in the East Bay of the San Francisco Bay Area. The interviews took place on February 8, 2013, March 1, 2013, and April 5, 2013. The interviews were transcribed by Irene Reti and a transcript was returned both to Zepeda, who audited it for accuracy of transcription, and Sánchez, who edited it for flow and accuracy, corrected the Spanish. Both Zepeda and Sánchez added some footnotes. We chose not to italicize the Spanish in the transcript, a political decision that recognizes that italics can "other" Spanish words as "foreign," or non-normative. This is a style preferred by many Latino/a writers today. It was an honor and a pleasure to interview Elba Sánchez. Her storytelling was full of heart, joy, and animation. Her oral history offers a sense of her strength, vision, and dedication to forms of resistance.

With headlines dominated by the scares of the Ebola virus and ISIS victories in Iraq, the mid-term elections came and went without much fanfare, until the stunning results were known.Republicans gained control of the Senate by winning at least eight seats (Louisiana will have a runoff in December) and expanded their majority in the House by near-historic levels. They also won governorships in several blue states (Massachusetts, Maryland and Illinois). The magnitude of their sweeping victory surprised many, most interestingly among them, the pollsters themselves. They failed to predict for example, the GOP victory in the Maryland race for governor, as well as the narrow re-election of Democrat Mark Warner in Virginia, who was projected to win by a 9.7 point-margin, but narrowly missed a recount against former Virginia Republican Party Chairman Ed Gillespie.Two circumstances may explain the huge margin of Democratic losses: turnout was low, as is usually the case in mid-term elections, and the GOP ran its campaigns on one issue only: the low approval of the President's performance, nationally at 40% but as low as 15% in some red states. There was also a quite substantive amount of open seats as several senior Senators retired.Democratic candidates based their campaigns on local issues, trying to distance themselves as much as possible from Obama, the extreme case being Senate candidate Alison Lundergan Grimes, running against Mitch McConnell in Kentucky, who refused to answer when asked by a reporter if she had voted for Obama in the presidential election. It is not unusual however, for the White House party to lose mid-term legislative elections especially in the sixth year of a president with low approval rates, and under a political map that favored the GOP due to the latest round of gerrymandered re-districting.The pollsters' miscalculation is directly related to the low turnout: minorities and students didn't show up to cast their votes. In Maryland, turnout was especially low in urban Baltimore and the Washington suburbs. Pollsters base their model on self-reported likelihood to vote, which is not a reliable measure in mid-term elections, mainly because it is merely a vague intention but not a priority for most voters.With the GOP firmly in control of the two Houses of Congress, what is the next step for Obama as he enters the last two years of his Presidency? Will he defend the mandate the voters entrusted him in two elections? Or will he passively accept his "lame-duck" status and allow the new majority party to have its way? Will the author of "The Audacity of Hope" believe in his own creed about reclaiming the American Dream and "get something meaningful done" in his last 24 months at the helm?Six-year legislative losses for the President's party are nothing new. Even with divided government, presidents like Eisenhower, F. D Roosevelt and Ronald Reagan outmaneuvered opponents, and managed to shape the political agenda and leave a long shadow in the history of American politics. The question now is not if, but how Obama will do the same, whether by the power of his office, exercising his veto or issuing executive orders or by the real "stuff of politics", political compromise, bargaining and consensus building.Republicans also must choose their course as they transition from minority to majority status in the Senate: will they show they can govern and start passing legislation with some bi-partisan support or will they listen to the base and continue the combative brinkmanship that led to a government shutdown last year?The former appears more likely: Mitch McConnell, now leader of the majority in the Senate, struck a non-confrontational tone when he outlined an agenda starting with issues that have bipartisan consensus, such as completion of free trade agreements and moderate tax reform. Texas Senator Ted Cruz, notorious ego-maniac, famous for leading the battle to defund and dismantle "Obamacare" may find he is alone if he unreasonably tries to rekindle that debate. He is expected to be a presidential candidate in 2016 and may insist on a more "conservative" agenda. However, McConnell, a cunning senate veteran from Kentucky, calling Ted Cruz "an army of one", has candidly acknowledged they don't have the votes to overturn a Presidential veto, so they won't be able to repeal the health law.Still, from the extreme side of the aisle, the GOP leader is being pressured to use the leverage of another government shutdown to obtain concessions on the health law and to stop the President from using his executive authority to reform immigration. Indeed, since June the White House has been preparing to extend legal status to more undocumented immigrants and to stop some cases of deportation. This is now expected to be one of the first executive orders Obama will sign in this period, in spite of threats by Speaker Boehner that he would thereby kill any chances for comprehensive immigration reform to pass in the House before 2016. On his part, Mitch McConnell has refused the GOP base's proposals as "self-destructive".Instead, Mc Connell proposes to work on issues for which he can count on some bipartisan support such as the Keystone XL oil Pipeline, which the president may not veto (unless he succumbs to the pressure of the left wing of his party), repealing the medical device tax (a small provision of the Affordable Care Act that some say is crucial to be able to fund the health care law), and finalize some free trade agreements. To appease the base, Mc Connell is likely to bring up a bill that would ban abortions after 20 weeks of pregnancy which he is expected to do next year. Although Republicans say they have learned the lesson that denying women's reproductive rights will lose them the female vote over and over again, this is a relatively modest and reasonable measure for which they may get the support of centrist Democrats.In sum, there are plenty of openings for both parties to cooperate and for Obama to still find ways to shape his legacy. He can stand firm on certain principles such as immigration reform and climate change, and use his veto pen when he feels it is absolutely necessary. But he can also encourage Democrats in Congress to cooperate on other issues such as trade and defense policies, and not to surrender to the demands of the most radical wing.History shows that presidents can and do survive sixth-year mid-term upsets. They can still leave a strong imprint on the evolution of the political process and on the country itself. They can even pave the way for their own party to win the next election.The 2016 contest is already under way and with their eyes on the Presidency both parties know they must prove to the American public that they can do one thing: govern. Maria L. Fornella es docente de Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia.

