Suchergebnisse

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Belur-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 566 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. Entire area is covered by soil and 150cm) soils.  About 9 per cent loamy (sandy clay loam) and 91 per cent has clayey (sandy clay and clay) soils at the surface.  About 44 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 8 per cent area in the microwatershed is nearly level (0-1%) and 92 per cent very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 28 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 72 per cent is moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about 4 per cent is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3), 10 per cent is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8), 19 per cent is moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4), 38 per cent is strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) and 29 per cent is very strongly alkaline (pH >9.0) in reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 337 kg/ha) in 13 per cent area of the soils.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 4 per cent area of the soils.  Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) in 52 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper is sufficient in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 209(37) 244(43) Sapota - 114(20) Maize 61(11) 393(69) Pomegranate - 356(63) Bajra 126(22) 331(59) Musambi 90(16) 256(45) Groundnut 41(7) 82(15) Lime 90(16) 256(45) Sunflower 90(16) 245(43) Amla 103(18) 370(66) Redgram - 305(54) Cashew 61(11) 52(9) Bengal gram 148(26) 296(52) Jackfruit - 114(20) Cotton 148(26) 306(54) Jamun - 164(29) Chilli 62(11) 74(13) Custard apple 251(44) 222(40) Tomato 62(11) 51(9) Tamarind - 135(24) Brinjal 103(18) 360(64) Mulberry - 303(54) Onion 41(7) 72(13) Marigold 61(11) 392(69) Bhendi 41(7) 422(75) Chrysanthemum 61(11) 392(69) Drumstick - 345(61) Jasmine 61(11) 160(28) Mango - 22(4) Crossandra 61(11) 99(17) Guava - 113(20)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 7 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE STUDY  Results indicated that, 35 farmers were sampled in Belur-2 microwatershed among them 6 (13.95%) were marginal farmers, 12 (30.23 %) were small farmers, 11 (25.58 %) were semi medium farmers, 1 (2.33%) were medium farmers and 6 (13.95 %) landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The data indicated that there were 188 population households were there in the studied micro watershed. Among them 100 (53.19%) men and 88 (46.81 %) were women. The average family size of landless was 4.67, marginal farmer was 3.85, small farmer was 4.6, semi medium farmers were 4.45 and medium and large farmers were 5.  The data indicated that 26 (13.83%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 85 (45.21 %) were in 16-35 years of age, 58 (30.85 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 19 (10.11%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that the Belur-2 had 27.66 per cent illiterates, 32.98 per cent of them had primary school education, 6.91 per cent of them had middle school, 15.43 per cent them had high school education, 8.51 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.53 per cent of them had ITI education and 3.19 per cent of them had degree education.  The results indicated that, 83.72 per cent of households practicing agriculture, 13.95 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labour and 2.33 per cent of the household heads were others.  The results indicated that agriculture was the major occupation for 29.26 per cent of the household members, 44.15 per cent were agricultural labourers, 2.13 per cent were general labours and 1.06 per cent were in private sector, 0.53 per cent were in government service, 2.66 per cent were housewives and children's and 15.43 per cent of them were students. In case of landless farmers 57.14 per cent of them were agriculture labours, 14.29 per cent were general labours and 10.71 per cent of them were students.  In case of marginal farmers 32 per cent of them were doing agriculture, 48 per cent of them were agriculture and 16 per cent of them were students. In small farmers 32 per cent of them were doing agriculture, 30.36 per cent of them were agriculture labour, 8.93 per cent were children and 17.86 per cent of them were students. In case of semi medium farmers 28.57 per cent of them were agriculturist, 53.06 per cent of them were agriculture labour, 2.04 per cent of them were in private service. and 16.33 per cent of them were students. In medium farmers 60 per cent of them were agriculturist, 20 per cent of them were government service and 20 per cent of them were doing other work.  The results showed that 1.06 per cent of them participated in Sthree Shakthi Sangha and 98.94 per cent of them have not participated in any local institutions. Landless, 2 marginal, semi medium and medium farmers were found to have no participation in any local institutions. Small farmers were found to participate in one or the other local institutions.  The results indicated that 6.98 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 83.72 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 9.30 per cent of the households possess Pacca house.  The results showed that, 88.37 per cent of the households possess TV, 79.07 per cent of the households possess mixer/grinder, 55.81 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 44.19 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 2.33 per cent of them possess tempo and 86.05 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results showed that the average value of television was Rs. 3526, mixer/grinder was Rs. 1188, bicycle was Rs.1041, motor cycle was Rs.48684, Tempo was Rs.2000, Edge shear was Rs.3000 and mobile phone was Rs.1093.  Results showed that, about 16.28 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 25.58 per cent of them possess plough, 2.33 per cent of the households possess tractor, 11.63 per cent of the households possess sprayer, 79.07 per cent of the households possess weeder and 9.30 per cent of the households possess chaff cutter.  The results showed that the average value of bullock cart was Rs.17428; the average value of plough was Rs. 911, the average value of tractor was Rs. 300000, the average value of sprayer was Rs. 20200, the average value of weeder was Rs. 36 and the average value of chaff cutter was Rs. 2175.  The results indicated that, 23.26 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 6.98 per cent of the households possess local cow, 2.33 per cent of the households possess crossbreed cow, 4.65 per cent of the households possess sheep and 9.30 per cent of the households possess buffalo and goat respectively. 16.67 per cent of the landless farmers possess sheep and goat respectively. In case of marginal farmers, 15.38 per cent of the households possess local cow and 7.69 per cent of the households possess local cow, crossbreed cow and goat respectively. In case of small farmers, 25 per cent of households possess bullock and 8.33 per cent possess local cow, buffalo, sheep and goat correspondingly. In case of semi medium farmers, 45.45 per cent of the households possess bullock and 9.09 per cent of the households possess local cow and buffalo respectively. 100 per cent of the medium farmers possess goat.  The results indicated that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.59, average own labour (women) available was 1.39, average hired labour (men) available was 7.70 and average hired labour (women) available was 8.11.  In case of marginal farmers, average own labour men available was 1.69, average own labour (women) was also 1.38, average hired labour (men) was 6.08 and average hired labour (women) available was 6.08. In case of small farmers, average 3 own labour men available was 1.54, average own labour (women) was 1.50, average hired labour (men) was 7.08 and average hired labour (women) available was 7.25. In case of semi medium farmers, average own labour men available was 1.55, average own labour (women) was 1.27, average hired labour (men) was 10.55 and average hired labour (women) available was 11.73. In medium farmers average own labour men available was 2, average own labour (women) was 1.  The results indicated that, 9.30 per cent of the household opined that the hired labour was adequate and 76.74 per cent of them opined that hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicated that, households of the Belur-2 microwatershed possess 28.99 ha (62.56%) of dry land and 17.35 ha (37.44 %) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 7.55 ha (89.66%) of dry land 0.87 ha (10.34%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 15.78 ha (94.73%) of dry land and 0.88 ha (5.27%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 5.67 ha (32.15%) of dry land and 11.95 ha (67.85%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 3.64 ha (100%) of the irrigated land.  The results indicated that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 298,275.86 and average value of irrigated was Rs. 403,406.44. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 423,806.96 for dry land and Rs. 1,033,953.50 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 256,631.61 for dry land Rs. 569,124.40 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 247,000 for dry land and Rs. 392,992.56 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 247,000 for irrigated land.  The results indicated that, there were 14 defunctioning and 15 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicated that, bore well was the major irrigation source for 34.88 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicated that on an average the depth of the bore well was 23.09 meters.  The results indicated that, in case of marginal farmers there was 0.87 per cent of irrigated land, in case of small farmers there was 1.28 ha of irrigated land, in case of semi medium farmers there was 12.10 ha of irrigated land and medium farmers were having 3.64 ha of irrigated land. On an average there were 17.90 ha of irrigated land.  The results indicated that, farmers have grown maize (19.93ha), onion (8.51 ha), groundnut (5.81 ha), sunflower (2.43 ha), cotton (1.88 ha), Red gram (1.83 ha), sorghum (1.62 ha), bajra (0.97 ha), banana (0.4 ha) and green gram (0.4 ha) in kharif season. Marginal farmers have grown maize, groundnut, sunflower, cotton, red gram and bajra. Small farmers have grown maize, onion, groundnut, sunflower 4 and green gram. Small farmers have grown maize, onion, cotton, red gram, sorghum and banana. Medium farmers have grown only maize.  The results indicated that, the cropping intensity in Belur-2 microwatershed was found to be 82.12 per cent. In case of marginal farmers it was 95.19 per cent, in small farmers it was 89.92, in semi medium farmers it was 69.54 and in medium farmers it was 100 per cent.  The results indicated that, 69.77 per cent of the households have both bank account and savings respectively. 92.31 percent of marginal, small and large farmers possess both bank account savings respectively. In small farmers 66.67 per cent of the households have both bank account and savings respectively. In case of semi medium farmers, 90.91 per cent of possess bank account and savings respectively.  The results indicated that, 92.31 per cent of marginal, 66.67 per cent of small and 90.91 per cent of semi medium farmers have borrowed credit from different sources.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 32679.41. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 35141.18. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 2461.78. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.08.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 32679.41. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 35141.18. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 2461.78. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.08.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for redgram was Rs. 92106.94. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 37235.25. The net income from redgram cultivation was Rs. -54871.69. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.4.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 49544.52. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 37461.67. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. -12082.86. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.76.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 6593.64. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 18278. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. 11684.36. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.77.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for green gram was Rs. 43774.34. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 41990. The net income from green gram cultivation was Rs. -1784.34. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.96.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for onion was Rs. 31943.56. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 132285.50. The net income from 5 onion cultivation was Rs. 100341.94. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:4.14.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for Sunflower was Rs. 26042.92. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 42306.47. The net income from Sunflower cultivation was Rs. 16263.55. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.62.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for Cotton was Rs. 38511.39. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 79607.03. The net income from Cotton cultivation was Rs. 41095.63. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.07.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for Banana was Rs. 89684.87. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 247000. The net income from Banana cultivation was Rs. 157315.13. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.75.  The results indicated that, 18.60 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate, 11.63 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was inadequate and 18.60 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate.  The results indicated that, in landless farmers, the average income from wage was Rs. 27000. In marginal farmers the average income from service/salary was Rs.7384.62, wage was Rs. 30384.62, agriculture was Rs. 32015.38 and dairy farm was Rs. 5230.77. In small farmers the average income from business was Rs. 1000, wage was Rs. 21166.67, agriculture was Rs. 43470.83 and dairy farm was Rs. 1166.67. In semi medium farmers the average income from service/salary was Rs. 16272.73, wage was Rs. 22454.55, agriculture was Rs. 187236.36 and dairy farm was Rs.363.64. In medium farmers the average income from business was Rs. 6000 and agriculture was Rs. 375000.  The results indicated that, in landless farmers, the average expenditure from wage was Rs. 25000, farm income was Rs.500 and goat farming was Rs.5000. In marginal farmers the average expenditure from wage was Rs.9090.91, agriculture was Rs.16307.69 and dairy farm was Rs.9333.33. In case of small farmers the average expenditure from business was Rs. 4000, wage was Rs. 11500, agriculture was Rs. 28727.27 and dairy farm was Rs. 2000. In case of semi medium farmers the average expenditure from service/salary was Rs.40500, wage was Rs. 8375, dairy farm was Rs.2000 and agriculture was Rs. 60090.91. In case of medium farmers the average expenditure from business was Rs.4000, agriculture was Rs. 50000 and goat farming was Rs. 2000.  The results indicated that, sampled households have grown 34 coconut trees in their field and also planted 1 coconut tree in their back yard. 6  The results indicated that, households have planted 1 eucalyptus, 5 teak, 58 neem, 1 tarmind tree, 3 pongamia trees and 1 banyan tree in their field and also planted 2 neem tree in their back yard.  The results indicate that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 4744.19 for land development, Rs. 441.86 in irrigation facility and 302.33 Rs.2714.29 for improved crop production.  Marginal households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 6846.15 for land development, Rs. 769.23 for irrigation facility and Rs.384.62 for improved crop production. Small farmers have an average investment capacity of Rs. 3666.67 for land development, Rs. 83.33 in irrigation facility and Rs.666.67 for improved crop production. Semi medium farmers have an average investment capacity of Rs. 6454.55 for land development and Rs. 727.27 in irrigation facility.  The results indicated that, for land development, 31.11 per cent of the farmers were depend on government subsidy, 22.22 per cent were depend on loan from the bank. 4.44 per cent of the households were dependent on government subsidy and 8.89 per cent of the households were dependent on loan from the bank for irrigation facility. Similarly for improved crop production, 4.44 per cent of the households were dependent on government subsidy.  The results indicated that, cotton, onion and sunflower crops were sold to the extent of 100 per cent. Bajra, banana, groundnut, maize and red gram were sold to an extent 13.04 per cent, 90 per cent, 68.75 per cent, 99.77 per cent and 88.89 per cent respectively.  The results indicated that, 2.33 percent of the households have sold their produce to agents/ traders, 16.28 per cent of the households have sold their produce to local/village merchant, 74.42 percent of the households sold their produce in regulated markets and 2.33 percent of the households sold their produce in cooperative marketing society.  The results indicated that 18.60 per cent of the households have used cart as a mode of transport, 72.09 per cent of them have used tractor and 2.33 per cent have used bus as a mode of transport.  The results indicated that, 34.88 per cent of the households have experienced the soil and water erosion problems i.e. 46.15 percent of marginal farmers, 33.33 per cent of small farmers and 45.45 per cent of semi medium farmers.  The results indicated that, 65.12 per cent of the households have shown interest in soil testing including 92.31 per cent of marginal farmers, 58.33 per cent of the small farmers and 81.82 semi medium farmers.  The results indicated that, 100 percent used fire wood as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the source of drinking water for 90.70 per cent and 11.63 per cent of them were using bore well for drinking water. 7  The results indicated that, electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, 46.51 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 100 per cent of landless, semi medium and medium farmers, 7.69 per cent of marginal and 8.33 per cent of small farmers had sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 93.02 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 6.98 per cent of the sampled households does not possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, 60.47 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme which included 50 per cent of the landless, 69.23 percent of the marginal, 50 per cent of the small, 63.64 per cent of the semi medium and 100 percent of the medium farmers.  The results indicated that, cereals, pulses, oilseeds, vegetables, fruits , milk, egg and meat were adequate for 100 per cent, 53.49 per cent, 51.16 per cent, 39.53 per cent, 58.14 per cent, 51.16 per cent, 48.84 per cent and 9.30 per cent respectively.  The results indicated that, pulses, oilseed; vegetables, fruits, milk, egg and meat were inadequate for 46.51 per cent, 48.84 per cent, 60.47 per cent, 27.91 per cent, 23.26 per cent, 27.91 per cent and 6.98 per cent of the households respectively.  The results indicated that, Lower fertility status of the soil problem was experienced by 72.09 per cent of the households, and wild animal menace on farm field was experienced by 62.79 per cent of the households, frequent incidence of pest and diseases was experienced by 27.91 per cent of the farmers, inadequacy of irrigation water was experienced by 13.95 per cent of the households, high cost of Fertilizers and plant protection chemicals was experienced 44.19 per cent and high rate of interest on credit was experienced by 13.95 per cent of the farmers, low price for the agricultural commodities was experienced by 18.60 per cent of the farmers, lack of marketing facilities in the area was experienced 16.28 per cent of the households, inadequate of extension services experienced by 11.63 per cent of the households, lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market was experienced by 34.88 per cent of the households, less rainfall was experienced by 51.16 per cent and of the farmers and Source of Agri-technology information(Newspaper/TV/Mobile) 11.63 per cent of the households. ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

