Suchergebnisse

Регулирование имущественных договорных отношений и в семейном праве прямо привязывалось к гражданскому праву. Одновременно выделялась специфика этих отношений. 26 декабря 2011 года был принят Кодекс Республики Казахстан «О браке (супружестве) и семье» (далее КоБ(С)С РК), а ранее действовавший Закон о браке и семье Республики Казахстан от 17 декабря 1998 года утратил свою силу. В КоБ(С)С РК наряду с действующими сделками как договоры супругов относительно их имущества, договоры супругов о предоставлении взаимного содержания, договоры о содержании детей, появились новые договоры: договор суррогатного материнства, договор о передаче ребенка на патронатное воспитание, договор об оказании медицинских услуг при применении вспомогательных репродуктивных методов и технологий. В данной статье дается характеристика договоров, заключаемых супругами, предлагается их классификация. Также автор говорит о договорах, которые можно разработать и вывести на законодательный уровень, предлагает их классификацию. ; The development of matrimonial relations shows that the regulation of contractual relations in the family law directly tied to the civil law. The specificity of these relationships separates out at the same time. Having said all that the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan On Marriage and Family (thereafter, the Law) came into force on 26th December 2011, and the previous Law of Republic of Kazakhstan On Marriage and Family expired on December 17, 1998. The term «marriage» pays attention to that it has no meaning; even more it has no legal significance with respect to such act as the Code. Therefore, it is not clear why the legislator has used the term under consideration. The Law was first divided into general and special parts. What was the need for this? What is the purpose of such parts? If the legislator had in mind the fact that within a regulatory act is necessary to show the separation to substantive and procedural norms, he (the legislator) has done it unsuccessful. Almost all of the above historical laws that governing marital relations, contained both material and procedural rules in the structure already, and this fact does not hinder their practical application and development in general. Separation of the law into general and special parts is not a new legal structure and it does not constitute a legal load. Although the previous Law (December 17, 1998) was a voluminous and in sufficient detail governing the matrimonial relations statute (there were 7 sections, 29 chapters, 213 articles), adopted a new Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan On Marriage and Family has become more voluminous codified act (now it consists of 283 articles, more than 100 articles of which are new). The new contracts such as contract of surrogate motherhood agreement, contract of transfer child to foster care, contract of the provision of medical services in the application of assisted reproductive methods and technologies came into existence in the Law, together with the current transaction as a contract of couples on their property, contract of spouses to provide mutual maintenance, contracts for the content of children. In this article the author gives a description of agreements concluded by spouses, suggests their classification, trying to hold comprehensive analysis of contracts entered into by the spouses, as well as contracts that can be developed and put into legislation.

Рассматриваются основные направления формирования современных центрально-азиатских исследований в Китайской Народной Республике с начала 2000-х гг., при этом акцент делается на магистерских и кандидатских диссертациях. Исследования не ограничиваются специальностями «Мировая экономика», «Мировая политика» и «Международные отношения», а количество университетов, в которых выполняются работы по Центральной Азии, превышает три десятка. Большинство работ посвящено актуальным проблемам развития отношений КНР с государствами Центральной Азии. Признанным центром по количеству и качеству работ в последние несколько лет стал Синьцзян-Уйгурский автономный район и его академические и научно-исследовательские структуры. ; During the 2000s China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), one of the most efficient database systems of different kinds of knowledge, opened for use. The database granted not only access, but also an opportunity to download the full-text documents in science literature from China. Search capabilities provided an access to Master and PhD papers (or dissertations for Degree) in many spheres including regional science Central Asia research. It was new for a foreign author to get any paper from 2002 to 2010 in International Relations (IR), Regional Economy, International Law, World Politics, Modern History and other spheres of interest that was submitted to different Universities in the People's Republic of China. Chinese Universities started to prepare staff for Research Centres on problems of Central Asia all around China. These were Xinjiang University, Shihezi University, Lanzhou University (Province of Gansu), Yanbian University (Province of Jilin), Shanghai University, Normal University of Inner Mongolia, Tonji University (Shanghai), etc. Dissertations were on different kinds of regional interactions including regional security system after 9/11 and the development of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) by Yang Lianhai, Xu Xiaoli, Yin Yugang, Zhao Guoli, Zheng Fangyun, Fang Weiwei, He Yuejun, Li Jian, Pi Yixia, Huang Yi, Wang Minghua, Wang Zhirun, Li Jiang, Chen Lum Ling Yongfeng, Wang Zaiyun, Sun Yanming, Zhang Manping, Liu Jingyou, Deng Xiaoyan, Jiang Xingwei. Regional crime and security cooperation is the top ic of U.Maimat. Xu Haomiao, Tian Xia, Xu Juan deal with Islam as the main religion for the people in the region of Central Asia. Zheng Xueping considers economic cooperation. Some young authors major in energy development of Central Asia and the surrounding Chinese provinces including Xinjiang-Uighur Autonomous Region (XUAR). These are Wang Lulu, Lin Suiming, Tan Yuelong, He Dan, Long Hailiang, He Lunzhi, Shao Yanbo, Song Jifang, Li Rui. Papers submitted to the Degree of Master of International Law are mainly written by Xinjiang University scholars (Xu Ai, Ling Ling, Fang Jing, Wang Xiaofeng, Xing Rong, Xu Xiaoyan and others). XUAR integration within the regional cooperation mechanisms is the main subject of the research papers of Liu Lanqin, Wang Zhifei, Chen Shuxiang, Meng Yanjun, Sun Li, Huang Chao, Guo Minghui, Fu Yinxin. Ge Shixiang, Li Tong, Zhang Yachen, Lan Qiang, Wei Wenting, Ma Ai, Xu Haina, Yu Haibo, Li Xu, Ma Bin, Wang Dehua, Ren Shuangping, Hao Zhengang, Lu Dongchao, Shi Liying, H.Kudratov, Li Hongliang, Jiao Fan deal with different actors' activity in the newly formed international relations system in Central Asia. These authors are mainly representatives of the new-wave scholars of Central Asia Research Centers, such as Xinjiang University. Partially, the goal of these papers is to build new work groups for research work all around China.