Vilniaus universitetasSocialinio darbo katedraUniversiteto g. 9/1 – 309 kab.LT-01513 VilniusEl. paštas: donatai@gmail.com
Straipsnio tikslas – išnagrinėti ir atskleisti tyrėjo subjektyvaus patyrimo episteminę reikšmę ir jo panaudojimo lauko tyrimuose galimybes. Šios temos nagrinėjimas svarbus, nes leidžia kritiškiau įvertinti lauko tyrimus, visapusiškiau traktuoti jų duomenis ir siekti didesnio jų validumo. Rengiant medžiagą straipsniui buvo taikomi mokslinės literatūros, metodinių pavyzdžių ir asmeninės patirties analizės metodai. Prieita prie išvados, kad atliekant tokio pobūdžio tyrimus svarbu fiksuoti ne tik tai, kas vyksta tyrėjo išorėje (t. y. tiriamoje erdvėje), bet ir tai, kas vyksta tyrėjo viduje, ir šiuos vidinius vyksmus traktuoti kaip intensyvių ir daugiamačių tyrėjo ir tiriamųjų sąveikų padarinius.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: lauko tyrimas, etnografinis tyrimas, stebėjimas dalyvaujant, reflektyvumas, tyrėjo savianalizė.The Epistemic Singnificance of Researcher's Subjective Experience in Fieldwork Donata Petružytė
Summary The key feature of fieldwork is the researcher's immersion in the culture (i.e. the group or community) being investigated. For this reason, fieldwork requires an exceptionally deep and personal involvement and is, therefore, emotionally costly to the researcher. This article is specifically aimed at drawing readers' attention to subjective experiences of the fieldworker, which are rarely discussed in the scientific literature. In essence, the objective of this article is to reveal the epistemological significance of a researcher's subjective experience and to investigate the possibilities of its application to fieldwork. The primary methods of data collection for this article were analysis, synthesis, and interpretation of scientific literature and methodological illustrations. In addition, the author's personal experience in fieldwork was also analysed (namely, her research about waste-gatherer communities in Lithuanian landfills, which was conducted in cooperation with Mindaugas Survila, the director and cameraman of the 2011 documentary "Field of Magic"). The author believes that the aforementioned topic deserves thorough research because of its potential to aid the critical evaluation of fieldwork, to allow a more versatile data interpretation, and to improve the validity of gathered data. On the one hand, the theoretical aspects of the problem are only briefly examined in this article. On the other hand, the practical strategies of encouraging social and psychological reflectivity are discussed extensively and personal experience is analysed meticulously. Despite the fact that this article deals with fieldwork in particular, some of its findings might be useful for qualitative research in general. It must be acknowledged that the social setting of the field has an inevitable impact on the ethnographer. The summary of the author's personal reflections, ethnographic research, and methodological literature reveals five types of such impact: physiological, cognitive, social, emotional, and ethical. In each individual case, the combination of levels of influence and their intensity depend on three factors: research characteristics (duration, intensity of data collection, cultural proximity / distance between researchers and participants), the researcher's personal qualities and experience, and the peculiarities of the social milieu being investigated. It is evident, that only through constant effort of reflection the pitfall of unconscious social conditioning can be avoided. Otherwise it might lie unnoticed and lead to gross misrepresentations of social reality. Naturally, researchers themselves also have a powerful effect on their group of research subjects as their sudden entrance in the field abruptly interrupts the course of habitual activities of these subjects. Research subjects also have particular expectations the researcher and their own attitudes based on individual experience or common sense. Consequently, it is extremely important for the researcher to master the art of identifying and negotiating these expectations and common sense notions in order to properly steer the process of entering the field. The level of mastery determines the type of data accessible to the researcher and how readily available it is. Generally speaking, there are several crucial aspects of the ethnographer's influence on research subjects. Firstly, there is a number of primary characteristics of identity, determining the researcher's personality and the conduct of research, which are beyond one's control. Namely, they are gender, age, and ethnic background, which are associated with specific social norms. Secondly, there are a few factors that the scientist can control. They include his or her outlook, behaviour, and social skills. Despite being less fundamental, the latter are sometimes useful in mitigating the negative effects of the former. Accordingly, controllable and uncontrollable factors interact with the expectations of research subjects to create a particular