ANALISIS PENGARUH KARAKTERISTIK PEMERINTAH DAERAH TERHADAP TINGKAT PENGUNGKAPAN LAPORAN KEUANGAN(Studi pada LKPD Kota Pontianak Periode 2014-2016) OLEH :NOVIA VIRGINIAAKUNTANSI ABSTRAK Laporan keuangan pemerintah daerah merupakan laporan wajib yang harus diungkapkan oleh setiap pemerintahan yang ada di Indonesia untuk menyediakan informasi yang menyangkut posisi keuangan, kinerja, serta perubahan posisi keuangan suatu perusahaan yang bermanfaat bagi sejumlah besar pemakai dalam pengambilan keputusan. Tingkat pengungkapan LKPD memiliki beberapa faktor yang mempengaruhinya. Pada penelitian ini peneliti menggunakan 7 karakteristik pemerintahan yaitu ukuran pemerintan daerah, ukuran legislatif, umur administratif pemerintah daerah, kekayaan pemerintah daerah, diferensiasi fungsional, rasio kemandirian keuangan daerah, serta lingkungan eksternal yaitu Intergovernmental Revenue. Tujuan dalam penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh karakteristik pemerintah daerah terhadap tingkat pengungkapan laporan keuangan. Populasi dari penelitian ini adalah laporan keuangan pemerintah daerah Kota Pontianak pada tahun 2014-2016 yang telah di audit oleh BPK dan didapat melalui studi lapangan. Variabel penelitian terdiri dari ukuran pemerintan daerah, ukuran legislatif, umur administratif pemerintah daerah, kekayaan pemerintah daerah, diferensiasi fungsional, rasio kemandirian keuangan daerah, serta lingkungan eksternal yaitu intergovernmental revenue. Dan variabel dependen yaitu tingkat pengungkapan laporan keuangan. Analisis data yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah analisis deskriptif dan teknik pengujian data yang telah dilakukan ialah menggunakan uji korelasi. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa dari 7 variabel yang diuji hanya terdapat 2 variabel yang berpengaruh positif terhadap tingkat pengungkapan LKPD Kota Pontianak yaitu diferensiasi fungsional dan intergovenmental revenue. Sedangkan 5 variabel lainnya terbukti memiliki pengaruh yang negatif terhadap tingkat pengungkapan LKPD. Kata kunci : Laporan keuangan, Standar Akuntansi Pemerintahan, Pemerintah Daerah. 1BAB 1PENDAHULUAN1.1.LATAR BELAKANG Demi meningkatkan layanan publik serta memenuhi kebutuhan dan hak publik, maka pemerintah Indonesia berusaha semaksimal mungkin untuk mewujudkan tata kelola pemerintahan yang baik atau Good Public Government (GPG). GPG adalah sistem atau aturan dan perilaku yang berkaitan dengan pengelolaan kewenangan oleh penyelenggara negara dalam menjalankan tugas-tugasnya secara bertanggung jawab. Otonomi daerah ialah salah satu bentuk implikasi dari GPG. Otonomi daerah adalah pembagian kekuasaan yang diberikan oleh pemerintah pusat kepada masing-masing daerah untuk mengurus dan mengatur daerahnya dengan peraturannya sendiri. Tujuan administratif yang ingin dicapai melalui pelaksanaan otonomi daerah ialah adanya pembagian urusan pemerintahan antara pemerintah pusat dan pemerintah daerah, termasuk juga sumber keuangan, dan pembaharuan manajemen birokrasi pemerintahan di daerah. Sedangkan tujuan ekonomi yang ingin dicapai dalam pelaksanaan otonomi daerah di Indonesia adalah terwujudnya peningkatan indeks pembangunan manusia sebagai indikator peningkatan kesejahteraan masyarakat di Indonesia. Menyajikan laporan keuangan pada masing-masing daerah otonom juga termasuk dalam salah satu tujuan dari otonomi daerah. Laporan keuangan pada dasarnya adalah hasil dari proses akuntansi yang dapat digunakan sebagai alat komunikasi antara data keuangan atau aktivitas suatu perusahaan dengan pihak yang berkepentingan dengan data atau aktivitas dari perusahaan tersebut (Munawir 2004:2). Laporan keuangan adalah suatu penyajian terstruktur dari posisi keuangan dan kinerja keuangan dalam suatu entitas. Catatan informasi keuangan dalam suatu perusahaan pada suatu periode akuntansi tertentu yang dapat digunakan untuk menggambarkan kinerja perusahaan tersebut. Kinerja perusahaan perlu untuk di analisis dan di gunakan hasil nya sebagai acuan untuk pengambilan keputusan bagi atasan. Maka dari itu laporan keuangan bertujuanuntuk menyediakan informasi yang menyangkut posisi keuangan, kinerja, serta perubahan posisi keuangan suatu perusahaan yang bermanfaat bagi sejumlah besar pemakai dalam pengambilan keputusan.Undang-undang Nomor 17 tahun 2003 tentang Keuangan Negara menyebutkan bahwa laporan keuangan pemerintah harus disusun dan disajikan sesuai Standar Akuntansi Pemerintahan. Penyusunan laporan keuangan pemerintah harus sesuai dengan Standar Akuntansi Pemerintahan (SAP) sehingga bisa dikatakan laporan keuangan pemerintah tersebut tergolong konsisten dan memenuhi kewajiban akuntabilitas serta transparansi. Dalam hal ini jelas sudah bahwa pelaporan laporan keuangan harus lah sesuai dengan pedoman yang telah di tetapkan yaitu Standar Akuntansi Pemerintahan (SAP). Namun pada kenyataannya masih banyak daerah yang belum menyusun laporan keuangannya sesuai dengan SAP.Penelitian Setyaningrum (2012) menemukan bahwa tingkat pengungkapan wajib LKPD terhadap SAP di Indonesia masih sangat rendah, rata-rata hanya sebesar 52,09, sedangkan (Liestiani 2008) 35,45%, (Lesmana 2010) 22%, dan (Suhardjantoetal 2010) 51,56%. Patrick (2007) menemukan bahwa ukuran, kesempatan berinovasi, diferensiasi fungsional, spesialisasi pekerjaan, ketersediaan slack resources, dan pembiayaan utang merupakan karakteristik yang memiliki asosiasi positif terhadap penerapan inovasi administrasi GASB 34, sedangkan intergovernmental revenue memiliki asosiasi negatif. Liestiani (2008) menemukan bahwa kekayaan, kompleksitas pemerintahan, dan jumlah temuan audit memengaruhi tingkat pengungkapan LKPD, sedangkan Lesmana (2010) menemukan bahwa umur Pemda dan rasio kemandirian keuangan daerah berpengaruh positif terhadap tingkat pengungkapan wajib LKPD. Hasil berbeda terdapat pada penelitian Suhardjanto et al. (2010) dengan menggunakan modifikasi model Patrick (2007) yang menemukan bahwa dana perimbangan dan latar belakang bupati merupakan prediktor yang sangat signifikan terhadap kepatuhan dan pengungkapan SAP yang wajib.Laporan Keuangan Pemerintah Daerah (LKPD) Kota Pontianak tahun 2014 menyandang predikat Wajar Tanpa Pengecualian dari Badan Pemeriksa Keuangan (BPK) RI Perwakilan Provinsi Kalimantan Barat (Kalbar). Predikat tertinggi dalam opini yang diberikan BPK ini merupakan keempat kalinya disandang Pemkot Pontianak secara berturut-turut yakni sejak tahun 2011-2014, Pemkot Pontianak sudah lebih dulu menerapkan akrual basis meskipun sebenarnya sistem tersebut baru wajib diterapkan mulai 2016 mendatang oleh Pemerintah Pusat. (Bappeda Kota Pontianak)Meskipun Pemerintah Kota Pontianak sudah mencapai predikat dengan opini tertinggi, namun faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi tingkat pengungkapannya perlu untuk diteliti lebih lanjut agar Pemerintah Kota Pontianak dapat selalu mempertahankan predikat tertinggi tersebut. Kondisi ini membuat saya tertarik untuk menganalisis lebih lanjut mengenai faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi pengungkapan wajib LKPD khususnya di Pemerintah Daerah Kota Pontianak. 1.2.RUMUSAN MASALAHHasil rerata pengungkapan Laporan Keuangan Daerah (LKPD) di Indonesia yang masih tergolong rendah membuat peneliti menganalisis lebih lanjut apakah pengaruh karakteristik pemerintah terhadap tingkat pengungkapan Laporan Keuangan Kota Pontianak tahun anggaran 2014-2016. Dari penjelasan latar belakang permasalahan sebelumnya, peneliti ingin meneliti pengaruh faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi tingkat pengungkapan Laporan Keuangan Pemerintah Daerah (LKPD) di Kota Pontianak, dapat dirumuskan sebagai berikut:Apakah ukuran Pemerintah Daerah memilik hubungan positif terhadap tingkat pengungkapan Laporan Keuangan Pemerintah Daerah?Apakah ukuran Legislatif memilik hubungan positif terhadap tingkat pengungkapan Laporan Keuangan Pemerintah Daerah?Apakah Umur Administratif Pemerintah daerah memiliki hubungan positif terhadap tingkat pengungungkapan Laporan Keuangan Pemerintah Daerah?Apakah Kekayaan Pemerintah Daerah memiliki hubungan positif terhadap tingkat pengungungkapan Laporan Keuangan Pemerintah Daerah?Apakah Diferensiasi Fungsional memiliki hubungan positif terhadap tingkat pengungkapan Laporan Keuangan Pemerintah Daerah?Apakah Rasio Kemandirian Keuangan Daerah memiliki hubungan positif tingkat pengungkapan Laporan Keuangan Pemerintah Daerah?Apakah Intergovernmental Revenue pemerintah daerah memiliki hubungan positif terhadap tingkat pengungkapan Laporan Keuangan Pemerintah Daerah? 1.3.TUJUAN PENELITIANBerdasarkan rumusan masalah yang telah diuraikan sebelumnya, maka tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah:Menganalis pengaruh ukuran Pemerintah Daerah memilik hubungan positif terhadap tingkat pengungkapan Laporan Keuangan Pemerintah Daerah?Menganalisis pengaruh ukuran Legislatif memilik hubungan positif terhadap tingkat pengungkapan Laporan Keuangan Pemerintah Daerah?Menganalisis pengaruh umur administratif pemerintah daerah memiliki hubungan positif terhadap tingkat pengungungkapan Laporan Keuangan Pemerintah Daerah?Menganalisis pengaruh kekayaan Pemerintah Daerah memiliki hubungan positif terhadap tingkat pengungungkapan Laporan Keuangan Pemerintah Daerah?Menganalisis pengaruh diferensiasi fungsional memiliki hubungan positif terhadap tingkat pengungkapan Laporan Keuangan Pemerintah Daerah?Menganalisis pengaruh Rasio Kemandirian Keuangan Daerah memiliki hubungan positif terhadap tingkat pengungkapan Laporan Keuangan Pemerintah Daerah?Menganalisis pengaruh intergovernmental revenue pemerintah daerah memiliki hubungan positif terhadap tingkat pengungkapan Laporan Pemerintah Da erah? 8BAB IITELAAH PUSTAKA 2.1 LANDASAN TEORI Masalah dalam kinerja keuangan pemerintah daerah di Indonesia sudah banyak diteliti diantaranya yang diteliti oleh Patrick (2007) dan Setyaningrum (2012). Walaupun begitu masih sedikit penelitian yang menguji tentang pengaruh karakteristik pemerintah daerah terhadap tingkat pengungkapan laporan keuangan. Penelitian ini menitik beratkan pada penelitian Setyaningrum (2012). Namun penelitian saya ini menguji pengaruh karakteristik pemerintah daerah terhadap tingkat pengungkapan laporan keuangan di Kalimantan Barat khusus nya di Kota pontianak, sedangkan penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Setyaningrum (2012) meneliti pengaruh karakteristik pemerintah daerah terhadap tingkat pengungkapan laporan keuangan se Indonesia. 2.2 KAJIAN EMPIRIS Tinjauan empiris merupakan pembahasan kritis tentang penelitian empiris terdahulu terkait dengan topik yang di teliti. Adapun yang menjadi landasan pada penulisan skripsi ini adalah : Table 2.1kajian empirisPenelitianVariabel yang digunakanHasilDyah Setyaningrum (2012)Ukuran Pemerintah Daerah,Ukuran Legislatif,Umur Administratif Pemerintah Daerah,Kekayaan Pemerintah Daerah,Diferensisasi Fungsional,Rasio Kemandirian Keuangan Daerahintergovernmental Revenue Variabel yang di gunakan pada penelitian nya adalah ukuran Pemda, ukuran legislatif, umur administratif Pemda, kekayaanPemda, diferensiasi fungsional,rasio kemandirian keuangan daerah, pembiayaan utang, danintergovernmental revenue secara seksama hasil penelitian nya mempengaruhi tingkat pengungkapan Laporan Keuangan Pemda Kabupaten/Kota di Indonesia.Patricia A. Patrick (2007) Variabel yang di gunakan dalam penelitian ini ialah Budaya Organisaasi (lebih cenderung pemerintah untuk berinovasi, tanggapan untuk konstituen), Struktur Organisasi seperti (spesialisasi pekerjaan, administrative intensity, diferensiasi fungsional, ketersediaan slack resources dan ukuran organisasi), Lingkungan Eksternal (pembiayaan utang dan intergovernmental revenue). Ukuran Organisasi, kecenderungan pemerintah untuk berinovasi dan tanggapan terhadap konstituen berpengaruh positif dan berpengaruh sangat signifikan dalam mengaplikasikan penerapan GASB 34. Variabel spesialisasi pekerjaan, diferensiasi fungsional, administrative intensity, dan pembiayaan utang terbukti mempunyai hubungan yang positif serta moderat hingga lemah.Sedangkan intergovernmental revenue mempunyai hubungan negatif dan lemah terhadap determinasi dalam adopsi GASB 34.Djoko Suhardjanto (2011)Ukuran DaerahJumlah SKPDStatus Daerah Lokasi Pemerintah DaerahJumlah Anggota DPRDMenggambarkan bahwa rata-rata pengungkapan wajibdi neraca pemerintah daerah idalah 10,49 atau sebesar 30,85%. Dari 51 sampel, hanya 18 pemerintah daerah yang mengerjakan pengungkapanwajib diatas nilai rata-rata (>10,49). Nilai minimumtingkat pengungkapan wajib diperoleh Kota Sukabumi yang mengungkapkan hanya 5 itempengungkapan wajib atau 14,70%, sedangkan tinggianpemda yang mempunyai peringkat paling tinggi dalam mengungkapkan pengungkapan wajib akuntansi adalah Kabupaten Sinjai. Dari 34 itempengungkapan wajib di neraca, Kabupaten Sinjai melakukan pengungkapan wajib sebanyak 19 item atau sebesar 55,88%. Hasil tersebut menggambarkanbahwa kedisiplinan pengungkapan wajib sesuaidengan SAP masih rendah. 2.2.1 Kontribusi Pada Skripsi Pada penelitian Setyaningrum (2012), saya menggunakan hampir seluruh dari variabel yang ada pada penelitian ini, hanya ada satu variabel yang saya eliminasi karna saya anggap kurang berpengaruh untuk penelitian pada studi kasus di Pemerintah Kota Pontianak. Penelitian ini merupakan jurnal rujukan saya dalam menyusun skripsi ini.Pada penelitian Patrick (2007), saya menggunakan penelitian ini sebagai referensi tambahan bagi saya dalam menyusun skripsi ini, karena ada beberapa kesamaan variabel dengan penelitian Setyaningrum (2012)Pada penelitian Suhardjanto (2011), saya menggunakan penelitian ini sebagai referensi tambahan karena ada beberapa kesamaan pada variabel dengan skripsi saya. Selain itu metode yang digunakan dalam mengolah data mempunyai kesamaan sehingga membantu saya dalam mengolah data skripsi ini.2.3 KERANGKA KONSEPTUAL Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji pengaruh karakteristik pemerintahan terhadap tingkat pengungkapan laporan keuangan yang terdiri dari Ukuran Pemerintan Daerah, Ukuran Legislatif, Umur Administratif Pemerintah Daerah, Kekayaan Pemerintah Daerah, Diferensiasi Fungsional, Spesialisasi Pekerjaan, Rasio Kemandirian Keuangan Daerah dan intergovernmental Revenue. Semua variabel ini harus mengacu pada PP Nomor 71 Tahun 2010 tentang Standar Akuntansi Pemerintahan.Berikut ini merupakan kerangka konseptual yang menggambarkan model penelitian dan hubungan antar variabel yang digunakan dalam penelitian. Ukuran pemerintah daerahUkuran legislatifUmur administratif pemerintah daerahKekayaan pemerintah daerahDiferensiasi fungsionalRasio kemandirian keuangan daerahTingkat Pengungkapan Wajib Laporan Keuangan Pemerintah (LKPD)Intergovernmental revenueH1H2 H3H4H5H6H7Gambar 2.1 Kerangka Konseptual 2.4.HIPOTESIS PENELITIAN Pengujian hipotesis dilakukan untuk menjawab rumusan masalah, yaitu menguji apakah karakteristik pemerintah daerah berpengaruh terhadap tingkat pengungkapan laporan keuangan khusus nya di Kota Pontianak. Karakteristik pemerintah terdiri dari Ukuran Pemerintan Daerah, Ukuran Legislatif, Umur Administratif Pemerintah Daerah, Kekayaan Pemerintah Daerah, Diferensiasi Fungsional, Spesialisasi Pekerjaan, Rasio Kemandirian Keuangan Daerah dan intergovernmental Revenue. Dua teori utama yang terkait dengan GPG adalah teori agensi dan teori sinyal. Menuru Mardiasmo (2002) menyatakan bahwa pengertian akuntabilitas publik sebagai kewajiban pihak pemegang amanah (agent) untuk memberikan pertanggungjawaban, menyajikan, melaporkan, dan mengungkapkan segala aktivitas dan kegiatan yang menjadi tanggungjawabnya kepada pihak pemberi amanah (prinsipal) yang memiliki hak untuk meminta pertanggungjawaban tersebut. Pemerintah dalam hal ini bertanggungjawab memeberikan informasi yang transparan dan akuntabel, salah satunya yaitu melalui kepatuhan dalam penyusunan LKPD sekaligus pengungkapan dan penyajian laporan sewajar mungkin. BAB IIIMETODE PENELITIAN 3.1 BENTUK PENELITIANJenis penelitian pada skripsi ini adalah penelitian kuantitatif, dimana Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh karakteristik pemerintah daerah terhadap tingkat pengungkapan Laporan Keuangan Pemerintah Daerah (LKPD) berdasarkan Standar Akuntansi Pemerintahan. Data yang di peroleh akan diolah menggunakan aplikasi statistik yaitu spss versi 20.0 . 3.2 TEMPAT DAN WAKTU PENELITIANPada penelitian ini, saya mengambil data di beberapa kantor terkait dengan variabel yang ada pada skripsi ini, adapun kantor yang saya datangi untuk mendapatkan data sekunder antara lain:Kantor BAPPEDA Kota PontianakKantor Badan Keuangan Daerah Kota PontianakKantor Inspektorat Kota PontianakKantor Organisasi Kota PontianakKantor DPRD Kota PontianakPenelitian ini saya lakukan pada bulan januari 2018 bertahap hingga seluruh data sekunder yang saya butuhkan pada skripsi ini dapat terkumpul. 3.3 DATAJenis data yang saya gunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah data sekunder, Data sekunder adalah data yang mengacu pada informasi yang dikumpulkan dari sumber yang telah ada. Sumber data sekunder adalah catatan atau dokumentasiperusahaan, publikasi pemerintah, analisis industri oleh media, situs Web, internet dan seterusnya (Uma Sekaran, 2011). 3.4 POPULASI DAN SAMPELPenelitian ini akan menggunakan sampel Pemda Kota Pontianak untuk tahun anggaran 2014-2016 yang telah diaudit oleh BPK RI dan memiliki data yang lengkap terkait dengan variabel-variabel yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Pemilihan sampel dilakukan dengan cara purposive sampling. Kriteria-kriteria atas sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah sebagai berikut:Laporan Keuangan Pemda (LKPD) Kota Pontianak pada tahun 2014-2016 yang telah diaudit oleh BPK.Memiliki data yang lengkap untuk pengukuran keseluruhan variabel:Menyediakan empat komponen LKPD, yaitu Laporan RealisasiAnggaran, Neraca, Laporan Arus Kas, dan Catatan atas LaporanKeuangan.Menyediakan data jumlah SKPD sebagai entitas akuntansi tahun2014-2016 pada LKPD/Laporan Hasil Pemeriksaan SistemPengendalian InternalMenyediakan data jumlah anggota DPRD tahun 2014-2016 pada Pemda Kota Pontianak atau melalui situs resmi Pemda.Menyediakan data umur administratif Pemda Kota Pontianak yang diukur dari undang-undang pembentukannya sampai dengan tahun 2014-2016 3.5 VARIABEL PENELITIAN Variabel independenVariabel independen ialah variabel yang menjelaskan atau mempengaruhi variabel yang lainnya. Variabel independen pada penelitian ini adalah karakteristik Pemerintah Daerah, yaitu ukuran Pemerintah Daerah, ukuran legislatif, umur administratif Pemerintah Daerah, kekayaan Pemerintah Daerah, diferensiasi fungsional,,rasio kemandirian keuangan daerah, dan intergovernmental revenue. Variabel Dependen (terikat)Variabel dependen ialah variabel yang dapat dijelaskan dan dipengaruhi oleh variabel independen. Penelitian ini bisa menggunakan tingkat pengungkapan Laporan Keuangan Pemda dalam komponen Catatan atas Laporan Keuangan (CaLK) berdasarkan Standar Akuntansi Pemerintahan sebagai variabel dependen. Penelitian ini menggunakan tingkat pengungkapan Laporan Keuangan Pemda dalam komponen Catatan atas Laporan Keuangan (CaLK) berdasarkan Standar Akuntansi Pemerintahan sebagai variabel dependen. Penelitian ini serupa dengan penelitian yang dilakukan dengan Liestiani (2008), dimana tingkat pengungkapan LKPD yang dilakukan adalah dengan menggunakan sistem scoring. 3.6 METODE ANALISISPada penelitian ini, saya menggunakan spss versi 20.0 dengan metode korelasi untuk megetahui seberapa signifikan variabel dependen di pengaruhi oleh variabel independen.Keterangan:DISC : Tingkat Pengungkapan WajibSIZE : Ukuran PemdaULEG : Ukuran LegislatifAGE : Umur Administratif PemdaWEALTH : Kekayaan PemdaSKPD : Diferensiasi FungsionalMANDIRI : Rasio Kemandirian Keuangan PemdaIRGOV : Intergovernmental revenue Landasan EmpirisDyah Setyaningrum (2012)Patricia A. Patrick (2007)Djoko Suharjdanto (2011)3.7 Kerangka Proses Berpikir LANDASAN TEORITISLKPDTingkat pengungkapanKualitas pengungkapanKarakteristik pemerintah daerahKarakteristik pemerintah daerah dan tingkat pelaporan keuangan pemerintah daerah Rumusan Masalah Tujuan PenelitianHipotesis PenelitianAlat analisisSpss versi 20.0Hasil PenelitianDan PembahasanSkripsi Gambar 3.1 Kerangka Proses Berfikir BAB IVHASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN 1.1 HASIL PENELITIAN4.1.1. Deskripsi Objek Penelitian Penelitian ini menggunakan Laporan Keuangan Daerah Pemerintah Kota Pontianak pada tahun 2014-2016 berdasarkan Standar Akuntansi Pemerintahan (SAP) yang telah di audit oleh BPK. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode korelasi dengan software spss versi 20.0 dimana variabel dependen di uji korelasinya dengan variabel independen untuk mengetahui apakah ada hubungan yang signifikan terhadap variabel dependen.Tabel 4.1Variabel DependenTingkat Pengungkapan Laporan Keuangan Pemerintah Kota PontianakTahunYang di ungkapkan201499201599201697 Sumber :Data Olahan Pada tahun 2014 Laporan Keuangan Pemerintah Daerah Kota Pontianak yang diungkapkan adalah sebanyak 99, pada tahun 2015 juga menunjukan hasil yang serupa yaitu sebanyak 99, kemudian pada tahun 2016 tingkat pengungkapan Laporan Keuangan Pemerintah Daerah Kota Pontianak mengalami penurunan yaitu menjadi 97. Berdasarkan Standar Akuntansi Pemerintahan (SAP) ada 185 laporan yang harus disajikan dalam Laporan Keuangan Pemerintah Daerah. 38 Tabel 4.2Variabel Independen Variabel IndependenTahun 2014 2015 2016Kekayaan PemdaRp3.498.247.431.898,37 Rp. 334.673.293.035,95 Rp. 389.368.618.493,49 Ukuran legislatif (DPRD)414141Umur Administratif Pemda686970Kekayaan pemdaRp.298.768.480.274,53 Rp. 334.673.293.035,95 Rp. 389.368.618.493,49 Diferensiasi Fungsional (SKPD)343430Rasio Kemandirian Daerah13,5267703 45,9261847 163,724085 Sumber : Data Olahan 1.2 ANALISIS STATISTIK DESKRIPTIF Dari 3 Laporan Keuangan Pemerintah Daerah kota Pontianak tahun anggaran 2014-2016 yang digunakan pada penelitian ini diperoleh statistik deskriptif yang dapat digunakan untuk mengetahui nilai rata-rata, standar deviasi, nilai minimum dan nilai maksimum atas variabel-variabel penelitian. Tabel 4.2 merupakan statistik deskriptif atas variabel dependen yaitu tingkat pengungkapan (DISC), dan variabel-variabel independen yaitu ukuran pemerintahan (SIZE), ukuran legislatif (ULEG), umur administratif pemerintah daerah (AGE), kekayaan pemerintah daerah (WEALTH), diferensiasi fungsional (SKPD), rasio kemandirian keuangan daerah (MANDIRI), dan Intergoveenmental Revenue (IRGOV).Tabel 4.3Statistik DeskriptifVariabel NMean Max Min Std. DevDISC3979998.331.155SIZE33.E+124.E+123.97E+124.192E+11ULEG3414141.000AGE3687069.001.000WEALTH32.9877E+113.8937E+113.40937E+1145623676696SKPD3303432.672.309MANDIRI313.5268163.724174.39234779.0414456IRGOV3.0016245.0155814.007292337.0073383853Sumber : Data olahan 4.3 PEMBAHASAN 4.3.1 Variabel DependenTabel 4.4Tingkat Pengungkapan Laporan Keuangan Pemerintah Daerah kota PontianakTahunYang di ungkapkanYang harus di ungkapkanPersentase 149918553,5 159918553,5 169718552,4 %Sumber : Data olahan Penelitian ini menggunakan Laporan Keuangan Pemerintah Daerah Kota Pontianak pada tahun 2014-2016, dari hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa tingkat pengungkapan pada Pemerintah Kota pontianak di tahun 2014 yaitu 53,5 %, pada tahun 2015 yaitu 53,5 % dan pada tahun 2016 yaitu 52,4 %. Pada penelitian sebelumnya, Laporan Keuangan Pemerintah Daerah seluruh Indonesia Penelitian Setyaningrum (2012) menemukan bahwa tingkat pengungkapan wajib LKPD terhadap SAP di Indonesia sebesar 52,09% sedangkan (Liestiani 2008) 35,45%, dan (Lesmana 2010) 22%. Dalam hal ini Kota Pontianak masih termasuk Daerah yang lebih tinggi tingkat pengungkapannya dari pada tingkat rata-rata pengungkapan daerah di seluruh Indonesia. 4.3.2 Variabel IndependenTabel 4.5Uji Korelasi 4.3 PENGUJIAN HIPOTESIS PENELITIAN 4.3.1 Pengaruh Ukuran Pemerintah Daerah terhadap tingkat pengungkapan wajib LKPD. Berdasarkan tabel 4.5 hasil korelasi antara ukuran pemerintah daerah terhadap tingkat pengungkapan wajib LKPD menunjukan hasil yang negatif yang artinya ukuran pemerintah tidak berpengaruh terhadap tingkat pengungkapan wajib LKPD. Hasil penelitian ini sejalan dengan penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Setyaningrum (2012) dan penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Lesmana (2010). Tetapi hasil penelitian ini tidak sejalan dengan penelitian yang dilakukan Patrick (2007) yang menyatakan bahwa ukuran organisasi berpengaruh positif dan sangat kuat terhadap penerapan sebuah inovasi baru, yaitu GASB 34. Begitu pula hasil yang ditunjukan oleh penelitian Sumarjo (2010) yang menyatakan bahwa semakin besar ukuran pemerintahan maka semakin baik kinerja keuangan pemerintah daerah. 4.3.2 Pengaruh Ukuran Legislatif (DPRD) terhadap tingkat pengungkapan wajib LKPD. Berdasarkan tabel 4.5 hasil korelasi antara ukuran Legislatif (DPRD) terhadap tingkat pengungkapan wajib LKPD ialah tidak memiliki hubungan karena sampel yang digunakan sama, yaitu jumlah anggota legislatif pada tahun 2014-2016 sama. Masa pergantian anggota DPRD dilakukan 5 tahun sekali sehingga pada tahun 2014-2019 jumlah anggota DPRD kota Pontianak tidak mengalami perubahan pada jumlah anggotanya. 4.3.3 Pengaruh Umur Administratif Pemda tingkat pengungkapan wajib LKPD. Berdasarkan tabel 4.5 hasil korelasi antara Umur Administratif Pemda tingkat pengungkapan wajib LKPD menunjukan hasil yang negatif yang artinya Umur Administratif Pemda tidak berpengaruh terhadap tingkat pengungkapan wajib LKPD. Hasil ini berbanding terbalik dengan penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Setyaningrum (2012) yang menyatakan bahwa semakin tua umur administratif Pemda maka akan mendorong Pemda untuk mengungkapkan LKPD secara lebih lengkap. 4.3.4 Pengaruh Kekayaan Pemda terhadap tingkat pengungkapan wajib LKPD. Berdasarkan tabel 4.5 hasil korelasi antara Pengaruh Kekayaan Pemda terhadap tingkat pengungkapan wajib LKPD menunjukan hasil negatif yang artinya kekayaan pemda tidak berpengaruh terhadap tingkat pengungkapan wajib LKPD. Hasil ini berbanding terbalik dengan penelitian yang dilakukan Setyaningrum (2012) yang menyatakan bahwa kekayaan pemerintah daerah berpengaruh positif terhadap tingkat pengungkapan LKPD. Begitu pula penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Liestiani (2008) dan Lasward et al. (2008) yang menyatakan bahwa kekayaan pemerintah daerah memiliki hubungan yang positif terhadap tingkat pengungkapan LKPD.4.3.5 Pengaruh Diferensiasi Fungsional terhadap tingkat pengungkapan wajib LKPD. Berdasarkan tabel 4.5 hasil korelasi antara Diferensiasi Fungsional terhadap tingkat pengungkapan wajib LKPD menunjukan hasil yang positif yang artinya diferensiasi fungsional memiliki pengaruh positif terhadap tingkat pengungkapan LKPD. Hasil penelitian ini berbanding terbalik dengan penelitian yang di lakukan Setyaningrum (2012), Lesmana (2010), dan Hilmi (2011). Hasil penelitian yang mereka sejalan yaitu diferensiasi fungsional tidak memiliki pengaruh dengan tingkat pengungkapan LKPD. 4.3.6 Pengaruh Rasio kemandirian keuangan daerah terhadap tingkat pengungkapan wajib LKPD. Berdasarkan tabel 4.5 hasil korelasi antara rasio kemandirian keuangan daerah terhadap tingkat pengungkapan wajib LKPD menunjukan hasil yang negatif yang artinya rasio kemandirian keuangan daerah memiliki pengaruh yang negatif terhadap tingkat pengungkapan LKPD. Hasil penelitian ini sejalan dengan penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Setyaningrum (2012) yang menyatakan rasio kemandirian keuangan daerah memiliki pengaruh yang positif terhadap tingkat pengungkapan LKPD. Namun penelitian yang dilkukan oleh Lesmana (2010) tidak menyatakan bahwa rasio kemandirian keuangan daerah memiliki pengaruh yang negatif. Semakin tinggi rasio kemandirian keuangan Pemda menunjukkan semakin mandiri Pemda dalam membiayai sendiri kegiatan pemerintahan, pembangunan, dan pelayanan kepada masyarakat sehingga tingkat ketergantungan kepada pihak eksternal menjadi rendah. Hal inilah yang membuat Pemda tidak termotivasi untuk meningkatkan pengungkapan laporan keuangannya karena rendahnya tuntutan transparansi dan akuntabilitas LKPD dari pihak eksternal. 4.3.7 Pengaruh Intergovernmental Revenue terhadap tingkat pengungkapan wajib LKPD. Berdasarkan tabel 4.5 hasil korelasi antara intergovernmental revenue terhadap tingkat pengungkapan wajib LKPD menunjukan hasil yang positif yang artinya intergovernmental revenue memiliki pengaruh yang positif terhadap tingkat pengungkapan wajib LKPD. Namun penelitiian ini berbanding terbalik dengan penelitian yang dilakukan Seytaningrum (2012) yang menyatakan bahwa intergovernmental revenue memiliki pengaruh yang negatif tingkat pengungkapan wajib LKPD. Seharusnya semakin besar dana perimbangan dari pusat maka akan mendorong pemerintah daerah untuk lebih giat lagi dalam melengkapi laporan keuangannya sebagai tanggungjawab pemerintah daerah terhadap pemerintah pusat. BAB V PENUTUP 5.1 SIMPULAN Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh karakteristik pemerintah terhadap tingkat pengungkapan laporan keuangan pemerintah khususnya di Kota Pontianak tahun anggaran 2014-2016. Berdasarkan hasil pengujian ditemukan bahwa tingkat pengungkapan laporan keuangan pemerintah Kota Pontianak pada tahun 2014 adalah sebesar 53,5%. Pada tahun 2015 tingkat pengungkapan LKPD adalah sama sebesar 53,5%. Pada tahun 2016 tingkat pengungkapan LKPD mengalami penurunan yaitu sebesar 52,4%. Adannya penurunan yang terjadi pada tingkat pengungkapan LKPD menunjukan bahwa pemerintah Kota Pontianak belum berhasil berusaha untuk meningkatkan kualitas laporan keuangannya. Hasil dari penelitian ini mengemukakan bahwa dari 7 variabel yang diuji hanya terdapat 2 variabel yang berpengaruh positif terhadap tingkat pengungkapan LKPD Kota Pontianak yaitu diferensiasi fungsional dan intergovenmental revenue. Sedangkan 5 variabel lainnya terbukti memiliki pengaruh yang negatif terhadap tingkat pengungkapan LKPD. 5.2 KETERBATASAN PENELITIANPenelitian ini hanya sebatas untuk mengetahui pengaruh karakteristik pemerintah daerah terhadap tingkat LKPD Kota Pontianak. Diharapkan pada peneliti selanjutnya untuk dapat meneliti kabupaten-kabupaten yang ada di Pontianak.Kurangnya karakteristik pemerintah daerah yang digunakan pada penilitian ini. Pada peneliti selanjutnya diharapkan agar dapat menambahkan karakteristik baru seperti beban utang, latar belakang pendidikan Walikota/Bupati dan yang lainnya.

