Suchergebnisse

Законодательный процесс помимо конституций (уставов) субъектов РФ регламентируется также решениями конституционных (уставных) судов о толковании Основных Законов субъектов РФ. В решениях конституционных (уставных) судов происходит конкретизация общих конституционных положений, восполняются пробелы в законодательном регулировании, устраняется возникшая неопределенность в смысле толкуемых положений, которая препятствовала их реализации. При этом исключается иное понимание и применение толкуемых положений любыми субъектами конституционных отношений. Все участники конституционных отношений могут черпать действительный смысл положений конституций (уставов) субъектов РФ о законодательном процессе из решений конституционных (уставных) судов о толковании Основных Законов субъектов РФ. Автор анализирует практику конституционного (уставного) правосудия и практику деятельности Конституционного Суда РФ. В статье рассмотрены вопросы регулирования законодательного процесса в субъектах РФ и сформулированы предложения по изменению законодательства. Автор приходит к выводу, что правовые позиции Конституционного Суда РФ и конституционных (уставных) судов о регулировании законодательного процесса на федеральном и региональном уровне имеют много общего, что основанно на единстве правовых принципов и единой логике законодателя. Имеющиеся различия в правовых позициях федерального конституционного суда и региональных органов конституционного (уставного) правосудия обусловлены различными уровнями правого регулирования и определенной свободой субъектов РФ в данной сфере и не должны рассматриваться как случаи нарушения принципов конституционализма. Хотя следует констатировать, что определенная правовая логика законодательного процесса в субъектах РФ и на федеральном уровне должна совпадать. ; Legislative process besides constitutions (statutes) of subjects of the Russian Federation is regulated also by decisions of the constitutional (statutory) vessels on interpretation of organic laws of subjects of the Russian Federation. In decisions of the constitutional (statutory) vessels there is a concrete definition of the general constitutional positions, lacks in legislative regulation are met, the arisen uncertainty of sense of interpreted positions which interfered with their realization is eliminated. Other understanding and application of interpreted positions by any subjects of the constitutional relations as decisions of the constitutional vessels have obligatory character is thus excluded. All participants of the constitutional relations can scoop the valid sense of positions of constitutions (statutes) of subjects of the Russian Federation about legislative process from decisions of the constitutional (statutory) vessels on interpretation of Organic laws of subjects of the Russian Federation. The author analyzes practice of the constitutional (statutory) justice, and also practice of activity of Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation. In article problem questions of legislative process in subjects of the Russian Federation are analyzed and offers on legislation change are given. In presented article the conclusion becomes, that legal positions of the Constitutional court of the Russian Federation and the constitutional (statutory) courts concerning a legislative process regulation at federal and regional level have much in common, the legislative process caused by uniform logic. Thus available divergences of legal positions are caused by various levels of legal regulation and certain freedom in legal regulation of subjects of the Russian Federation and should not be considered as not legal phenomena. In article the conclusion becomes, that the unity in legal regulation should not be imposed from above, and start with the uniform legal principles developed in practice of parliamentary procedures and recognised during interpretation of corresponding constitutional (statutory) positions by bodies of regional constitutional justice. Though it is necessary to establish, that the certain legal logic of legislative process in subjects of the Russian Federation and at federal level should coincide.

В статье обращено внимание на причины быстрого падения интереса к III программе КПСС, согласно которой целью партии и советского государства являлось построение коммунизма. Автор указывает, что введение доктрины «развитого социализма» было формой скрытого отказа от программы построения коммунизма. Иное дело, что форма этого отказа была приспособлена к нормам официального дискурса и поэтому была почти невнятна для большей части населения. Утверждая, что в стране построен развитой социализм, власти давали понять, что построение коммунизма больше не входит в повестку дня. Образованная часть населения утратила интерес к тексту Программы еще раньше, в 1960-е гг. Эти годы задали совсем иное мироощущение и совсем иную конфигурацию ценностей. К концу 1960-х гг. советские люди стали все больше интересоваться не столько материальными и энергетическими перспективами общества, о которых так много написано в данной Программе, сколько информационными и духовными аспектами своего индивидуального развития. Программа построения коммунизма была написана в эпоху безраздельного господства естественнонаучного понимания мира. В 1970-е годы завершилось время безраздельного господства естественнонаучного понимания мира, а именно в рамках такого понимания написана Программа, и интерес сместился с изучения физического мира на изучение состояний сознания. В образованных кругах возник спрос на сложный дискурс, на язык эзотерики, на неочевидные истины. В этих условиях текст Программы обескураживал своей простотой и отсутствием подтекста, тайны, непонятного. Этот текст настолько морально устарел за 10 лет, что не предполагал даже критического комментария. Поэтому и введение в словесный оборот термина «развитой социализм» всерьез не воспринимали, а того политико-идеологического решения, что за ним стояло, не заметили. ; The article draws attention to the causes of rapid decline in interest in the III-d Party program, according to which the Party and the Soviet state was to build the communism. The author points out that the introduction of the doctrine of "developed socialism" was a form of implicit rejection of the program of building communism. It is a different case that the rejection to build the communism was intentionally fit into the norms of official discourse and, therefore, was almost indistinct for most of the population. Arguing that the country had already built developed socialism, the government made it clear that the building of communism was not included in the agenda. Educated part of the population had lost interest in the text of the program even earlier, in 1960. 1960s needed a completely different attitude and a completely different configuration values. By the end of the 1960s, the Soviet people became more and more interested not only in the material and energy perspectives of society, which were one of the main concerns of the program, but in information and the spiritual aspects of their personal development. The program of building communism was written in the era of unchallenged dominance of natural science paradigm. In the 1970s society was more concerned with the problem of physical reflection of the world and interested in the study of consciousness. In educated circles there was a demand for sophisticated discourse on an esoteric language, the non-obvious truth. In these circumstances, the text of the Programme discouraged people by its simplicity and lack of subtext, mystery, incomprehensibility. In a course of 10 years this text was out-of-date, which even did not imply its further critical comment. Therefore, the introduction of the term "developed socialism" was not taken seriously, and that the political and ideological solutions that were behind it remained unnoticed.