Las décadas del 50 y 60 fueron un período de profundas transformaciones para el conjunto de los países latinoamericanos. En la convergencia de estos cambios se inscribió un amplio y heterogéneo espectro de proyectos políticos que tendrán en común la voluntad de avanzar en una transformación social profunda. Todos estos procesos se dieron en el marco del crecimiento de la llamada «nueva izquierda», como también de la emergencia de distintas organizaciones guerrilleras en la región. La figura de Tomás Amadeo Vasconi resulta «paradigmática» como trayectoria biográfica, seguida por numerosos intelectuales provenientes de las ciencias sociales y de la educación que, en los convulsionados 60 y 70, iniciarían un proceso de radicalización política. El artículo analiza distintas etapas de su pensamiento educativo inicial de carácter desarrollista-funcionalista en Argentina; en Chile, donde se produce su conversión al marxismo vía estructuralismo francés. Y finalmente en su exilio en Panamá, Venezuela y Cuba, donde su reflexión se centra en las dictaduras militares y la revolución truncada en América Latina. El trabajo busca dar a conocer a un autor que ha sido relevante en la discusión sobre las tensiones educativo-políticas de esas décadas tan convulsionadas. ; 1950's and 1960's were a period of time with big changes for every Latin America country. The convergence of these changes involved a wide and diverse range of political projects sharing a desire to develop a deep social change. All of these processes were developed in a context of a «New Left» as well as an emergence of several guerrilla organizations in the region. So the presence of Tomas Amadeo Vasconi is a «paradigm» as a biographical guide followed by many thinkers from social and education sciences during troubled 1960's and 1970's which began a political radicalization process. This paper discusses several stages of his former educational-functional thought developed in Argentina; also, Chile where he becomes Marxist thanks to French structuralism; and finally, the exile in Panama, Venezuela and Cuba where his reflection was focused on military dictatorship and the failed Latin America revolution. Finally this paper reveals an author who has been relevant to discuss educational and political issues of those troubled decades. ; As décadas de 1950 e 1960 foram um período de profundas transformações para o conjunto dos países latinoamericanos. Na convergência destas mudanças se inscreveu um amplo e heterogêneo espectro de projetos políticos que terão em comum a vontade de avançar em uma transformação social profunda. Todos esses processos se deram no quadro do crescimento da chamada «nova esquerda», bem como da emergência de distintas organizações guerrilheiras na região. A figura de Tomás Amadeo Vasconi resulta «paradigmática» como trajetória biográfica, seguida por numerosos intelectuais provenientes das ciências sociais e da educação, que nos convulsionados anos de 1960 e 1970 iniciariam um processo de radicalização política. O artigo analisa distintas etapas de seu pensamento educativo inicial, de caráter desenvolvimentista-funcionalista, na Argentina; no Chile onde se produz sua conversão ao marxismo via estruturalismo francês. E, finalmente, em seu exílio no Panamá, Venezuela e Cuba onde sua reflexão se centra nas ditaduras militares e na revolução truncada na América Latina. O trabalho busca apresentar um autor que foi relevante na discussão sobre as tensões educativo-políticas de décadas tão convulsionadas. ; Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación

My research makes a contribution to the study of relations between Italy and France in the second half of the nineteenth century. Specifically, it deals with the crucial period which extends from the Franco-Prussian War to the adherence of Italy to the Triple Alliance (with Austria and Prussia) which came in response to the French occupation of Tunisia. It is within this context that the emergence of the Italian author Edmondo De Amicis (1846-1908) is to be understood. De Amicis dedicated two of his works to France, Ricordi di Parigi (1879) and Ritratti Letterari (1881), in which can be found portraits of a number of well-known French authors such as Alphonse Daudet, Emile Zola, Emile Augier and Alexandre Dumas fils. The systematic study of De Amicis' biography and the retrieval of many authoritative sources have greatly contributed to current knowledge on De Amicis' relationship with France. The existing sources have now been greatly enriched by a considerable number of unpublished journalistic writings and personal letters. In addition, information has been collected with regard to the French reception of De Amicis' works, many of which came to be highly appreciated in translation. Thus, the picture which emerges is that of an intellectual of European standing, committed to the divulgation of the literary innovations of French naturalisme and, above all, to defending the values of freedom championed by the French Revolution. ; Le travail s'insère dans la vaste perspective des études sur les rapports entre la culture italienne et la culture française dans la seconde moitié du XIX siècle. En particulier nous avons pris en examen la période 1870-1883, c'est-à-dire les années de la conclusion de la guerre franco-prussienne, jusqu'à la crise diplomatique de Tunis (1881) et au passage de l'Italie à l'alliance politique et militaire avec l'Autriche et l'Allemagne. (1886). Dans la vaste production littéraire de De Amicis (connu presque seulement pour la publication de son roman Cuore), la France joue un rôle non secondaire, comme le témoignent le volume Ricordi di Parigi (1879) et le recueil Ritratti letterari (1881). Le but de notre recherche a été d'abord l'analyse approfondie de ces deux livres. Ensuite nous avons fait une enquête systématique sur l'ensemble de la production de De Amicis – en examinant pour la première fois plusieurs périodiques littéraires et politiques – où nous avons retrouvé beaucoup d'autres témoignages importants. En outre, grâce à l'étude de la biographie de De Amicis, nous avons reconstruit ses voyages et ses séjours en France (1873, 1878, 1880), et nous avons retrouvé le nom d'autres intellectuels français, avec lesquels De Amicis a établi des liens d'amitié et de collaboration. Enfin, à travers l'analyse de la correspondance privée de certains protagonistes de cet échange, nous avons acquis d'autres données. Nous avons ainsi mis à jour de nombreux témoignages de la remarquable réception en France des œuvres de De Amicis. Il a été beaucoup traduit en France et la critique française l'a considéré dès sa première œuvre (La vita militare, 1868) comme un des écrivains les plus importants d'Europe. Le bilan final de nos recherches confère à De Amicis un rôle très important dans les rapports entre la France et l'Italie, aussi bien au niveau culturel que politique

"Independent Russia is approaching the start of its third decade of post-Soviet existence. After the economic chaos of the Boris Yeltsin decade and the recovery and stabilization of the Vladimir Putin decade, Russia's leaders have high ambitions for a return to great power status in the years ahead. Their aspirations are tempered, however, by the realities of Russia's social, economic, and military shortcomings and vulnerabilities, laid painfully bare by the stress test of the recent global financial crisis. Looking ahead, some also calculate that Russia will be increasingly challenged in the Far East by a rising China and in the Middle East by an Iran that aspires to regional hegemony. As a result, Moscow is already seeking to strengthen Russia's ties with Europe and the United States. The West is seen as crucial to Russia's modernization as well as a hedge against what may develop to Russia's east and south in coming decades. This process of Russia's anchoring itself more firmly in the West will proceed with lots of tactical hiccups and sporadic crises. Nevertheless, it will bring consequences and opportunities for U.S. diplomacy and strategic development, some of which the Barack Obama administration's policy of 'reset' is already reaping. But Russian policy toward the United States is conditional on a U.S. approach that engages Russia in positive ways. If that policy were to change, it could push Russia and China closer together on some issues in an effort to constrain the United States."--P. 1 ; Format not distributed to depository libraries. ; "January 2011." ; Includes bibliographical references (p. 30-39). ; Executive summary -- Introduction -- Putin's record -- Medvedev's challenge -- Demographic determinism -- Price paradox -- Corruption complex -- Military malaise -- The 'Near Abroad' -- China -- Iran -- Implications for the United States -- Notes -- About the author. ; "Independent Russia is approaching the start of its third decade of post-Soviet existence. After the economic chaos of the Boris Yeltsin decade and the recovery and stabilization of the Vladimir Putin decade, Russia's leaders have high ambitions for a return to great power status in the years ahead. Their aspirations are tempered, however, by the realities of Russia's social, economic, and military shortcomings and vulnerabilities, laid painfully bare by the stress test of the recent global financial crisis. Looking ahead, some also calculate that Russia will be increasingly challenged in the Far East by a rising China and in the Middle East by an Iran that aspires to regional hegemony. As a result, Moscow is already seeking to strengthen Russia's ties with Europe and the United States. The West is seen as crucial to Russia's modernization as well as a hedge against what may develop to Russia's east and south in coming decades. This process of Russia's anchoring itself more firmly in the West will proceed with lots of tactical hiccups and sporadic crises. Nevertheless, it will bring consequences and opportunities for U.S. diplomacy and strategic development, some of which the Barack Obama administration's policy of 'reset' is already reaping. But Russian policy toward the United States is conditional on a U.S. approach that engages Russia in positive ways. If that policy were to change, it could push Russia and China closer together on some issues in an effort to constrain the United States."--P. 1 ; Mode of access: Internet.