DIE DENKMALE DES POLITISCHEN BEZIRKES SCHÄRDING Die Denkmale des politischen Bezirkes Schärding ( - ) Einband ( - ) Titelseite ([II]) Titelseite ([III]) Impressum ([IV]) [Widmung]: Gewidmet dem Andenken Eduard Kyrles des hochverdienten Konservators des Bundesdenkmalamtes und des Begründers des Städtischen Museums in Schärding ([V]) Inhaltsverzeichnis ([VII]) Verzeichnis der Abkürzungen ([VIII]) Vorwort ([IX]) Kunstgeschichtlicher Überblick (XI) [2 Abb.]: (1)Abb. I. Innviertler Bauernhof, Grundriß. (2)Abb. II. Innviertler Bauernhof bei Schärding. (XII) [Abb.|: Abb. III. Pokal des Schärdinger Goldschmiedes Georg Schönmüller. (XX) [Karte]: Oberösterreich, Polit. Bezirk Schärding. ([XXV]) Gerichtsbezirk Engelhartszell. ([1]) Engelhartszell. ([3]) [Abb.]: Abb. 1 Engelhartszell, Pfarrkirche 1 : 300 (S. 5). ([3]) [Abb.]: Abb. 2. Engelhartszell, Pfarrkirche von Süd-Ost (S. 5). (4) [Abb.]: Abb. 3. Engelhartszell, Pfarrkirche, Inneres (S. 5). (5) [2 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 4. Engelhartszell, Pfarrkirche, Marienstatue in der Vorhalle (S. 6). (2)Abb. 5. Engelhartszell, Pfarrkirche, Johannesstatue in der Vorhalle (S.6). (6) [2 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 6. Engelhartszell, Kelch Nr. 1 (S. 6). (2)Abb. 7. Engelhartszell, Kelch Nr. 3 (S. 6). (7) [Abb.]: Abb. 8. Engelhartszell, Grabstein des Abtes Leopold Reichl (S. 8) (8) Engelszell, Kloster. (9) [Abb.]: Abb. 9. Engelhartszell, Wegkapelle, Madonnenstatue (S. 9). (9) [Abb.]: Abb. 10. Engelszell, Kloster 1 : 500 (S. 23). ([11]) [Abb.]: Abb. 11. Engelszell, Klosterkirche, Längenschnitt 1: 300 (S. 14). ([12]) [Abb.]: Abb. 12. Engelszell, Klosterkirche, Grundriß 1 : 300 (S. 14). ([13]) [Abb.]: Abb. 13. Engelszell, Kloster (S. 14). (14) [Abb.]: Abb. 14. Engelszell, Klosterkirche (S. 13). (15) [2 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 15. Engelszell, Klosterkirche, Blick gegen die Westempore (S. 15). (2)Abb. 16. Engelszell, Klosterkirche, Blick gegen den Hochaltar (S. 15). ([16]) [Abb.]: Abb. 17. Engelszell, Klosterkirche, Kapitäl der großen Ordnung (S. 14). (17) [Abb.]: Abb. 18. Engelszell, Tabernakel des Hochaltares (S. 17). (18) [Abb.]: Abb 19. Engelszell, Heiligenfigur am Hochaltar von Georg Üblherr (S. 17). (19) [Abb.]: Abb. 20. Engelszell, mittlerer Seitenaltar (S. 17). (20) [2 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 21. Engelszell, Seitenaltarfigur St. Georg von Georg Üblherr (S. 17). (2)Abb. 22. Engelszell, Seitenaltarfigur St. Sebastian von Georg Üblherr (S. 17). (21) [2Abb.]: (1)Abb. 23. Engelszell, Seitenaltarfigur Hl. Donatus von Georg Üblherr (S. 18). (2)Abb. 24 Engelszell, Seitenaltarfigur Hl. Ida von Gerorg Üblherr (S. 18). (22) [2Abb.]: (1)Abb. 25. Engelszell, Seitenaltarfigur St. Anna von Georg Üblherr (S. 18). (2)Abb. 26. Engelszell, Seitenaltarfigur St. Joachim von Georg Üblherr (S. 18.). (23) [Abb.]: Abb. 27. Engelszell, Kanzel von Georg Üblherr (S. 18). (24) [2Abb.]: (1)Abb. 28. Engelszell, Erzengel Gabriel (S. 18). (2)Abb. 29. Engelszell, Erzengel Michael (S. 18). (25) [Abb.]: Abb. 30. Engelszell, Chorgestühl (S. 18). (26) [2Abb.]: (1)Abb. 31. Engelszell, Relief vom Chorgestühl (S. 18). (2)Abb. 32. Engelszell, Kruzifixus in der Kirchenvorhalle (S. 19). (27) [Abb.]: Abb. 33. Engelszell, Monstranz (S. 19). (28) [2Abb.]: (1)Abb. 34. Engelszell, Kelch n. 1 (S. 19). (2)Abb. 35. Engelszell, Kapitelhaus (S. 23). (29) [2Abb.]: (1)Abb. 36. Engelszell, Lesepult im Kapitelhaus (S. 23). (2)Abb. 37. Engelszell, Wandmalerei im Kapitelhaus (S. 25). (30) [2Abb.]: (1)Abb. 38. Engelszell, Wandmalerei im Kapitelhaus (S. 25). (2)Abb. 39. Engelszell, Wandmalereien im Kapitelhaus (S. 25). (31) [2Abb.]: (1)Abb. 40. Engelszell, Kapelle im Konvent (S. 27). (2)Abb. 41. Engelszell, Fürstenzimmer (S. 27). ([32]) [Abb.]: Abb. 42. Engelszell, Ofen in den Fürstenzimmern (S. 27). (33) Esternberg, Dorf und Pfarre. (33) [Abb.]: Abb. 43. Engelszell, Refektorium (S. 28). (34) [4Abb.]: (1)Abb. 44. Engelszell, Alte Ansicht des Klosters (S. 29). (2)Abb. 45. Engelszell, Grabstein des Mönches Stephan (S. 31, Nr. 8). (3)Abb.46. Engelszell, Grabstein des Jörg Pernpeck von Jörg Gartner (S. 31, Nr. 9). (4)Abb. 47. Engelszell, Grabstein des Gottfried Zauterweck (S. 31, Nr. 10). (35) [Abb.]: Abb. 48. Engelszell, Grabstein des Eustach Albrechtshaimer von Jörg Gartner (S. 33, Nr. 13). (36) [2Abb.]: (1)Abb. 49. Esternberg, Pfarrkirche, Grundriß 1 : 300 (S. 36). (2)Abb. 50. Esternberg, Pfarrkirche (S. 36). (37) [Abb.]: Abb. 51. Esternberg, Ziborium von Peter Gaderbauer (S. 38). (38) [Abb.]: Abb. 52. Esternberg. Detail des Vortragskreuzes (S. 88). (39) [Abb.]: Abb. 53. Esternberg, Grabstein des Rudolf Trauner von Jörg Gartner (S. 30, Nr. 4). (40) Krempelstein, Burg. (40) [Abb.]: Abb. 54. Krempelstein (S. 40). (41) Pyrawang. (41) [Abb.]: Abb. 55. Krempelstein, Grundriß 1 : 300 (S. 40). (42) [2 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 56. Krempelstein, Schnitt 1 : 300 (S. 40). (2)Abb.57. Pyrawang, Filialkirche, Grundriß 1 : 300 (S. 41). (43) Kopfing, Dorf und Pfarre. (43) [2 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 58. Pyrawang, Marienstatue am Hochaltar (S. 42). (2)Abb. 59. Pyrawang, Filialkirche, Hochaltar (S. 43). (44) St. Ägidi, Dorf und Pfarre. (45) [Abb.]: Abb. 60. St. Ägidi, Pfarrkirche, Grundriß 1 : 300 (S. 46). (46) St. Roman, Dorf und Pfarre. (47) [Abb.]: Abb. 61. St. Roman, Pfarrkirche, Grundriß 1 : 300 (S. 47). (47) [Abb.]: Abb. 62. St. Roman, Pfarrkirche (S. 48). (48) [Abb.]: 63. St. Roman, Pfarrkirche gegen den Orgelchor (S. 48). (49) Abb. 64. St. Roman, Kelch (S. 49). (50) Viechtenstein, Dorf, Pfarre und Schloß. (50) [2Abb.]: (1)Abb. 65. Viechtenstein (S. 50). (2)Abb. 66. Viechtenstein, Kruzifixus im Pfarrhof (S. 53). (51) [Abb.]: Abb. 67. Viechtenstein, Pfarrkirche, Gotische Madonnenstatue (S. 52). (52) [Abb.]: Abb. 68. Viechtenstein, Burg 1 : 750 (S. 53). (53) [Abb.]: Abb. 69. Viechtenstein, Bergfrit, Schnitt 1 : 300 (S. 53). (54) Kasten. (54) [2 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 70. Schloß Viechtenstein von Osten (S. 53). (2)Abb. 71. Schloß Viechtenstein, Ansicht von Südwesten (S. 53). ([55]) [Abb.]: Abb. 72 Schloß Viechtenstein, Torbau mit dem Bergfrit (S. 53). (56) Waldkirchen am Wesen, Dorf und Pfarre. (56) [Abb.]: Abb. 73. Schloß Viechtenstein, Kapelle (S. 54). (57) [2 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 74 Kasten und Pyrawang (S. 54). (2)Abb. 75. Kasten, Filialkirche, Grundriß 1 : 300 (S. 54). (58) [2 Abb.]: (1) Abb. 76. Waldkirchen (S. 57). (2)Abb. 77 Waldkirchen, Pfarrkirche, Grundriß 1 : 300 (S. 57). (59) Wesenufer, Markt und Pfarre. (60) [2 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 78 Wesenufer (S. 61). (2)Abb. 79. Pfarrkirche, Grundriß 1 : 30 (S. 61). (60) [Abb.]: Abb. 80. Wesenufer, Pfarrkirche, Hochaltar (S. 61). (61) [Abb.]: Abb. 81. Wesenufer (S. 62). (62) Burg Wesen. (63) [Abb.]: Abb. 82. Burg Wesen, Grundriß 1 : 750 (S. 63). (63) Gerichtsbezirk Raab. ([65]) Altschwendt, Dorf und Pfarre. ([67]) Andorf, Dorf und Pfarre. ([67]) [Abb.]: Abb. 83. Andorf, Pfarrkirche, Grundriß 1 : 300 (S. 69). (68) [Abb.]: Abb. 84. Andorf, Pfarrkirche, Hochaltar (S. 70). (69) [Abb.]: Abb. 85. Andorf, Pfarrkirche, Tonrelief (S. 71). (70) [2 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 86. Andorf, Ziborium (S. 72). (2)Abb. 87. Andorf, Kelch Nr. 1 (S. 72). (71) [4Abb.]: (1)Abb. 88. Andorf, Pfarrhof, Holzrelief. Geburt des hl. Johannes (S. 74). (2)Abb. 89. Andorf, Pfarrhof, Holzrelief. Enthauptung des hl. Johannes (S. 74). (3)Abb. 90. Andorf, Pfarrhof, Holzrelief, Predigt des hl. Johannes (S. 74). (4)Abb. 91. Andorf Pfarrhof, Holzrelief, Taufe Christi (S. 74). ([73]) [Abb.]: Abb. 92. Andorf, Sebastianskapelle, Grundriß 1 : 300 (S. 75). (74) [2 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 93. Andorf, Sebastianskapelle (S. 75). (2)Abb. 94. Andorf, Sebastianskapelle (S. 76). (75) [Abb.]: Abb. 95. Andorf, Sebastianskapelle, Sebastiansgruppe vom Hochaltar (S. 76). (76) [Abb.]: Abb. 96. Andorf, Sebastianskapelle, Zinnleuchter von Georg Wenser (S. 77). (77) Diersbach, Dorf und Pfarre. (77) [Abb.]: Abb. 97 Diersbach, Pfarrkirche, Grundriß 1 : 300 (S. 78). (78) [Abb.]: Abb. 98. Diersbach, Pfarrkirche (S. 79). (79) [Abb.]: Abb. 99. Diersbach, Pfarrkirche (S. 79). (80) [2 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 100. Diersbach, Pfarrkirche, hl. Michael (S. 79). (2)Abb. 101 Diersbach, Pfarrkirche, Kruzifixus (S. 81). (81) [2Abb.]: (1)Abb. 102. Diersbach, Ziborium (S. 80). (2)Abb. 103. Diersbach, Vortragskreuz (S. 81). (82) Dorf, Dorf und Pfarre. (82) Hinterndobl, Ansitz. (84) Enzenkirchen, Dorf und Pfarre. (84) [Abb.]: Abb. 104 Enzenkirchen, Pfarrkirche, Grundriß 1: 300 (S. 85). (84) Raab, Markt und Pfarre. (86) [Abb.]: Abb. 105. Raab, Pfarrkirche und Schloß von Südosten (S. 88). (88) [Abb.]: Abb. 106. Raab, Pfarrkirche, Grundriß 1 : 300 (S. 88). (89) [Abb.]: Abb. 107. Raab, Pfarrkirche, Inneres (S. 88). (90) [Abb.]: Abb. 108. Raab, Pfarrkirche, Altar im rechten Seitenschiff (S. 89). (91) [2 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 109. Raab, Pfarrkirche, Kelche (S. 90).(2)Abb. 110. Raab, Pfarrkirche, Meßkännchen von Johann Michael Freudenberger (S. 91). ([92]) [Abb.]: Abb. 111. Raab, Pfarrkirche, Weihrauchschiffchen (S. 91). (93) [2 Abb.]: (1)Abb. Nr. 112. Filialkirche Mariabründl, Grudriß 1 : 300 (S. 96). (2)Abb. 113. Mariabründl, Ansicht von Süden (S. 96). (94) [Abb.]: Abb. 114. Mariabründl, Inneres (S. 97). (95) Maria Bründl. (96) Abb. 115. Mariabründl, Metallrelief, Anbetung der Hirten (S. 97). (97) [2 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 116. Mariabründl, Metallrelief, Immaculata (S. 97). (2)Abb. 117. Mariabründl, Metallrelief, hl. Bernhard von Clairvaux (S. 97). ([98]) [2 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 118. Mariabründl, Metallrelief, Krönung Mariä (S. 97). (2)Abb. 119. Mariabründl, Metallrelief, Heimsuchung Mariä (S. 97). ([99]) Riedau, Markt und Pfarre. (100) Abb. 120. Riedau, Pfarrkirche, Inneres (S. 102). (101) [Abb.]: Abb. 121. Riedau, Monstranz von Johann Michael Freudenberger (S. 104). (102) [2 Abb.]: (1)Nr. 3 (Johann Michael Freudenberger) Nr.2 Abb. 122. Riedau, Pfarrkirche, Kelche (S. 104). (2)Abb. 123. Riedau, Pfarrkirche, Meßkännchen von Johann Michael Freudenberger (S. 104). ([103]) [Abb.]: Abb. 124 Riedau, Pfarrkirche, Weihrauchschiffchen und Weirauchfaß (S. 105.) (104) St. Willibald, Dorf und Pfarre. (105) [Abb.]: Abb. 125. St. Willibald, Pfarrkirche, Grundriß 1 : 300 (S. 109). (106) Antlangkirchen. (107) [Abb.]: Abb. 126. Antlangkirchen, Filialkirche, Grundriß 1 : 300 (S. 108). (108) Sigharting, Schloß, Hofmark und Pfarre. (108) [Abb.]: Abb. 127. Sigharting, Pfarrkirche, Grundriß 1 : 300 (S. 109). (109) [2 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 128. Sigharting, Pfarrkirche, Grabstein des Johann Karl von Pirching (S. 110). (2)Abb. 129. Sigharting, Pfarrkirche, Grabstein des Johann Ulrich von Pirching (S. 111). (110) [Abb.]: Abb. 130. Sigharting, Schloßhof (S. 111). (111) [Abb.]: Abb. 131. Sigharting, Grundriß 1 : 300 (S. 111). (112) Zell a.d. Pram, Schloß und Pfarre. (112) [Abb.]: Abb. 132. Zell a. d. Pr., Pfarrkirche und Schloß von Süden (S. 117). (115) [2 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 117. [Abb. 133] Zell a. d. Pr., Pfarrkirche, Längenschnitt 1 : 300 (S. 153). (2)Abb. 117. [Abb. 134] Zell a.d. Pr., Pfarrkirche Grundriß 1 : 300 (S. 153). ([116]) [Abb.]: Abb. 135. Zell a. d. Pr., Pfarrkirche, Inneres (S. 117). (117) [Abb.]: Abb. 136. Zell a.d. Pr., Pfarrkirche, Madonnenstatue in der Sakristei (S. 118). (118) [2 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 137. Zell a. d. Pr., Monstranz von Johann Michael Freudenberger (S. 120). (2)Abb. 138. Zell a. d. Pr., Ziborium von Johann Christoph Schmidt (S. 120). (119) [Abb.]: Abb. 139. Zell a. d. Pr., Schloß von Südosten (S. 122). (120) [Abb.]: Abb. 140. Zell a. d. Pr., Schloß, Stiegenhaus (zweiter Stock) (S. 122). (121) [Abb.]: Abb. 141. Zell a. d. Pr., Schloß, großer Saal (S. 123). (122) [Abb.]: Abb. 142. Zell a. d. Pr., Schloß, Detail des Deckengemäldes im großen Saal (S. 125). (123) [2 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 143. Jebling, Filialkirche mit Bauernhof (S. 126). (2)Abb. 144. Jebling, Filialkirche, Inneres (S. 126). (124) [Abb.]: Abb. 145. Jebling, Filialkirche, rechter Seitenaltar (S. 126). (125) Jebling, Kapelle. (126) Gerichtsbezirk Schärding. ([127]) Brunnenthal, Dorf und Pfarre. ([129]) [Abb.]: Abb. 146. Brunnenthal, Pfarrkirche mit Brunnenkapelle, Grundriß 1 : 300 (S. 133). (132) [Abb.]: Abb.147. Brunnental, Bekrönung des Turmhelmes (S. 133). (133) [2 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 148. Brunnenthal, Pfarrkirche, Inneres (S. 133). (2)Abb. 149. Brunnenthal, Antependium vom Hochaltar (S. 133). (134) [2 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 150. Brunnenthal, Detail vom Hochaltar, hl. Petrus von Johann Klain (S. 135). (2)Abb. 151. Brunnenthal, linker Seitenaltar und Presbyteriumgitter (S. 136). (135) [Abb.]: Abb. 152. Brunnenthal, Entwurf für den Hochaltar von Johann Chrisostomus Finck (S. 136). ([137]) [2 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 153. Brunnenthal, Kanzel von Joh. Ch. Finck und Joh. Klain (S. 136). (2)Abb. 154. Brunnenthal, Westempore mit Orgel (S. 136). (138) [Abb.]: Nr. 1 (Laurenz Kugler) Nr. 3Abb. 155. Brunnenthal, Kelche (S. 139). (139) Eggerding, Dorf und Pfarre. (140) [Abb.]: Abb. 156. Eggerding, Pfarrkirche, Grundriß 1 : 300 (S. 141). (141) [Abb.]: Abb. 157. Hackledt, Grundriß des ersten Stockes 1 : 300 (S. 143). (142) Edelsitz Hackledt. (143) Freinberg, Dorf und Pfarre. (143) [Abb.]: Abb. 158. Freinberg, Pfarrkirche, Grundriß 1 : 300 (S. 144). (144) Königstein, Ruine. (145) Münzkirchen, Markt und Pfarre. (145) [Abb.]: Abb.159. Münzkirchen, Pfarrkirche, Grundriß 1 : 300 (S. 147). (146) [Abb.]: Abb. 160. Münzkirchen, Pfarrkirche von Osten (S. 147). (147) [Abb.]: Abb. 161. Münzkirchen, Pfarrkirche, Inneres (S. 147) (148) [Abb.]: Nr. 2 Nr. 3 (Tobias Schuhmann) Nr. 1 Abb. 162. Münzkirchen, Kelche (S. 148 u. 149). (149) [2 Abb.]: Abb. 163. Münzkirchen, Pfarrkirche, Gotisches Vortragskreuz (S. 149). (2)Abb. 164. Münzkirchen, Pfarrkirche, Grabstein der Maria Anna Perchdolt (S. 150). (150) [Abb.]: Abb. 165. Münzkirchen, Sebastianskapelle, Grundriß 1 : 300 (S.151). (151) Rainbach, Dorf und Pfarre. (152) [Abb.]: Abb. 166. Münzkirchen, Sebastianskirche, Kruzifixus (S. 151). (152) Pfaffing. (153) Abb. 167. St. Florian a. Inn, Pfarrkirche, Grundriß 1 : 300 (S. 156). (154) Sinzing. (154) St. Florian a. Inn, Dorf und Pfarre. (154) [Abb.]: Abb. 168. St. Florian a. Inn, Pfarrkirche von Norden (S. 156). (155) [Abb.]: Abb. 169. St. Florian a. Inn, Fresco des hl. Christophor an der Pfarrkirche (S. 156). (156) [Abb.]: Abb. 170. St. Florian a. Inn, Pfarrkirche, Inneres (S. 157). (157) [Abb.]: Abb. 171. St. Florian a. Inn, Pfarrkirche, Kanzel und Hochaltar (S. 158, 159). (158) [2 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 172. St. Florian a. Inn, Pfarrkirche, hl. Laurentius am rechten Seitenaltar (S. 158). (2)Abb. 173. St. Florian a. Inn, Pfarrkirche, hl. Stefanus am rechten Seitenaltar (S. 158). (159) [Abb.]: Abb. 174. St. Florian a. Inn, Gotisches Ziborium (S. 160). (160) St. Marienkirchen, Dorf und Pfarre. (161) [Abb.]: Abb. 175. St. Marienkirchen, Pfarrkirche, Grundriß 1 : 300 (S. 162). (162) [Abb.]: Abb. 176. St. Marienkirchen, Pfarrkirche, Inneres (S. 163). (163) [Abb.]: Abb. 177. Marienkirchen, Pfarrkirche, Monstranz von Tobias Schuhmann (S. 164). (164) [Abb.]: Abb. 178. St. Marienkirchen, Ziborium von Georg Ignaz Bauer (S. 164). (165) [Abb.]: Abb. 179. Marienkirchen, Grabsteine Nr. 1, 2, 4 der Herren von Hackledt und Hackenbuch (S. 165). (166) Schärding, Stadt und Pfarre. (167) [Abb.]: Abb. 180. Schärding vom linken Ufer des Inn (S. 175). (167) [2 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 181. Schärding, Ansicht auf einer Salzstraßenkarte von 1515/16 (Alte Ansicht Nr. 2) (S. 169). (2)Abb. 182. Schärding, Ansicht um 1588 (Alte Ansicht Nr. 5) (S. 169). ([168]) [Abb.]: Abb. 183. Schärding. Ausschnitt des Seitenaltarbildes in der Kapuzinerkirche (Alte Ansicht Nr. 9) S.169). (169) [Abb.]: Abb. 184. Schärding. Grundriß der Burg. 1794 (S. 169, n. 15, und S. 196). (170) [Abb.]: Abb. 185/186. Schärding, Pfarrkirche, Längenschnitt und Grundriß 1 : 400 (S. 175) (174) [Abb.]: Abb. 187. Schärding, Oberer Stadtplatz mit Pfarrkirche (S. 177). (175) [Abb.]: Abb. 188. Schärding, Pfarrkirche, Inneres (S. 178). (176) Abb. 189. Schärding, Pfarrkirche, Hochaltar von Jos. Peter Spaz (S. 178). (177) [Abb.]: Abb. 190. Schärding, Gedenkstein Herzog Ludwig des Gebarteten (S. 179). (178) [Abb.]: Abb. 191. Schärding, Pfarrkirche, Detail der Viertung (Hl. Martin und Hubertus) (S. 179). (179) [2 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 192. Schärding, Pfarrkirche, hl. Florian von Joh. Ignaz Holzinger (S. 179). (2)Abb. 193. Schärding, Pfarrkirche, hl. Hubertus von Joh. Ignaz Holzinger (S. 179). (180) [2 Abb.]: (1)Nr. 4 Nr. 1 (Johann Leonhard Timbler.) Abb. 194. Schärding, Pfarrkirche, Kelche (S. 180 u. 182). (2)Nr. 2 Nr. 8 (Lorenz Sutmeier.) Abb. 195. Schärding, Pfarrkirche Kelche (S. 182). (181) [Abb.]: Abb. 196. Schärding, Pfarrkirche, Tasse für Meßkännchen von Ludwig Schneider (S. 183). (182) [Abb.]: Abb. 197. Schärding. Pfarrkirche, Missale, Silberbeschläge von Peter Gaderbauer (S. 183). (183) [Abb.]: Abb. 198. Schärding, Pfarrkirche (Sakristei), Kruzifixus (S. 183). (184) [2 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 199. Schärding, Pfarrkirche, Beichtstuhl von Thomas Jorhann(?) (S. 183). (2)Abb. 200. Schärding, Pfarrkirche, Lesepult von Matthias Kager(?) (S. 183). (185) [Abb.]: Abb. 201. Schärding, Pfarrkirche, Metallrelief, hl. Barbara (S. 183). (186) [2 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 202. Schärding, Kapuzinerkirche (S. 189). (2)Abb. 203. Schärding, Kapuzinerkirche, Grundriß 1 : 300 (S. 189). (187) [Abb.]: Abb. 204. Schärding, Kapuzinerkirche, Seitenaltar, Gemälde von Michelangelo Unterberger (S. 189). (188) [2 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 205. Schärding, Hl.-Geist-Kirche, Hauptportal (S. 193). (2)Abb. 206. Schärding, Hl.-Geist-Kirche, Grundriß 1 : 300 (S. 193). (189) [3 Abb.]: Abb. 207. Schärding, Hl.-Geist-Kirche, Gewändeprofil des Hauptportals 1 : 20 (S. 193). (2)Abb. 208. Schärding, Sebastianskirche, Westfassade (S. 194). (3)Abb. 209, Schärding, Sebastianskirche Grundriß 1 : 300 (S. 194). (190) [Karte]: Abb. 210. Plan der Stadt Schärding mit den Befestigungsmauern (S. 194). ([191]) [2 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 211, Schärding, Linzertor von außen (S. 195). (2)Abb. 212. Schärding, Wassertor, Innseite (S.195). ([192]) [2 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 213. Schärding, Wassertor, Längenschnitt 1 : 300 (S. 195). (2)Abb. 214. Schärding, Wassertor, Grundriß 1 : 300 (S. 195). (193) [2 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 215. Schärding, Wassertor, Innenansicht (S. 195). (2)Abb. 216. Schärding, Seilergraben (S. 195). (194) [2Abb.]: (1)Abb. 217. Schärding, Stadtmauer und Sebastianskirche (S. 196). (2)Abb. 218. Schärding, Burg, Torbau (jetzt Museum) (S. 196). (195) [Abb.]: Abb. 219. Schärding, Oberer Stadtplatz Nr. 54 (Gasthof Altmann), Grundriß 1 : 300 (S. 197). (196) [Abb.]: Abb. 220. Schärding, Kruzifixus, Privatbesitz (S. 197). (197) [2 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 221. Schärding, Unterer Stadtplatz (S. 197). (2)Abb. 222, Schärding, Eichbühel Nr. 207 (S. 200). ([198]) [Abb.]: Abb. 223. Schärding, Unterer Stadtplatz Nr. 134 (S. 197). (199) [Abb.]: Abb. 224. Schärding, Abtsmühle, hl. Johannes vom Kreuz von Peter Spaz (S. 200). (200) [2 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 225. Schärding, Museum, Segnender Christus (S. 200, Nr. 1). (2)Abb. 226. Schärding, Museum, Madonnenstatue von Hans Multscher (S. 200, Nr. 2). (201) [2 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 227. Schärding, Museum, Trauernder Johannes (S. 200, Nr. 3). (2)Abb. 228, Schärding, Museum, Kruzifixus mit Maria und Johannes (S. 200, Nr. 4). (202) [4 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 229, Schärding, Museum, Auferstehung Christi (S. 200, Nr. 5). (2)Abb. 230, Schärding, Museum, Tod der Jezabel (S. 200, Nr. 6). (3)Abb. 231. Schärding, Museum, Stuckrelief aus Suben (S. 201, Nr. 9). (4)Abb. 232. Schärding, Museum, Stuckrelief aus Suben (S. 201, Nr. 9.) ([203]) [2 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 233. Schärding, Museum, Barocke Madonnenstatue (S. 201, Nr. 12). (2)Abb. 234. Schärding, Museum, Kruzifixus von Joh. Peter Schwandthaler dem Ält. (?) (S. 202, Nr. 24). ([204]) [2 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 235. Schärding, Museum, Ecce homo von Joh. Peter Schwandthaler dem Ält. (?) (S. 202, Nr. 21). (2)Abb. 236. Schärding, Museum, Detail von dem Ecce homo von Joh. Peter Schwanthaler dem Ält. (?) (S. 202, Nr. 21). ([205]) [3 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 237. Schärding, Museum, Elfenbeindyptichon (S. 207). (2)Abb. 238. Schärding, Museum, Romanische Säule aus Suben (S. 207, Nr. 1). (3)Abb. 239. Schärding, Museum, Votivbild mit der Darstellung des Burghofes aus dem Jahre 1491 (S. 207). ([206]) [Abb.]: Abb. 240. Schärding, Museum, Fassadenentwurf von Zimmermeister J. Löbl (S. 208, Nr. 5). (207) [2 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 241, Schärding, Museum, Grabstein des Hans Ortner (S. 208, Nr. 3). (2)Abb. 242. Schärding, Museum, Grabstein (S. 209, Nr. 5). (208) Schardenberg, Dorf und Pfarre. (210) [Abb.]: Abb. 243. Suben, vom linken Innufer (S. 217). (211) [Abb.]: Abb. 244. Suben Gesamtplan des ehem. Klosters (S. 226). ([212]) Suben, Dorf und Pfarre (ehemals Augustiner-Chorherren-Kloster). (213) [2 Abb.] Abb. 245. 246. Suben, Längenschnitt, oben Schnitt durch den Westturm mit Rekonstruktion der Westempore 1 : 300 (S. 217). ([214]) [Abb.]: Abb. 247. Suben, Ehemalige Klosterkirche, Grundriß 1 : 300 (S. 217). ([215]) [2 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 248. Suben, Ehemalige Klosterkirche, Inneres, Blick gegen die Westempore (S. 218, 220). (2)Abb. 249. Suben, Ehemalige Klosterkirche, Inneres, Blick gegen den Hochaltar (S. 218). ([216]) [Abb.]: Abb. 250. Suben, Ehemalige Klosterkirche, Stuckdekoration der Gurtbogen von Joh. Bapt. Modler (S. 220). (217) [Abb.]: Abb. 251. Suben, Ehemalige Klosterkirche, Detail der Kuppel (S. 220). (218) [2Abb.]: (1)Abb. 252. Suben, Ehemalige Klosterkirche, Kuppelfresko von J. Jakob Zeiler (S. 220). (2)Abb. 253. Suben, Ehemalige Klosterkirche, Deckengemälde unter der Westempore von J. Jakob Zeiler (S. 222). ([219]) [Abb]: Abb. 254. Suben, Ehemalige Klosterkirche, Westempore (S. 222). (220) [2 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 255, Suben, Ehemalige Klosterkirche, Chorstühle von Martin Haller (S. 222). (2)Abb. 256. Suben, Ehemalige Klosterkirche, Orgel (S. 222). ([221]) [Abb.]: Abb. 257. Suben, Ehemalige Klosterkirche, Seitenaltar (S. 223). (222) [Abb]: Abb. 258. Suben, Ehemalige Klosterkirche, Seitenaltar (S. 223). (223) [3 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 259. Suben, Ehemalige Klosterkirche, Seitenaltarblatt von J. Jakob Zeiler (S. 223). (2)Abb. 260. Suben, Ehemalige Klosterkirche, St. Michael in der Art des Josef Deutschmann (S. 225). (3)Abb. 261. Suben, Ehemalige Klosterkirche, Schmerzensmann in der Art des Josef Deutschmann (S. 225). ([224]) [Abb.]: Abb. 262. Suben, Ehemalige Klosterkirche, Kanzel (S. 225). (226) [Abb.]: Abb. 263. Suben, ehemalige Klosterkirche, Grabstein der Stifterin Tuta (S. 225). (227) [Abb.]: Abb. 264. Suben, Ehemaliges Kloster, Decke des Refektoriums (S. 227). (228) [2 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 265. Suben, Grabstein des Propstes Leonhart I. Huetter (S. 230). (2) Abb. 266. Suben, Grabstein des Philipp Adlzhausen (S. 231). (229) [Abb.]: Abb. 267. Suben, Mariensäule (S. 231). (230) [Abb]: Abb. 268. Suben, Kapelle des Propstes Matthias Froschhammer (S. 231). (231) Taufkirchen a. d. Pram, Dorf und Pfarre. (231) [Abb.]: Abb. 269. Taufkirchen, Entwurf für den ehemaligen Hochaltar von Johann Georg Ritter und Matthias Kager (S. 232, 236). (232) Abb. 270. Taufkirchen, Pfarrkirche nach dem Einsturz des Turmes (S. 233, 236). (233) [2 Abb.]: Abb. 271, 272. Taufkirchen, Pfarrkirche, Querschnitt und Grundriß 1 : 300 (S. 234). (234) [Abb.]: Abb. 273. Taufkirchen, Pfarrkirche, Inneres (S. 236). (235) [Abb]: Abb. 274. Taufkirchen, Pfarrkirche, Dienst im Presbyterium (S. 233). (236) [Abb]: Abb. 275. Taufkirchen, Pfarrkirche, Hl. Isidor vom linken Seitenaltar (S. 236). (237) [2 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 276. Taufkirchen, Pfarrkirche, Gotische Marienstatue während der Restaurierung (S. 237). (2)Abb. 277. Taufkirchen, Pfarrkirche, unterer Teil der Marienstatue vor der Restaurierung (S. 237). (238) [Abb.]: Abb. 278. Taufkirchen, Pfarrkirche, Marienaltar im linken Querschiff (S. 237). (239) [2 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 279. Taufkirchen, Pfarrkirche, Hl. Michael (S. 237). (2)Abb. 280. Taufkirchen, Pfarrkirche, Hl. Sebastian (S. 238). (240) [Abb.]: Abb. 281. Taufkirchen, Pfarrkirche, Monstranz von Johann Christoph Schmidt (S. 238). (241) [2 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 282. Taufkirchen, Pfarrkirche, Kelche (S. 239). (2)Abb. 283. Taufkirchen, Pfarrkirche, Meßkännchen von Josef Karasegg (S. 240). ([242]) [Abb.]: Abb. 284. Taufkirchen, Pfarrkirche, Vortragskreuz von Thomas Schwanthaler (?) (S. 240). (243) [Abb.]: 285. Taufkirchen, Pfarrkirche, Grabstein des Werner von Messenpach (Messenbeck) (S. 241). (244) [Abb.]: Abb. 286. Wagholming, Kelch (S. 245). (245) Laufenbach. Schloß Schwendt. Schloß Teufenbach. (246) Wernstein, Schloß und Pfarre. (247) [2 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 287. Wernstein und Neuburg, auf einer Salzstraßenkarte von 1515/16 (S. 247). (2)Abb. 288. Wernstein, Pfarrkierche, Grundriß 1 : 300 (S. 250). (247) [Abb.]: Abb. 289. Wernstein, Pfarrkirche von Südwesten (S. 250). (248) [Abb. ]: Abb. 290, Wernstein, Pfarrkirche, Inneres (S. 250). (249) [2 Abb.]: (1)Abb. 291. Wernstein, Pfarrkirche, Hl. Leonhard (S. 251). (2)Abb. 292. Wernstein, Pfarrkirche, Hl. Georg (S. 251). (250) [Abb.]: Abb. 293. Wernstein, Pfarrkirche, Kruzifixus (S. 251). (251) [Abb.]: Abb. 294. Wernstein, Pfarrkirche, Monstranz (S. 252). (252) [Abb.]: Abb. 295. Wernstein, Pfarrkirche, Grabstein (S. 252). (253) [2 Abb.] (1)Abb. 296. Wernstein, Pfarrhof, Salvator mundi (S. 255). (2)Abb. 297. Wernstein, Pfarrhof, Heiligenstatue (S. 255). (254) [Abb.]: Abb. 298. Wernstein, Mariensäule (S. 255). (255) [Abb.]: Abb. 299. Wernstein, Mariensäule, Sockeldetail (S. 255). (256) [Abb.]: Abb. 300. Burg Wernstein, Grundriß (S. 257). (257) [Abb.]: Abb. 301. Burg Wernstein vom linken Innufer (S. 257). ([258]) Verzeichnis der Abbildungen ([259]) Namensregister ([262]) A. Verzeichnis der Künstler und Handwerker ([262]) B. Verzeichnis der auf Porträts dargestellten Personen. (264) C. Verzeichnis der auf Grabsteinen genannten Personen (264) D. Allgemeines Personenverzeichnis. (266) Ortsregister ([269]) 1. Orte im Bezirk. ([269]) 2. Orte außerhalb des Bezirkes. ([269]) Sachregister ([271]) I. Kirchliche Baudenkmale. (272) II. Einrichtung der Kirchen. (272) III. Profanbauten. IV. Malerei. (274) V. Skulptur. (275) VI. Grabsteine. (276) VII. Goldschmiedearbeiten. (277) VIII. Gürtlerarbeiten. (278) IX. Zinngefäße. (279) X. Glocken. XI. Schmiedeeisenarbeiten. XII. Paramente. XIII. Öfen. (280) Druckfehlerberichtigung (280) Einband ( - ) Einband ( - )