Статья посвящена исследованию исламского радикализма в Пакистане. Основное внимание сфокусировано на выделении особенностей усиления радикального ислама в Пакистане, а также сочетания местного и «импортного» элементов в радикально-экстремистской идеологии. В прогнозной части статьи рассматриваются возможные варианты (сценарии) дальнейшей эволюции исламорадикализма. В Пакистане исламский радикализм (идеологический уровень) и экстремизм (практическое воплощение идей) набрали высокие темпы роста во время политики исламизации 80-х гг. ХХ в., оставаясь до настоящего времени ключевыми факторами турбулентности ситуации в стране и регионе. Развитие радикального исламизма в Пакистане носит очаговый и дискретный характер. Каждый период этого развития характеризуется определенными внешними или внутренними факторами, определявшими ход развития событий. Так, резкий подъем радикального ислама с конца 1970-х гг. был в немалой степени связан с мировым и в особенности с региональным контекстом. С середины 1980-х гг. на первый план выходит внутренний фактор межрелигиозного противостояния между суннитами и шиитами, тем более острый, что стороны получали помощь извне. После 90-х гг. ХХ в. периода относительно ровного развития очередная фаза усиления радикального исламизма в начале 2000-х гг. была вызвана резкой сменой внешнеполитического и внутриполитического курса Исламабада, поддержавшего борьбу с крайними формами исламизма терроризмом, как в рамках международной коалиции, так и внутри страны. В настоящее время на фоне углубления социально-экономического кризиса в стране, а также усталости населения от последствий участия Пакистана в глобальной войне против террора на первый план стали выдвигаться легальные движения исламистов. При этом не следует преуменьшать и значение экстремистов, которые могут использовать нынешний период затишья для передышки и перегруппировки сил. Инерция развития исламистских политических, общественных и радикальных организаций позволяет утверждать, что данная тематика будет и в дальнейшем сохранять высокую актуальность для Пакистана. ; The article focuses on the main trends in the evolution of Islamist movements in Pakistan. It assesses inside and outside factors of radical Islam growth. In the prospective part of the article the author examines the possible developments (scenarios) of the Islamism evolution. Islamic radicalism (ideology) and Islamic extremism (practical implementation of ideas) in Pakistan gained momentum due to the policy of Islamisation in the 1980s. Until now, the phenomena mean much to turbulent political situation in Pakistan and in the region. Radical Islam in Pakistan has the character of local and discrete evolution. Each period of this evolution is determined by external or internal development factors define. Thus, the rise of radical Islam in the late 1970s was largely linked to the global and regional context. Since the mid 1980s at the forefront comes the internal factor of inter-sectarian conflict between the Sunnis and the Shias, that both receive support from the outside. After the relatively even period of the 1990s radical Islam gains strengthen in the early 2000s when Pakistan made a U-turn in its external and domestic policy, having supported the international counter-terror fight both within the international coalition and inside the country. Currently, the deepening economic and social crisis, as well as the burden of Pakistan''s involvement in the global war on terror bring legal Islamists to the forefront. Also one should not underestimate the might of extremists who can take advantage from this pause. All in all, the dynamics of the Islamist political, social and radical organizations'' evolution suggests that the issue will maintain its high relevance for Pakistan.

В развитие классификации грунтов, приведенной в ГОСТ 25100—2011. Грунты, предложены классификации для грунтовых массивов, расположенных в основаниях зданий и сооружений в криолитозоне. Классификации выполнены для массивов, состоящих целиком из грунтов с отрицательными температурами, а также для массивов, включающих талые грунты. Приведены обоснование и обсуждение предложенных классификаций. ; In this article we propose a classification for the masses of rock and soil, located in the bases of the buildings in permafrost zone. Classifications are made for masses consisting entirely of rock and soil with negative temperature, as well as for masses, including thawed soils and rocks. Updated in 2011 the Russian All-Union State Standard«Soil», which came into force in 2013, includes a classification of frozen soils, which are distinguished in a separate class. This is one of the differences of our inter-state standard, issued by the Eurasian Council for standardization, Metrology and certification, from the international English-language normative document (ISO). It is caused by the fact that on the territory of the European Union there is no permafrost soil, and only soils and rocks are discussed. In contrast, on the territory of Russia permafrost soil is widely distributed, in particular in the areas of extraction of exported raw materials. Permafrost is causing a significant, ongoing difficulties of construction and operation of buildings.The classification of soils in the Russian All-Union State Standard «Soil» and here is based on the type of physical and physico-chemical bonds between the particles in a soil. In frozen soils there are specific unstable bonds, due to the presence of ice. This fact calls for distinguishing the frozen soils into a separate class. In permafrost zone along with frozen soils that include ice, there are waterless soils and rocks with negative temperature. The list of soils in the permafrost zone, would be incomplete without:1) ice-soil (more than 90 % of ice), 2) chilled soil of the temperature below 0 °C, 3) soil with positive temperature. Cooled plastic or loose soils with negative temperatures lie in cryolithozone where there are soluble minerals or saline groundwater. Soils with positive temperature lie everywhere under permafrost at different depths, in summer they also arise over permafrost. In some places they occur in cryolithozone.In the classification of soils we will adhere to the principles set out in the first article of the series. In respect of the classes, we divide soils by the type of the bonds in them. Firstly, we single out frozen soils with the bonds created by ice, and, secondly, conditionally waterless soils with negative temperature, where there is no ice and bonds are physical and physico-chemical. For brevity, the second class of frozen masses is convenient to call the special soil of permafrost zone. At the level of subclasses we specify the classification by the same types of bonds in soils. In each of these two classes we detach subclasses: 1) rock mass, 2) disperse mass and 3) «skadi». Among the frozen soils there are specific fourth subclass — ice soils. The classification in respect of the types is made for masses consisting entirely of soils with negative temperatures, as well as for masses including thawed soils. The author offers justification and discussion of the proposed classifications.