Place is characteristically imbued with a multiplicity of meanings contingent on the specificities of the society, time and space in which place is perceived. It is essentially subjective, relational and differential. As such, virtual multiplicity is the main characteristic of place where the virtual is understood as the sum of the real, a subjective mental act, and a motive or confusion. Space, conversely, is that which has no virtuality in it; it is objective. Accordingly, at least in theory, it is hard to distinguish between virtual and actual places. Outside of theory, virtual place typically suggests a system of representations that aims to convey through the senses an imagined or illusionary reality. Virtual place is mostly associated with places constructed using computational technology; most popular among them are massive multiuser online games (MMOGs). Lately, scholars are increasingly using such MMOGs to virtually construct or reconstruct historic places. The interpretation of such historic places depends on the affordances of the medium through which place is perceived and the ways in which such a medium is socially deployed and interpreted. This dissertation explores (1) the ways in which MMOGs are perceived and (2) the formative effect virtual reconstructions of historic places using gaming technology exercise on the interpretation of such places.Using two popular MMOGs as a case study, this dissertation shows that the perception of such places is conditioned by the suggestive technical affordances of the medium in addition to complex socio-historical forces. These conditions predispose expert users of MMOGs to perceive these virtual places in ways different than new users. New users perceive virtual environments in ways similar to the ways they perceive the actual environment: They assume an isomorphic relationship between the virtual reconstruction of a given place and its actuality. They value the formal and multi-sensory aspects of the environment. Expert users, on the other hand, perceive the virtual environment from a structural and functional perspective and pay less attention to its formal and sensory qualities. They seek novel and interesting social activities, increased technical knowledge and improved social status.This dissertation also uses the ancient settlement of Sirkap, located in modern-day Pakistan, as a case study, to demonstrate that the use of gaming technology to virtually reconstruct a historical place may entail a change in the interpretation of archaeological records. Most conventional historical accounts of Sirkap use two-dimensional site maps and city plans as the primary media to represent the urban fabric of the ancient settlement. The medium lends itself to interpret the Block D Apsidal Temple complex as the dominant socio-religious structure in the affluent northern parts of the settlement. When the author developed an interactive three-dimensional reconstruction of Sirkap using gaming technology--a medium that allows users, through their avatars, to explore the settlement from the standpoint of a pedestrian--it was immediately obvious that the aforementioned Block D Apsidal Temple complex did not demand such an interpretation. Instead, this study argues that, at least in the affluent northern parts of the settlement, the northern gate, its adjacent fortifications, and the Block A stupa court were the dominant structures. Such an interpretation leads the authors to question the canonical understanding of the role of the state and its military apparatus in the socio-religious life of Sirkap.

Jennifer Milioto Matsue's ethnographic account of Tokyo hardcore in the late 1990s situates the scene both within the context ofJapanese society and underground music scenes in urban centers around the world. The author characterizes this enclave of hardcore music making as both distinctively Japanese and simultaneously comparable to other music scenes outside Japan. Matsue's research spans from 1996 to 1999 and revolves around the band Jug and the club or "livehouse" they frequent, 20,000volt. Other bands and participants on the periphery of this particular group are discussed, although the ethnographer is most intimately involved with Jug, and eventually joins them during a few live performances as a guest vocalist. Crucial to Matsue's narrative is a concept of performance that includes both acts onstage and (inter)personal contributions within the scene. Making Music in Japan's Underground: The Tokyo Hardcore Scene is divided into four chapters that progressively delve into the tightly-knit world of Tokyo hardcore. The first chapter gives context for the ethnography, providing an overview of Tokyo at the end of the century and establishing the dominant traits of American and Japanese hardcore music. While not attempting the dubious task of defining a genre, Matsue begins by outlining the basics of American hardcore, briefly touching on the genre's birth out of the punk rock movement, and its subsequent connection to both grunge and alternative rock in the 1990s. Taking punk tempos and speeding them up, hardcore is described by the All Music Guide (cited by Matsue) as incorporating guitars with a "monochrome" timbre and "half-shouted lyrics venting the most inflammatory sentiments the singers and songwriters could devise". Leftist politics are central to the early strain of hardcore in the United States and, as Matsue writes, citing Roy Shuker, the music created in the hardcore scene was "initially distinct from mainstream production systems".While Matsue fails to explain how and when hardcore made its way to Japan, her cursory overview of American hardcore allows her to compare and contrast the Japanese scene with its Western antecedent. Stylistically, the hardcore scene in Japan that she analyzes is "a range of musics loosely connected under the umbrella style of hard core . [incorporating] a guitar rock or kitschy punk aesthetic, with quite a lot of screaming . or intensive mumbling". Although independent modes of musical production remain important, radical politics are far less prevalent, and the performative aggression is more about momentary release than attempting to effect permanent political or social change. Matsue writes, "Performance in the scene allows participants a space to negotiate distinct individual and collective identities that can at times be further characterized by a sense of resistance, but this resistance is often temporary, even playful". This description is in keeping with Matsue's understanding of play. In her usage, play denotes a temporary leisure activity outside of work. Play also encompasses her definition of performance, which is specifically the creation of music onstage and the methods of production and distribution offstage (such as creating promotional flyers or starting independent record labels) that perpetuate the scene and facilitate live performances. Play can also include shifting aspects of one's identity and persona that may result in resistance against conventional societal roles, although in a fashion that is not permanent.