image of the scientist. A dedicated role is fairly quickly assigned to the researcher, but it may be transformed in the course of the fieldwork. As each given role allows for a specific amount of social power, and the researcher's power translates into freedom of inquiry, the fieldworker's scientific endeavour is enhanced by attainment of powerful roles and limited by reception of powerless roles. Although the former statement has become fieldworkers' common sense, a mere recognition of the fact does not suffice. In order to thoughtfully and efficiently handle the research process, fieldworkers need to delve deeply into the everyday interaction among their social roles, psychological characteristics, subjects' expectations and dispositions about them and their research. Scientists must also evaluate their level of coping with all the tasks and how it advances or hinders data collection. It is clearly evident that knowledge about social life, as generated during fieldwork, has little to do with the controlled setting of a lab. Its life-like character is marked with intimate, long-term, complicated, and multidimensional relationship between the research parties. Hence, it is important to register not only the flow of events in the field that are external to the researcher, but also his or her inner processes and to treat them as a product of multifaceted interaction between the fieldworker and natives of the field. It is quite apparent that because of a multitude of reciprocal effects between ethnographers and the field, researchers cannot be regarded as infallible and objective means of research. Henceforth, regular efforts by the researcher to analyse this complicated relationship from one's point of view are mandatory. These efforts might provide a fruitful insight into research development and data interpretation. In conclusion, reflecting should be a vital part of every ethnographer's research, because it would bring a handful of improvements. Firstly, the proper reflection on processes within the field and the self-analysis might lead to an increased observational acuteness. This would account for richer data and more in-depth information about the research object. Secondly, regular self-analysis would allow the fieldworker to be more involved in the research process and improve his or her ability to make strategic moves. Thirdly, acute reflection could shed more light on the context of data and the procedure of their collection. Furthermore, this would lead to a both more apt attribution of meaning during data interpretation and an improved validity of data. As a bonus, self-analysis may relieve the emotional burden put on the researcher by the difficulties of fieldwork and encourage the fieldworker's personal development. Finally, deep reflection might also serve the educational purpose for both authors and readers alike, since it enriches research reports with detailed accounts of the fieldwork peculiarities. Key words: field research, ethnographic research, participant observation, reflectivity, researcher's self-analysis

Исследуется проблема происхождения азов, их этнической истории. На основе анализа имеющихся сведений тюркских рунических, китайских и арабо-персидских письменных источников, а также используя этимологический анализ этнонимов, связанных с азами рассматриваются некоторые вопросы истории, связанные с этнической историей Саяно-Алтая, в частности происхождения древних кыргызов и участия в этногенезе тувинцев. В связи с этим в данной статье также даются возможные варианты их локализации. ; According to data of Turkic orkhon runic inscriptions Az lived in southeast Altai and Sayan Mountains. As in Tonyukuk's inscription there are data about «steppe Az» living in the territory of modern Khakassia, near by yenisei kirghiz. The mention about of «steppe Az», says that «there were still mountain and taiga (forest) Azs». According to many turkologist «mountain and taiga Azs» lived in mountain steppes of southwest Tuva about the lake Kara-Khol and South East Altai and partly in Sayan ridge. About what Azs nomadized in Altai near by karluks it is possible to draw a conclusion from lines of an inscription of Kuli-chor. From data of the Terkhin inscription it is clear that in the Uighur time (750-840) Azs continued to live in Tuva in the same territories. Also from lines of an inscription, we know that the Azs living in Tuva and were included in a military administrative system of the Uighur khaganate. The mention in a runic monument of the ancient kirghiz period of Hemchik-Chyrgaky (Е 41) about tribe Az, probably, indirectly indicates resettlement of part them to the region of a valley of the river Chyrgaky. At the same time, there are data on six-compound Az (alty-Az) which lived in the Central Tuva. So from the considered data it is possible to come to a conclusion that during revolt of chiqs in 750-751 living in Tuva Az people, sided with the Uighurs. Therefore after leaving of part of chiq tribes to the west, on their freed lands moved Az's clan kabay and six tribes of Azs. Besides, Turkic