Характеризуются структурные компоненты модели, которые подразделяют на три вида: физические; вещественно-математические; логико-семиотические. В соответствии с разрабатываемыми научными основами формирования коммуникативной культуры курсантов военного вузов представляется возможным сформировать его педагогическую систему на основе использования средств социально-культурной деятельности, которая включает алгоритм и технологию достижения цели. В структуре формирования коммуникативной культуры, как в сложной многоуровневой и многоплановой системе, выделяются такие взаимосвязанные компоненты, как содержание и организационно-деятель-ностные блоки. Концептуальное обоснование и моделирование поликультурной информационной среды как открытой культурно-информационной системы помогает предметно представить информационные процессы, происходящие в сфере образования и социально-культурной деятельности. Информационные технологии требуют от будущего офицера способности самостоятельно, активно действовать, принимать решения, быстро и гибко адаптироваться к изменяющимся условиям служебной деятельности. Описывается содержание и раскрывается сущность блоков созданной модели, опираясь на анализ методологических и технологических подходов в данной области педагогики. В предложенной модели формирование коммуникативной культуры курсантов военного вуза в процессе социально-культурной деятельности рассматривается совокупность закономерностей, принципов, мотивационных факторов, форм, средств, функций, технологий; субъективных и объективных компонентов. Целью модели формирования коммуникативной культуры будущего офицера в военном вузе средствами социокультурной деятельности является подготовка компетентного военного специалиста, владеющего навыками коммуникативной культуры. Основную структуру модели образуют связи и отношения, взаимодействия офицерского состава с курсантами. Педагогические предпосылки построения модели позволяют эффективно формировать коммуникативную культуру курсантов военного вуза, включать совокупность принципов, мотивационных факторов, форм, средств, функций; субъективных и объективных компонентов. ; The article is devoted to the characterization of the structural components of model, which can be divided on three types: physical, real-mathematical; logicalsemiotic. According to the developing scientific bases of formation of communicative culture of cadets of military universities it is possible to form a teaching system based on the use of socio-cultural activities, which includes algorithm and technology of achievement. In the formation structure of communicative culture as a complex multi-layered and multi-faceted system includes such interrelated components as the content and organizational-activity units. The conceptual underpinnings and modeling of multicultural information environment as an open cultural information system helps to objectively present the information processes in the field of education and sociocultural activities. The information technology requires future officer ability to independently and actively act, make decisions quickly and flexibly adapt to the changing conditions of performance. The author describes in detail the contents and reveals the essence of the blocks to create a model based on the analysis of methodological and technological approaches in the field of pedagogy. In the proposed model the formation of the communicative culture of cadets of military university in the process of socio-cultural activities considered set of laws, principles, motivational factors, forms, tools, features, technology, subjective and objective components. The purpose of the model of formation of communicative culture of the future officer in the military university is the sociocultural activity to prepare competent military specialist who owns communicative culture skills. The basic structure of the model is formed by the communication and relationships, interaction officers and cadets. The pedagogical background of model construction allows arranging the communicative culture of cadets of military university, including a set of principles, motivational factors, forms, and functions, subjective and objective components.

Este estudio pretende arrojar luz sobre ciertos elementos críticos del debate jurídico-político impulsado por el Consejo Permanente de la Organización de Estados Americanos (OEA),con los diversos actores del sistema interamericano de protección de los derechos humanos (SIDH), con el propósito de «fortalecer» (o todo lo contrario, limitar) el trabajo de la Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos (CIDH). La necesidad de responder a la demanda creciente de tutela de derechos individuales y colectivos ante graves violaciones a los derechos en democracias «imperfec- tas» o «de baja intensidad»requiere la preservación y desarrollo de la función tutelar de la CIDH. Este estudio a resultas del proceso de reforma del sistema judicial interamericano en la última década, en buena medida reflejo del proceso de reflexión, gira en torno a tres ejes nucleares. Primero, el mantenimiento de los principios que se derivan del espíritu de la Convención America- na de Derechos Humanos de 1969 (CADH) y de la jurisprudencia existente en el SIDH: principio pro persona, interpretación dinámica, efectividad, universalidad, igualdad de armas y seguridad jurídica, procedimiento contradictorio, inmediatez de la prueba, acceso gratuito a la justicia, simplicidad, economía procesal e informalidad. Segundo, la mejora del sistema de peticiones y casos. Tercero, el refuerzo de las medidas cautelares. En suma, con esta reforma, en la que afloran los intereses políticos sobre la técnica jurídica, se pretende contribuir a 1) una efectiva protección y promoción de los derechos humanos, 2) mayor acceso de las perso- nas y colectivos más excluidos al SIDH, así como 3) aumentar la eficacia de la CIDH en la tutela de derechos y libertades. ; The purpose of this study is to examine some critical approaches to the legal-political process of reflection implemented by the Permanent Council of the Organization of American States (OAS) with several actors involved in the Inter-American system (IAS) with the genuine intention of «strengthening» –or, on the contrary, restrict– the work done by the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR). Despite a plethora of sustained reforms, it is essential to preserve the protective function of the IACHR in its role of safeguarding the rights of those affected and of victims who request individual and collective protection, with characteristics adapted to the situations that affect imperfect or «low intensity»democracies and the capacities of the system of protection. Having in mind the process of reforms, this study is divided on three axes. First, it takes into account the principles derived from the spirit of the American Convention on Human Rights 1969 (ACHR) and from the case-law of the Inter-Ameri- can system: the pro homine principle, dynamic interpretation, effectiveness, universality, equality of arms and juridical security, presence of both parties in the proceedings, immediacy of the evidence, access to justice free of charge, simplicity, procedural economy, and informality. Second, it states how to improve the system of petitions and cases. Third, it explores how to improve the precautionary measures. In sum, with this reform, the author considers that it is necessary 1) an effective protection and pro- motion of human rights, 2) strengthening the acces for victims to Inter-American system, and 3) promoting the tasks of the IACHR in the safeguarding of rights and freedoms.