Análisis evaluativo de diversos enfoques geográficos sobre el espacio, su revelación con el Estado, entendido en su binomio poder y dominación. Se revisa la concepción de un poder unidimensional y la producción de espacio; así como las versiones del poder multidimensional, consumo del espacio y territorialidad. La concepción del espacio como producto-reflejo de la sociedad, se critica a la luz de concepción materialista del espacio. A nivel histórico, se estudian las estrategias y conflictos resultantes de la conformación de nuevos territorios y las limitaciones de acción del Estado frente a las decisiones locacionales de las grandes corporaciones multinacionales. Se fortalecen segmentos del Estado nacional, pero, a la vez, este pierde poder de decisiones ante las fuerzas internacionales y, principalmente frente a los problemas y tenciones internas. La autora sugiere diversos temas de investigación necesarios de cubrir urgentemente, tales como la relación territorio y espacio; naturaleza de los movimientos sociales de la base territorial; naturaleza del Estado contemporáneo y las relaciones ante los planes económicos y políticos y, finalmente, los limites de intervención del Estado y los problemas de legitimidad del poder. SUMMARY This is evaluative analysis of different geographic focuses concerning space-state relationships, taking into account a power and domination binomial. The concept of a unidimensional power and space production is revised; as well as versions of multidimensional power, space consumption, and territorial relationships. The space concept is taken into account as a product-reflection of society and criticized from the viewpoint of a materialistic viewpoint, strategies and conflicts are studied as the results of the confirmation of the new territories the large multinational corporations. Segments of the national state are stringency but, at the same time, the state loses its decision making powers in reference to international forces and principally in reference to problems and internal tensions. The author suggests several necessary and urgent investigative themes, such as territorial and space relationships, the nature of the social movements encountered in the territorial base, the nature of the contemporary state and of the its relationships in accordance with economic and political plants and finally, the intervention limits of the state and the problems of power legitimacy RESUME A partir d'une vision géographique, on présente et analyse les thèmes suivants: l'espace, la relation celui-ci avec l'Etat, entendu comme un bionome pouvoir et domination. On revise les concepts de pouvoir unidimensionnel et de production d'espace; de pouvoir multidimensionnel, consommation et territoriale. Le concept d'espace comme produit-réflexe de la société, est critiqué en se basant sur la conception matérialiste de l'espace. Au niveau historique, on étudie les stratégies et les conflicts qui résultent de la conformation de nouveaux territoires. On étudie aussi les limitations de l'action de l'Etat en face des décisions d'ubiquation des grandes corporations multinationales. En même temps que se fortifié certaines parties de l'Etat national, il y a une diminution de son pouvoir de décision devant des forces internationales et surtout en face de problèmes et de tensions internes.L'auteur suggère plusieurs thèmes d'investigation urgents, comme : la relation entre territoire et espace; nature des mouvements sociaux à base territoriale; nature de l'Etat contemporain et ses relations avec les plan économiques et politiques et enfin : les limites de l'intervention de l'Etat et les problèmes de légitimité du pouvoir.

In recent years, tourism has experienced increasing interest from researchers in various areas, a fact that has resulted not only in a diversity of approaches from which this theme can be treated, but also in the uncovering of the interconnections that exist between tourism and the development of the economy of transport and of society. Thus, tourist growth in each country has been the subject of several studies, ranging from economics to the political and cultural aspects associated with publicizing the country as well as to the links between tourism and transport developments. Research on the institutions promoting tourism and the magazines in which it is advertised has led to an understanding of the role that professionals such as engineers have played in promoting the activity and how they have long regarded it as a form of development for the economy and for transport. The study of travel guides is another possible approach to understanding the links between tourism and transport. Utilitarian in their nature, travel guides are a reflection of the economic, social, cultural and technological changes that, over time, have been introduced into travel for cultural purposes or for summer vacations, and which gradually have come to be participated in by increasingly larger social groups. The analysis of various tourist guides allows for an approach to various themes, particularly the different forms of transport and the new industries that technological and industrial development have made available for travelers/tourists. Analyzing the 20th century tourism phenomenon thereby implies understanding all the economic, social, political and technological changes that were initiated in the second half of the 18th century and which eventually brought about today's phenomenon of 'mass tourism'. Access to tourist travel – for improving knowledge, for leisure or even for therapeutic reasons – at the beginning of the 18th century, a privilege of the aristocracy, was gradually extended to include the rich bourgeoisie. Throughout the 19th century, it embraced even wider social strata through the development of transport and communications. However, in the 20th century its high level of growth allowed tourism to become, for many regions and even for some countries, one of the main sources of income and an important support for the economy. Throughout the 20th century, new achievements were established in the world of work, such as the right to paid holidays, which contributed largely to increase the numbers of those who could spend their leisure time getting to know other places and other cultures. Many of the changes that occurred in tourism were determined by the technological and industrial innovations that generated an increase in and a broadening of new means of transport. As Catherine Bertho Lavenir observes, "les voyages changent comme changent les techniques" (Lavenir 1999: 9). According to this author, today's characteristics of tourism are the result of an evolution marked by three distinct moments, separated by technological changes. The first period was the age of coaches and railways. The article seeks to examine the links that, from the late 19th century into the early decades of the 20th, were established in Portugal between tourism and transport, connecting them with the strategies followed by railway companies, cycling associations, the Automobile Club of Portugal (1903) and Sociedade de Propaganda de Portugal (1906) in the promotion of tourism travel within Portugal and abroad.