runic monuments prove that at the beginning of the VIII century "Kara-Khol Azs", owing to geographical proximity of the territory Kara-Khol to Mountain Altai, together with the "Altai Azs" were a part of the turgesh state where them their main leader an elteber operated, as the vicegerent (tutuq) turgesh khaghan. The majority of researchers consider that «. elements in general were one of turgesh tribes». So, according to the Arab-Persian authors in the middle of the VIII century «turgeshes (consist from) tukhsian and azian» (if in the Persian sources of Azs call azian, in Arab azkishi), i.e. Azs together with a tribe tukhsi (toghus) were the core of the tribal alliance of the turgesh. Such interpretation will be coordinated with the statement of that turgesh earlier lived in the territory of Altai. As the proof that at northern Altaians remained ethnonym turgesh in shape tirgesh, as well as toghus corresponds tukhsi. So it is possible to tell that till 711-715 the territory of Altai and western part of modern Tuva together with lakes Kara-Khol were included into east wing of the turgesh state. To find out ethnogenesis of Azs, it is necessary to sort etymology of word «kyrgyz». All versions of etymology of the name «kyrgyz» are connected with sacral for kirghiz number forty. Therefore, we consider that this ethnonym traditionally readable in the orkhon-yenisei runic inscriptions as qirqiz, is possible, to read as qirq-az or qiriq-az 'forty Azs' (forty tribes or clan of Azs) that L. Bold made Mongolian turcologists when reading the text of the Suudzi inscription. This reading is confirmed by data from the composition «Rauzat as Sayfa» («A purity garden») the Persian author Mirkhond in whom it is said that «kyrkhyz call the As» and «. the explanation (words) 'kyrkhyz's known. 'Kyrkyz' in language of Mongols (the Turkic peoples being under the power of Mongols and accepted ethnopolitonym 'Mongol' B.M.) means «forty men». Offered «explanation» coincides with the second name kirghiz appearing in the Arab-Persian and Chinese sources kyrk-hyr or kyrkhar from which it is possible to isolate two components of it ethnonym: qyrq 'forty'; ar 'man'. Considering the above etymology, we make the following hypothesis of an origin kirghiz: on territories of Khakassia from the ancient tribal alliance of Az seceded forty clan of Azs which having mixed up with local tribes were allocated formed the separate people. Ethnonym kyrkhar, i.e. forty clans, was known to neighbors kirghiz since ancient times. Probably, so they were called by iran-speaking neighbors, and through them it reached Chinese. Chinese, apparently, learned own Turkic ethnonymics at the time of the Tan empire therefore in early Chinese chronicles kirghiz called kyrkhur, since the Tan period began to reflect given ethnonym as kyrkhuz. It is also possible to assume that an assimilated Turks fractions of large tribal alliance of Azs were a part of such Turkic tribal alliance as kirghiz (qyrq-Az), turgesh (Altai-Tuvan Azs). Gradually the name «qyrq-Az» eventually turned in «kyrkhyz». The name «kyrgyz» initially wasn't the self-name of the allocated forty Azs as in the Yenisei inscriptions of Tuva and Khakassia, as we know, are created in ancient kirghiz time (the IX-XI centuries), it is never mentioned. Thus, relation of Azs with kirghiz is undoubted and it is possible that steppe Azs could be qyrq-Azs. Studying Az it should be noted similarity them ethnonym with the name of an iran-speaking tribe of the as-alan, come to Caspian littoral region and the Caucasus from the East. So some scientists consider that wusun there is the Chinese transfer of the name of asian. Probably, Alan often call experts because in their ethnogenesis participated asian-wusun. According to the Chinese sources they lived in Zhetysu, in the same place where and in later times one of tribes of the turgesh -azian from the Persian narrative works. Apparently, Persian name of Az conformably ethnonym asian. This fact suggests an idea that elements are assimilated Turks descendants asian-wusun. Among tribal groups of Southern Siberia descendants of Azs today is the Altai clans are the following: tort-as (altai: four Az), dyeti-as (altai: seven Az) and baylaghas (altai: numerous Azs). In our opinion descendants of ancient Az are representatives of tribal division ktizhtiget (tuvan: ^жугет) as their ethnonym occurs from the Turkic word kichtig, ktichtik 'small' + the Mongolian suffix of plural (u)t which is widespread among Tuvan ethnonyms. Apparently, the "Tuvan Azs" were only small part of all Az tribal alliance that was reflected in their self-name meeting in a runic inscription from Hemchik-Chyrgaky (Е 41) az Az 'not numerous Az' (in a counterbalance to the "Altai Azs" which called itself numerous Azs baylaghas). We believe that subsequently in the self-name az Az word az (small) replaced the word with a synonym ktichtig (small), and the "Tuvan Azs" began to be called as kuchug-Az which during the Mongolian era, probably, began to call with the Mongolian suffix of plural ktichtigtit, i.e. kuzhuget.