Актуальность и цели. Действие процессуальных принципов в конституционном судопроизводстве отличается от иных видов судебного процесса, что обусловливает необходимость изучения проблематики места принципа законности в конституционном судопроизводстве, а также его степени выраженности, конкретизации, реализации и распространении в судебном процессе. Автором анализируется соотношение принципа законности с принципом верховенства Конституции. На основе конституционно-правового исследования даются характеристики принципа законности в конституционном судопроизводстве. Материалы и методы. Реализация исследовательских задач была достигнута на основе анализа законодательных актов Российской Федерации, а именно Конституции Российской Федерации, постановлений и определений Конституционного Суда РФ, Гражданского кодекса РФ, Арбитражно-процессуального кодекса РФ. В работе были использованы также научные статьи известных ученых-юристов и практиков. Результаты. Принцип законности отражается в предмете конституционного судопроизводства конституционном контроле проверке и оценке соответствия Конституции РФ, законов, других нормативных актов, которые в случае признания их неконституционными утрачивают силу. Неисполнение решения Конституционного Суда РФ объективно создает препятствия для обеспечения верховенства и прямого действия Конституции РФ на всей территории Российской Федерации, для реализации закрепленных Конституцией РФ основ конституционного строя. Выводы. Изучение поставленного вопроса позволяет определить, что принцип законности в конституционном судопроизводстве это основа формирования решений Конституционного Суда РФ в соответствии с Конституцией РФ. Он конкретизируется в установлении порядка производства в суде, который реализуется в точном исполнении актов Конституционного Суда РФ всеми государственными органами, общественными организациями, органами местного самоуправления, должностными лицами и гражданами. ; Background. Action of the procedural principles in the constitutional legal proceedings differs from other types of trial that causes a need to explore problema­tics of the legality principle's place in the constitutional proceedings and also its severity, specification, implementation and dissemination in trial. The author analyzes the correlation of the legality principle and the principle of the Constitution supremacy. On the basis of the constitutional legal research the characteristics of the legality principle in the constitutional legal proceedings are given. Materials and methods. The implementation of research tasks was reached on the basis of the ana­lysis of legislative acts of the Russian Federation, namely the Constitution of the Russian Federation, resolutions and decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, the Civil code of the Russian Federation, the Arbitration procedural code of the Russian Federation. Also there were used scientific articles of well-known scientists-lawyers and practitioners. Results. The principle of legality is reflected in the subject of the constitutional legal proceedings the constitutional control verification and evaluation of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the laws, other regulations which lose their force in case of their recognition as unconstitutional. Failure to fulfill the decision of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation objectively creates obstacles for ensuring the supremacy and direct action of the Constitution of the Russian Federation on the entire territory of the Russian Federation, for the implementation of the bases of the constitutional system fixed by the Constitution of the Russian Federation. Conclusions. Studying of the said problem allows to determine that the principle of legality in the constitutional legal proceedings is a basis of formation of decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation according to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, being concretized in establishment of an order of production in court which is realized in strict observance of acts of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation by all state bodies, public organizations, local authorities, officials and citizens.

The feminization of Boards has the potential to be a vector of change, bringing "added value" to organisations through gender diversity, thus creating greater efficiency. Promoting women to positions of power only makes sense, however, if these women are allowed to bring, in terms of skills and behavior, a difference to the table. This involves confronting the masculine model, in order to BUILD a model of mixed leadership integrating the "feminine" quotient (A.Arcier). A qualitative study on women and their relation to power, undertaken in France and abroad (published in October 2012), allowed the formulation of some hypotheses in order to construct a proposition of a mixed power model that would integrate both masculine and feminine "polarities" within enterprises and organisations (ValérieRocoplan).This article is the outcome of various influences: the data of this study (by the same author with the support of the firm Boyden) which was further enriched by the analysis of other publications on the subject, as well as the experience acquired within the framework of the program Women Be European Board Ready (created by ESSEC). The article deliberately focuses on the issues surrounding gender and governance in order to address the smooth and effective running of Boards. The study essentially aims to highlight the fact that women wishing to obtain these mandates, or those who have reached these posts, share a rigorous and idealised vision of the functioning of the Boards and demand a model based on "sustainable governance" that is better adapted to the challenges which Boards face in our corporate world of upheaval. These women are potential "engines" for change. ; La féminisation des conseils est un vecteur de changement et doit apporter aux organisations une valeur ajoutée, liée à la diversité de genre, donc une meilleure efficience. Promouvoir les femmes à des postes de pouvoir, n'a cependant de sens que s'il est permis çà celles-ci d'apporter, en termes de compétences et de comportements, une différence. Cela suppose de confronter le modèle masculin pour CONSTRUIRE un modèle de leadership mixte intégrant le quotient " féminin " (A.Arcier).Une étude qualitative sur les femmes et leur relation au pouvoir, menée en France et à travers le monde, publiée en octobre 2012 , a permis de formuler quelques hypothèses quant à la construction d'un modèle de pouvoir mixte intégrant des " polarités " masculines et féminines au sein de l'entreprise et des organisations (Valérie Rocoplan). C'est à partir des données de cette étude, réalisée par l'auteur avec le soutien du cabinet Boyden, enrichies des nombreuses autres publications parues sur le sujet, mais aussi de l'expérience acquise dans le cadre du programme Women Be EuropeanBoardReady, fondé à l'ESSEC, que cet article est construit. Il réalise sciemment un focus sur le genre et la gouvernance pour interpeller le bon fonctionnement des conseils. Il a essentiellement pour objet de mettre en évidence le fait que les femmes souhaitant accéder à ces mandats ou ayant accédé à ces postes partagent une vision exigeante, voire idéalisée du fonctionnement des conseils participant ainsi à la construction d'un modèle de " gouvernance pérenne " exigeant et peut être plus adapté aux défis qu'un conseil affronte désormais dans notre monde en bouleversement. Les femmes sont " moteur " potentiel de changement.