Полития Борны, существование которой на территории бывшей римской провинции Далмации в первой четверти IX в. фиксируется франкскими источниками, традиционно считается колыбелью раннесредневековой хорватской государственности. Между тем, характер данной политии и то, каким образом она была связана с хорватами как раннесредневековой gens, остается во многих отношениях неясным. Автор доказывает, что дукат Борны состоял только из двух политических единиц: собственно хорватской политии с центром в районе Книна и небольшого гудусканского вождества в Гацке. Борна был вождем хорватов, группы людей, которая постепенно развилась в этническую единицу под руководством христианизированной военной элиты, противопоставившей себя сначала аварской, а затем и франкской верховной власти. Гудусканы составляли отдельную natio, чья идентичность никак не была связана с хорватами. Известия источников, касающиеся важных институтов дуката Борны, таких как praetoriani и castella, указывает на существование всех необходимых условий для трансформации этой политии в раннее государство «дружинного» типа. Между тем, быстрое усиление пост-аварской книнской элиты, происходившее около 800 г. и приведшее к формированию дуката Борны, следует объяснять не столько внутренними социально-политическими факторами, сколько внешними импульсами, связанными с существенным изменением политической ситуации на западе Балкан вследствие франкской экспансии. При этом процесс стабилизации хорватской групповой идентичности и превращения ее в базовую идентичность этнополитической общности был весьма длительным, заметно уступая в своих темпах процессу становления на территории, где к середине IX в. оформится «страна хорватов» (Regnum Chroatorum), надлокальной политической организации. ; Borna's polity attested by Frankish sources in the territory of the former Roman province of Dalmatia in the first quarter of the 9th century is traditionally considered by many to be the cradle of the early medieval Croatian statehood. Meanwhile, the exact character of this polity and the way it was linked with the Croats as an early medieval gens remain obscure in many respects. It is argued by the author that Borna's ducatus consisted of only two political entities, the Croat polity proper, with its centre in the region of Knin, and a small chiefdom of the Guduscani in the region of Gacka. Borna was the chief of the Croats, a group of people that gradually developed into an ethnic unit under the leadership of a christianized military elite opposed first to the supreme power of the Avars and then to that of the Franks. The Guduscani as a single whole constituted a separate natio whose identity was in no way connected with that of the Croats. The evidence concerning the important institutions of Borna's ducatus such as praetoriani and castella points to the existence of all the necessary conditions for transforming the polity into an early state the administrative apparatus of which would be based on the ruler's retinue of warriors. Meanwhile, the rapid reinforcement of the post-Avar Knin elite that took place c. 800 and led to the formation of Borna's ducatus should be explained by external impulses connected with a considerable change of political conditions in the Western Balkans following the expansion of the Franks rather than by any internal social factors. For all that, the process of the stabilization of the Croats' group identity and its transformation into basic identity of an ethnopolitical community was very durable, the rate of the process being considerably inferior to that of the formation of a supralocal political organization in the territory of the future «land of the Croats» (Regnum Chroatorum).

Анализируются известия независимого и официального русского летописания второй половины XV в. о династических войнах между представителями московского княжеского дома. Основное внимание уделено наиболее известным представителям так называемой галицкой ветви московских князей, их личным характеристикам и военно-политической деятельности. В результате обращает на себя внимание неоднозначность информации, даже содержащейся в официальных летописях. Сделаны выводы о необходимости пересмотра устоявшихся в науке оценок данных событий и предположения относительно их возможных трактовок. ; In the Russian historical science there has developed a tradition of perception of the opponents of Prince Vasily II Vasilyevich in the fight for the grand throne. Galician princes are seen either as an unconditionally progressive power, but in any case they are confronted with the Moscow Prince. Accordingly, there is a tradition to evaluate their moral qualities. It is typical that both models are based on similar, though not absolutely identical sources. At present, it is necessary to dwell on the activities and personalities of the princes of Zvenigorod and Galicia on the basis of all available sources of the chronicles, both the official ones dated back to the end of the 15th century and independent ones (North-Russian chronicles and those written in the principalities neighboring to Moscow). Discrepancies or repeated news allow seeing the main parties of the conflict and their actions with the eyes of contemporaries and immediate descendants, at least partly. Using both types of Russian chronicles makes it possible to consider different interpretations of events chroniclers, from neutral to promotional ones. Particular attention is paid to the three Galician princes who openly opposed to Vasily II. The analysis of their actions, motives (often presumable) and the results led to the conclusion that these princes did not act as a unified opposition except for the brief period of 1433-1434. But at that time the reasons and goals of their struggle against Vasily II were not identical. Basically, that family sought to compliance with the principle of family seniority when inheriting the Grand Prince's throne, with the exception of Prince Vasily the Kosoy (Squint-eyed). But judging by the fact that the fight between Vasily Vasilyevich and Vasily Yuryevich ended by blinding of the loser the case was not typical because blindness was not a norm in the political struggle in Russia. Perhaps, this conflict was the cause of public insult of Vasily the Kosoy at the wedding of Vasily II. The author pays attention to the lack of available research sources enabling discussion about the personal characteristics and moral qualities of the princes. In particular, it is doubtful to speak of exceptional ferocity of Vasily Yuryevich and perfidy or duplicity of Dmitry Shemyaka. In this context, for example, it seems to be unreasonable to discuss the assertion that Shemyaka cheated Bishop Iona of Ryazan in 1446. In conclusion we can say that in the chronicle sources of the second half of the 15th century there is a lack of reasons to demonstrate the struggle between the two principles of succession. Moreover, the grand code of 1472 suggests that the only legitimate way to transfer the grand power was the observance of seniority, regardless of the double violation of that order by that time.