Die Untersuchung räumlicher Marktintegration (Spatial Market Integration – SMI) ist von großer Bedeutung für Agrarökonomen, mit dem Preis- und Allokations-Modell nach Takayama und Judge (Takayama and Judge Price and Allocation Model – TJM) als wichtigster ökonomischer Theorie, in dem Preise durch die Räumliche Gleichgewichtsbedingung (Spatial Equilibrium Condition – SEC) begrenzt werden. Die SEC setzt voraus, dass keine Gewinne aus dem Warenverkehr zwischen räumlich getrennten Regionen erzielt werden und ist eine abgeschwächte Form des Gesetzes vom einheitlichen Preis (Law of One Price – LOP). Das LOP wird als perfekte Marktintegration und als perfektes Gleichgewicht betrachtet. Ein anderes theoretisches Konzept in der SMI ist die Markteffizienz; darunter ist eine Markträumung zu verstehen. Es gibt daher eine optimale Ressourcenallokation, die zur richtigen Preisgestaltung der Waren führt. Im Handel zwischen Regionen werden der Theorie nach die überschüssigen Angebots- und Nachfragesignale auf die Preise der Waren zwischen Handelsregionen übertragen, sodass sich die Preise zwischen den Regionen angleichen. Dennoch ist es wichtig, darauf hinzuweisen, dass eine einheitliche Preisentwicklung nicht unbedingt zu Pareto-Effizienz führt, sodass Parallelbewegungen für Märkte im Ungleichgewicht auftreten können. Diesen theoretischen Grundlagen folgend beschäftigt sich der größte Anteil der empirischen Forschung der SMI mit Preisen. Die frühen Arbeiten auf diesem Gebiet befassten sich mit Preiskorrelationen und Regressionen, deren Ergebnisse das LOP jedoch nur selten bestätigten. Mit der Entwicklung des Konzepts der Kointegration stützen neue ökonometrische Verfahren das LOP, jedoch vernachlässigen solche Methoden die Rolle der SEC, indem sie das Gleichgewicht als einen linearen Zusammenhang wie das LOP auffassen. Eine solche Beschränkung diente dazu, die Verwendung von nicht-linearen Verfahren zu unterstützen, nämlich das regime-abhängige Schwellen-Vektor-Fehlerkorrekturmodell (Thresh old Vector Error Correction Model – TVECM), in welchem das innere Regime, oft als neutrales Band bezeichnet, der SEC entspricht. Die offensichtliche Kompatibilität zwischen dem neutralen Band und der SEC diente dazu, den Gebrauch des TVECM in empirischer SMI-Forschung zu popularisieren. Dennoch fehlt der ökonomischen Theorie immer noch eine klare Definition der Marktintegration, und ihren Fundamenten und Implikationen im Preisbildungsprozess wird wenig Aufmerksamkeit geschenkt. Diesen Bedenken folgend stellt sich die Frage, inwieweit das TVECM das richtige Instrument ist, wenn die ökonomische Theorie kaum beachtet wurde. Die vorliegende Arbeit soll den Kontrast zwischen ökonomischer Theorie und ökonometrischen Verfahren darstellen, die in der räumlichen Marktintegration verwendet werden, um zu beurteilen, ob das TVECM die korrekte Spezifikation für SMI-Analysen ist wie in der Literatur angenommen wird. Kapitel eins gibt eine Einführung zum Preis- und Allokations-Modell nach Takayama und Judge (TJM), welches als Theorie für die räumliche Marktintegration dient. Es stellt auch das TVECM und das geläufigste ökonometrische Verfahren zu dessen Schätzung vor. Mithilfe des TJM wurden künstliche Preise erzeugt. Für die Simulationen waren die wahren Parameter bekannt, folglich müssen, falls das TVECM die korrekte Spezifikation ist, die geschätzten Parameter vom TVECM unverzerrt in Bezug auf die wahren Parameter sein. Das zweite Kapitel beginnt mit einer Einführung in das Konzept der ökonometrischen Kointegration und die Prüfverfahren von linearer Kointegration und Schwellen-Fehlerkorrektur. Das Hauptziel war es zu prüfen, ob die Daten, die der ökonomischen Theorie nach in das Gleichgewicht integriert sind, dazu geeignet sind, ökonometrisch auf Schwellen-Fehlerkorrektur zu testen. Kapitel drei befasst sich mit den Inkompatibilitäten zwischen reinen Gleichgewichtsdaten und dem TVECM, die in Kapitel eins und zwei gefunden wurden. Dabei werden einige Änderungen am ursprünglichen Preis- und Allokations-Modell nach Takayama und Judge vorgeschlagen, um Preise außerhalb der SEC zu erhalten. Die der SEC zuwiderlaufenden Prozesse werden mit ökonomischer Theorie erklärt. Nach dem gleichen Verfahren wie im ersten Kapitel wurden die neuen Modelle verwendet, um Preise, für die der wahre Schwellenwert bekannt ist, zu generieren (Monte-Carlo-Simulationen). Dann wurden diese Preise verwendet, um die Schwellen-Parameter unter dem TVECM abzuschätzen. Das letzte Kapitel ist eine Zusammenfassung der wichtigsten Erkenntnisse in Bezug auf die Kompatibilität zwischen der ökonomischen Theorie und den ökonometrischen Verfahren. Ziel ist es, die Bedeutung der Verbesserung unpräziser und mehrdeutiger Definitionen in ökonomischer und ökonometrischer Theorie herauszustellen; dafür werden plausible Alternativen überprüft. Zusätzlich zum Fehlen fundierter Theorie stützen empirische Anwendungen die Theorie oft nicht. Dies wird mit zwei Studien veranschaulicht, die in mexikanischen und US-amerikanischen Mais-Märkten