Die Dissertation von Karolina Lang-Vöge ist dem Thema "'Es sind Deutsche, in unseren Augen sowjetische Satelliten. ' : Christdemokratische Grundwerte der Adenauer-CDU im Spiegel der deutsch-deutschen Teilung und in Ableitung auf den realsozialistischen Osten (1945 bis 1966)" gewidmet. Die Arbeit fokussiert die Wahrnehmung des von der UdSSR dominierten, realsozialistischen Ostblocks in der von Konrad Adenauer geführten Christlich-Demokratischen Union. Daraus resultiert der Untersuchungszeitraum der Jahre 1945 bis 1966 als diejenige Phase, in der Konrad Adenauer zu seiner führenden Rolle innerhalb der CDU aufstieg und diese bis zum Ende seines Bundesvorsitzes im März 1966 innehatte. In der Doktorarbeit wird eine Dechiffrierung des Antikommunismus bzw. Antisozialismus der Union im Kontrast zu ihrem ideellen Humus, dem christlichen Menschenbild, angestrebt. Der Antikommunismus als mächtiges Integrationsmenü dieser Partei wurde bis dahin von der Parteienforschung ebenso einhellig konstatiert wie nicht im Einzelnen analysiert, sodass die vorliegende Arbeit auf eine Forschungslücke abzielt. Die Untersuchung intendiert, das Phänomen des christdemokratischen Antikommunismus zuvorderst im Spiegel der deutsch-deutschen Teilung und der Perzeption dieser Teilung in der Adenauer-CDU offenzulegen. Weiterhin werden die Wahrnehmungen der weiteren realsozialistischen Staaten innerhalb der Union erforscht. Dabei tritt die Beziehungshaftigkeit zwischen der Rezeption des Ostens und den christlich inspirierten Grundwerten der Union deutlich zutage, ebenso wie sich die große Wirkungsmacht und die vielfältigen Facetten des Antikommunismus als innerparteiliches Integrations- und Kohäsionsinstrument auffächern. Die westliche CDU brauchte den östlichen Kommunismus, um zu werden und zu sein. Zugleich verwies ihre anti-östliche Frontstellung auf ihre eigenen kulturhistorischen Wurzeln, die in den katholischen und protestantischen Parteiformationen des Deutschen Kaiserreiches und der Weimarer Republik lagen. Die Verfasserin strukturierte die Dissertation entlang der leitenden Begriffe bzw. Figuren Würde, Freiheit und Frieden, Staat, Recht und Wahrheit, Volk und Auftrag sowie Christ im Westen und Antichrist im Osten. Sie fundierte ihre Untersuchung durch einen breiten Quellenkorpus, zu dem u.a. Zeugnisse der parteiinternen wie -externen Kommunikation, Gremienprotokolle, Presseveröffentlichungen sowie biographische und autobiographische Quellen zählten. ; The dissertation of Karolina Lang-Vöge is entitled "'They are Germans, from our point of view, Soviet satellites. ' : Christian democratic values in the Adenauer-CDU reflected by the division of Germany and in regard with the socialistic East (1945 until 1966)". The dissertation focuses on the perception of the USSR that dominated the socialist Eastern bloc in the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) led by Konrad Adenauer. Therefore, the years 1945 to 1966 are of importance in this research since during these years Konrad Adenauer became the leading figure of the CDU. He was able to continue as the leading figure and was federal chairman until March 1966. The dissertation seeks to decode the CDU's anti- communism and anti- socialism contrasting it with its ideal, the Christian idea of man. The circumstance of the party using anti-communism as a powerful means of integration has not been analyzed in detail yet. This dissertation focuses on this particular blind spot in research. The research intends to disclose the phenomenon of the Christian democratic anti- communism during the division of Germany and the perception of this division in the Adenauer-CDU. Furthermore the perceptions of other socialistic states within the CDU are being analyzed. As a result of the research there is a clear connection between the reception of the East and the values of the CDU which were inspired by Christianity. The dissertation also presents the impact and the facets of anti- communism as a means of integration and cohesion within the party. In order to become and to be, the western CDU needed the eastern communism. At the same time its anti- eastern attitude pointed out its own cultural and historic roots which could be seen in the Catholic and Protestant formations of German parties in the 19th and 20th century. The author used the key terms dignity, freedom, state, right and truth, nation, duty, Christian in the West and Anti-Christian in the East as leading terms imagestructuring the dissertation. The research is based on a broad variety of resources, such as reports of factional and extern communication, committee minutes, press releases, biographic and autobiographic sources.

Iespējamība fiziskajai personai pieteikt maksātnespēju un tās ietvaros dzēst savas uzņemtās saistības, neapmierinot kreditoru prasījumus pilnā apmērā, ir vērtējams kā izņēmums no pacta sunt servanda jeb līgumi ir jāpilda principa. Tā kā minētais princips gadsimtiem ir kalpojis par civiltiesiskās apgrozības un civiltiesību stūrakmeni, ir vērts noskaidrot, kādas izmaiņas ekonomikā un/vai cilvēku domāšanā ļāva nonākt pie uzskata, ka jebkura persona var kļūdīties, un tai jādod iespēju atbrīvoties no parādsaistībām un sākt jaunu dzīvi kā pilnvērtīgam civiltiesiskās apgrozības subjektam. Maģistra darba "Tiesas kompetence, ierosinot un pasludinot fiziskās personas maksātnespējas procesu" mērķis - analizēt tiesas kompetenci un šīs kompetences robežas posmā līdz maksātnespējas procesa pasludināšanai, kā arī noteikt "tumšos punktus", kuros tiesu prakse nav vienveidīga vai ir pat pretēja likumdevēja gribai, un izvirzīt priekšlikumus konstatēto problēmjautājumu risināšanai. Maģistra darba uzdevums ir izpētīt un analizēt Latvijas Republikas tiesisko regulējumu attiecībā uz fiziskās personas maksātnespējas lietas ierosināšanu un pasludināšanu, pamatojoties uz teorētiskajām zināšanām un praktisko pieredzi, kas ļauj identificēt problēmjautājumus. Darbā izmantoti arī piemēri no starptautiskās prakses. Maģistra darbā nobeigumā autors uz izpētītā tiesiskā regulējuma un tiesu prakses bāzes sniedz secinājumus par tiesu darbības efektivitāti un izvirza priekšlikumus tiesu darbības un normatīvās bāzes uzlabošanai. Galvenie tiesību avoti, kas izmantoti diplomdarbā, ir Latvijas Republikas maksātnespējas procesu regulējošie tiesību akti un judikatūra. Atslēgvārdi: fiziskās personas maksātnespējas process, saistību dzēšana, tiesas kompetence, maksātnespējas tūrisms, maksātnespējas procesa piemērošanas ierobežojumi, maksātnespējas procesa pazīme ; Possibility for a natural person to go bankrupt and extinguish his or her obligations is viewed as an exception from pacta sunt servanda or agreements must be kept principle. As this was the principle that for ages ruled as a keystone of civil turnover and civil law, it is worth to clarify economical changes and/or changes in a way of thinking that resulted in an idea that every person can make a mistake and he or she must be given a chance to be released from obligations which have not been honoured and to start a new life as a full fledged member of civil turnover. Aim of master's thesis "Authority of court in initiation and declaration of insolvency proceedings of a natural person" is to analyze authority of the court and its boundaries in a stage till declaration of insolvency proceedings, as well as to discover "black holes", where the practice of courts is not in accordance with uniform practice or is even in contradiction with will of the legislator, and develop enhancements and solutions for the problems that have been ascertained. Task of master's thesis is a study and analysis of laws and regulations of the Republic of Latvia regarding initiation and declaration of insolvency proceedings of a natural person on the basis of theoretical knowledge and practical experience that helps to identify main problems. Best practice of other countries is also observed. In conclusion of master's thesis, on the basis of studied legal regulations and practice of courts author draws conclusions regarding effectiveness of courts' performance and makes proposals for improvement of mentioned performance, as well as improvement of legal basis. Main legal sources that were used in writing master's thesis are laws and regulations of insolvency proceedings of the Republic of Latvia and case-law. Keywords: insolvency proceedings of a natural person, extinguishing of obligations, courts' authority, bankruptcy tourism, restrictions on application of insolvency proceedings, features of insolvency proceedings