BAND II. Bericht über die Tätigkeit der Deutschösterreichischen Friedensdelegation in St. Germain-en-Laye (-) Band II. (II. / 1919) ( - ) 5. Der zweite Teil der Friedensbedingungen. (1) 6. Die endgültigen Friedensbedingungen. (5) Beilage 55. Begleitnote zu den Friedensbedingungen vom 20. Juli. Conférence de la Paix. Le President. Paris, le 20 juillet 1919. Friedenskonferenz. Der Präsident. Paris, den 20. Juli 1919. (9) Beilage 56. Friedensbedingungen vom 20. Juli. Conditions de Paix avec l'Autriche. Bedingungen des Friedens mit Österreich. (10) Préambule. Einleitung. (10) Partie I. Pacte de la Société des Nations. Teil I. Völkerverbundssatzung. (10) Partie II. Frontières d'Autriche. Teil II. Grenzen Österreichs. (11) Partie III. Clauses politiques Européennes. Teil III. Politische Bestimmungen über Europa. (11) Section I. Italie. Abschnitt I. Italien. (11) Section II. État Serbe-Croate-Slovène. Abschnitt II. Serbisch-kroatisch-slowenischer Staat. (14) Section III. État tchéco-slovaque. Abschnitt III. Tschecho-slowakischer Staat. (15) Section IV. Roumanie. Abschnitt IV. Rumänien. (16) Section V. Clauses politiques concernant certains État d'Europe. Abschnitt V. Politische Bestimmungen über gewisse europäische Staaten. (17) Section VI. Protection des Minorités. Abschnitt VI. Schutz der Minderheiten. (18) Section VII. Dispositions générales. Abschnitt VII. Allgemeine Bestimmungen. (19) Partie IV. Interêts Autrichiens hors d'Europe. Teil IV. Außereuropäische Interessen Österreichs. (19) Partie V. Clauses militaires, navales et aériennes. Teil V. Bestimmungen über Land-, See- und Luftstreitkräfte. (20) Partie VI. Prisonniers de guerre et sépultures. Teil VI. Kriegsgefangene und Grabstätten. (21) Partie VII. Sanctions. Teil VII. Strafbestimmungen. (22) Partie VIII. Réparations. Teil VIII. Wiedergutmachungen. (22) Partie IX. Clauses financières. Teil IX. Finanzielle Bestimmungen. (24) Partie X. Clauses économiques. Teil X. Wirtschaftliche Bestimmungen. (32) Section I. Relations commerciales. Abschnitt I. Handelsbeziehungen. (32) Section II. Traités. II. Abschnitt Verträge. (33) Section III. Dettes. III. Abschnitt. Schulden. (33) Section IV. Biens, droits et intéréts. Abschnitt IV. Eigentum, Rechte und Interessen. (34) Section V. Contrats, prescriptions, jugements. Abschnitt V. Verträge, Verjährung, Urteile. (39) Section VI. Tribunal arbitral mixte. Abschnitt VI. Gemischtes Schiedsgericht. (40) Section VII. Propriété industrielle. Abschnitt VII. Gewerbliches Eigentum. (40) Section VIII. Dispositions spéciales aux territoires transférés. Abschnitt VIII. Sonderbestimmungen für abgetrennte Gebiete. (42) Partie XI. Navigation aérienne. Teil XI. Luftschiffahrt. (45) Partie XII. Ports, voies d'eau et voies ferrées. Teil XII. Häfen, Wasserwege und Eisenbahnen. (45) Section I. Dispositions générales. Abschnitt I. Allgemeine Bestimmungen. (45) Section II. Navigation. Abschnitt II. Schiffahrt. (46) Section III. Chemins de fer. Abschnitt III. Eisenbahnen. (47) Chapitres I-III. Kapitel I bis III. (47) Chapitre IV. Cession de lignes de chemins de fer. Kapitel IV. Abtretung von Eisenbahnlinien. (47) Chapitres V-VII. Kapitel V-VII. (48) Section IV. Jugement des litiges et revision des clauses permanentes. Abschnitt IV. Entscheidung von Streitigkeiten und Revision der dauernden Bestimmungen. (48) Section V. Dispositions particulières. Abschnitt V. Besondere Bestimmungen. (49) Partie XIII. Travail. Teil XIII. Arbeit. (49) Partie XIV. Clauses diverses. Teil XIV. Verschiedene Bestimmungen. (50) Beilage 57. Memorandum zu den Friedensbedingungen vom 20. Juli. Mémorandum. Memorandum. (51) Beilage 58. Erklärung über die Grenzsperre gegen Ungarn. Déclaration Particulière. Sondererklärung. (54) Beilage 59. Mitteilung über die zweite Reise des Staatskanzlers nach Feldkirch. Délégation de l'Autriche Allemande. No 800. Deutschösterreichische Delegation Z. 800. (55) Beilage 60. Zwölfte Note wegen der Ereignisse an der südslawischen Front. Délégation de l'Autriche Allemande. Nr. 776. Deutschösterreichische Delegation. Nr. 776. (56) Beilage 61. Note über die Kriegsgefangenen. Délégation de L'Autriche Allemande. No 833. Deutschösterreichische Delegation. Nr. 833. (58) Beilage 62. Ersuchen um Fristenverlängerung. Délégation de l'Autriche Allemande Nr. 791. Deutschösterreichische Delegation. Nr. 791. (61) Beilage 63. Ersuchen wegen der Lieferung von Kohle. Dèlégation de l'Autriche Allemande. Nr. 864. Deutschösterreichische Delegation. Z. 864. (63) Beilage 64. Übermittlung von Daten über die Kohlenversorgung Deutschösterreichs. Délégation l'Autriche Allemande. No. 891. Deutschösterreichische Delegation Z. 891. (66) Annexe. Beilage. (67) [Tabelle]: Charbon en dépôt (par tonnes) (70) Beilage 65. Antwort auf das Ersuchen um Verlängerung der Frist. Conférénce de la Paix. Secrétariat Géneral. Friedenskonferenz. Generalsekretariat. (71) Beilage 66. Vorlage des Schreibens des Staatskanzlers an den Präsidenten der Nationalversammlung. Délégation de l'Autriche Allemande. Nr. 917. Deutschösterreichische Delegation Nr. 917. (72) Lettre officielle adressée pa le Chancelier de l'Autriche Allemande et Secrétaire d'Etat aux Affaires Etrangères M. Charles Renner au Président de l'Assemblée Nationale M. Charles Seitz. Offizielles Schreiben des Staatskanzlers und Staatssekretärs für Äußeres von Deutsch-Österreich Dr. Karl Renner an den Präsidenten der Nationalversammlung Herrn Karl Seitz. (73) Beilage 67. Dreizehnte Note wegen der Ereignisse an der südslawischen Front. Délégation de l'Autriche Allemande. Nr. 948. Deutschösterreichische Delegation. Nr. 948. (76) Beilage 68. Antwort auf die Friedensbedingungen vom 20. Juli. Délégation de l'Autriche Allemande. No 914. Deutschösterreichische Delegation. Z. 914. (78) I. Obversations présentées par la Délégation Autrichienne Allemande sur l'ensemble des "Conditions de Paix" avec l'Autriche Allemande. I. Bemerkungen der deutschösterreichischen Deleagtion zur Gesamtheit der "Friedensbedingungen" mit Deutschösterreich. (92) Préambule. Einleitung. (93) Partie I. Pacte de la Société des Nations. I. Teil. Völkerbundvertrag. (95) Partie II. II. Teil. (96) Section I. Frontières de l'Autriche Allemande. Abschnitt I. Die Grenzen Deutschösterreichs. (96) [Tabelle]: Le Gouvernement tchéco-slovaque luiméme a publié comme résultat des élections communales les chiffres suivants: Die tschecho-slowakische Regierung selbst hat als Ergebnis dieser Gemeindewahlen folgende Zahlen bekanntgegeben: (96) Section II. Nationalité. Abschnitt II. Staatsangehörigkeit. (111) Partie III. Clauses politiques européennes. III. Teil. Politische Bestimmungen über Europa. (118) Section VI. Protection des minorités. Sektion VI. Minoritätenschutz. (118) Partie IV. Interêts autrichiens hors d'Europe. IV. Teil. Interessen Österreichs außerhalb Europas. (123) Partie V. Clauses militaires, navales et aériennes. V. Teil. Bestimmungen über Land-, See- und Luftstreitkräfte. (124) Section I. Clauses militaires. Abschnitt I. Militärische Bestimmungen. (124) Section II. Clauses navales. Abschnitt II. Bestimmungen über die Seestreitkräfte. (127) Section III. Clauses concernant l'aéronautique militaire et navale. Abschnitt III. Bestimmungen über Heeres- und Marine-Luftfahrtwesen. (128) Section IV. Les disposition concernant les commission de contrôle. Abschnitt IV. Bestimmungen über die Kontrollkommission. (130) Section V. Clauses Générales. Abschnitt V. Allgemeine Bestimmungen. (131) Partie VI. Prisonniers de guerre et sépultures. VI. Teil. Kriegsgefangene und Grabstätten. (136) Partie VII. Sanctions. VII. Teil. Strafbestimmungen. (138) Partie VIII. Réparations. VIII. Teil Wiedergutmachungen. (140) Section I. Dispositions générales. Abschnitt I. Allgemeine Bestimmungen. (140) [Tabelle]: Voici les prévisions du budget pour l'année 1919-20: Das Budget für das Jahr 1919/20 präliminiert folgende Staatseinnahmen: (141) Annexe III. Annex III. (143) Annexe IV. Annex IV. (148) Annexe V. Annex V. (149) Sextion II. Dispositions particulières. II. Abschnitt. Besondere Bestimmungen. (150) Partie IX. Clauses financières. IX. Teil. Finanzielle Bestimmungen. (164) Article 199. Première Partie: Dettes gagées d'avant-guerre. Artikel 199. I. Sichergestellte Vorkriegsschulden. (166) Deuxième Partie: Dettes non gagées d'avant-guerre. II. Nicht sichergestellte Vorkriegsschulden. (168) Article 201. Dette de guerre. Artikel 201 Kriegsschuld. (171) [Tabelle]: Les charges qui résulteraient, par application duprésent Article, pour l'Autriche Allemande se composeraient: Die Belastung Deutschösterreichs würde sich nach den Bestimmungen des gegenwärtigen Artikels zusammensetzen: (178) Parties X et XII. Clauses économiques et ports, voies d'eau et voies ferrées. X. und XII. Teil. Wirtschaftliche Bestimmungen und Häfen, Wasserwege und Eisenbahnen. (195) Partie XI. Navigation aérienne. XI. Teil. Luftschiffahrt. (196) Partie XIII. Travail. XIII. Teil. Arbeit. (197) Partie XIV. Clauses Diverses. XIV. Teil. Verschiedene Bestimmungen. (200) Annexe a Annexe b Beilage a Beilage b (201) Annexe c Mémoire sur la Styrie. Beilage c. Denkschrift über Steiermark. (202) Annexe d. Mémoire sur la vallée Sexten. Beilage d. Denkschrift über das Sextental. (208) Annexe e. Protestations signées par toutes les communes du Tyrol méridional actuellement occupé par l'Italie. Beilage e. Protesterklärungen, unterfertigt von allen Gemeinden des gegenwärtig von Italien besetzten Südtirol. (210) Résolution votée le 4 juillet 1919 par la Diète du Tyrol dans une séance spéciale convoquée a ce dessein. Entschließung, gefaßt durch den Tiroler Landtag am 4. Juli 1919 in einer zu diesem Anlasse einberufenen besonderen Sitzung. (212) Annexe f. Partie VI. Prisonniers de guerre sépultures. f. VI. Teil. Kriegsgefangene und Grabstätten. (213) Section I. Prisonniers de guerre. Beilage. Abschnitt I. Kriegsgefangene. (213) Section II. Sépultures. Abschnitt II. Grabstätten. (217) Annexe g. (à la Partie VIII, Section II). Dichiarazione. Beilage g. (zum VIII. Teil, Abschnitt II). Erklärung. (218) Annexe h. L'Autriche Allemande et la Dette Publique des deux États ayant composé la Monarchie austrohongroise. Beilage h. Deutschösterreich und die Staatsschulden der beiden Staaten der österreichisch-ungarischen Monarchie. (219) Préface. Einleitung. (219) Chapitre 1. Les bases juridiques. I. Kapitel. Die rechtlichen Grundlagen. (220) [2 Tabelle]: (1)La superficie des territoires était la suivante: Die Staatsterritorien umfaßten: (2)La population (d'aprés l'état du 31 décembre 1913) était la suivante: Die Bevölkerung (berechnet für den 31. Dezember 1913) betrug: (221) Chapitre 2. Les différentes nations de l'Autriche et l'État. II. Kapitel. Die Nationen Österreichs und der Staat. (224) [Tabelle]: À la suite des derniéres élections pour le Reichsrat les partis se groupaient au point de vue national suit: Nach den letzten Reichsratswahlen (1911) bestand folgende Gliederung der Parteien nach nationalen Gesichtspunkten: (225) Chapitre 3. Les bases légales des dettes de guerre. III. Kapitel. Die Bewilligung der Kriegsschulden. (226) Chapitre 4. Le caractère économique des emprunts de guerre. IV. Kapitel. Der ökonomische Charakter der Kriegsschulden. (229) [Tabelle]: Ad a) Les dettes nées avant la guerre s'élevaient d'après le dernier relevé: Ad a) Die Vorkriegsschulden betragen nach dem neuesten Stande: (233) Chapitre 5. Mode d'emploi du produit des emprunts. V. Kapitel. Die Verwendung der Anlehenserlöse. (234) [Tabelle]: Verbindlichkeiten am 31. Oktober 1918 (234) [Tabelle]: Ces dépenses purement miltaires se sont élevées: Diese militärischen Kriegsausgaben betrugen vom Kriegsbeginn bis zum Dissolutionstage (31. Oktober 1918): (235) Chapitre 6. La répudiation des dettes publiques; ses conséquences. VI. Kapitel. Die Folgen der Schuldableugnung. (239) Chapitre 7. Droit des Gens et Pratique Internationale. VII. Kapitel. Völkerrecht und Staatenpraxis. (243) Chapitre 8. Conclusions. VIII. Kapitel. Folgerungen. (246) [2 Tabellen]: (1)A. Les dettes guerre groupées d'après leur nature, arrêtées au 31 octobre 1918. (2)B. Les dettes de guerre groupées d'aprrès leur valeur monétaire, arrêtées au 31 octobre 1918. (248) [2 Tabelle]: (1)A. Kriegsschulden, geordnet nach Schuldarten. (Stand am 31. October 1918.) (2)B. Kriegsschulden, geordnet nach Währungen. (Stand am 31. Oktober 1918.) (249) [Tabelle]: La population de la Monarchie Austro-Hongroise. (250) [Tabelle]: Bevölkerungsdaten der österreichisch-ungarischen Monarchie. (251) [Tabelle]: Annexe i. /à la Partie IX). Comparaison de chiffres des états de la Banque Austro-Hongroise du 31 Octobre 1918 et du 15 Juillet 1919. Beilage i. (zum IX. Teil). Vergleichung der Ziffern der Ausweise der Oesterreichisch-ungarischen Bank vom 31. Oktober 1918 und vom 15. Juli 1919. (252) II. Rédations résultant des Observations de la Délégation Autrichienne Allemande et soumises à l'appreéciation du Conseil suprême des Puissances alliées et associées. II. Text der Gegenvorschläge. Ergebnisse der Bemerkungen der deutschösterreichischen Delegation unterbreitet dem Obersten Rat der alliierten und assoziierten Mächte. (254) Partie II. Frontières de l'Autriche Allemande. II. Teil. Grenzen Deutschösterreichs. (256) Section II. Nationalité. Abschnitt II. Staatsangehörigkeit. (262) Partie III. Clauses politiques européennes. III. Teil. Politische Bestimmungen über Europa. (265) Section I. Italie. Abschnitt I. Italien. (265) Section II. État serbe-croate-slovène. Abschnitt II. Serbisch-kroatisch-slowenischer Staat. (267) Section III. Ètat tchéco-slovaque. Abschnitt III. Tschecho-slowakischer Staat. (270) Section IV. Roumanie. Abschnitt IV. Rumänien. (272) Section V. Clauses politiques concernant certains états d'europe. Abschnitt V. Politische Bestimmungen, betreffend verschiedene europäische Staaten: (273) Section VII. Dispositions générales. Abschnitt VII. Allgemeine Bestimmungen. (275) Neutralité du Tyrol. Abschnitt VIII. Neutralität Tirols. (275) Section IX. Plébiscite. AbschnittIX. Volksabstimmung. (276) Article I. Territoires soumis au plébiscite. Artikel I. Gebiete, in denen die Volksabstimmung stattfindet. (276) Article II. Puissance occupante. Artikel II. Okkupierende Macht. (276) Article III. Profession de nationalité. Artikel III. Staatsbürgerschaftserklärung. Article IV. Sujets appelés à professer leur nationalité. Artikel IV. Die zum Bekenntnis der Volkszugehörigkeit berufenen Personen. (277) Article V. Lieu de la profession. Artikel V. Ort der Ablegung des Bekenntnisses. (277) Article VI. Moment de la profession. Artikel VI. Zeit der Ablegung des Bekenntnisses. Article VII. Forme et contenu de la profession. Artikel VII. Form und Inhalt des Bekenntnisses. (278) Article VIII. Commission internationale. Sa composition. Artikel VIII. Internationale Kommission. Ihre Zusammensetzung. (278) Article IX. Commission internationale. Ses tâches. Artikel IX. Internationale Kommission. Ihre Aufgaben. (279) Article X. Profession des communes. Artikel X. Bekenntnis der Gemeinden. Article XI. Fixation des frontières des Ètats. Artikel XI. Festsetzung der Staatsgrenzen. (280) Article XII. Disposition spéciales pour les enclaves. Artikel XII. Spezielle Bestimmungen für Enklaven. Article XIII. Immunité de la profession de nationalié. Artikel XIII. Immunität des Nationalitätsbekenntnisses. Article XIV. Temps nécessaire à accorder pour la profession. Artikel XIV. Einräumung der zur Abgabe des Nationalitätsbekenntnisses notwendigen Zeit. (281) Article XV. Dispositions Pénnales. Artikel XV. Strafbestimmungen. (282) Article XVI. Procedure judicaire. Artikel XVI. Gerichtsverfahren. (283) Article XVII. Résultat du plébiscite. Artikel XVII. Ergebnis der Volksabstimmung. (284) Partie IV. Intérêts Autrichiens hors d'Europe. IV. Teil. Außereuropäische Interessen Österreichs. (285) Section I. Maroc. Abschnitt I. Marokko. (285) Section II. Égypte. Abschnitt II. Ägypten. (286) Section III. Siam. Abschnitt III. Siam. (287) Section IV. Chine. Abschnitt IV. China. (288) Partie V. Clauses militaires, navales et aériennes. V. Teil. Bestimmungen über Land-, See- und Luftstreitkräfte. (290) Section I. Clauses militaires. Abschnitt I. Militärische Bestimmungen. (290) Chapitre premier. Clauses générales. Kapitel I. Allgemeine Bestimmungen. (290) Chapitre III. Recrutement et instruction militaire. Kapitel III. Heeresergänzung und militärische Ausbildung. (291) Section II. Clauses navales. Abschnitt II. Bestimmungen über die Seestreitkräfte. (293) Section III. Clauses concernant l'aéronautique militaire et Navale. Abschnitt III. Bestimmungen über Heer- und Marineflugwesen. (294) Section IV. Commission interalliées de contrôle. Section V. Clauses générales. Abschnitt IV. Interalliierte Überwachungskommission. Abschnitt V. Allgemeine Bestimmungen. (295) Beilage 69. Mitteilung der Beschlüsse des Hauptausschusses. Délégation de l'Autriche Allemande. No. 982. Deutschösterreichische Delegation. Z. 982. (296) Beilage 70. Délégation de la Republique de l'Autriche Allemande. No. 997. Delegation der Republik Deutschösterreich. Z. 997. (299) I. Texte des conditions de Paix avec l'Autriche Allemande. / Modifications résultant des contre-propositions. I. Text der Friedensbedingungen mit Deutschösterreich. / Abänderungen gemäß den Gegenvorschlägen. (300) II. Texte des conditions de paix avec l'Autriche-Allemande. / Texte du traité de paix avec l'Allemagne. II. Text der Friedensbedingungen mit Deutschösterreich / Text des Friedensvertrages mit Deutschland. (302) Beilage 71. Zweiter Nachtrag zur Antwort auf die Friedensbedingungen vom 20. Juli. Délégation de la République de l'Autriche Allemande. No. 996. Delegation der Republik Deutschösterreich. Nr. 996. (304) Délégation de la République de l'Autriche Allemande. Partie orientale du Comitat de Wieselburg. Delegation der Republik Deutschösterreich. Der östliche Teil des Komitates Wieselburg. (305) [Tabelle]: Les produits provenant du Comitat de Wieselburg et disponibles en temps de paix pour la consomation de Vienne et de l'Autriche ont été appréciés au montant des chiffres suivants: Die im Komitat Wieselburg gewonnenen Produkte, die in Friedenszeiten für den Konsum von Wien und Österreich verfügbar waren, sind auf nachfolgende Ziffern geschätzt worden: (305) Beilage 72. Bitte um Ermächtigung zur Herstellung der Ordnung in Deutschwestungarn. Délégation de l'Autriche Allemande. No. 1021. Deutschösterreichische Delegation. Nr. 1031. (307) Beilage 73. Begleitnote zu den Friedensbedingungen vom 2. September. Conférence de la Paix. Le Président. Lettre d'envoi au Président de la Délégation autrichienne de la réponse des Puissances alliées et associées. Friedenskonferenz. Der Präsident. Begleitworte zur Antwort der alliierten und assoziierten Mächte an den Präsidenten der österreichischen Deleagtion. (310) Beilage 74. Antwort auf die Bemerkungen zu den Friedensbedingungen vom 20. Juli. Réponse des Puissances alliées et associées aux remarques de la délégation autrichienne sur les conditions de paix. Antwort der alliierten und assoziierten Mächte zu den Bemerkungen der österreichischen Delegation über die Friedensbedingungen. (318) Partie II. Frontières de l'Autriche. II. Teil. Grenzen Österreichs. (318) I. Frontière entre l'Autriche et l'État Tchéco-slovaque. I. Die Grenze zwischen Österreich und dem tschecho-slowakischen Staat. (319) II. Frontière l'Autriche et al Hongrie. II. Grenzen zwischen Österreich und Ungarn. (320) III. Frintière entre l'Autriche et l'État Serbe-Croate-Slovène. III. Grenze zwischen Österreich und dem serbo-kroatisch-slowenischen Staate. (320) Styrie. Steiermark. (321) Carinthie. Kärnten. (322) IV. Frontière entre l'Autriche et l'Italie. IV. Grenze zwischen Österreich und Italien. (323) Partie III. Clauses politiques. III. Teil. Politische Klauseln. (323) Section I. Italie. Abbschnitt I. Italien. (323) Section V. Protection des minorités. Abschnitt V. Schutz der Minderheiten. (324) Section VI. Nationalités. Abschnitt VI. Staatsbürgerschaft. (325) Section VIII. Dispositions Générales. Abschnitt VIII. Allgemeine Bestimmungen. (327) Partie IV. Intérêts autrichiens hors d'Europe. IV. Teil. Österreichische Interessen außerhalb Europas. (327) Partie V. Clauses militaires, navales et aériennes. V. Teil. Bestimmungen über Land-, See- und Luftstreitkräfte. (329) Clauses militaires. Bestimmungen über Landstreitkräfte. (330) Clauses navales. Schiffahrtsbestimmungen. (331) Clauses aèriennes. Bestimmungen über das Flugwesen. (332) Clauses générales. Allgemeine Bestimmungen. (335) Partie VI. Prisonniers de guerre. VI. Teil. Kriegsgefangene. (335) Partie VII. Sanctions. VII. Teil. Strafbestimmungen. (337) Partie VIII. Réparations. VIII. Teil. Wiedergutmachungen. (339) I. Observations Générales. I. Allgemeine Bemerkungen. (339) II. Examen Détaillé. II. Besonderer Teil. (341) Partie IX. Clauses financières. IX. Teil. Finanzielle Klauseln. (344) Partie X. Clauses économiques. X. Teil. Wirtschaftliche Bestimmungen. (349) I. Réglementations, Txes et Restrictions Douanières. I. Zollregelung, Zölle und Zollbeschränkungen. (349) II. Concurrence deloyale. II. Unlauterer Wettbewerb. (351) III. Traitement des Ressortissants des Puissances Alliées et associées. III. Behandlung der Angehörigen der verbündeten und assoziierten Mächte. (351) IV. Traités. IV. Verträge. (352) V. Dettes (Section III). V. Schulden (Abschnitt III). (354) VI. Biens, Droits et intérêts (section IV). VI. Eigentum, Rechte und Interessen. (Abschnitt IV.) (357) VII. Contrats, prescriptions et jugements (section V). VII. Verträge, Verjährung, Urteile (Abschnitt V). (362) VIII. Tribunal arbitral mixte (section VI). VIII. Gemischtes Schiedsgericht (Abschnitt VI). (363) IX. Propriété Industrielle (Section VII). IX. Gewerbliches Eigentum (Abschnitt VII). (364) Partie XII. Ports, voies d'eau, voies ferrées. XII. Teil. Häfen, Wasserwege, Eisenbahnen. (366) Partie XIII. Travail. Teil XIII. Arbeit. (372) Beilage 75. Friedensbedingungen vom 2. und 10. September. [Conditions de paix avec l'Autriche.] [Bedingungen des Friedens mit Österreich.] (374) Préambule. Einleitung. (374) Part I. The Convenant of the League of Nations. Partie I. Pacte de la Société des Nations. I. Teil Völkerverbundssatzung. (382) Annex. I. Original Members of the League of Nations Annexe. I. Membres originaires de la Société des Nations Anhang. I. Ursprüngliche Mitglieder des Völkerbundes (406) Partie II. Frontières d'Autriche. II. Teil. Österreichs Grenzen. (408) Partie III. Clauses politiques européennes. III. Teil. Politische Bestimmungen über Europa. (415) Section I. Italie. Abschnitt I. Italien. (415) Section II. État serbe-croate-slovène. Abschnitt II. Serbisch-kroatisch-slowenischer Staat. (418) Section III. État Tchéco-Slovaque. Abschnitt II. Tschecho-slowakischer Staat. (423) Section IV. Roumanie. Abschnitt IV. Rumänien. (424) Section V. Protection des Minorités. Abschnitt V. Schutz der Minderheiten. (425) Section VI. Clauses concernant la nationalité. Abschnitt VI. Bestimmungen, betreffend die Staatsangehörigkeit. (428) Section VII. Clauses politiques concernant certains Etats d'Europe. Abschnitt VII. Politische Bestimmungen über gewisse europäische Staaten. (431) 1. Belgique. 1. Belgien. 2. Luxembourg. 2. Luxemburg. 3. Sleswig. 3. Schleswig. 4. Turquie et Bulgarie. 4. Türkei und Bulgarien. (431) 5. Russie et États russes. 5. Rußland und russische Staaten. (432) Section VIII. Dispositions Générales. Abschnitt VIII. Allgemeine Bestimmungen. (432) Partie IV. Intérêts Autrichiens hors d'Europe. IV. Teil. Außereuropäische Interessen Österreichs. (434) Section I. Maroc. Abschnitt I. Marokko. (434) Section II. Égypte. Abschnitt II. Ägypten. (436) Section III. Siam. Abschnitt III. Siam. (438) Section IV. Chine. Abschnitt IV. China. (438) Partie V. Clauses militaires, navales et aériennes. V. Teil. Bestimmungen über Land-, See- und Luftstreitkräfte. (440) Section I. Clauses militaires. Abschnitt I. Bestimmungen über das Landheer. (440) Chapitre I. Clauses générales. Kapitel I. Allgemeine Bestimmungen. (440) Chapitre II. Effectifs et encardrement de l'armée autrichienne. Kapitel II. Stärke und Einteilung des österreichischen Heeres. (441) Chapitre III. Recrutement et instruction militaire. Kapitel III. Heeresergänzung und militärische Ausbildung. (442) Chapitre IV. Écoles, Établissements d'enseignement, sociétés et associations militaires. Kapitel IV. Militärische Schulen, Unterrichtsanstalten, Gesellschaften und Vereine. (443) Chapitre V. Armement, munitions, matériel et fortifications. Kapitel V. Bewaffnung, Munition, Material und Befestigung. (443) [Tabelle]: Tableau I. Composition et effectifs maxima d'une division d'infanterie. Übersicht I. Zusammenstellung und Höchststände einer Infanteriedivision. (446) [2 Tabellen]: (1)Tableau II. Composition et effectifs maxima d'une division de cavalerie. Übersicht II. Zusammensetzung und Höchststände einer Kavalleriedivision. (2)Tableau III. Composition et effectifs maxima d'une brigade mixte. Übersicht III. Zusammensetzung und Höchststände einer gemischten Briagde. (447) [2 Tabellen]: (1)Tableau IV. Effectif minimum des unité quelle que soit l'organisation adoptée dans l'armeé. Übersicht IV. Mindeststände der Einheiten ohne Rücksichtnahme auf die im Heere eingeführte Organsisation. (2)Tableau V. Maximum d'armement et d'approvisionnement en munitions autorisées. Übersicht V. Zugelassene Höchststände an Waffen und Munition. (448) Section II. Clauses navales. Abschnitt II. Bestimmungen über die Seestreitkräfte. (449) Section III. Clauses concernant l'aéronautique militaire et navale. Abschnitt III. Bestimmungen über militärische und Seeluftfahrt. (450) Section IV. Commission interalliées de contrôle. Abschnitt IV. Interalliierte Überwachungsausschüsse. (452) Section V. Clauses générales. Abschnitt V. Allgemeine Bestimmungen. (454) Partie VI. Prisonniers de guerre et sépultures. Teil VI. Kriegsgefangene und Grabstätten. (455) Section I. Prisonniers de guerre. Abschnitt I. Kriegsgefangene. (455) Section II. Sépultures. Abschnitt II. Grabstätten. (458) Partie VII. Sanctions. Teil VII. Strafbestimmungen. (458) Partie VIII. Réparations. VIII. Teil. Wiedergutmachungen. (460) Section I. Dispositions générales. Abschnitt I. Allgemeine Bestimmungen. (460) Annexe I. Anlage I. (464) Annexe II. Analge II. (466) Annexe III. Anlage III. (474) Annexe IV. Analge IV. (477) [Tabelle]: A titre d'avance immédiate,. Als sofortige Abschlagslieferung. (479) Annexe V. Anlage V. (480) Annexe VI. Anlage VI. (481) Section II. Dispositions particulières. II. Abschnitt. Besondere Bestimmungen. (482) Annexe I. Anlage I. (484) Toscane. Toskana. (484) Modène. Modena. (484) Palerme. Palermo. Naples. Neapel. (485) Annexe II. Anlage II. (485) Annexe III. Anlage III. Annexe IV. Anlage IV. (486) Partie IX. Clauses Financières. IX. Teil. Finanzielle Bestimmungen. (486) Annexe. Anlage. (491) Annexe. Anlage. (497) Partie X. Clauses économiques. Teil X. Wirtschaftliche Bestimmungen. (503) Section I. Relations commerciales. Abschnitt I. Handelsbeziehungen. (503) Chapitre I. Réglementation, taxes et restrictions douanières. Kapitel I. Zollregelung, Zollabgaben und Zollbeschränkungen. (503) Chapitre II. Traitement de la navigation. Kapitel II. Behandlung der Schiffahrt. (507) Chapitre III. Concurrence déloyale. Kapitel III. Unlauterer Wettbewerb. (507) Chapitre IV. Traitement des ressortissants des puissances alliées et associées. Kapitel IV. Behandlung der Staatsangehörigen der alliierten und assoziierten Mächte. (508) Chapitre V. Clauses générales. Kapitel V. Allgemeine Bestimmungen. (509) Section II. Traités. Abschnitt II. Staatsverträge. (510) Section III. Dettes. Abschnitt III. Schulden. (516) Annexe. Anlage. (519) Section IV. Biens, Droits et Intérêts. Abschnitt IV. Güter, Rechte und Interessen. (525) Annexe. Anlage. (530) Section V. Contrats, prescriptions, jugements. Abschnitt V. Verträge, Verjährung, Urteile. (536) Annexe. Anlage. (539) I. Dispositions générales. I. Allgemeine Vorschriften. (539) II. Dispositions particulières à certaines catégories de contrats. II. Besondere Vorschriften über bestimmte Vertragsgattungen. (540) Positions dans les Bourses de valeurs et de commerce. Verträge an der Effekten- und Produktenbörse. (540) Gage. Verpfändung. (541) Effects de commerce. Handelspapiere. (541) III. Contrats dassurances. III. Versicherungsverträge. (542) Assurances contre l'incendie. Feuerversicherungen. (542) Assurances sur al vie. Lebensversicherungen. (543) Assurances maritimes. Seeversicherungen. (544) Autres assurances. Andere Versicherungen. (545) Réassurances. Rückversicherungen. (545) Section VI. Tribunal Arbitral Mixte. Abschnitt VI. Gemischter Schiedsgerichtshof. (546) Annexe. Anlage. (548) Section VII. Propriété industrielle. Abschnitt VII. Gewerbliches Eigentum. (549) Section VIII. Dispositions spéciales aux territoires transférés. Abschnitt VIII. Sonderbestimmungen für übertragene Gebiete. (555) Partie XI. Navigation Aérienne. Teil XI. Luftschiffahrt. (561) Partie XII. Ports, voies d'eau et voies ferrées. Teil XII. Häfen, Wasserstraßen und Eisenbahnen. (562) Section I. Dispositions générales. Abschnitt I. Allgemeine Bestimmungen. (562) Section II. Navigation. Abschnitt II. Schiffahrt. (565) Chapitre I. Liberté de navigation. Kapitel I. Freiheit der Schiffahrt. (565) Chapitre II. Clauses relatives au Danube. Kapitel II. Bestimmungen über die Donau. (566) Chapitre III. Régime des eaux. Kapitel III. Wasserrechtliche Fragen. (571) Section III. Chemins de fer. Abschnitt III. Eisenbahnen. (572) Chapitre I. Liberté de transit pour l'Autriche vers l'Adriatique. Kapitel I. Freiheit der Durchfuhr für Österreich gegen das Adriatische Meer. (572) Chapitre II. Clauses relatives aux transports internationaux. Kapitel II. Bestimmungen über zwischenstaatliche Beförderung. (573) Chapitre III. Matériel roulant. Kapitel III. Rollendes Material. (575) Chapitre IV. Transfert de lignes de chemins de fer. Kapitel IV. Übertragung von Eisenbahnlinien. (575) Chapitre V. Dispositions concernant certaines lignes de chemins de fer. Kapitel V. Bestimmungen über einzelne Eisenbahnlinien. (576) Chapitre VI. Dispositions transitoires. Kapitel VI. Übergangsbestimmungen. (579) Chapitre VII. Télégraphes et téléphones. Kapitel VII. Fernschreiber und Fernsprecher. (579) Section IV. Jugement des litiges et révision des clauses permanentes. Abschnitt IV. Entscheidung von Streitigkeiten und Nachprüfung der Bestimmungen mit dauernder Geltung. (581) Part XIII. Labour. Partie XIII. Travail. XIII. Teil. Arbeit. (582) Section I. Organisation of Labour. Section I. Organisation du Travail. Abschnitt I. Organisation der Arbeit. (582) Chapter I. Organisation. Chapitre Premier. Organisation. Kapitel I. Organisation. (584) Chapter II. Procedure. Chapitre II. Fonctionnement. Kapitel II. Verfahren. (592) Chapter III. general. Chapitre III. Prescriptions Générales. Kapitel III. Allgemeine Vorschriften. (606) Chapter IV. Transistory Provisions. Chapitre IV. Mesures transitoires. Kapitel IV. Übergangsbestimmungen. (608) Annex. Annexe. Anlage. (608) Section II. General principles. Section II. Principes généraux. Abschnitt II. Allgemeine Grundsätze. (610) Partie XIV. Clauses diverses. XIV. Teil. Verschiedene Bestimmungen. (614) Beilage 76. Entwurf eines Protokolls vom 2. September. Protocole. Protokoll. (621) Beilage 77. Entwurf einer Erklärung vom 2. September. Déclaration. Erklärung. (622) Beilage 78. Entwürfe einer besonderen Erklärung vom 2. und 10. September. Déclaration particulière. Besondere Erklärung. (623) Beilage 79. Ersuchen um Verlängerung der Frist zur Unterzeichnung. Délégation de l'Autriche Allemande. No. 1162. Deutschösterreichische Deleagtion Z. 1162. (624) Beilage 80. Verlängerung der Frist zur Unterzeichnung. Conférence de la Paix. Friedenskonferenz. (626) Beilage 81. Mitteilung über die Bereitwilligkeit zur Unterezeichnung und Übermittlung der Proteste der Nationalversammlung und der Ländervertreter. Délégation de l'Autriche Allemande. No. 1176. Deutschösterreichische Delegation. (627) Annexe 1. Déclaration de l'Assemblée nationale. Anlage 1. Beschluß der Nationalversammlung. (628) Annexe 2. Protestation des pays autrichiens allemands. Anlage 2. Protest der Länder Deutschösterreichs. (630) Beilage 82. Mitteilung über textliche Änderungen in den zu unterzeichnenden Urkunden. Conférence de la Paix. Secrétariat général, Quai d'Orsay. Friedenskonferenz. Generalsekretariat d'Orsay. (632) Beilage 83. Verzeichnis der Berichtigungen. Conférence de la Paix Secrétariat général Quai d'Orsay. Friedenskonferenz Generalsekretariat Quai d'Orsay. (633) Anmerkung: (633) Corrections typographiques à apporter au texte français des "Conditions de Paix avec l'Autriche" (634) Beilage 84. Bestätigung der Übereinstimmung der Texte vom 2. und 10. September. Conférence de la Paix. Le Président. Friedenskonferenz. Der präsident. (636) Beilage 85. Ansprache des Präsidenten der Friedenskonferenz vom 10. September. (637) [Karte]: Die Grenze an der March und die Gegend von Feldsberg und Hohenau. ( - ) [Karte]: Das Abstimmungsgebiet in Kärten. ( - ) [Karte]: Die Gegend von Gmünd. ( - ) Einband ( - ) Einband ( - )