durchgeführt wurden. Heutzutage spielen Analysen räumlicher Marktintegration eine wichtige Rolle in Forschung und Politik. Somit müssen sich diejenigen, die solche Analysen vornehmen, die theoretischen Implikationen bedenken, um die angemessenen Schlussfolgerungen ihrer empirischen Arbeit zu ziehen. ; The study of Spatial Market Integration (SMI) has been of great concern for agricultural economists, with the Takayama and Judge Price and Allocation Model (TJM), in which prices are bounded by the Spatial Equilibrium Condition (SEC), being the core economic theory. The SEC implies that no profits are made from trading goods among spatially separated regions and is a weak form of the Law of One Price (LOP). Indeed, the LOP is regarded as perfect market integration and a perfect equilibrium. Another theoretical concept in SMI is market efficiency, which can be understood as markets being cleared, hence there is an optimum allocation of the resources, which leads to the correct pricing of the goods. In theory, when trade occurs among regions, the excess supply and demand signals are transferred to the prices of the goods among trading regions, so that prices move together among the regions; nevertheless it is important to point out that price co-movement does not necessarily lead to Pareto efficiency, so that co-movement can occur for markets in disequilibrium. Following such theoretical foundations, most of the empirical research in the field of SMI deals with prices. The early work done in the field has dealt with price correlations and regressions; it often provided weak support in favour of the LOP. Later, with the development of the concept of cointegration, new econometric techniques provided support in favour of the LOP; however, such methods suffer from neglecting the role of the SEC by depicting the equilibrium as a linear relationship such as the LOP. Such a limitation served to support the use of non-linear techniques, namely the regime-dependant Threshold Vector Error Correction Model (TVECM), on which the inner regime, often referred to as the neutral band, is analogous to the SEC. The apparent compatibility between the neutral band and the SEC has served to popularize the use of the TVECM in empirical SMI research. Nonetheless, economic theory still suffers from an unclear definition of market integration and little attention is given to its foundations and implications in the price formation process. Following this concern one can question to which extent the TVECM is the correct instrument when little attention has been paid to economic theory. With the following thesis the author aims to contrast economic theory and econometric techniques used in Spatial Market Integration in order to evaluate whether or not the TVECM is the correct specification for SMI analysis as is it claimed or assumed in the literature. Chapter One introduces the Takayama and Judge Price and Allocation Model (TJM), which serves as the theory for Spatial Market Integration. It also introduces the TVECM and the standard econometric technique used on its estimation. Then, using the TJM, artificial prices are generated. For the simulations the true parameters are known, hence if the TVECM is the correct specification, the estimated parameters from the TVECM have to be unbiased with respect to the true parameters. Chapter Two starts off with an introduction to the econometric concept of cointegration and the testing procedures of linear cointegration and Threshold Error Correction. The main aim is to test whether the data which is economically integrated in equilibrium serves to econometrically test for threshold error correction. Chapter Three addresses the incompatibilities found in Chapter One and Two between pure equilibrium data and the TVECM. Following such concern some modifications to the original Takayama and Judge Price and Allocation Model are proposed in order to obtain prices beyond the SEC. The rationale of the processes which violate the SEC is based on economic theory. Following the same procedure as in Chapter One, the new models are used to generate prices (Monte Carlo simulations) for which the true threshold value is known. Then those prices are used to estimate the threshold parameter(s) under the TVECM. The last Chapter is a summary of the major findings regarding the compatibility between the economic theory and the econometric methods. The purpose is to point out the importance of improving vague and ambiguous definitions in economic and econometric theory; for that plausible alternatives are reviewed. Along with the lack of sound theory is the fact that empirical applications often do not support theory; this is exemplified with two studies conducted in Mexican and US maize markets. Nowadays Spatial Market Integration analysis has a main role in research and policy making, thus the people conducting such analyses have to be more aware of the theoretical implications in order to draw the conclusions of their empirical work properly.