Maģistra darbā "Apstākļu noskaidrošana, izskatot lietu rakstveida procesā" autore pēta rakstveida procesa atšķirības, priekšrocības ar mutvārdu procesu, izskatot lietu administratīvajās tiesās. Maģistra darba mērķis ir noskaidrot, vai rakstveida process ir tikpat efektīvs, cik mutvārdu process, un vai rakstveida process tiešām padarītu lietu izskatīšanu ātrāku un ērtāku, ekonomējot tiesas un procesa dalībnieku laiku. Lai sasniegtu izvirzīto mērķi tiks analizētas dažādas publikācijas, tiesu statistikas rādītāji, zinātnieku – praktiķu viedokļi, kā arī tiesu prakse: Latvijas Republikas Augstākās tiesas Senāta Administratīvo lietu departamenta un Eiropas Cilvēktiesību tiesas spriedumos minētās atziņas. Salīdzinot dažādus statistikas datus, tiks noskaidrotas galvenās atšķirības mutvārdu un rakstveida procesam administratīvajā procesā. Autore darbā vērsīs uzmanību uz to, ka likumdevējs paredzējis rakstveida procesu administratīvajā tiesā, un tam ir jānodrošina indivīdam tiesības uz taisnīgu tiesu un tāds pats tiesību apjoms kā mutvārdu procesā. Tādējādi, raksturojot rakstveida procesa būtību, administratīvās tiesas atzinušas, ka rakstveida procesā procesa dalībniekiem tiek nodrošināts tāds pats tiesību apjoms kā mutvārdu procesā. Vienīgā atšķirība rakstveida procesam no mutvārdu procesa ir apstāklis, ka komunikācija tiesas un procesa dalībnieku starpā notiek rakstiskā veidā, nevis tiesas sēdē. Rakstveida procesā lietas ir iespējams izskatīt īsākā termiņā, jo, pirmkārt, nav jāpatērē laiks un resursi, kas ir nepieciešams tiesas sēdes organizēšanai, uzaicinot uz tiesas sēdi procesa dalībniekus un noklausoties viņu paskaidrojumus. Analizējot galvenās problēmas administratīvā procesa tiesā rakstveida procesa piemērošanā, maģistra darba noslēgumā tiks piedāvāti secinājumi. Maģistra darba struktūru veido ievads, trīs nodaļas un nobeigums. ; Master thesis "Circumstance clarification to hear a case in a written process", the author explores the written process, how it takes advantage of the oral procedure, the proceedings before the administrative courts. Master's thesis aims to ascertain whether the writing process is as effective as oral or written process and process really make proceedings faster and more convenient by saving and process time. In order to achieve the objective will be analyzed in various publications, statistical indicators, researchers, practitioners, as well as judicial practice: the Republic of Latvia Supreme Court Senate's Administrative Affairs Department, and the European Court of human rights insights. Comparison of various statistical data, you will find the main differences between the spoken and written proceedings in the administrative process. The author's master thesis will draw attention to the fact that the legislature intended the written procedure in the Administrative Court, and it is necessary to ensure that the individual's right to a fair trial and the same rights as the oral process. Thus, specifying the nature of the written procedure, the administrative court found the written process in the process, participants are provided with the same rights as the oral process. The only difference from the written process of the oral process is the fact that the Court of Justice and the process of communication between members takes place in written form, not oral hearing. The written process of the case it is possible to consider a shorter period of time because, firstly, it is not necessary to consume time and resources that are needed to organize the oral hearing, will be invited to the oral hearing process and hear their explanations. Analysis of main problems in administrative proceedings before a court in the application of the written procedure, the completion of the master's thesis will be offered in conclusion. The structure of the thesis consists of introduction, three chapters and a conclusion.