Background Surgery is the main modality of cure for solid cancers and was prioritised to continue during COVID-19 outbreaks. This study aimed to identify immediate areas for system strengthening by comparing the delivery of elective cancer surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic in periods of lockdown versus light restrictions. Methods This international, prospective, cohort study enrolled 20 006 adult (>= 18 years) patients from 466 hospitals in 61 countries with 15 cancer types, who had a decision for curative surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic and were followed up until the point of surgery or cessation of follow-up (Aug 31, 2020). Average national Oxford COVID-19 Stringency Index scores were calculated to define the government response to COVID-19 for each patient for the period they awaited surgery, and classified into light restrictions (index 60). The primary outcome was the non-operation rate (defined as the proportion of patients who did not undergo planned surgery). Cox proportional-hazards regression models were used to explore the associations between lockdowns and non-operation. Intervals from diagnosis to surgery were compared across COVID-19 government response index groups. This study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04384926. Findings Of eligible patients awaiting surgery, 2003 (10middot0%) of 20 006 did not receive surgery after a median follow-up of 23 weeks (IQR 16-30), all of whom had a COVID-19-related reason given for non-operation. Light restrictions were associated with a 0middot6% non-operation rate (26 of 4521), moderate lockdowns with a 5middot5% rate (201 of 3646; adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 0middot81, 95% CI 0middot77-0middot84; p<0middot0001), and full lockdowns with a 15middot0% rate (1775 of 11 827; HR 0middot51, 0middot50-0middot53; p<0middot0001). In sensitivity analyses, including adjustment for SARS-CoV-2 case notification rates, moderate lockdowns (HR 0middot84, 95% CI 0middot80-0middot88; ...