Статья посвящена критическому анализу проекта изменений ГК РФ в части проблемы активной исковой легитимации и инициативы суда в признании ничтожности сделок одной из наименее тщательно проработанных при подготовке Концепции совершенствования ГК и Проекта. Исследование выполнено на средства гранта Президента РФ для государственной поддержки молодых российских ученых докторов наук (МД-714.2010.6). ; The RF Civil Code does not mention such kind of remedy as declaration of the juristic act as and void, does not define the circle of plaintiffs in such suits, and does not provide an opportunity to declare the ity of a juristic act at the court initiative. At the same time the parties of a juristic act or a third party can be interested in elimination of legal uncertainty created by such an act. And this interest needs protection by judicial declaration of ity of a juristic act. The proposals on this issue, contained in the Draft Amendments to the Russian Federation Civil Code (Draft further on), are not consistent and free from contradictions. 1) Systemic discordance between the Draft's rules about juristic acts and general contract provisions is obvious. Such a double regulation is excessive and contradicts the principle of legislative economy. In addition, this mismatch can produce considerable difficulties in legal practice. 2) According to Para 2 Part 3 Art. 166 of the Draft "bringing of a suit for declaration of invalidity of a and void juristic act regardless of the application of consequences of its invalidity is allowed if the plaintiff has the law protected interest in declaring such a juristic act as invalid". But the plaintiff's subjective right or law-protected interest is a necessary precondition for satisfaction of any claim. However, the proposed rule is not only excessive but, moreover, objectionable because it can cause wrong interpretations. 3) The Draft's general provisions about contracts are supplemented by Art. 4311 "Invalidity of Contract". However, it is not clear what specific feature of contract requires the necessity of these special provisions and why they were not included into the general juristic act's provisions. 4) According to Para 1 Part 3 Art. 4311 "suit about declaration of ity of the juristic act … can be brought by any concerned person on condition that this person will provide the evidences of infringement by this contract of his/her rights or law-protected interests". Besides the lack of terminological unity between this rule and the similar provision of Para 2 Part 3 Art. 166, that will cause a lot of collisions during the application process, this rule ignores universally recognized postulates of civil law and civil procedure: (a) the necessity of the right or law-protected interest evidences adducing is a general procedural requirement called "burden of evidence"; (b) the proof of the circumstances referred to by the plaintiff is a condition for claim satisfaction, but not a condition of "bringing" of a suit; (c) the conclusion of the contract itself does not violate subjective rights or law-protected interests; and, therefore, the provision of Para 1 Part 3 Art. 4311 would be impracticable under a strict formal legal approach, and would exclude even a possibility to bring the suit for declaring a juristic act as and void. De lege ferenda the author offers his own version of relevant rules.

Рассматриваются причины кризиса бельгийского федерализма. Отсутствие компромисса между различными региональными партиями из-за электорального округа Брюссель-Хал-Вилворде стало причиной политического кризиса и камнем преткновения в бельгийской политике. Бельгийский федерализм не интегрировал языковые сообщества на основе единого национального союза. Ряд индикаторов свидетельствует о кризисе государства-нации и о том, что данная проблема заслуживает внимания со стороны исследователей для анализа перспектив развития европейского федерализма. ; In this article the effects of Belgian federalism on its linguistic minorities, specifically the French, Flemish and Flanders, are examined. Since the time of formation of the electoral district of Brussels-Halle-Vilvoorde, it became a stumbling block in the Belgian policy. The author begins by posing a question on whether Belgian federalism has resolved the cohabitation of its different linguistic groups and ensured their proportional representation in federal government. The analysis of the historical background of the difficulties between the groups, as well as a description of the federal structures that have been adopted to improve these difficulties, is provided. An important aspect of the article is its analysis of the outcome of these political structures on the interactions between the minorities. Within the limits of modern Belgian federalism where all depends on struggling for repartition of the power and influence of regional parties, the constructive decision on electoral district has not been found yet. And it leads all Belgian federalism to nowhere. Belgium is one of the EU founding countries. Its active participation in Euro integration processes is based on ideology of federalism and national consensus, adherence to which has never been questioned publicly. In the opinion of many observers Belgium is in the phase of crisis of federalism. The status quo preservation can lead to a breakdown of a nation-state in the heart of Europe. Therefore, Belgium has become a political laboratory of European federalism having realised in practice a model of a decentralised and regionalized state based on the principle of ethnic and linguistic pluralism. The Belgian experience of territorial reforming looked attractive and prospective enough, until the idea of regionalism supported by the ideology of nationalism has not questioned the existence of the national state Belgium. At present Belgium is at historical and political crossroads. Belgium has always personified the European idea and the breakdown of the nation-state will be the collapse of the federal Europe, the Europe of regions and all other Europes except the Europe of the national states. The experience of search of the compromise in the ethnic variety of Belgium and dialogue construction in the federative state is a lesson for modern multinational states. The specificity of evolution of ethno-regional parties in the view of national contradictions in Belgium leaves the question unanswered of the future of the national states in the system of the European political institutes when solving problems of internal policy. Within modern Belgian federal mechanism where all depends on the struggling for repartition of the power and influence of regional parties, the constructive decision on election district of Brussels-Halle-Vilvoorde will not be found. Federalism in Belgium has failed to integrate different communities, as it has not fostered national unity. Some indicators predict that there is a threat of the collapse of the nation, and that this is a serious cause for attention.