Análisis evaluativo de diversos enfoques geográficos sobre el espacio, su revelación con el Estado, entendido en su binomio poder y dominación. Se revisa la concepción de un poder unidimensional y la producción de espacio; así como las versiones del poder multidimensional, consumo del espacio y territorialidad. La concepción del espacio como producto-reflejo de la sociedad, se critica a la luz de concepción materialista del espacio. A nivel histórico, se estudian las estrategias y conflictos resultantes de la conformación de nuevos territorios y las limitaciones de acción del Estado frente a las decisiones locacionales de las grandes corporaciones multinacionales. Se fortalecen segmentos del Estado nacional, pero, a la vez, este pierde poder de decisiones ante las fuerzas internacionales y, principalmente frente a los problemas y tenciones internas. La autora sugiere diversos temas de investigación necesarios de cubrir urgentemente, tales como la relación territorio y espacio; naturaleza de los movimientos sociales de la base territorial; naturaleza del Estado contemporáneo y las relaciones ante los planes económicos y políticos y, finalmente, los limites de intervención del Estado y los problemas de legitimidad del poder. SUMMARY This is evaluative analysis of different geographic focuses concerning space-state relationships, taking into account a power and domination binomial. The concept of a unidimensional power and space production is revised; as well as versions of multidimensional power, space consumption, and territorial relationships. The space concept is taken into account as a product-reflection of society and criticized from the viewpoint of a materialistic viewpoint, strategies and conflicts are studied as the results of the confirmation of the new territories the large multinational corporations. Segments of the national state are stringency but, at the same time, the state loses its decision making powers in reference to international forces and principally in reference to problems and internal tensions. The author suggests several necessary and urgent investigative themes, such as territorial and space relationships, the nature of the social movements encountered in the territorial base, the nature of the contemporary state and of the its relationships in accordance with economic and political plants and finally, the intervention limits of the state and the problems of power legitimacy RESUME A partir d'une vision géographique, on présente et analyse les thèmes suivants: l'espace, la relation celui-ci avec l'Etat, entendu comme un bionome pouvoir et domination. On revise les concepts de pouvoir unidimensionnel et de production d'espace; de pouvoir multidimensionnel, consommation et territoriale. Le concept d'espace comme produit-réflexe de la société, est critiqué en se basant sur la conception matérialiste de l'espace. Au niveau historique, on étudie les stratégies et les conflicts qui résultent de la conformation de nouveaux territoires. On étudie aussi les limitations de l'action de l'Etat en face des décisions d'ubiquation des grandes corporations multinationales. En même temps que se fortifié certaines parties de l'Etat national, il y a une diminution de son pouvoir de décision devant des forces internationales et surtout en face de problèmes et de tensions internes.L'auteur suggère plusieurs thèmes d'investigation urgents, comme : la relation entre territoire et espace; nature des mouvements sociaux à base territoriale; nature de l'Etat contemporain et ses relations avec les plan économiques et politiques et enfin : les limites de l'intervention de l'Etat et les problèmes de légitimité du pouvoir.

Background: Providing efficient and effective aged care services is one of the greatest public policy concerns currently facing governments. Increasing the integration of care services has the potential to provide many benefits including increased access, promoting greater efficiency, and improving care outcomes. There is little research, however, investigating how integrated aged care can be successfully achieved. The PRISMA (Program of Research to Integrate Services for the Maintenance of Autonomy) project, from Quebec, Canada, is one of the most systematic and sustained bodies of research investigating the translation and outcomes of an integrated care policy into practice. The PRISMA research program has run since 1988, yet there has been no independent systematic review of this work to draw out the lessons learnt.Methods: Narrative review of all literature emanating from the PRISMA project between 1988 and 2012. Researchers accessed an online list of all published papers from the program website. The reference lists of papers were hand searched to identify additional literature. Finally, Medline, Pubmed, EMBASE and Google Scholar indexing databases were searched using key terms and author names. Results were extracted into specially designed spread sheets for analysis.Results: 45 journal articles and two books authored or co-authored by the PRISMA team were identified. Research was primarily concerned with: the design, development and validation of screening and assessment tools; and results generated from their application. Both quasi-experimental and cross sectional analytic designs were used extensively. Contextually appropriate expert opinion was obtained using variations on the Delphi Method. Literature analysis revealed the structures, processes and outcomes which underpinned the implementation. PRISMA provides evidence that integrating care for older persons is beneficial to individuals through reducing incidence of functional decline and handicap levels, and improving feelings of empowerment and satisfaction with care provided. The research also demonstrated benefits to the health system, including a more appropriate use of emergency rooms, and decreased consultations with medical specialists.Discussion: Reviewing the body of research reveals the importance of both designing programs with an eye to local context, and building in flexibility allowing the program to be adapted to changing circumstances. Creating partnerships between policy designers, project implementers, and academic teams is an important element in achieving these goals. Partnerships are also valuable for achieving effective monitoring and evaluation, and support to "evidence-based" policy-making processes. Despite a shared electronic health record being a key component of the service model, there was an under-investigation of the impact this technology on facilitating and enabling integration and the outcomes achieved.Conclusions: PRISMA provides evidence of the benefits that can arise from integrating care for older persons, particularly in terms of increased feelings of personal empowerment, and improved client satisfaction with the care provided. Taken alongside other integrated care experiments, PRISMA provides further evidentiary support to policy makers pursuing integrated care programs. The scale and scope of the research body highlights the long-term and complex nature of program evaluations, but underscores the benefits of evaluation, review and subsequent adaptation of programs. The role of information technology in supporting integration of services is likely to substantially expand in the future and the potential this technology offers should be investigated and harnessed.