Kara, trimdas un izsūtījuma pieredzes attēlojums autobiogrāfiskajos latviešu rakstnieču darbos 20./21.gs. mijā: laikmeta konteksts, teorijas un prakse Anotācija Eva Birzniece Politiskās pārmaiņas Eiropā un Latvijā 1990to gadu sākumā ir devušas iespēju iekļaut Latvijas literārajā apritē tādas iepriekš noklusētas un marginalizētas tēmas kā padomju varas realizēto izsūtījumu un Otra Pasaules kara izraisītās trimdas pieredze un veikt zaudētās pagātnes rekonstruēšanu. Vēstures rakstīšana ir postkoloniālo autobiogrāfisko tekstu centrālā interese, jo daudzas padotās vēstures nav iekļautas dominējošajos vēsturiskajos naratīvos vai arī tās ir grūti reprezentējamas (Dipesch Chakrabarty). Darba tēma ir izsūtījuma un trimdas pieredzes atspoguļojums latviešu rakstnieču darbos, kas radīti vai publicēti 20./21.gs. mijā. Darba mērķis ir aktualizēt un analizēt sieviešu naratīvus par izsūtījumu, karu un trimdu maksimāli apkopojošā veidā un pamatot to piederību postkoloniālās feministiskās literatūras paradigmai. Latviešu sieviešu autobiogrāfisko naratīvu analīze tiek veikta, izmantojot feministiskās un postkoloniālās literatūras teoriju un metodoloģiju. Kā nozīmīgākie izsūtījuma un trimdas pieredzi atspoguļojošie darbi analīzei ir izvēlēti: Anitas Liepas romāns "Ekshumācija" (1990), Melānijas Vanagas darbs "Veļupes krastā" (1991), Sandras Kalnietes dokumentālais romāns "Ar balles kurpēm Sibīrijas sniegos" (2001), trimdā (ASV) tapušais Agates Nesaules autobiogrāfiskais romāns "Sieviete dzintarā" (1995) un Margitas Gūtmanes prozas darbs "Vēstules mātei" (1998). Visus darbus vieno vēstītāja veids – subalternās balsis, kas ilgu laiku no literārās aprites bija izslēgtas, un darbu tematiskā līdzība. Vēsturiskā, sociālkulturālā un literārā konteksta iezīmēšanai ir izmantoti arī citi autobiogrāfiskie darbi par izsūtījumu, trimdu, kā arī dzīvi okupāciju un kara plosītajā Latvijā. Cittautu konteksta iezīmēšanai tiks izmantoti vairāki romāni par izsūtījuma un Otrā pasaules kara nobeiguma tēmu – Sofi Oksanenas romāns "Attīrīšanās", Hertas Milleres romāns "Elpas šūpoles", Rūtas Šepetis romāns "Starp pelēkiem toņiem" un anonīmas autores dienasgrāmata "Sieviete dzintarā". Konteksta un intertekstualitātes izpratnei ir analizēts Jeržija Kosinska romāns "Nokrāsotais putns" ("The Painted Bird") un Annas Frankas dienasgrāmata, kas Agates Nesaules romāna "Sieviete dzintarā" piešķir tādas papildus perspektīvas kā traumētas bērna psihes izpausmes un vardarbības upuru otrreizējā stigmatizēšanā savējo vidū. Promocijas darba mērķis ir analizēt izsūtījuma un trimdas pieredzes atspoguļojumu 20./21. gs mijas latviešu rakstnieču darbos postkoloniālās un feministiskās literatūras teorijas un kritikas kontekstā. Promocijas darba uzdevumi: 1. Identificēt postkoloniālās feministiskās autobiogrāfijas paradigmas un pamatkonceptus, kas izmantojami, analizējot un salīdzinot latviešu rakstnieču naratīvus par trimdu un izsūtījumu. 2. Analizēt izsūtījuma un trimdas pieredzes atspoguļojumu latviešu rakstnieču autobiogrāfijās un autobiogrāfiskajos romānos, salīdzinot tos ar citiem vēstījumiem latviešu un cittautu literatūrā (pamatā Austrumu un Centrāleiropas tautu literatūrā). 3. Izvērtēt latviešu feministisko autobiogrāfiju iekļaušanos postpadomju / postkoloniālajā literārajā telpā. 4. Veikt latviskās identitātes raksturojumu, salīdzinot latviešu un citu tautu sieviešu rīcību līdzīgās situācijās un refleksiju par šo rīcību Darba novitāte ir specifiskas 20. gs. vēsturiskās pieredzes (izsūtījums, došanās trimdā) aktualizācija un analīze latviešu mūsdienu literatūrā postkoloniālās literārās paradigmas ietvaros, respektējot dzimumdiferences aspektus literārajā jaunradē, kas līdz šim apkopojošā veidā nav darīts. Darbs ir strukturēts četrās daļās ar vairākām apakšnodaļām katrā daļā, darbam ir ievads un nobeigums: 1. Piecu galveno analizēto romānu raksturojums. 