KEMAL'S INFIDELITY AND ITS INFLUENTIAL FACTOR IN ORHAN PAMUK'S THE MUSEUM OF INNOCENCE Ayu Setya Rahayu English Department, Language and Arts Faculty, State University of Surabaya cosmeticmiracle@yahoo.com Drs. Much. Khoiri M.Si. English Department, Language and Arts Faculty, State University of Surabaya much_choiri@yahoo.com Abstract Infidelity is defined as unfaithfulness of being unreliable or being attracted to someone other than one relationship partner. There are two types of infidelity, emotional and sexual infidelity. What constitutes an act of infidelity varies within cultures and depends on the type of relationship that exists between people.This study is aimed to present infidelity as experinced by Kemal as the main character in Orhan Pamuk's The Museum of Innocence, and to reveal the most influential factor of his infidelity.The study uses descriptive qualitative research with psychoanalitic approach. The object of the study is The Museum of Innocence by Orhan Pamuk, published in New York by vintage books in 2009. The data are in the form of quotation, fragments, and dialogues or monologues that indicated the thoughts and action concerning form of infidelity, and also its most influential factor. The data is analyzed by applying the theory of infidelity by Dirgosta and Barta, and also the most influential factor of it. This study also uses the theory of love and will by Rollo May to reveal his influential factor that lead to his infidelity based on the concept above and the quotation depicted in the novel.The result of this study shows thatKemal, the main character of this novel, commits both sexual and emotional infidelity. Initially, he becomes emotionally connected with someone outside of his relationship named Fusun. One way of looking at emotional infidelity is, that it is very dangerous, because it is not only takes away time and energy from his relationship, but it lead him to sexual infidelity and to the end of his engagement. Andthe main factors of Kemal's infidelity represented from this novel is he falls in love with someone else named Fusun. Actually, this novel is story of love of Kemal and Fusun, then his feeling of love that prompted him to take an action in certain direction which can realize his purpose of love. Because in love, there is definitely a will to unite with beloved people, then it gives rise a boost in his heart to betray his fiancee. Keywords: Infdelity, love, will, novel Abstrak Perselingkuhan didefinisikan sebagai ketidaksetiaan, diandalkan atau tertarik pada orang lain di luar dari pasangannya . Ada dua jenis perselingkuhan , perselingkuhan emosional dan seksual . Yang merupakan suatu tindakan perselingkuhan bervariasi dalam budaya dan tergantung pada jenis hubungan yang ada antara manusia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menyajikan perselingkuhan yang di alami oleh Kemal sebagai sebagai tokoh utama dalam novel berjudul The Museum of Innocence karya Orhan Pamuk, dan untuk mengungkap faktor yang paling berpengaruh dalam perselingkuhannya.Penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian deskriptif kualitatif dengan pendekatan psikoanalisis . Objek penelitiaan ini adalah novel The Museum of Innocence karya Orhan Pamuk , yang diterbitkan di New York oleh vintage books tahun 2009 . Data tersebutdi peroleh dalam bentuk kutipan , fragmen , dan dialog atau monolog yang menunjukkan pemikiran dan tindakan mengenai bentuk perselingkuhan Kemal dan juga faktor yang paling berpengaruh. Data dianalisis dengan menerapkan teori perselingkuhan oleh Dirgosta dan Barta untuk mengungkapkan refleksi penggambaran perselingkuhan Kemal dan juga faktor yang paling berpengaruh. Penelitian ini juga menggunakan teori cinta dan keinginan oleh Rollo May untuk mengungkapkan faktor paling berpengaruh yang mengarah pada perselingkuhan yang didasarkan pada konsep di atas dan kutipan yang digambarkan dalam novel. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa Kemal , tokoh utama dalam novel ini , melakukan perselingkuhan baik seksual mapun emosional . Awalnya , ia menjadi terhubung secara dengan seseorang di luar hubungannya, bernama Fusun . Salah satu cara untuk melihat perselingkuhan emosional adalah , bahwa sangat berbahaya , karena tidak hanya menghilangkan waktu dan energi dari hubungannya sebelumnya , namun membawanya ke perselingkuhan seksual, hingga merusak pertunangannya dengan Sibel. Dan faktor utama perselingkuhan oleh Kemal yang tergambar dalam novel ini adalah ia jatuh cinta dengan orang lain bernama Fusun . Sebenarnya , novel ini adalah kisah cinta Kemal dan Fusun , maka perasaannya cinta yang mendorongnya untuk mengambil tindakan dalam arah tertentu yang dapat mewujudkan tujuan cintanya . Karena di dalam cinta , pasti ada keinginan untuk bersatu dengan orang-orang yang di cintainya, kemudian memberikan dorongan dalam hatinya untuk mengkhianati tunangannya . Kata kunci: Infidelity, love, will, novel Introduction Within the context of intimate relationships, infidelity has been defined as a partner's violation of norms pertaining to the level of emotional or physical intimacy in which people engaged in outside the relationship (Drigotas & Barta, 2001:45). In the currentera,many strange phenomena appear and done by society. One of the interesting behavior in humansare donetoday is infidelity and that is very oftenaround environment. Not only household commit infidelity, but also in interpersonal relationship. The phenomenon of infidelity is dominant on the socioeconomic statu sof middle to top, especially in big cities. Moreover, the problem of infidelity is often atrigger forvarious cases of divorce or even murder. There are two kinds of infidelity that occurs in today's modern society, the emotional and sexual infidelity.Emotional infidelity in channeling emotional feeling for someone outside the relationship or marriage, whilesexual infidelity isi having sexual intercourse outside of relationship or marriage.The case of emotional infidelity begin when two beings of different sex, begin exchange of information, and the feelings that it was actually supposed to be feel just exclusive for partner. And started to be worse when there is no excitement and keep the distance with ypartner and began to yearn to talk to someone else, rather than the one romantic partners. The climax it will past the limit and begin to emerge the real problem in the relationship that shouldn't happen, that's secrets and lies. And when the lie begins,it will difficult to stop. Then, sexual infidelity is just waiting for the right moment. Talking about infidelity, nobody can remove it from the word "love", because if the lovethat isbuilt with the previous couple is strong and sturdy, then the affair could have been avoided. Love is a natural thingin human life. Love is a basic human emotion, but understanding how and why it happens is not necessarily easy. In fact, for a long time, many people suggested that love was simply something that they couldn't understand. Accoding to Erich Fromm, to love somebody is not just a strong feeling, but it is a decision, it is a judgement, and it is a promise,if love were only a feeling there would be no basis for the promise to love each other forever (McGee G. Mark, 1980:208).It means that if the love is just relying on feeling, without the underlying on bond and the sacred promise, as well as the commitment to be together forever, then that love won'tlast long. Psychologist Rollo May proposed that romantic love is made up of four elements: sex, eros, philia, and agape.In conclusion, adult personal relationships containing four forms of love, this relationship based on the sexual satisfaction, a desire for eternal unification and non egoistic concern for the welfare of others. But unfortunately, this kind of authentic love quite difficult to accomplish. At the same time, love hint of tenderness, passion, commitment, and devote themselves to the beloved personal interests, from there, love gives rise to will, the will is an impulse that comes from love, where lover have a will to unite with people they love (May, 1969: 146). In this case, if the love for partneris not strong enough to keep the relationship in order to survive and also the lack of commitment and promise, then sometime there will arise a feeling of love to others, and if the love is greater than the old partner, then the infidelity could happen. In literature like novel, many of whichraised issue of infidelity, where in novel, is related to the human's emotion and expression of feeling, Including ideas, motivation, and describe it by using language. Novel also has people or characters with their own personalities that can represent and act to carry issues that occur in the society. Morover, the dispositive of characters is described in outline only and the events described, contains a mental conflict, which resulted in a change of fortunes. A novel TheMuseum of Innocence by Orhan Pamuk has many sources in culture, love, social, combined into a variety of events and actions. The Museum of Innocence by Orhan Pamuk also depicts infidelity between a rich man and a poor shop girl, in the background of the Turkish city which at that time was experiencing modernization. These issues of infidelity in the background of love willbe discussed in more interesting and more complex from a variety of perspectives in one character. Orhan Pamuk was born in Istanbul in 1952 and grew up in a large family similar to those which he describes in his novelsCevdet Bey and His SonsandThe Black Book, in the wealthy westernised district of Nisantasi. As he writes in his autobiographical bookIstanbul, from his childhood until the age of 22 he devoted himself largely to painting and dreamed of becoming an artist. After graduating from the secular American Robert College in Istanbul, he studied architecture at Istanbul Technical University for three years, but abandoned the course when he gave up his ambition to become an architect and artist. He went on to graduate in journalism from Istanbul University, but never worked as a journalist. At the age of 23 Pamuk decided to become a novelist, and giving up everythingnelsenretreatednintonhisnflatnandnbeganntonwrite. His first novelCevdet Bey and His Sonswas published seven years later in 1982. The novel is the story of three generations of a wealthy Istanbul family living in Nisantasi, Pamuk's own home district. The novel was awarded both the Orhan Kemal and Milliyet literary prizes. The following year Pamuk published his novelThe Silent House, which in French translation won the 1991 Prix de la découverte européene.The White Castle(1985) about the frictions and friendship between a Venetian slave and an Ottoman scholar was published in English and many other languages from 1990 onwards, bringing Pamuk his first international fame. The same year Pamuk went to America, where he was a visiting scholar at Columbia University in New York from 1985 to 1988. It was there that he wrote most of his novelThe Black Book, in which the streets, past, chemistry and texture of Istanbul are described through the story of a lawyer seeking his missing wife. This novel was published in Turkey in 1990, and the French translation won the Prix France Culture.The Black Bookenlarged Pamuk's fame both in Turkey and internationally as an author at once popular and experimental, and able to write about past and present with the same intensity. In 1991 Pamuk's daughter Rüya was born. That year saw the production of a filmHidden Face, whose script by Pamuk was based on a one-page story inThe Black Book. His novelThe New Life, about young university students influenced by a mysterious book, was published in Turkey in 1994 and became one of the most widely read books in Turkish literature.My Name Is Red, about Ottoman and Persian artists and their ways of seeing and portraying the non-western world, told through a love story and family story, was published in 1998. This novel won the French Prix du meilleur livre étranger, the Italian Grinzane Cavour (2002) and the International IMPAC Dublin literary award (2003). From the mid-1990s Pamuk took a critical stance towards the Turkish state in articles about human rights and freedom of thought, although he took little interest in politics.Snow, which he describes as "my first and last political novel" was published in 2002. In this book set in the small city of Kars in northeastern Turkey he experimented with a new type of "political novel", telling the story of violence and tension between political Islamists, soldiers, secularists, and Kurdish and Turkish nationalists.Snowwas selected as one of the best 100 books of 2004 byThe New York Times. In 1999 a selection of his articles on literature and culture written for newspapers and magazines in Turkey and abroad, together with a selection of writings from his private notebooks, was published under the titleOther Colours. Pamuk's most recent book,Istanbul, is a poetical work that is hard to classify, combining the author's early memoirs up to the age of 22, and an essay about the city of Istanbul, illustrated with photographs from his own album, and pictures by western painters and Turkish photographers. Orhan Pamuk's books have been translated into 46 languages, including Georgian, Malayan, Czech, Danish, Japanese, Catalan, as well as English, German and French. Pamuk has been awarded The Peace Prize, considered the most prestigious award in Germany in the field of culture, in 2005. In the same year,Snowreceived the Le Prix Médicis étranger, the award for the best foreign novel in France. Again in 2005, Pamuk was honoured with the Richarda Huck Prize, awarded every three years since 1978 to personalities who "think independently and act bravely."In the same year, he was named among world's 100 intellectuals byProspectmagazine. In 2006,TIMEmagazine chose him as one of the 100 most influential persons of the world. In September 2006, he won the Le Prix Méditerranée étranger for his novelSnow.Pamuk is an honorary member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters, and holds an honorary doctorate from Tilburg University. He is an honorary member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters as well as the Chiese Academy for Social Sciences. Pamuk gives lectures once a year in Columbia University. Lastly, he received the 2006 Nobel Prize for Literature, becoming the second youngest person to receive the award in its history. Apart from three years in New York, Orhan Pamuk has spent all his life in the same streets and district of Istanbul, and he now lives in the building where he was raised. Pamuk has been writing novels for 30 yearsnandnneverndonenanynothernjobnexceptnwriting.(http://www.orhanpamuk.net/biography.aspx) The Museum of Innocenceis the latest Orhan Pamuk's novel, published on August, 2009.Pamuk has been working on the novel for many years and it has been hinted by himself in many interviews during this period. The story, which takes place in Istanbul between 1975 and today, is about obsessive love and the great questionof what is love. This colorful and fabulous novel will not only challenge the reader's thoughts about love, but also those about marriage, sex, passion, family, friendship, and happiness. The story begin with the apparent narrator named Kemal who is engaged to be married to Sibel. Kemal is a rich man when he by chance encounters a long-lost relation, Fusun, a young shopgirl whose beauty stirs all the passion denied him in a society where sex outside marriage is taboo. But Kemal, a young man with high passion has several times having sex with Sibel, and of course it is also more likely to do so with Fusun. Kemalwho really falls in love with Fusun,goes ahead anyway with his long-planned engagement to perfect partner Sibel, then Fusundisappears. Kemal finally breaks off with Sibel, finds Fusun, waits eight years for her to dump her husband (by going to her family's home some four times a week). In relationship, there will be many problems. The union of two different people, usually can cause contention and eventually lead to big problems. Feelings of love, affection, understanding, and accepting shortcomings of couple, is the very need in a relationship. Because according to psychologist Erich Fromm in his book The art of loving (2006:99) love is an essential of human need. That is, if theneed love is not fullfilled it will cause the problems.In this novel, Kemal who had been engaged to a woman with equal social class with him, women withwell education and from a wealthy family, it seems perfect to be his life partner. Kemal eventually leaveshis fiancée in order to pursue his dream to be unite with Fusun.The infidelity issues in the novel has the most significant cause,Kemal lack of affection to his fiancee, so that makes him fall in love with another woman. This novel begin at Istanbul in 1975. Kemal is a rich and engaged manBut when Kemal encounters Füsun, a poor beautiful shopgirl and a distant relation, he becomes enthralled. And once they violate the code of virginity, when sex before married considerd as taboo at that time.The firsttime hemetwithFusunwaswhenhe boughtjennycolon bag tohis fiancee, sibel, an upper-class beautiful girl. The city of Intanbul is captured by pamuk with a romantic touch, sturdy apartments of the rich man, once supported. The lovers met in Merhamet Apartments, in a flat abandoned by his mother. He dated his first secret meeting with Fusun to the spring of 1975. At that time, Pamuk initially planned Kemal to marry Sibel, a fashionable young woman with enlightened views of life, she goes without limits enlightened with Kemal. Love becomes the main motive, when someone can destroy virginity code. Fusun ends their relationship when she learns of Kemal's engagement with Sibel. But Kemal cannot forget her. It will take Kemal almost a year to find her again, a year of driving through every neighbourhood of the enormous city, months of heavy drinking in which he loses all interest in Sibel, even after they move in together. Sibel hopes to save him from what seems an inexplicable sadness, and learning the truth enrages her. To her, Füsun is just "a common shopgirl", a slut, even though they have each only slept with one man. Both sexual and emotional infidelity bound this novel. How kemal lie and keep his secret relationship to sibel, while he loves someone else and having sexual intercourse with Fusun. Psychologist Rollo May defines love into various types, such as sex, eros, philia, and agape. Sex is defined in category where someone loves another person just because of an underlying sexual appetite. Eros is defined as a lover which includes not only sexual intimacy, but also the feeling of love, attention, care so as to make the relationship last. Philia is defined as a sincere friendship, while gape is defined as selfless feeling or don't expecting reward (Jess Feist and Gregory J. Feist, 2009:58-59). In the case of Kemal in this novel, his love for Sibel does not meet all of four elements above, thus making their relationship is not too strong to survive. Then he finds Fusun, and feel the perfect love. In analyzing Kemal's infidelity and the most influential factor, it is used some related concept and one theory. In this thesis, the problem statement is divided into two. The first problem statement deals with how Kemal's infidelityreflected in this novel. While the second problem deals with the most influential factor of Kemal's infidelity. Those problems can be analysed by using the psychological approach as the base of the guide and theory. The first statement is how Kemal's infidelity reflected in The Museum of Innocence. This statement will use the concept of infidelity by American psycologyst, Dirgostra and Barta. This concept is united and merged with the bases of marital or extramarital relationship. There are two kinds of infidelity in this concept. The writer will analyses which kind of infidelity that Kemal uses through the quotations and monologues. Then the second statement is what is the most influential factor of Kemal's infidelity. This statement will also apply the concept of infidelity factor. Actually, the are a lot of infidelity factos, but the writer only use one factor that tha most represent based on quotation in this novel. The factor is love.So, ithe writer will use the theory of love and will that become the most influential factor of Kemal's infidelity. This concept is developed by existential psychologyst, Rollo May. It is about the unity between love and will, this circles of love and will is however affected to his infidelity. Methods Research methodolgy that used in this analysis here must be qualified as an applying in literary appreciation. The thesis is regarded as a descriptive-qualitative study and uses a library research.The data obtained to answer research question study. This study uses novel of Orhan Pamuk entitled The Museum of Innocence that published in 2009 as the data source of this study. The datas are in the form of direct and indirect speech of the characters, dialogues, epilogues and quotations which indicate and represent aspect of infidelity and love and will which is experienced by the main character. This thesis is using the library method in collecting the data. It does not use the statistic method. That is why it is not served in numbering or tables. Library research used an approach in analyzing this study. The kind of library research which is used here is intensive or closely reading to search quotations or phrases. It also used to analyze the literary elements both intrinsic and extrinsic. The references are taken from library and contributing ideas about this study from internet that support the idea of analyzing. Some steps of how the data is analyzed will be described as follows: Classification based on the statement of the problems. This classification is used to avoid the broad discussion. There are two classifications in this study. They are infidelity and The main factor that lead to his infidelity. Describing Kemal's infidelity which is stated from the quotations or statements by using theory of infidelity to be applied to the data. Describing the most influential factor of Kemal's infidelity which is stated from the quotations or statements by using theory of love and will to be applied to the data. RESULT How is the students' writing ability of SMP Muhammadiyah 5 in writing descriptive text after they being taugh by picture puzzle. Infidelity, is the main topic that will be analyzed. Many couples are under the misconception that infidelity only occurs when a man and a woman have sex together. Yet, there are other forms of infidelity such as emotional infidelity.Emotional infidelity may take on different forms, but in general it is the act of forming an emotional connection with someone outside of one's formal relationship. Kemal Brasmaci, the main character of the novel, born as a wealthy and well eucated instanbul family in Nisantasi. His fascinating live, ranging from being a socialite among A class people, and he prefers to live as a modern Turkish, in which at the time, Turkey was undergoing modernization with the influence of European culture. 30-year-old Kemal Basmaci, works as a bussinessman and lives in Merhamet Apartment which will be a silent witness to his secret love adventure with his distance relation, Fusun. Initially, Kemal is set to be engaged to a well educated and high socety girl named Sibel. Kemal first meetsFusun when he bought a Jenny Colon bag to Sibel in Sazalize boutique where Fusun works in. When he step up in Sazalize boutique, Kemal looks like very attentive to every detail in Fusun's clothes and shoes, her yellow skirt, her empty shoe over her long bare legs, her long till Dexterous fingers. Kemal begins to admire Fusun's beauty. Knowing that, because it was less than 10 years they had not met. There was a silence. I looked again into one of the pockets she had just pointed to inside the bag. Her beauty, or her skirt, which was in fact too short, or something else together, had unsettled me, and I couldn't act naturally. (Pamuk, 2009:6) Based on quotation above, Kemal gives the impression of a "darting" man by notices detail of what Fusun wear. Her skirts that look very short, her beauty, and anything else that can not be said. Actually, it does not really matter, but there is something rustled in Kemal's heart. It became the beginning of Kemal's interest feeling to Fusun. Moreover, Kemal also admittes that he can't act naturally when dealing with Fusun, he feels uneasy, but rather, look awkward in front of the opposite sex, there is definitely something special, something that raises passions and encouragement in his heart, even if it happens on the first time he meet. In this case, Kemal commits emotional infidelity by having eventual emotional connection, or a feeling of interest with someone other than one his romantic partner. Beside perform emotional infidelity, Kemal also perfor sexual infidelity has been defined as behaviour of a sexual nature carried out with someone other than one's primary partner.Usually, cheating involves people meeting face – to - face, and then engaging in physical intimacy. Beside having emotional infidelity with Fususn, he also comitted sexual infidelity, because the emotional affair can lead to phsycal affair. the intimate nature of the communication, plus the emotional investment made by the people involved, places an emotional infidelity become more intimate, and perform sexual intercourse, such as having sex kissing, touching, etc. The verry first page in this novel Tells about Kemal's happiest moment of his life. Having sexual intercourse with Fusun in his appartement. We felt the same coolness rising from the musty mattress on which we were making love, the way children play, happily forgetting everything else.(Pamuk, 2009:1) Based on quoatation above, it is clearly mentioned that Kemal comittes sexual infidelity by having sexual contact with Fusun, a woman other than his one romantic partner. In the firs page of this novel, Kemal explained clearly how and the steps of having sex with Fusun, and describes the atmosphere when they were in apartment when doing so. Because having sex is actually become a necessity. They look really enjoyed with the secret relationship, the way the kids played, happy to forget everything else seemed to describe what they both feel at that moment, as if they feel in pleasure without limits and make them forget themselves, forget about all the obstacles and problems that never happened, that there was only pleasure at that time. The second analysis is about The most influential factor of Kemal's infidelity. In this novel, Kemal Brasmaci a perfect gentleman, well educated, came from a wealthy, and respectable family in the city, is set to be married to perfect Sibel, who comes from an equal family as him. Many people assume if they are a perfect match. Kemal actually love Sibel, the woman who would soon be engaged to him. They both underwent a romantic date, having a harmonious family, came into exclusive places, even they both also have made love, although in that era, having sex outside of marriage is considered as taboo. Psychologist Rollo May argues that love is a pleasure, love is a pleasure to the presence of someone, as well as a confirmation of the value and development of the beloved person, just like themselves. Love is able to make a big motivation to someone, which raises the desire to realize the dream to be unite with someone they love. While Will of its own, generating an action to self directed, so that certain goals can be achieved. Kemal actually has already realized if what he has done is the most fatal mistake in his life, even he can not imagine how the devastation that can occur, as a result of these actions. But Still his love for Fusun become a big power that able to beat all obstacle. Kemal has been trying to forget Fusun, consider if he never loved Fusun. But, it can be covered by his feelings love that he could never lose, and always encouraged him to betray his old partner. Finally, Kemal continued to repeat the days of their togetherness, having sexual intercourse in his apartement. I am certain that the fire at the heart of my tale is the desire to relive those moment of love, and my attachment to those pleasure. For years, whenever I recalled those moments, seeking to understand the bond I still felt with her, images would from before my eyes, crowding out reason; for example, Fusun would be sitting on my lap, and I would have taken her large left breast into my moth. (Pamuk, 2009:53) From the quotation above, it is illustrated that Kemal feels her turmoil, that grows more fiery, he even wants to revive the her passion of making love with Fusun, because it is considered as a pleasure for him. Kemal is very attached, and no longer awkward in doing his pleasure in his secret relationship with Fusun. His tremendous sex desire to make love with Fusun, bring it into delusion when they're together. Kemal always be remembered while they are making love, for example when Fusun sits on his lap, and he holds the Fusun's left breast, then puts into his mouth. The thing that Kemal does based on description above is sexual infidelity, because he was having sex with a woman other than his partner. Kemal pleasure in making love with Fusun, is the Will of Kemal who loves Fusun. That is, the Kemal's impulse to commit sexual infidelity influenced by his love for Fusun. It was proved that Kemal has strong emotional ties to Fusun like people who really love his partner, even for many years, Kemal still remember the time they spent together, which can not be removed from his memory. Conclusions From overalls of this study, can be conclude that Kemal comitts infidelity, by having a relationship with Fusun, and violate her engagement to Sibel. In this novel, Kemal commits two types of infidelity, they are emotional and sexual infidelity. Kemal enjoying passionate sexual intercourse and perform a deep emotional attachment with Fusun. Kemal committs both infidelities at the same time. At first, Kemal perform emotional infidelity with Fusun, starting when he met with Fusun in Sanzalize boutique, where Fusun work, he began to admire Fusun, beauty, watching his every movement, pay attention to her clothes. From there, came a strange feeling inside Kemal's heart that he had not been aware of. But over time, that feeling grow stronger. Moreover, the two lovers are getting often met. Emotional Infidelity sounds fairly simple, but it is not as simple as that. Precisely emotional infidelity more dangerous than those who experienced only sexual infidelity. Because sometimes emotional infidelity could lead to a more intimate relationship, and over time will be difficultto integral, as experinced by kemal. As already described above, that emotional infidelity can lead to sexual infidelity, because the people who are already emotionally attached, will also certainly have the desire to have sexual intercourse.In this novel, Kemal also perform sexual activities that are engaged in with someone other than one 's partner. Activities that constitute sexual infidelity include all forms of physical intimacy, from kissing to sexual intercourse. Its pretty clearly described through the evidents in this novel, that Kemal and Fusun often make an appointment to meet at the apartment and Kemal to meet, it is like two people in a drunken romance.It has been shown clearly to the quotation analysis of the first statement problem that Kemal perform his first sexual infidelity, starting by giving a kiss, till make a love. Second conclusion is, actually there must bereasonsbehindKemal's infidelity. But themost crucial factor that is found based on the novel's quotation is his love for Fusun since the beginning of his meeting in a boutique. Initially, Kemal did not have any shortage in his relationship with Sibel, his fiancee.He admitts that he loves Sibel. Even though it is not described implicitlythe describtion of his love for Sibel, but it can be inferredeksplicitly that Kemal was not really love Sibel, it is proven when Kemal seems too easy to fall in love with someone else, and since then, his attention on sibel start to reduced, and even when his relationship with Fusun grows further, he decides to break his engagement with Sibel. People who really love their partner sincerely, certainly will not to do so. Love, which is built by Kemal and Fusun is very great anf strong, exceeding Kemal's love to Sibel, probably thi is because Kemal and Sibel's relationship came from matchmaking. Kemal who love Fusun, give birth to a Will for betraying his fiancee, Sibel. It means that the Will here, is an impulse to do something, without being influenced by the values of the good or bad.Those impulse can take him into a particular direction in which the desired goal can be realized. People who loves someone, like Kemal, definitely have a desire to be happy with Fusun, or want to united with her, So that it can give rise animpulse in his heart to betray his partner, so he could be much longer having relationship with Fusun, a person he love. Refference Drigotas, S.M., & Barta, W. 2001. The cheating heart:Scientific explorations of infidelity.New York: Guildford Press Feist, Jess and Feist, Gregory J. 2009.Teori Kepribadian:Theory of Personality. Terjemahan Sjahputri Smita Prahita. Jakarta:Salemba Humanika --- . 2009. Theories of Personality. Terjemahan Santoso Yudi. Jakarta:Pustaka Belajar Friedman S., Howard, Miriam W. Schustack.(2006). Kepribadian Teori Klasik dan Riset Modern. Jakarta:Erlangga Fromm, Erich, 2006. The Art of Loving.Seoul:Choun Publishing Co. Glass, S. P., & Wright, T. L. 2004. The relationship of extramarital sex, length of marriage,and sex differences on marital satisfaction and romanticism:Athanasiou's data reanalysed. Journal of Marriage and the Family May, R. 1967. Pshycology and the Human Dillema. Princeton, NJ:Van Nostrand McGee, Mark G. 1980. Introductory Psychology Reader. St. Paul: West Publishin CO. Pamuk, Orhan.2009. The Museum of Innocence. New York: Vintage Internet Source: http://www.orhanpamuk.net/biography.aspx

Inhaltsangabe: Introduction: This book covers policy proposals and interim contracts, assesses the positions of various Iraqi political actors and examines the potential significance for international foreign policy goals in Iraq. Despite a lack of progress in reaching agreements on the hydro-carbon sector and revenue sharing legislation to set new conditions for the management of the country's significant oil and gas resources, development in Iraq's oil and gas sector is moving forward. The passage of the oil and gas sector framework and revenue sharing legislation will be seen as significant milestones by International governments and International Oil Companies (IOC´s). This would provide evidence of the Iraqi government's dedication to promoting political reconciliation and providing a solid foundation for long term economic development in Iraq. Interim revenue sharing mechanisms have been introduced due to the lack of new legislation. Additionally, both the Federal Government (the Federal Oil Ministry-MoO) and the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) (the Regional Ministry of Natural Resources and Energy) have made oil and gas development deals with foreign firms. The MoO is working with existing regulation from the previous political and administrational regime, while the Regional Ministry of Resource and Energy Kurdistan-Iraq has designed its own laws and regulations, which the Federal Government has not yet recognized. There is wide recognition among Iraqis of the importance of oil and gas revenue for the Iraqi economy. Most groups see the need for new legal and policy guidelines for the development of the country's oil and natural gas resources. However, Iraq's Council of Rrepresentatives (parliament) has not yet considered the proposed legislation due to ongoing political discord and general political instability. There are strong differences on key issues between Iraqi critics and supporters of various proposed solutions. These include the appropriate role and powers of federal and regional authorities in regulating oil and gas development; the conditions and degree of potential foreign participation in the oil and gas sectors; and proposed formulas and mechanisms for equitably sharing oil and gas revenue. Simultaneously, there are strong disagreements on related discussions about the administrative status of the city of Kirkuk and proposed amendments to articles of Iraq's constitution that outline federal and regional oil and gas rights. The U.S. and UK military strategy in Iraq seeks to lay the ground work for an environment in which Iraqis can resolve core political differences in order to ensure national stability and security. However, it is not yet certain whether the proposed oil and gas legislation and ongoing interim efforts to develop Iraq's energy resources will support harmony or create deeper political tension. The United States and its allies face difficult decisions regarding how to work with Iraqis on assorted policy proposals, related constitutional reforms and oil and gas development contracts, and at the same time encouraging their Iraqi counterparts to ensure that the content of proposed laws, amendments and contracts reflect acceptable political compromises. In the 1920s a wide-ranging concession was granted to a consortium of oil companies known as the Turkish Petroleum company and later as the Iraq Petroleum Company. This was the beginning of oil exploration in Iraq. The nationalization of Iraq's oil resources and production was finished by 1975. From 1975 to 2003, oil production and export operations were entirely state operated. However, from the early 1980s until the toppling of Saddam Hussein's government in 2003, the negative effects of war, international sanctions, a shortage of investments and technology and, in many cases, mismanagement caused difficulties for Iraq's hydrocarbon infrastructure. According to the Oil Ministry, Iraq has the third largest proven oil reserves in the world (115 billion barrels). Other estimates of Iraq's potential oil reserves vary. The U.S. Department of Energy's Energy Information Administration notes that current estimates "have not been revised since 2001 and are largely based on 2-D seismic data from nearly three decades ago." In April 2007, oil industry consultants IHS assessed that Iraq's proven and probable reserves tally 116 billion barrels, with a potential additional 100 billion barrels in largely unexplored western areas. The U.S. Geological Survey's median estimate for additional oil reserves in Iraq is around 45 billion barrels. In 2004, Iraq's then Oil Ministry claimed that Iraq had "unconfirmed or potential reserves" of 214 billion barrels. My Reservoir Engineering Estimation is that Iraq's reserves can reach more than 320 bn bbl oil. Approximately 65 percent of Iraq's current proven reserves are located in southern Iraq, with a concentration in the southern most province of Al Basrah. Large proven oil resources have also been found in the northern province of Al Ta´mim near the disputed city of Kirkuk At present, crude oil provides over 90% of Iraq's domestic energy consumption and oil exports produce over 98% of Iraq's government revenue. Due to decreases in global oil prices from their 2008 high and lower oil production, Iraqi leaders revised their 2009 revenue and budget assumptions from a projected surplus to a projected $15.9 billion deficit. According to official U.S. assessments continued fluctuations in oil prices and production could put at risk Iraq's fiscal stability and the sustainability of its reconstruction and development plans. The expansion of oil production to the level of four million barrels per day (m/d) by 2013 and then upward to six m/d by 2017 is called for by current Iraqi plans. Iraqi officials have begun an international bid process for service contracts and renegotiated a series of Saddam era oil production agreements in order to support these goals. These include the transformation of a production sharing agreement into a service contract for Ahdab oil field with China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC).Inhaltsverzeichnis:Table of contents: 1.Introduction1 2.Iraqi Constitution7 3.Contract Conditions15 4.State-owned Oil Companies27 5.Restructuring of the Iraqi Oil Institutions33 6.Revenue-Sharing and Equalization36 7.Potential Geography50 8.Present Organization and Development56 9.Hydrocarbon Legislation Draft and Contracts59 10.Revenue Sharing65 11.Crisis Management of the Oil Industry in Iraq88 12.U.S. Policy and Issues for Congress99 13.China Investment in the Energy Sector112 14.Conclusion119 15.References127 16.Attachments129Textprobe:Textsample: Revenues and Arrangements: Under current arrangements, the responsibility for the sale and export of Iraq's crude oil is appointed to Iraq's State Oil Marketing Organization (SOMO). The United Nations Security Council resolution (UNSCR) 1483 (and updated under subsequent Security Council resolutions) stipulates that revenue from Iraq's oil exports is to be deposited into an Iraq-controlled account held at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York (FRBNY). Five percent of the funds are put aside for a United Nations Compensation Fund for reparations to the victims of the 1990 Iraqi invasion and occupation of Kuwait. The remaining 95% are deposited into a Development Fund for Iraq (DFI) account at the FRBNY and then transferred to an Iraqi Ministry of Finance account at the Central Bank of Iraq for further distribution to Iraqi government ministries. The terms of UNSCR1546 and subsequent resolutions mandate that the DFI be monitored by an International Advisory and Monitoring Board (IAMB), which provides periodic reports on Iraq's oil export revenue, Iraq's use of its oil revenues, and its oil production practices. According to the IAMB, as of December 31, 2007, $23.43 billion had been disbursed from the United Nations Compensation Fund and Iraq owed $28.95 billion to the Fund. Iraq deposited another $3 billion. According to IAMB estimates in mid 2008 "at the present rate of Iraqi oil sales, it would take approximately 17 years for the compensation award to be fully paid."38 It is likely that this estimate is no longer current due to significant declines in the price of oil in the meantime. The IAMB has not yet announced a corrected date. Under U.N. Security Council Resolution 1859 (December 22, 2008) the IAMB authority ends on December 31, 2009. This refers to a 2009 "transition to successor arrangement" from the DFI and the IAMD to Iraqi-led auditing processes. In October 2006, the Committee of Financial Experts (COFE) was approved by the Iraqi cabinet. Its task is to oversee oil revenue collection and administration. The president of the COFE authorized its activities in April 2007, and it currently is working with the IAMB on audit procedures. The establishment of an audit oversight committee for the DFI and oil export revenues is a structural benchmark under Iraq's Stand-by Arrangement (SBA) with the International Monetary Fund currently satisfied by the extension of the IAMB arrangement and the creation of the COFE. Agreements with members of the Paris club made the approval of the SBA into a necessity.39 The IAMB said in 2009 that Iraq's Committee of Financial Experts "is ready and capable to succeed the IAMB and conduct competent and independent oversight of the DFI." Immunity provisions included in standing UN Security Council resolutions protect Iraqi funds in the DFI from property attachment motions instead of legal judgments rendered against the former Iraqi regime. President Bush extended the U.S. legal protections for the DFI and other Iraqi assets under Executive Order 13303 through May 20, 2009. President Obama prolonged the protections until May 2010.40 Iraq will receive continued support from the United States in its attempts to convince the UN to extend related protections for energy proceeds and the DFI under Article 26 of the U.S.-Iraq security agreement. Oversight of Oil Production and Revenue Management Between its creation in May 2003 until December 31, 2007, the DFI received over $121.7 billion in oil proceeds and other deposits. According to audit estimates, an additional $58.8 billion in net export proceeds were deposited in 2008. Intermittent audits done in conjunction with the IAMB have routinely found serious discrepancies in oil production and export figures and DFI account receipt and distribution amounts. The absence of reliable output measurements for oil has been a critical and ongoing problem. During the Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA) period, there was no metering equipment available for oil production and exports. According to a May 2007 GAO report, there have been no improvements in reliable metering in Iraq's oil fields. This has contributed to the shortage of reliable data on Iraq's oil production and related revenue.42. In January 2008, an IAMB report claimed that Iraq's Ministry of Oil "does not have in place a full operational loading and metering system at production and loading points in order to determine produced and loaded quantities [of oil] accurately." An IAMB report in June 2008 established that "some metering has been installed at oil terminals, but there continues to be no metering in the oil fields." In April 2009, the IAMB stated that "much remains to be done before a fully operational control and measurement system over the oil production, distribution and export sales, can be comprehensively implemented," and added that, "Indications from the Ministry of Oil point to implementation by 2011 at the earliest." Financial audits completed by December 2005 established that "no comprehensive financial and internal controls policies and procedures manuals" existed in the Iraqi ministries that were spending oil export proceeds delivered through the DFI system. On June 12, 2007, the IAMB commented on its 2006 findings, noting that the audits proved "the overall financial system of controls is deficient." The audits showed there was "no overall comprehensive system of controls over oil revenues," and that "basic administrative procedures" were "outdated and ineffective." These conditions may have contributed to widespread corruption. Several Iraqi ministries spending distributed oil export revenue have been accused of corruption which is often associated with weak contracting and cash management policies. The Iraqi government's attempts to respond to IAMB recommendations were noticed by the IAMB's preliminary findings for 2007, but also noted that "the overall financial system of controls in place in the spending ministries, the U.S. agencies in respect of outstanding commitments using DFI resources, and the Iraqi administration of DFI resources remain deficient." The 2008 preliminary assessment, released in April 2009, concluded that "much remains to be done before a sound financial management system is operating effectively in Iraq".

Over the first weekend of August 2023, Saudi Arabia convened an international summit on the war in Ukraine. Held in Jeddah and attended by representatives from 40 countries As was widely expected, the meeting did not produce any breakthroughs. Still, it provided a golden opportunity for Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman Al Saud (MBS) to position himself as a leader of what might be called a second "Non-Aligned Movement." This movement's growing influence owes much to Russia's invasion of Ukraine. For while Moscow's assault had the unintended effect of revitalizing—and expanding—NATO, it also created an opening for many countries to leverage a multipolar international system in ways that have limited Washington's global power, not to mention its regional clout in the Middle East.


But these "balancing" efforts come with a high cost, as rising grain prices have threatened the stability of many of the very states that have thus far refused to condemn Russia's invasion, much less support Ukraine. For these states, the status quo is increasingly precarious, hence the wider logic of inviting China and the United States to sit a few short whispers away from their Saudi hosts at a meeting to which Russia was not invited.


China's Multi-Faceted Foreign Policy


From the outset, China has tried to advance a position of "neutrality" while echoing Russian President Vladimir Putin's justification for his unprovoked invasion of Ukraine. Beyond rhetoric, Beijing has provided economic support via its purchase of price-discounted Russian oil and, some experts argue, limited military assistance as well (a claim Beijing denies).


China's efforts to maintain these two tracks reflect structural tensions at the heart of China's global engagement. On the one hand, China is closely tied to a global economic order that is dominated by Western states and multilateral institutions. On the other hand, President Xi Jinping is seeking to counter U.S. military, economic, and even cultural power, and has done so in multiple ways, thus inviting conflict with the United States even as Beijing needs to cooperate with Washington and its Western allies. Russia's invasion of Ukraine, which reportedly took Chinese leaders by surprise, created opportunities for China to flex its "counter-hegemonic" muscles, but also opened the door to economic and strategic threats that were likely to intensify absent a diplomatic solution to the Ukraine conflict.