Анализируются проблемы доказывания мотива и цели преступления в контексте судебно-следственных действий. Предлагается системное установление мотивации преступного поведения путем определения взаимосвязей между мотивом и целью преступного деяния с учетом явлений полимотивации и множественности целей. ; The problems of proving the motive and purpose of a crime in the context of forensic investigation are analysed in the article. From the critical point of view the practical approach for criminal motives determination is considered on the basis of the model self-interest − personal hostility − disruptive behaviour. The author draws the line at non-mixing of the motive, purpose and emotional background of a crime. It is proposed to establish comprehensive motivation of criminal behaviour by identifying interrelation between the motive and purpose of a criminal act taking into account phenomena of polymotivation and multiple purposes. The necessity of revealing not only nearby but distant goals of a criminal is proved. As a methodological ground to establish motivation of criminal behaviour an active approach is used, which states that one should carry out a detailed pre-criminal, criminal and post-criminal behaviour investigation of a person who committed a crime. The article gives a brief review of procedural means of proofs good for establishing motivation of criminal behaviour with reference to a broad range of opportunities applied by forensic psychological examination. The recommendations for working up final procedural documents regarding fixation of the motive and the criminal act are set in the article. The existing simplified approach to the determination of criminal behaviour motivation leads to a considerable number of investigative mistakes, incorrect classification of crimes, disregard of true motives of a crime, intended decrease of the purposes range of a crime, determination of unfair punishment, wrong application of some civil legislation institutions. The motive and purpose of a criminal act are to be investigated along with other circumstances of a case using criminal procedure means stipulated by law. Determination and investigation of the criminal behaviour motivation must be carried out by a complex of the following investigation actions: examination of the scene of action; interrogation of the suspect, accused of a crime, the defendant; interrogation of the crime victim; interrogation of witnesses; legal search; forensic psychological examination. The algorithm of criminal behaviour motive determination by means of the scene of action inspection can be presented as follows: apparent consequences of a crime ground for committing a crime immediate aim of a crime. While interrogating the suspected and the accused person by asking proper questions one should lead the interrogated person out to the general background of his/her personal interests thus understanding his/her distant goals and sense of existence. Interrogation of persons who were acquainted with the subject of a crime before he had committed a crime in their joint operation, study, place of residence, leisure time, participation in the activity of social organizations, sports clubs (neighbours, acquaintances, colleagues, etc.) can be useful. While carrying out the legal search special attention should be paid to the criminals products of intellectual activity (diaries, note-books, autobiographies, nota benes, letters, telegrams, e-mail messages), as well as his living conditions at the place of residence.

Построение «сервисной» модели государства предусматривает ориентацию на потребителя государственных и муниципальных услуг. Это предопределяет проведение социологических исследований с целью выявления степени удовлетворенности населения указанными услугами. Показано, как неоднозначное толкование понятия «муниципальные услуги» порождает проблемные аспекты методики оценки удовлетворенности. ; Innovative processes in public administration and municipal management are largely oriented at building a service state model, when the state is an institution offering services to the public. The key measure of power efficiency is the quality of public services, and the quality means the degree of public needs satisfaction. Such a model is meant to identify the evaluation of public services. In the Russian Federation according to regulations, sociological surveys of urban districts (metropolitan regions) must be carried out to find out the degree of satisfaction with municipal services since 2008. Determination of the subject for sociological study needs an accurate definition of the term municipal services. The paper links the concept content with a number of local problems to be solved by the local government bodies (LGB). To solve the problems, the LGB are to develop and realize a complex of legal and technical-organizational measures. It is hard for a citizen to evaluate adequately the work of the local authorities within this aspect. Therefore, the population should be given the right to assess the final result along with the procedure of receiving the service. And the local authorities should be obliged to draw conclusions and take measures connected with planning, realization, coordination and control. The identification of the public service content, proceeding from the social functions of the relevant area, also arrives at a conclusion that the consumers are not experts in these fields, so it is necessary to focus on the choice of general criteria. Since the municipal services are hierarchical in one and the same field, the author suggests that the assessment of the National Health Service, education, etc. should be excluded from the analysis. When forming the methods of evaluation it should be determined which services to take into consideration: those secured by the budgetary financing or others as well. Besides, it is important to know which mechanism of the managerial decision is taken by sociological information. In keeping with this it can be either only quantitative or both quantitative and qualitative. On the whole, when giving the sociological evaluation of the quality of public services, it is necessary to take into account the ambiguity of the following approaches: a citizen is treated either as a customer getting a service or as a representative of the population at large a citizen evaluates the LGB performance in accordance with the accomplishment of measures leading to providing services or the final result analysing the final result, a citizen assesses either the performance of the authority or of the institution which provided the service a citizen evaluates the services offered 1) free of charge or 2) at prices regulated by authorities or 3)on market terms catering for citizens opinion results in either taking financial decisions or adjustment of service content. The choice of this or that service affects the method of satisfaction evaluation.