2. Sievietes identitātes definēšana izceļošanas pieredzē un trimdā, kļūšana ; Annotation Eva Birzniece Represenatation of War, Exile and Deportations Experience in the Narratives of Latvian Female Authors of the Turn of 20th and 21th Centuries: Context, Theory and Practice Political changes in Europe and Latvia in the early 1990ies provided a chance to introduce such previously silenced and marginalised themes as deportations of civilians by the soviet power and massive exile at the end of the Second World War into Latvian literature and to become involve in reconstruction of the lost past. As Dipesch Chakrabarty suggests, writing of history is the central interest of postcolonial autobiographical texts as many subjected histories are not included or are difficult to represent in the dominant historic narratives. The theme of this paper is representation of deportations and exile in the narratives by Latvian female authors published at the turn of the 20th/21st centuries. The aim of the paper is to analyze these narratives and argue that these narratives belong to the feministic postcolonial autobiographical paradigm. The analysis of the Latvian female autobiographical text is done using theory and methodology of feministic and postcolonial literature. The novel "Exhumation" (1990) by Anita Liepa, "Veļupes Krastā" (1991) by Melānija Vanaga, "With Dance Shoes in Siberian Snows" (2001) by Sandra Kalnietes, "A Woman in Amber" (1995) by Agate Nesaule and "Letters to Mother" (1998) by Margita Gūtmane are selected for analysis as the most significant literary works representing deportation (first three) and exile experience (last two). The narratives are unified by a subaltern subject that was exluded from the literary mainstream for a long time and the thematic similarity of the texts. To provide historic, sociocultural and literary context other autobiographical narratives about deportation, exile and life in Latvia under occupation powers and during the Second World War while other Latvians were fleeting to the Western countries are used. Those include texts "Mēģinu būt atklāts" by Oļģerts Kroders, "Aldaune" by Velta Toma, "Elpas šūpoles" by Herta Muller, "Starp pelēkiem toņiem" by Ruta Šepetys, "Attīrīšanās" by Sofi Oksanen and a diary by an anonymous German author. The Bille Trilogy by Vizma Belševica is included in the analysis, as it adds the space of Latvia to the analysed texts of deportations to Siberia and exile in the Western European countries and North America. The Bille Trilogy also provides an example for the pattern of mother-daughter relationship as compared to other patterns of family relationships depicted in the analysed works. To understand the Intertexuality of the novel "A Woman in Amber" the Diary of Anne Frank and the novel "The Painted Bird" by Jerzy Kosinski are analysed, as they add to the narrative of Nesaule perspectives she does not explicitly mention a similarly traumatised child psyche or need for revenge after traumatising experiences. The aim of this PhD work is to analyse the representation of deportation and exile experience in autobiographical writing of Latvian female authors at the turn of 20th and 21st centuries within the context of feminist postcolonial literary theory and methodology. The theoretical framework of this dissertation is based on postcolonial theoretical works of Franz Fenon, Homi K. Bhabha, Gayatri Chakravorty, David Chioni Moore, feminist theoreticians and theory of autobiography (Leigh Gilmore, Sidonie Smith) and exile (Sophia A. McClennen). The promotion work also builds on literary criticism of those Latvian scholars who use postcolonial methodology – Sandra Meškova, Benedikts Kalnačs, and those who analyse Latvian literature in feministic paradigm – Ausma Cimdiņa, Sandra Sebre, and exile scholar Inta Ezergaile. The promotion work "Representation of War, Exile and Deportations Experience in the Narratives of Latvian Female Authors of the Turn of 20th and 21th Centuries: Context, Theory and Prac