The tension between China's ideological and global economic interests extends well beyond the China-West arena. Many middle-sized regional powers such as India, Brazil, and South Africa share Beijing's desire to counter U.S. global dominance. But their policies are also rooted in the principle of state sovereignty and the rejection of the use of force to solve international conflicts. Beijing has long advocated these very norms and has given them pride of place in the charter of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, not to mention China's 12-point Ukraine peace proposal.


Thus its support for Russia has raised legitimate questions from many leaders about the rising humanitarian and economic costs of the war and Beijing's readiness to take credible steps to show that its Ukraine plan is not a mere diplomatic feint. The most important of these steps would be for Beijing to reduce its diplomatic support for Moscow.


Beijing's Jeddah Dance


From the outset of the Jeddah meeting China's delegate avoided suggesting that Beijing would endorse any particular proposal other than its own. Indeed, Special Representative Li Hui seemed to emphasize the limited goals of the meeting—and the conflicts animating its leading participants—when he declared, "We have many disagreements and we have heard different positions, but it is important that our principles be shared."


Putting a more positive spin, a spokesperson for the Chinese government noted that, "China is willing to work with the international community to continue to play a constructive role in promoting a political solution to the crisis in Ukraine."


But what kind of solution? The outcome that China has outlined in its own 12-point proposal calls for respecting "the independence and territorial integrity of all countries" but also for a negotiated "political settlement" that could fudge or violate these principles. Thus, China is not ready to accept Ukraine's 10-point peace plan, which would require Russia's total withdrawal from all Ukrainian lands, including Crimea.


That Moscow has totally rejected this idea is not surprising; any hint by Putin that he might accept Ukraine's terms could undermine his rule. Moreover, as one expert has noted, "Ukraine's best-case scenario for the end of this war is also China's worst-case scenario," because Beijing wants Putin to remain in power while sustaining Russia's occupation until it is Ukraine that makes the key compromises.


It is inconceivable that China's envoy came to the Jeddah meeting believing that these various circles could be squared. Still, with the Ukraine conflict settling into what could be a prolonged war of attrition, and with Russia's suspension of its grain deal and its attacks on shipping in the Black Sea, China had to demonstrate concern for those states suffering from Moscow's policy of global blackmail.


Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy exploited China's unease when he noted that, "On issues such as food security, the fate of millions of people in Africa, Asia and other parts of the world directly depends on how fast the world moves to implement the peace formula." He was, of course, talking about Ukraine's own proposal, which China certainly did not back. Still, China's active presence in Jeddah presumably showed that it was ready to assume its responsibilities as a major global power that, in the words of the Chinese Foreign Ministry, had helped "to consolidate international consensus" on Ukraine.


Whatever the veracity of this claim, it is worth noting that on the second day of the Jeddah conference, Russian Deputy Foreign Minister Sergei Ryabkov insisted that the meeting was "a reflection of the West's attempt to continue futile, doomed efforts," but added that China could nevertheless "convey common sense to the Western patrons of Kyiv."


China did its best to avoid taking on the role of Moscow's messenger. Still, days after the Jeddah summit, Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi, in a phone call with his Russian counterpart Sergey Lavrov, reassured him that Beijing was committed to being an "objective and rational voice." That the week before the summit China had joined Russia in a naval exercise off the coast of Alaska that prompted the deployment of four U.S. Navy destroyers underscored the risky juggling act that is at the heart of Beijing's foreign policy.


A Win for MBS and Zelenskyy


The key participants in the Jeddah conference made good use of the multiple balls that Beijing has thus far kept in the air. Ukrainian officials declared that the meeting "completely destroys the narrative of Russia" that Ukraine was only backed by "countries of the collective West." Such hyperbole was as necessary as they were predictable. Indeed, while in the lead up to the meeting Ukrainian officials insisted that "our goal in Saudi Arabia is to develop a unified vision" ahead of a future global peace summit, the fact that no such vision emerged in Jeddah was almost irrelevant. What counted most was that the summit was held and that it ended, as the Ukrainian ambassador to Saudi Arabia pitched it, with "constructive" talks and "a broad vision." Jeddah was thus a win for Zelenskyy.


The same, of course, can be said for MBS. He may have not fully agreed when the Ukrainian ambassador thanked Saudi Arabia "for being so committed and hospitable to Ukraine in moving forward our peace formula plan." But the meeting signaled that the crown prince is on his way to rehabilitating his international reputation.


More broadly, as one leading Saudi journalist noted, the conference underscored Saudi Arabia's growing clout as a "neutral" mediator in a diverse group of states that constitute a kind of second Non-Aligned Movement whose members are leveraging the US-Russia-China triangle of conflict to advance their interests while maintaining good relations with all three countries.


For Riyadh, a key element in this juggling act is its unhappiness with being replaced by Russia as China's chief supplier of crude oil. This represents a real economic and political cost for MBS, who to the frustration of the Biden White House, has sustained the oil production cuts he initiated in Spring 2023.


In short, the Jeddah meeting gave Riyadh a practically risk-free opportunity to direct multiple signals in multiple directions. Thus, while the conference ended without any final declaration, Saudi officials held that the meeting contributed to "building common grounds that pave the way for peace." As for China, it has signaled its readiness to attend a follow-up meeting.


The Biden Administration (and China) Navigate Choppy Waters


While U.S. national security adviser Jake Sullivan went to the Jeddah conference, the administration's best bet was to let other participants, most importantly Ukraine's president, make their case and test China's intentions. That in the words of one unnamed U.S. official, the administration was "glad" that China attended and participated in the meeting "in a constructive way"— highlights the challenges that the administration faces as it navigates choppy diplomatic waters.


Those waters got a little rougher as the BRICS countries — Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa — held a summit on summit on August 22 during which Egypt, Iran, Ethiopia, the U.A.E. and Saudi Arabia were invited to join. If the decision shows that Russia and China are advancing their efforts to create an alternative to the International Monetary Fund and other Western dominated multi-lateral financial powerhouses, the expanded BRICS club includes not a few members who have concerns about the agenda of Moscow and China on a host of issues, including the Ukraine war.


That Russian Deputy Foreign Minister Ryabkov stated that Moscow looked forward to "an exchange of views" with the BRICS countries that attended the Jeddah meeting could suggest some unease in the Kremlin. For however determined to foster a multi-polar global system, major regional players such as Brazil and South Africa have no interest letting Moscow or China become the new arbiters of a counter hegemonic agenda. Speaking to the point, South African President Cyril Ramaphosa has warned, "We have resisted pressure to align ourselves with any one of the global powers or with influential blocs of nations."


Vladimir Putin might ignore such sentiments, but Beijing's leaders cannot. Afterall, precisely because China is a real world economic and military power in ways that Russia will never be, it needs to find a path to engaging across the global spectrum. This balancing act has become harder with a struggling domestic economy, not to mention the efforts of the Biden White House to foster greater security cooperation in Asia — amply demonstrated by the recent US/South Korea/Japan Camp David summit.


Biden wisely insisted that the meeting was not "anti-China." Still, it is far from clear that this statement shows that the White House has forged a policy that fully takes into account the tensions that are at the heart of China's foreign relations — and that brought Beijing's emissary to Jeddah in the first place.


A version of this piece was published by Arab Center Washington DC. The views expressed in this publication are the author's own and do not necessarily reflect the position of Arab Center Washington DC, its staff, or its Board of Directors.

Article Details: Received: 2020-09-07 | Accepted: 2020-10-19 | Available online: 2020-12-31https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2020.23.04.241-247The contents of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were determined in raw cow's milk, feed and soil samples from three regions of Slovak Republic (SR) depending on the environmental regional classification of SR. Total 60 pool milk samples from undisturbed environment (Novoť area), moderately disturbed environment (Tulčík area), and from strongly disturbed environment (Čečejovce area) collected in April, July and September were extracted, purified by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and analyzed using the gas chromatography with electron capture detector method (GC-ECD). Thirty feed samples of total mixed ration (TMR) were collected in April and September and after the extraction and purification by GPC were analyzed using gas and liquid chromatography (GLC). Fifteen soil samples collected in April were analyzed using the GC-ECD. All samples of raw milk, feed and soil were under the limit of quantification (LOQ) from all regions and did not exceed the limits set by European Commission. There were no seasonal differences in the PCBs levels in the milk, feed and soil samples. The milk PCBs consumption from these locations has no negative impact on consumer's health. The results indicate the decreasing trend in PCBs occurrence in the environment and food sources. Despite this positive findings, there is a constant need to monitor environmental burden of PCBs in the different regions of Slovakia where mainly food of animal origin is produced and to recognize another sources of PCBs that may impact the food chain.Keywords: polychlorinated biphenyls, PCB, cow milk, cows, SlovakiaReferencesAHMADKHANIHA, R., NODEHI, R.N., RASTKARI, N. and AGHAMIRLOO, H.M. (2017). Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) residues in commercial pasteurized cows' milk in Tehran, Iran. Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering, 15, 15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40201-017-0278-yBERGHUIS, S.A. and ROZE, E. (2019). Prenatal exposure to PCBs and neurological and sexual/pubertal development from birth to adolescence. Current Problems in Pediatric and Adolescent Health Care, 49(6), 133–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cppeds.2019.04.006BOUCHER, M.P., LEFEBVRE, C. and CHAPADOS, N.A. (2015). The effects of PCB126 on intra-hepatic mechanisms associated with non alcoholic fatty liver disease. Journal of Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, 14, 88. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40200-015-0218-2BOUREZ, S., LE LAY, S., VAN DEN DAELEN, C., LOUIS, C., LARONDELLE, Y., THOME, J.P., SCHNEIDER, Y.J., DUGAIL, I. and DEBIER, C. (2012). Accumulation of polychlorinated biphenyls in adipocytes: selective targeting to lipid droplets and role of Caveolin-1. PLos One, 7(2), e31834. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0031834BRAJENOVIĆ, N., KARAČONJI, I.B. and JURIČ, A. (2018). Levels of polychlorinated biphenyls in human milk samples in European countries. Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, 69(2), 135–153. https://doi.org/10.2478/aiht-2018-69-3120CEDERBERG, T.L. (2000). Assessment of dietary intake of dioxins and related PCBs by the population of EU Member States. Report of experts participating in Task 3.2.5, European Commission, Brussel, Belgium.CHEN, X., LIN, Y., DANG, K. and PUSCHNER, B. (2017). Quantification of polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in commercial cows' milk from California by gas chromatography-triple quadruple mass spectrometry. PLoS One, 12(1), e0170129. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0170129CHIROLLO, C., CERUSO, M., PEPE, T., VASSALLO, A., MARRONE, R., SEVERINO, L. and ANASTASIO, A. (2018). Levels and congeners distribution of dioxins, furans and dioxin-like PCBs in buffaloes adipose tissues sampled in vivo and milk. CyTA – Journal of Food, 16(1), 1109–1114. https://doi.org/10.1080/19476337.2018.1531938ČECHOVÁ, E., SCHERINGER, M., SEIFERTOVÁ, M., MIKEŠ, O., KROUPOVÁ, K., KUTA, J., FORNS, J., EGGESBØ, M., QUAAK, I., DE COCK, M., VAN DE BOR, M., PATAYOVÁ, H., PALKOVIČOVÁ MURÍNOVÁ, Ľ. and KOČAN, A. (2017). Developmental neurotoxicants in human milk: Comparison of levels and intakes in three European countries. Science of the Total Environment, 579, 637–645. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.046COMMISSION RECOMMENDATION (2011). Commission Recommendation No. 2011/516/EU of 23 August 2011 on the reduction of the presence of dioxins, furans and PCBs in feed and food. Official Journal of the European Union, 54, 23.COMMISSION RECOMMENDATION (2015). Commission Recommendation No. 2013/711/EU of 3 December 2013 on the reduction of the presence of dioxins, furans and PCBs in feed and food. Official Journal of the European Union, 56, 37.COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) (2011). Commission Regulation (EU) No 1259/2011 of 2 December 2011 amending Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006 as regards maximum levels for dioxins, dioxin-like PCBs and non dioxin-like PCBs in foodstuffs. Official Journal of the European Union, 54, 18.COSTERA, A., FEIDT, C., MARCHAND, P., LEBIZEC, B. and RYCHEN, G. (2006). PCDD/F and PCB transfer to milk in goats exposed to a long-term intake of contaminated hay. Chemosphere, 64(4), 650–657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.10.052ČONKA, K., FABIŠIKOVÁ, A., CHOVANCOVÁ, J., STACHOVÁ SEJÁKOVÁ, Z., DÖMÖTÖROVÁ, M., DROBNÁ, B. and KOČAN, A. (2015). Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans and biphenyls in food samples from areas with potential sources of contamination in Slovakia. Journal of Food and Nutrition Research, 54(1), 50–61.DENG, P., BARNEY, J., PETRIELLO, M.C., MORRIS, A.J., WAHLANG, M. and HENNIG, B. (2019). Hepatic metabolomics reveals that liver injury increases PCB 126-induced oxidative stress and metabolic dysfunction. Chemosphere, 217, 140–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.196FOCANT, J.F., PIRARD, C., MASSART, A.C. and DE PAUW, E. (2003). Survey of commercial pasteurised cows' milk in Wallonia (Belgium) for the occurrence of polychlorinated dibenzo-pdioxins, dibenzofurans and coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls. Chemosphere, 52(4), 725–733. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00127-9FÜRST, P., KRAUSE, G.H.M., HEIN, D., DELSCHEN, T. and WILMERS, K. (1993). PCDD/PCDF in cow's milk in relation to their levels in grass and soil. Chemosphere, 27(8), 1349–1357. https://doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(93)90229-XGAUM, P.M., GUBE, M., ESSER, A., SCHETTGEN, T., QUINETE, N., BERTRAM, J., PUTSCHÖGL, F.M., KRAUS, T. and LANG, J. (2019). Depressive symptoms after PCB exposure: hypotheses for underlying pathomechanisms via the thyroid and dopamine system. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(6), 950. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16060950GUIDA, N., LAUDATI, G., SERANI, A., MASCOLO, L., MOLINARO, P., MONTUORI, P., DI RENZO, G., CANZONIERO, L.M.T. and FORMISANO L. (2017). The neurotoxicant PCB95 by increasing the neuronal transcriptional repressor REST down-regulates caspase-8 and increases Ripk1, Ripk3 and MLKL expression determining necroptotic neuronal death. Biochemical Pharmacology, 142, 229–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2017.06.135HAGMAR, L., RYLANDER, L., DYREMARK, E., KLASSONWEHLER, E. and ERFURTH, E.M. (2001). Plasma concentrations of persistent organochlorines in relation to thyrotropin and thyroid hormone levels in women. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 74, 184–188. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004200000213HAO, Y., LI, Y., WANG, T., HU, Y., SUN, H., MATSIKO, J., ZHENG, S., WANG., P. and ZHANG, Q. (2018). Distribution, seasonal variation and inhalation risks of polychlorinated dibenzo-pdioxins and dibenzofurans, polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the atmosphere of Beijing, China. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 40(5), 1907– 1918. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-017-9961-2 HIRAKO, M. (2008). Distribution of PCDDs, PCDFs and dioxinlike PCBs in the blood, testis and adipose tissue of suckling beef calves. Chemosphere, 71(2), 219–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.09.047INTERNATIONAL AGENCY FOR RESEARCH ON CANCER (2016). Polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated biphenyls. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans, 107, Lyon, France: IARC.LA ROCCA, C. and MANTOVANI, A. (2006). From environment to food: the case of PCB. Annali dell'Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 42(4), 410–416. LEIJS, M.M., KOPPE, J.G., OLIE, K., VAN AALDEREN, W.M., DE VOOGT, P. and TEN TUSSCHER, G.W. (2009). Effects of dioxins, PCBs, and PBDEs on immunology and hematology in adolescents. Environmental Science and Technology, 43(20), 7946–7951. https://doi.org/10.1021/es901480fMESR and SEA. (2018). State of the Environment Report – Slovak Republic 2018. Bratislava, Banská Bystrica: Ministry of Environment of the Slovak Republic, Slovak Environmental Agency. ISBN 978-80-8213-007-5MÜLLEROVÁ, D. and KOPECKÝ, J. (2007). White adipose tissue: storage and effector site for environmental pollutants. Physiological Research, 56, 375–381. PETRO, E.M.L., COVACI, A., LEROY, J.L.M.R., DIRTU, A.C., DE COEN, W. and BOLS, P.E.J. (2010). Occurrence of endocrine disrupting compounds in tissues and body fluids of Belgian dairy cows and its implications for the use of the cow as a model to study endocrine disruption. Science of the Total Environment, 408, 5423–5428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.07.051RYCHEN, G., JURJANZ, S., FOURNIER, A., TOUSSAINT, H. and FEIDT, C. (2014). Exposure of ruminants to persistent organic pollutants and potential of decontamination. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 21, 6440–6447. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-013-1882-8SERPE, P.S., SCARAMUZZO, A., MAGLIO, P., LAMBIASE, S. and ESPOSITO, M. (2015). Monitoring plan on PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs milk contamination in Campania Region (Italy). International Journal of Analytical Mass Spectrometry and Chromatography, 3, 32–36. https://doi.org/10.4236/ijamsc.2015.32004SHEN, H., STARR, J., HAN, J., ZHANG, L., LU, D., GUAN, R., XU, X., WANG, X., LI, J., LI, W., ZHANG, Y. and WU, Y. (2016). The bioaccessibility of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs) in cooked plant and animal origin foods. Environment International, 94, 33–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2016.05.003STRÉMY, M., ŠUTOVÁ, Z., PALKOVIČOVÁ MURÍNOVÁ, Ľ., RICHTEROVÁ, D., WIMMEROVÁ, S., ČONKA, K., DROBNÁ, B., FÁBELOVÁ, L., JUREČKOVÁ, D., JUSKO, T.A., TIHÁNYI, J. and TRNOVEC, T. (2019). The spatial distribution of congenerspecific human PCB concentrations in a PCB-polluted region. Science of the Total Environment, 651, 2292–2303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.123SUMNER, R.N., TOMLINSON, M., CRAIGON, J., ENGLAND, G.C.W. and LEA, R.G. (2019). Independent and combined effects of diethylhexyl phthalate and polychlorinated biphenyl 153 on sperm quality in the human and dog. Scientific Reports, 9, 3409. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-39913-9ŠALGOVIČOVÁ, D. and PAVLOVIČOVÁ, D. (2007). Exposure of the population of the Slovak Republic to dietary polychlorinated biphenyls. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 45(9), 1641–1649. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2007.02.030THOMAS, G.O., SWEETMAN, A.J. and JONES, K.C. (1999) Input-output balance of polychlorinated biphenyls in a longterm study of lactating dairy cows. Environmental Science and Technology, 33(1), 104–112. https://doi.org/10.1021/es980322rTOFT, G. (2014). Persistent organochlorine pollutants and human reproductive health. Danish Medical Journal, 61(11), B4967.TREMOLADA, P., GUAZZONI, N., PAROLINI, M., ROSSARO, B., BIGNAZZI, M.M. and BINELLI, A. (2014). Predicting PCB concentrations in cow milk: validation of a fugacity model in high-mountain pasture conditions. Science of the Total Environment, 487, 471–480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.042WEBER, R., HEROLD, C., HOLLERT, H., KAMPHUES, J., UNGEMACH, L., BLEPP, M. and BALLSCHMITER, K. (2018). Life cycle of PCBs and contamination of the environment and of food products from animal origin. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 25(17), 16325–16343. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-1811-yWEBER, R., BELL, L., WATSON, A., PETRLIK, J., PAUN, M.C. and VIJGEN, J. (2019). Assessment of pops contaminated sites and the need for stringent soil standards for food safety for the protection of human health. Environmental Pollution, 249, 703–715. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.03.066WIMMEROVÁ, S., WATSON, A., DROBNÁ, B., ŠOVČÍKOVÁ, E., WEBER, R., LANCZ, K., PATAYOVÁ, H., RICHTEROVÁ, D., KOŠTIAKOVÁ, V., JUREČKOVÁ, D., ZÁVACKÝ, P., STRÉMY, M., JUSKO, T.A., MURÍNOVÁ PALKOVIČOVÁ, Ľ., HERTZ-PICCIOTTO, I. and TRNOVEC, T. (2015). The spatial distribution of human exposure to PCBs around a former production site in Slovakia. Environmental Science and Pollution Research (International), 22, 14405–14415. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-5047-9