The article deals with the question whether a state might be held liable for the infringement of constitutional law if its national court of last instance violates the obligation to make a reference for a preliminary ruling to the Court of Justice of the European Union under the conditions laid down in Article 267 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union and developed in the case-law of the Court. Relying on the well-established practice of the European Court of Human Rights, which accepts that in theory an arbitrary decision not to refer a question for a preliminary ruling could infringe the right to a fair trial established in the ECHR, the author analyses whether constitutional courts of Germany, Czech Republic, Spain and Lithuania have elaborated the equivalent practice and if so, whether they have established any specific criteria that national courts are required to bring into play in order to substantiate the decision not to refer. ; Šio straipsnio tikslas – išnagrinėti, kokios teisinės pasekmės nacionaliniams teismams nepateikus prejudicinio klausimo Europos Teisingumo Teismui gali kilti pagal konstitucinę teisę. Tai yra trečiasis straipsnis iš straipsnių ciklo "Teisinės pasekmės pažeidus pareigą kreiptis į Teisingumo Teismą prejudicinio sprendimo pagal ES, tarptautinę ir nacionalinę teisę", kuriuo siekiama visapusiškai išanalizuoti, ar ES, nacionalinė ar tarptautinė teisė numato pareigą valstybei atlyginti žalą individui, jei jos nacionalinis teismas pažeidžia pareigą kreiptis prejudicinio sprendimo. Nors nei Vokietijos, nei Čekijos, nei Ispanijos konstitucijos tiesiogiai neįtvirtina asmens teisės reikalauti, kad nacionalinis teismas kreiptųsi prejudicinio sprendimo, ši teisė, kuri tiesiogiai siejasi su galutinės instancijos teismo pareiga kreiptis prejudicinio sprendimo, laikoma sudedamąja teisės į teisingą teismą, garantuojamos kiekvienos minėtų valstybių konstitucijos, dalimi. Kadangi konstitucinių teismų funkcija yra konstitucingumo užtikrinimas, jie netikrina, ar nesikreipdamas prejudicinio sprendimo nacionalinis teismas nepažeidė SESV 267(3) straipsnyje įtvirtintos pareigos pagal ETT suformuluotus kriterijus. Priešingai, konstitucijos sergėtojai analizuoja, ar nesikreipdama nacionalinė teisminė institucija nepažeidė asmenų teisės į teisingą teismą, ir taiko specifinius praktikoje suformuluotus kriterijus. Vokietijos, Čekijos bei Ispanijos konstitucinių teismų praktikos analizė rodo, jog teisės į teisingą teismą pažeidimas galimas tik tuo atveju, jeigu nustatomas savavališkas galutinės instancijos teismo veikimas arba neveikimas. Vis dėlto veikimo ir neveikimo pobūdis, turintis įtakos pažeidimo buvimui, skiriasi. Vokietijoje ir Čekijoje teisė į teisingą teismą bus pažeista tik tuomet, jeigu bus nustatytas savavališkas pareigos kreiptis prejudicinio sprendimo pažeidimas, tuo tarpu Ispanijos konstitucinis teismas teisės į teisingą teismą pažeidimą sieja su savavališku, aiškiai nepateisinamu ar galimai klaidingu materialinės nuostatos išaiškinimu, kuris suponuoja sprendimo nesikreipti prejudicinio sprendimo priėmimą. Priešingai nei Europos Žmogaus Teisių Teismo praktikoje, kurioje vyrauja tendencija, jog tam, kad Europos Žmogaus Teisių Konvencija nebūtų pažeista, pakanka minimaliai argumentuoto sprendimo, konstitucinių teismų jurisprudencija liudija griežtesnių standartų egzistavimą. Nesikreipti į Teisingumo Teismą nusprendęs nacionalinis teismas privalo įvertinti ne tik visas bylos aplinkybes, bet Teisingumo Teismo praktiką bei jos galimą vystymąsi, taip pat priešingas nuomones bei kitų valstybių praktiką ir tinkamai pagrįsti atsisakymą. Lietuvos Konstitucinis Teismas neturi kompetencijos nagrinėti individualių konstitucinių skundų, taigi kol kas neturėjo galimybės suformuoti praktikos dėl pareigos kreiptis į Teisingumo Teismą nesilaikymo. Vis dėlto, atsižvelgiant į EŽTT praktiką ir kitų valstybių konstitucinių teismų jurisprudenciją, manytina, kad Konstitucinis Teismas pareigą kreiptis prejudicinio sprendimo traktuos kaip vieną iš teisingo teismo garantijų.

Рассматривается эволюция государственной политики в советской Сибири. В 70-летней истории земельного строя в СССР автор условно выделил три периода, общим для которых была государственная форма собственности на землю. Именно под углом национализации земель рассматриваются все земельные отношения в СССР и Сибири. Благодаря национализации государству отошел огромный фонд земли, который позволил власти создать систему государственной опеки над земледельческим населением, вмешиваться в хозяйство землепользователя, руководить самим процессом земледелия. ; This article analyzes the land system in the USSR and Siberia in the 1920-80s that had no legal basis of fundamental differences. The author divided the 70-year history of the land system in the USSR into three periods. Their common feature was the state ownership of land. Nationalization of land defined all land relations in the USSR and Siberia. Due to the nationalization of the state withdrew a huge fund of land, which allowed the government to establish a system of state guardianship of agricultural population, to intervene in the economy of the land user, to lead the process of farming. In the first phase of the land system (1920-1928) individual peasant farming dominated. During this period, power in the land policy implemented social-class approach by: a) the refusal from the Stolypin agrarian reform with its emphasis on the creation of two social groups of private land owners and landless population, b) the elimination of certain categories of holders of land and transfer of these land to the peasants, mostly landless, c) the introduction of collective and state land management forms. During this period, in Siberia, there was the strengthening of communal forms of land use, all taxable differences of rural citizens were destroyed, during the relocation interests of old-timers, immigrants, and the nomadic travellers were taken into account, landless people were given land. In the second period (1929-1934) a period of complete collectivization there was an active process of forming the collective and state land use types by land indication and simplified (incomplete) land management, in fact, individual land management was eliminated. In general, the collectivization of land destroyed the old relations. Instead, there was collective form of communal land tenure. The third period covers the State Land Policy in 1935 the second half of 1980s. On February 17, 1935 the new Model Rules of the Agricultural Artel collective land use as an independent land-legal institution received its legal registration. During this period of primary interest are the mechanisms of functioning and sustainability of the new economic and social structure, its ability to reproduce itself in the most optimal form and the most optimal way. The most important milestones in the national land policy were: the creation of stable land use by state and collective farms, overcoming the legacy of land use and land management of the first third of the 20th century, ordering of household land, consolidation of collective farms, development of a network of state farms (sovkhoz), including the virgin ones. In general, the agrarian policy of the state during 1935 -the second half of the 1980s despite all its contradictions and inconsistencies provided the forward movement of the society towards self-sufficiency in food, and industry with raw materials. The second half of the 1980s in connection with the transition to a liberal model of economy witnessed a new period in the history of the land system, which requires separate analysis.