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Sonath-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 445 ha in Sonath -1 microwatershed in Gulbarga taluk of Gulbarga district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 740 mm, of which about 540 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 126 mm during north-east and the remaining 74 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 96 per cent is covered by soils, four per cent by waterbodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 5 soil series and 14 soil phases (management units) and 5 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from the 3rd week of May to 1rd week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 19 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 80 per cent area is suitable for agriculture and 16 per cent is not suitable for agriculture.  About 65 per cent area has very shallow (150 cm) soils.  About 72 per cent of the area has clayey soils and about 24 % loamy soils at the surface.  About 55 per cent of the area has non-gravelly soils, 12 per cent gravelly to very gravelly soils (15-60 % gravel) and 29 per cent extremely gravelly soils (60-80%).  About 65 per cent of the area has soils that are very low (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 67 per cent of the area has very gently sloping (1-3%), about 13 per cent area is gently sloping (3-5%) and about 16 per cent area has moderately sloping (5-10%) lands.  An area of about 34 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1), 33 per cent moderately eroded (e2) and 29 per cent severely eroded (e3).  An area of about 23 per cent has soils that are slightly alkaline (pH 7.3 to 7.8), about 37 per cent moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4), about 15 per cent strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) and 22 per cent area is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75%) in organic carbon.  Major area of 47 per cent has soils that are low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 7 per cent low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm).  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  About 82 per cent area has soils that are deficient (0.6 ppm).  The land suitability for 19 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 140 (31) - Sapota - - Maize - - Jackfruit - - Red gram - 140 (31) Jamun - 107 (24) Sunflower 140 (31) - Musambi 107 (24) 33 (7) Cotton 107 (24) 33 (7) Lime 107 (24) 33 (7) Sugarcane - - Cashew - - Soybean 140 (31) - Custard apple 140 (31) - Bengal gram 140 (31) 75 (17) Amla 140 (31) - Guava - - Tamarind - 107 (24) Mango - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 5 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fibre and horticulture crops that helps in sustained production and also maintaining in the ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provides fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass. This helps in maintaining an ecological balance and also contributes to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Sonath-1 micro-watershed (Sonath-1 sub-watershed, Gulbarga taluk and district) is located in between 17035'–17037' North latitudes and 7705'–7707' East longitudes, covering an area of about 445 ha, bounded by Mormanchi, Malsapur, Kinhi, Chengta and Margatti villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for Sonath-1 micro-watershed (Sonath subwatershed, Gulbarga taluk, Gulbarga district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 60.5 to 39.5 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 62.8 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 72.1 per cent.  Social groups belong to general caste is around 50 per cent.  Wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 50 per cent.  About 10 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 60 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 30 per cent of sample household.  Women participation in decisions making is among all the households were found. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding 1.6 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belonging to marginal and small and large farmers. The rain fed land is the total cultivated land area among all the sample farmers. 2  Agriculture is the main occupation among 72.1 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation around 11.6 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs.75901 per household. Mobile and television are popular mass media communication.  The average farm assets value is around Rs. 181375 per household, about 50 per cent of sample farmers having bullock cart, plough, sprayer and tractor.  The average livestock value is around Rs. 71250 per household; among the all sample household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 823 grams (1811.5 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 60 per cent of sample farmers are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 55519 per household. About 80 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs. 2428. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 628 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 345861 per year for the total area of 444.65 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 8286/ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in redgram (Rs. 19003) followed by black gram (Rs. 3970) and green gram (Rs. 1886).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in redgram (Rs. 57451) followed by green gram (Rs. 48847) and black gram (Rs. 45488). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is redgram (86.0 %) followed by black gram (8.2 %) and green gram (5.7 %).  Sonath-1 micro-watershed, major soil is Marguti (DDT) series having very shallow soil depth cover around 44.9 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing redgram, Novinihala (DGR) are having shallow soil depth cover around 3 16.9 % of area, the crops are red gram and Mannur soil series having very deep soil depth cover around 24.0 % of area; major crops are black gram, red gram and green gram.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for red gram ranges between Rs. 23799 ha in MAR soil (with BCR of 1.46) and Rs.19508 /ha in NHA soil (with BCR of 2.53).  In green gram the cost of cultivation Rs 38785ha in MAR soil (with BCR of 1.06) and black gram the cost of cultivation in MAR soil Rs.22377/ha (with BCR of 1.18).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in red gram (0 to 21.2 %), green gram (18.5 %) and black gram (32.5 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Narayanpet-3 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 501 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 482 ha (96%) in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 1 ha (0.18%) by railway and 18 ha (4%) by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 9 soil series and 15 soil phases (management units) and 4 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 32 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are deep to very deep (100 to >150 cm), 18 per cent soils are moderately deep (75-100 cm) and 46 per cent soils are shallow to moderately shallow (25-75 cm).  About 3 per cent sandy soils, 42 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 51 per cent clayey soils.  Almost area of the microwatershed has non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 2 per cent is nearly level (0-1%) and 94 per cent area in the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands.  An area of about 6 per cent are slightly (e1) eroded, 86 per cent are moderately (e2) eroded and 4 per cent area is severely (e3) eroded.  An area of about 6 per cent is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3), 29 per cent is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8), 35 per cent is moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4),22 per cent is strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) and 4 per cent is very strongly alkaline (pH >9.0) in reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire area of the microwatershed is 0.75%) in organic carbon.  About 14 per cent area is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (1.0 ppm) in 6 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available iron is deficient (4.5 ppm) in 77 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese is sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available copper is sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in an area of about 96 per cent area of the microwatershed  The land suitability for 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 248(49) 126(25) Guava - - Maize - 360(72) Sapota - - Bajra - 374(74) Pomegranate - 248(50) Groundnut - 13(3) Musambi 159(32) 89(18) Sunflower 159(32) 89(18) Lime 159(32) 89(18) Redgram - 248(50) Amla 159(32) 215(43) Bengal gram 248(50) 126(25) Cashew - - Cotton 159(32) 215(43) Jackfruit - - Chilli - 374(75) Jamun - 159(32) Tomato - 119(24) Custard apple 248(49) 126(25) Drumstick - 248(50) Tamarind - 159(32) Brinjal 88(18) 286(57) Mulberry - - Bhendi 88(18) 286(57) Marigold - 374(74) Onion 88(18) 231(46) Chrysanthemum - 374(74) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified 4 LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plans have been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Narayanpet-3 is located at North latitude 160 33' 1.89" and 160 31' 0.128" and East longitude 770 16' 10.075'' and 770 14' 49.22" covering an area of about 500.78 ha coming unde Munagala, Sangavara and Kondapura villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Narayanpet-3 micro watersheds of Mungal subwatershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 34 farmers were sampled in Narayanpet-3 micro-watershed among households surveyed 12 (35.29%) were marginal, 8 (23.53%) were small, 7 (20.59 %) were semi medium and 1 (2.94 %) were medium farmers. 6 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 81 (62.31%) men and 49 (37.69 %) were women. The average population of landless was 3.7, marginal farmers 4, small farmers were 3.1, semi medium farmers were 4 and medium farmers were 7.  Majority of the respondents (32.31%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 48.46 per cent illiterates, 0.77 percent were functional literates, 53.08 per cent pre university education and 2.31 per cent attained graduation.  About, 67.65 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 17.65 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 55.38 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 70.59 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 14.71 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 91.18 per cent possess TV, 23.53 per cent possess mixer grinder, 88.24 per cent possess mobile phones and 26.47 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 35.29 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.94 per cent possess tractor, 29.41 per cent possess bullock cart and 11.76 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 11.76 per cent possess local cow.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.63, women available in the micro watershed was 1.37, hired labour (men) available was 8.58 and hired labour (women) available was 10.65.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 90.73 per cent (39.98 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 4.25 per cent area is irrigated land. 2  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Cotton, Groundnut, Sorghum and Paddy and cropping intensity was recorded as 91.49 per cent.  Out of the sample households 32.35 percent possessed bank account and 2.94 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 32.35 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households and 27.27 per cent from cooperative/ Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 25.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Cotton, Groundnut, Sorghum and Paddy was Rs.31255.33 , 37268.89, 36375.24, 22806.82 and 44325.40 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.50, 1: 1.40, 1: 2.10, 1: 1.40 and 1:2.10 respectively.  Further, 38.24 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 17.65 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 79470.59 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 47705.88 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 20 horticulture trees and 45 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 3338.24 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 11.76 per cent depends on own funds and 38.24 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 58.82 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 14.71 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 70.59 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (61.76%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 73.53 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 88.24 per cent of the households and 11.76 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 73.53 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 97.06 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 76.47 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 97.06 per cent of the households possessed BPL card. 3  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (85.29%), pulses (88.24%) and oilseeds (32.35%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (79.41%) wild animal menace on farm field (76.47%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (61.76%), inadequacy of irrigation water (2.94%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (73.53%), high rate of interest on credit (47.06%), low price for the agricultural commodities (61.76%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (61.76%) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (50.00%) and Less rainfall (11.76%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Gudigeri-3 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characterstics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 378 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 97 per cent is covered by soils, three per cent by waterbodies. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 9 soil series and 18 soil phases (management units) and 7 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm).  Entire area has clayey soils at the surface.  About 33 per cent of the area has non-gravelly soils, 47 per cent gravelly soils (15-35 % gravel) and 17 per cent very gravelly (35- 60% gravel) soils.  About 25 per cent area has low (51-100 mm/m), 16 per cent medium (101-150 mm/m) and 56 per cent area very high (>200mm/m) available water capacity.  Entire area has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  About 9 per cent area is slightly eroded and about 88 per cent area is moderately eroded (e2) lands.  Entire area is strongly alkaline (pH 8.4 to 9.0) to very strongly alkaline (pH>9.0) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75%) in organic carbon.  Available phosphorus is low (57 kg/ha) in 337 kg/ha) in available potassium and a small area of about 2 per cent has medium (145-337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm).  Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 65 per cent area and medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in 32 per cent area.  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in about 90 per cent area and deficient (<4.5 ppm) in about 7 per cent area.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in major area of about 96 per cent and sufficient in very minor area of <1 per cent.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  The land suitability for 24 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 45 (12) 267 (71) Guava - - Maize - - Jackfruit - - Bajra - - Jamun - 210 (56) Groundnut - 36 (9) Musambi 35 (9) 237 (63) Sunflower 35 (9) 237 (62) Lime 35 (9) 237 (63) Chilli - - Cashew - - Tomato - - Custard apple 45(12) 267 (71) Drumstick - 272 (72) Amla - 312 (82) Mulberry - 312 (82) Tamarind - 210 (56) Mango - 81 (21) Marigold - 312 (82) Sapota - - Chrysanthemum - 312 (82) Pomegranate - 272 (72) Jasmine - 40 (11) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 7 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which inturn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contributes to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: The Gudigeri-3 micro-watershed is located in between 15018' – 15020' North latitudes and 75054' – 75056' East longitudes, covering an area of about 378.15 and bounded by Kavalura and Gudigeri villages in Koppal taluk and district. It falls under Agro Ecological Region (AER)–3: (Deccan plateau, hot arid ecosubregion) Karnataka Plateau (Rayalseema as inclusion), hot arid ESR with deep loamy and clayey mixed red and black soils, low to medium AWC and LGP 60-90 days We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified for each watershed. Results: We found that Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 65 to 35 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age groups of population is around 55 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 70 per cent.  Wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 80 per cent.  Majority of farm households (100 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employments.  Dependence on ration cards through public distribution system is around 80 per cent  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 80 per cent of sample households.  Institutional participation is only 10 per cent of sample households.  Women participation is decision making is 20 % of sample households. Economic Indicators  The average land holding is 3.06 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation only among 31 per cent and agricultural labours is predominant subsidiary occupation for 59 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs 15911 per household. Mobile and television are mass popular mass communication media. 2  The average farm assets values is around 1.6 lakhs, about 40 per cent of sample farmers are owing tractors.  The average livestock value is around Rs 12695 per livestock, around 60 per cent of households having live stocks.  The average milk produced is 245 litters per animal per year and about 1417 kg of average fodder is available per season for the livestock feeding.  The average per capita food consumption is around 736 grams (1701 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition recommendation at 827 gram. Around 75 per cent of sample farmers are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs 9353 per household. About 100 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly expenditure is around Rs 823 per household. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs 14565 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs 5303798 per year for the total area of 378.15 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food production is around Rs 1602/ ha/year. Per ha food production services is maximum in sunflower (Rs 3055 /ha) followed by red gram (Rs 3926/ha), green gram (Rs 2115), ground nut (Rs 823), bengal gram (Rs 275).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs 1405/ ha/year. Per ha fodder production services is maximum in maize (Rs 3705 /ha) followed by sorghum (Rs 1482 /ha), bajra (Rs 889 /ha) and groundnut (Rs 659/ha).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in green gram (Rs 34116) followed by bengal gram (Rs 29851), bajra (Rs 25705), red gram (Rs 21515), maize (Rs 15092), sorghum (Rs 15057) and ground nut (Rs 11453). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is bajra (27%) followed by green gram (19 %), sorghum (15 %), red gram (15 %), bengal gram (12%, groundnut (9 %)) and maize (3 %).  In Gudigeri-3 micro watershed, major soils are Muttal (MTL) series are having shallow soil deep covers around 14 per cent of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing bajra (50 %), green gram (22 %) and red gram (28 %). Ravanki (RNK) soil series are having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 11 per cent of area; major crops grown are bengal gram (56 %) and sorghum (44 %). Gatarediahal (GRH) soil series are having deep soil depth covers around 18 % of area, the major crop grown is bengal gram and Murlapur (MLR) soil series are very deep soil deep cover 3 around 7 % of area, the crops grown are green gram (43 %), groundnut (43 %) and maize (14 %).  The total cost of cultivation in the study area for green gram ranges between Rs.14919/ha in MTL soil (with BCR of 1.36) and Rs.13215/ha in MTL soil (with BCR of 1.16).  In bengal gram the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 30525/ha in GRH soil (with BCR is 1.08) and Rs.15329/ha in RNK soil (with BCR of 1.18).  In maize the cost of cultivation in MTL soil is Rs.10439/ha (with BCR of 1.07).  In red gram the cost of cultivation in MTL soil is Rs.11354/ha (with BCR of 1.39).  In sorghum cost of cultivation in RNK soil is Rs.10624/ha (with BCR of 1.07) and ground nut cost of cultivation in MLR soil is Rs.19760/ha (with BCR of 1.07). Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in bajra (13.3 %), bengal gram (9.0 %), green gram (6.3 %), groundnut (9.0 %), maize (57.5 %), red gram (13.8 %) and sorghum (18.8 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Harve-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 514 ha in Harve-1 microwatershed in Chamarajnagar taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought- prone with an average annual rainfall of 769 mm, of which about 316 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 252 mm during north-east and the remaining 201 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 89 per cent area is covered by soils, 1 per cent is covered by rock-out crops, 150 cm) soils, an area of 20 per cent has moderately deep to deep (75-150 cm) soils. An area of about 32 per cent is under moderately shallow (50-75 cm) soils and shallow (25-50 cm) soils occupy 22 per cent area in the microwatershed.  An area of about 14 per cent has clayey soils at the surface, 39 per cent has loamy soils at the surface and an area of about 37 per cent has sandy at the surface.  An area of about 10 per cent has non-gravelly (0.75 ppm) in organic carbon.  An area of about 6 per cent is low (57 kg/ha) in 43 per cent area in available phosphorus.  An area of about 35 per cent has soils that are medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 54 per cent area has high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 26 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) in 1 per cent area of the microwatershed.  About 75 per cent area has soils that are deficient (4.5ppm) in the available iron.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  An area of about 76 per cent has soils that are deficient (<0.6 ppm) and 14 per cent has soils are sufficient in available zinc.  The land suitability for 9 major crops (agricultural and horticultural) grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crops Suitability area in ha (%) Highly Suitable (S1) Moderately Suitable (S2) Sorghum 39(8) 255(50) Maize 39(8) 255(50) Finger millet 39(8) 255(50) Red gram - 131(26) Groundnut 69(14) 224(44) Cotton - 275(54) Chilli 39(8) 255(50) Mango - 28(6) Sapota - 99(19)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 9 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops that helps in maintaining the ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, generate lot of biomass, which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Harve 1 micro-watershed (Chamarajanagar taluk and district) is located in between 15018' – 15020' North latitudes and 7603' – 7605' East longitudes, covering an area of about 513.47 ha, bounded by Harve, Mundakudu, Kethanapura and Maliyur villages with length growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Harve 1 micro-watershed in Chamarajanagar taluk and district are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 53.8 to 46.2 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 61.4 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 74.7 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward caste is around 57 per cent.  Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is the source of energy for a cooking among all households.  About 36 per cent of households have a Bhima and Yashaswini health card.  About 18 per cent of farm households are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 64.0 per cent  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 91.0 per cent of sample households.  Institutional participation is only 10.0 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making are around 55 per cent of households were found. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 0.81 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to small and medium farmers. The dry land of 41 % and irrigated land 59 % of total cultivated land area among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 75.7 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 24.3 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 15472 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 79781per household, about 54.5 per cent of sample farmers having plough and sprayer (18.2%).  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 17962 per household; about 90 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 721 grams (1515 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 91 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 57041 per cent of sample household. About 45.4 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs.1102. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 452 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 207248 per year for the total area of 513.51 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 20608/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in coconut (Rs. 68775) followed by maize (Rs. 22547), sunflower (Rs. 9460), horse gram (Rs. 1348) and sorghum (Rs. 908).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 5938/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in sorghum (Rs.19425) followed by horse gram (Rs.15695) and maize (Rs.1200).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in coconut (Rs. 269700) followed by maize (Rs. 52820), sorghum (Rs. 32100), horse gram (Rs. 22355) and sunflower (Rs. 26604). 3 Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is coconut (28.4%) followed by sunflower (26.7 %), maize (26.2%), horse gram (11.3%) and sorghum (7.2 %).  In Harve 1 micro-watershed, major soil Kutegoudanahundi (KGH) soil series having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 9.49 % of area, crops are sorghum. Gollarahatti (GHT) soil series are having moderately deep soil depth covers around 7.62 % of area, the major crop grown is sorghum. Honnenahalli (HNH) soil series having moderately shallow soil depth cover 3.48 % of areas; crops are coconut. Kengaki (KGK) soil series having very deep soil depth cover 9.99 % of areas respectively; crops are coconut (24.3 %), sunflower (54.1 %) and maize (21.6 %), Kethanapura (KTP) soil series having moderately shallow soil depth cover 3.65 % of areas; crops are coconut (47.8 %), horse gram (4.2%) and sorghum (48.0 %). Lakkur (LKR) soil series having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 13.19 % of area the major crop coconut (47.8 %), horse gram (4.2 %) and sorghum (48 %).  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for horse gram ranges between Rs. 43872/ha in HDH soil (with BCR of 3.96) and Rs.11259/ha in KGH soil (with BCR of 1.93).  In sorghum the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 118931/ha in KGH soil (with of 1.06) and Rs. 23522/ha in HDH soil (with BCR of 1.35).  In sunflower the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 26605/ha in KGH soil (with BCR of 1.41) and Rs. 16307/ha in KTP soil (with BCR of 2.99).  In coconut the cost of cultivation range between is Rs.51014/ha in HNH soil (with BCR of 2.48) and Rs 34147 in LKR soil (with BCR of 2.82).  In maize the cost of cultivation in KTP soil is Rs.27473/ha (with BCR of 2.27).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soils to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices. 4  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in horsegram (13.2 to 52.0%), sorghum (15.7 to 73.6%), sunflower (39.3 to 47.9%), coconut (63.6 to 69.0 %) and maize (45.8 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

The very name of this journal, Frontiers in Education, begs the questions of where the "frontiers" should be at present in education research, and how we can ensure that breakthroughs at these frontiers be rapidly put into practice. In this context, this short opinion article argues that in order to answer these two questions adequately, we, educators, should stop zeroing in on the content or skills we want students to have acquired right at the end of a cycle of studies, be it elementary, high school, or university. Instead, we should not be afraid to ask people who are many years, even decades, past formal education what they think we should focus on, where our teaching can be most effective. My own experience with two eye-opening events suggests that from this lifelong perspective, teaching activities that are likely to be most influential over the course of a person's life do not necessarily follow traditional formats. In terms of facilitating implementation of innovative teaching activities, since it seems very arduous to convince schools to add anything to already overloaded curricula, perhaps this is not where we should concentrate our efforts. I argue that the easiest way to implement change may be to first demonstrate practically to future teachers, enrolled in teacher education programs, that even brief learning activities can have enormous merit. Input from the "real world"If one considers that the objective of high-school and university education is to eventually equip students, at the age of 22 or 23, with the "body of knowledge" and skills that are relevant in their field of specialty, then the frontier one needs to consider in research encompasses all the novel approaches currently under development to better achieve this specific objective. Alternatively, one might adopt the perspective that what happens at the end of undergraduate studies is not necessarily that meaningful, given the fact that graduates will generally work for 42 or 43 years afterwards, change jobs a number of times, and end up doing things for which the content and skills acquired during their undergraduate studies may not be relevant at all. In that lifelong context, one could assume that the "frontier" on which our research in education should focus relates to novel activities that would prepare individuals for the constantly changing landscape that they will face all along their life, including, but not exclusively, during their professional career. One way to get ideas about novel teaching activities we should develop in that latter context consists of simply asking individuals who were in school or at the university 20, 30, or even 40 years ago, to identify the part of their education, taken broadly, that was most valuable to them. The idea is not entirely new, of course, since it was adopted 60 years ago already in the pioneering work of Bertrand Schwartz, in preparation for his landmark reform of the School of Mines in Nancy (France) during the late 1950s (Lambrichs, 2009). Nevertheless, given the strong emphasis in education research on psychometric tests and the application of statistical methods to surveys of large cohorts, a perspective centered on individuals' opinions is likely to be criticized as "anecdotalist", potentially biased, and not sufficiently rigorous. Fortunately, it is not necessary to simply rely on individuals' perceptions, which may indeed be occasionally off if questions are not asked appropriately. Over the last few decades, various educational theorists (e.g., Dominicé, 2000; Dhunpath and Samuel, 2009) have proposed and perfected several techniques to indirectly derive meaningful information about the education of individuals by carefully analyzing biographical stories they may have written. Perhaps, as in the field of self-directed learning (Baveye, 2003), this "life history" approach could help us establish on a firm foundation the expanding frontier(s) in education. This message is clearly conveyed by Goodson and Gill (2014), who argue that "life narratives" can help educators shift from a disenfranchised tradition to one of empowerment.Of course, clearly, this incorporation of the experience of people "in the real world" into school and university curricula needs to be carried out cautiously. It would not be appropriate for economic and competitive interests of groups outside the school community to sway the educational process in a direction that is not ultimately in the best interest of students. One also needs to be careful not to disenfranchise teachers or weaken their agency and collaboration. Because they are intimately involved in the educational process, any discussion about its evolution in the future absolutely needs to involve them directly. Anyway, in this context of input "from the real world", the question of which activities were most influential in my education has intrigued me a lot over the last two or three decades. Clearly, the answer is not to be found in the formal lectures I attended, since I promptly forgot just about everything I learned from them, except in a few rare instances where I had a strong prior motivation to learn the material, on my own if need be. Even in these few cases, most of the content and skills I learned back then turned out to be obsolete after a decade, and had little influence on my later career in science. Careful reflection suggests that by far the most significant learning experiences of my entire schooling were associated with two very short, active learning events, which perhaps paradoxically, had nothing at all to do with the training I got at the university.Short teachable moments…The first of these two influential events took place when I was 17, in 1974, many years before Internet or Facebook existed. One of the teachers in my junior year in high school asked our class to attend a politically-motivated street demonstration held during the week end in the nearest big city. The protest was against an exhibition that was organized to promote tourism in a foreign country, which at that time was under a brutal dictatorship. Many non-governmental organizations and citizens' groups were staunchly opposed to the exhibition. The experience of attending the peaceful demonstration, among a crowd we estimated to be around 250,000 to 300,000 people, was eye-opening in itself, but what made it unique was what happened in school the following Monday. In the early morning, the teacher had purchased all the local newspapers he could find. He assigned us to read and analyze the different accounts these newspapers provided of the street demonstration. Whereas left-leaning newspapers reported that upwards of 500,000 people had marched peacefully through the streets, right-wing journals described the demonstration as a small gathering of merely 50,000 people, and commented incorrectly that some of them had become violent. Several newspapers did not report the protest at all. Meanwhile, the police account of the demonstration mentioned an intermediate number of approximately 200,000 people. After less than an hour of reviewing the different articles, many of us admitted in the ensuing discussion that we were stunned by what we had found. Even though nowadays "alternate facts" have become common place, at the time none of us anticipated disparities to be so blatant between different newspapers. In hindsight, I feel that in one hour of hands-on, discovery-based exposure to a variety of perspectives on the same event, I learned more about the need for a critical analysis of texts, and for a proper account of the socio-economic and historical context in which texts are written, than in any of the formal courses I took on the subject later on in college. Undoubtedly, my upbringing in a family of intellectuals made me particularly receptive to this kind of teachable moment, and individuals reared in very different environments may not as fertile ground as I was, but the fact is that I have never looked at the written word after this single exercise as I did before, nor for that matter at anything that lecturers would talk about in the courses I took afterwards (some of which turned out after a little scrutiny to deliver information that was obsolete or even erroneous). The second event occurred during the Summer just before I started attending the university. My high school had made it possible for a group of students to help with development activities in what was still commonly referred to at the time as the "Third World". Specifically, we were supposed to help missionaries in Rwanda with various practical, mostly agricultural, projects. In the evenings, in the tiny village where we were staying, there was very little to do, except play card- and board games. A favorite activity of the missionaries was to play Scrabble. On one of the first nights I was there, we started a game with them, and basically I played the way my mother had shown me, to try to win by placing words that would earn me more points than what the other players could do with their letters. After a couple of moves, the missionaries stopped the game and told me that this was not how they played it at all. They proceeded to show me how each of them was trying to place words in such a way that all players together would eventually make the most points possible. So instead of proudly putting "taxes" in one move, someone would only put down "ax", then another would add a "t", to obtain "tax", then a third could make it "taxes", and finally, someone could add "sur" to come up with "surtaxes". All in all, that means that the points of the very valuable letter "x" would count five times instead of one, increasing the combined score of all the players at the end of the game. The details of the Scrabble strategy do not matter that much, but what was really a revelation in what the missionaries showed me is that rules can easily be changed to maximize the benefits, in this case the enjoyment, for all involved. The original rules of Scrabble require individual competition among players, and they invariably lead to one player being happy at the end while all the others are less so, to put it mildly. The lesson I got was that it is easy to transform the game into something that is eminently collaborative, such that everyone feels pretty much the same way at the end, depending on how well the group did. As a result, what could be a divisive pastime, especially if one of the players happens to be unreasonably competitive, becomes an activity that strengthens the cohesion of the group and enhances team spirit.Long-lasting lessons learned…Over the years, during my subsequent career as a researcher, I have had many occasions to reminisce about these two events. The older I get, the more I realize how extremely significant they were in my education, overshadowing many other aspects of it. As short as it was, the newspapers-related activity singlehandedly shaped my attitude toward the written word. Every single time I now read an article or a book, I remember the fateful Monday when my classmates and I compared multiple newspaper clippings. As a result, I never take any text (or, for that matter, lecture notes) for granted any more, and I am compelled to systematically look for alternative perspectives on the same topics before I formulate my own opinion. This critical attitude toward texts has played a key role in my work, as it has stimulated me not only to keep learning efficiently on my own, as a self-directed learner, from a variety of sources, but also to try to foster self-directed learning in my students (Baveye, 1994). This capacity is particularly crucial in fields in which phenomenal technological breakthroughs occur at very regular intervals, and the need to renew one's knowledge base is constant.

The very name of this journal, Frontiers in Education, begs the questions of where the "frontiers" should be at present in education research, and how we can ensure that breakthroughs at these frontiers be rapidly put into practice. In this context, this short opinion article argues that in order to answer these two questions adequately, we, educators, should stop zeroing in on the content or skills we want students to have acquired right at the end of a cycle of studies, be it elementary, high school, or university. Instead, we should not be afraid to ask people who are many years, even decades, past formal education what they think we should focus on, where our teaching can be most effective. My own experience with two eye-opening events suggests that from this lifelong perspective, teaching activities that are likely to be most influential over the course of a person's life do not necessarily follow traditional formats. In terms of facilitating implementation of innovative teaching activities, since it seems very arduous to convince schools to add anything to already overloaded curricula, perhaps this is not where we should concentrate our efforts. I argue that the easiest way to implement change may be to first demonstrate practically to future teachers, enrolled in teacher education programs, that even brief learning activities can have enormous merit. Input from the "real world"If one considers that the objective of high-school and university education is to eventually equip students, at the age of 22 or 23, with the "body of knowledge" and skills that are relevant in their field of specialty, then the frontier one needs to consider in research encompasses all the novel approaches currently under development to better achieve this specific objective. Alternatively, one might adopt the perspective that what happens at the end of undergraduate studies is not necessarily that meaningful, given the fact that graduates will generally work for 42 or 43 years afterwards, change jobs a number of times, and end up doing things for which the content and skills acquired during their undergraduate studies may not be relevant at all. In that lifelong context, one could assume that the "frontier" on which our research in education should focus relates to novel activities that would prepare individuals for the constantly changing landscape that they will face all along their life, including, but not exclusively, during their professional career. One way to get ideas about novel teaching activities we should develop in that latter context consists of simply asking individuals who were in school or at the university 20, 30, or even 40 years ago, to identify the part of their education, taken broadly, that was most valuable to them. The idea is not entirely new, of course, since it was adopted 60 years ago already in the pioneering work of Bertrand Schwartz, in preparation for his landmark reform of the School of Mines in Nancy (France) during the late 1950s (Lambrichs, 2009). Nevertheless, given the strong emphasis in education research on psychometric tests and the application of statistical methods to surveys of large cohorts, a perspective centered on individuals' opinions is likely to be criticized as "anecdotalist", potentially biased, and not sufficiently rigorous. Fortunately, it is not necessary to simply rely on individuals' perceptions, which may indeed be occasionally off if questions are not asked appropriately. Over the last few decades, various educational theorists (e.g., Dominicé, 2000; Dhunpath and Samuel, 2009) have proposed and perfected several techniques to indirectly derive meaningful information about the education of individuals by carefully analyzing biographical stories they may have written. Perhaps, as in the field of self-directed learning (Baveye, 2003), this "life history" approach could help us establish on a firm foundation the expanding frontier(s) in education. This message is clearly conveyed by Goodson and Gill (2014), who argue that "life narratives" can help educators shift from a disenfranchised tradition to one of empowerment.Of course, clearly, this incorporation of the experience of people "in the real world" into school and university curricula needs to be carried out cautiously. It would not be appropriate for economic and competitive interests of groups outside the school community to sway the educational process in a direction that is not ultimately in the best interest of students. One also needs to be careful not to disenfranchise teachers or weaken their agency and collaboration. Because they are intimately involved in the educational process, any discussion about its evolution in the future absolutely needs to involve them directly. Anyway, in this context of input "from the real world", the question of which activities were most influential in my education has intrigued me a lot over the last two or three decades. Clearly, the answer is not to be found in the formal lectures I attended, since I promptly forgot just about everything I learned from them, except in a few rare instances where I had a strong prior motivation to learn the material, on my own if need be. Even in these few cases, most of the content and skills I learned back then turned out to be obsolete after a decade, and had little influence on my later career in science. Careful reflection suggests that by far the most significant learning experiences of my entire schooling were associated with two very short, active learning events, which perhaps paradoxically, had nothing at all to do with the training I got at the university.Short teachable moments…The first of these two influential events took place when I was 17, in 1974, many years before Internet or Facebook existed. One of the teachers in my junior year in high school asked our class to attend a politically-motivated street demonstration held during the week end in the nearest big city. The protest was against an exhibition that was organized to promote tourism in a foreign country, which at that time was under a brutal dictatorship. Many non-governmental organizations and citizens' groups were staunchly opposed to the exhibition. The experience of attending the peaceful demonstration, among a crowd we estimated to be around 250,000 to 300,000 people, was eye-opening in itself, but what made it unique was what happened in school the following Monday. In the early morning, the teacher had purchased all the local newspapers he could find. He assigned us to read and analyze the different accounts these newspapers provided of the street demonstration. Whereas left-leaning newspapers reported that upwards of 500,000 people had marched peacefully through the streets, right-wing journals described the demonstration as a small gathering of merely 50,000 people, and commented incorrectly that some of them had become violent. Several newspapers did not report the protest at all. Meanwhile, the police account of the demonstration mentioned an intermediate number of approximately 200,000 people. After less than an hour of reviewing the different articles, many of us admitted in the ensuing discussion that we were stunned by what we had found. Even though nowadays "alternate facts" have become common place, at the time none of us anticipated disparities to be so blatant between different newspapers. In hindsight, I feel that in one hour of hands-on, discovery-based exposure to a variety of perspectives on the same event, I learned more about the need for a critical analysis of texts, and for a proper account of the socio-economic and historical context in which texts are written, than in any of the formal courses I took on the subject later on in college. Undoubtedly, my upbringing in a family of intellectuals made me particularly receptive to this kind of teachable moment, and individuals reared in very different environments may not as fertile ground as I was, but the fact is that I have never looked at the written word after this single exercise as I did before, nor for that matter at anything that lecturers would talk about in the courses I took afterwards (some of which turned out after a little scrutiny to deliver information that was obsolete or even erroneous). The second event occurred during the Summer just before I started attending the university. My high school had made it possible for a group of students to help with development activities in what was still commonly referred to at the time as the "Third World". Specifically, we were supposed to help missionaries in Rwanda with various practical, mostly agricultural, projects. In the evenings, in the tiny village where we were staying, there was very little to do, except play card- and board games. A favorite activity of the missionaries was to play Scrabble. On one of the first nights I was there, we started a game with them, and basically I played the way my mother had shown me, to try to win by placing words that would earn me more points than what the other players could do with their letters. After a couple of moves, the missionaries stopped the game and told me that this was not how they played it at all. They proceeded to show me how each of them was trying to place words in such a way that all players together would eventually make the most points possible. So instead of proudly putting "taxes" in one move, someone would only put down "ax", then another would add a "t", to obtain "tax", then a third could make it "taxes", and finally, someone could add "sur" to come up with "surtaxes". All in all, that means that the points of the very valuable letter "x" would count five times instead of one, increasing the combined score of all the players at the end of the game. The details of the Scrabble strategy do not matter that much, but what was really a revelation in what the missionaries showed me is that rules can easily be changed to maximize the benefits, in this case the enjoyment, for all involved. The original rules of Scrabble require individual competition among players, and they invariably lead to one player being happy at the end while all the others are less so, to put it mildly. The lesson I got was that it is easy to transform the game into something that is eminently collaborative, such that everyone feels pretty much the same way at the end, depending on how well the group did. As a result, what could be a divisive pastime, especially if one of the players happens to be unreasonably competitive, becomes an activity that strengthens the cohesion of the group and enhances team spirit.Long-lasting lessons learned…Over the years, during my subsequent career as a researcher, I have had many occasions to reminisce about these two events. The older I get, the more I realize how extremely significant they were in my education, overshadowing many other aspects of it. As short as it was, the newspapers-related activity singlehandedly shaped my attitude toward the written word. Every single time I now read an article or a book, I remember the fateful Monday when my classmates and I compared multiple newspaper clippings. As a result, I never take any text (or, for that matter, lecture notes) for granted any more, and I am compelled to systematically look for alternative perspectives on the same topics before I formulate my own opinion. This critical attitude toward texts has played a key role in my work, as it has stimulated me not only to keep learning efficiently on my own, as a self-directed learner, from a variety of sources, but also to try to foster self-directed learning in my students (Baveye, 1994). This capacity is particularly crucial in fields in which phenomenal technological breakthroughs occur at very regular intervals, and the need to renew one's knowledge base is constant.