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The routine approach used in risk management is based on the scheme that within the prevention period an organisation or a state prepares for the expected risks and once the risks occur, resources and internal procedures are implemented to mitigate their negative consequences. The objective of the paper is to analyse risk management and its constraints, its application in COVID-19 period and based on it provide mitigating strategies for specific problems/risks related to COVID-19. The research methods related to the topics are: (a) study of books, newspapers and other internet resources and (b) interviews with COVID-19 managers at district and regional level in the north of Slovakia. The proposals for mitigation strategies are based on the basic assumption relevant for COVID-19 that there are risks with unknown probability and unknown consequences. Therefore, the mitigation strategies are adapted to the current situation, which includes lack of data and know-how, lack of experience, political and economic unrest and social problems. The impact of constraints is based on an ad-hoc or unplanned and clearly structured approach. Problems and risks are identified and mitigation strategies are proposed. The proposed measures (quantitative/qualitative) should be evaluated and via benchmarking the development and efficiency of applied measures monitored and assessed. The output of identified risk-known and –unknown creates a framework for implementation.

This essay begins in the past, with the hope of developing a different way of thinking through the transformations of the present. Many commentators and media outlets have referred to the era of the Covid-19 pandemic as 'unprecedented', but there is nothing unprecedented about a pandemic. What seem unprecedented are the measures which have been taken to control the public, measures that have been implemented via a series of states of emergency: the exercise of medical power through the vehicle of the neoliberal state did lead to a pattern of state and society which was unprecedented in democratic states. On the other hand, and as I will argue in this essay, this relationship was certainly not unprecedented when it came to the history of the Western state in Africa. In fact, when we take the perspective of medical history and its relationship with colonial power, we can historicise more easily the transformations which have taken place during the Covid-19 pandemic.
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Image Credit: A medical officer taking a sample of blood from an inhabitant of Buruma Island, suffering from sleeping sickness. Photograph, 1965, after photograph 1902. In 1901, a severe sleeping sickness epidemic in Uganda claimed more than 20,000 lives. The first Uganda Sleeping Sickness Commission went out from the London School of Tropical medicine, the senior member was Dr Cuthbert Christy. It also included Dr Carmichael Low and Count Aldo Castellani. The album, which consists of copy photographs, was sent to Dr Poynter at the Wellcome Institute library by Professor Foster from the Department of Medical Microbiology in Uganda, in 1965. It was put together to record Foster's comments on the photographs sleeping sickness (trypanosomiasis), an infectious disease which affects the fluid of the spinal cord, causing lethargy and loss of physical function. In Uganda it was passed most virulently by the bite of the tsetse fly. Created 1965. Contributors: Uganda Sleeping Sickness Commission. Meeting (1902). https://www.lookandlearn.com/history-images/YW029102V/A-medical-officer-taking-a-sample-of-blood-from-an-inhabitant-of-Buruma-Island-suffering-from-sleeping-sickness

"Die (fiktive) Anrede 'Genosse Herr Minister' drückte in pointierter Weise das Spannungsverhältnis aus, in dem sich die neuen sozialdemokratischen Minister, Volksbeauftragten oder Senatoren in den Reichs- und Länderregierungen der Weimarer Republik befanden, denn die neue Regierungsaufgabe traf die führenden Sozialdemokraten bzw. Minister weitgehend unvorbereitet. Der 'Genosse Minister' steht hier für jene Sozialdemokraten, die das Ministeramt vor allem als Parteiamt und als Teil ihrer Parteikarriere betrachteten. Ihre Amtsführung war 'parteilich', das heißt politisch und wirkungsorientiert geprägt. Der 'Herr Minister' steht dagegen für jene Sozialdemokraten, die das Ministeramt als öffentliches politisches Amt und als Teil einer Karriere im öffentlichen Dienst betrachteten. Ihre Amtsführung war 'überparteilich', das heißt fachlich und verwaltungsorientiert geprägt. Das Ziel der vorliegenden kollektiv-biographischen Studie besteht darin, die sozialdemokratischen Minister im Spannungsfeld dieser beiden Idealtypen zu verorten. Der Beitrag ist in fünf Abschnitte geteilt: 1) wird nach der Regierungsfähigkeit der politischen Parteien in der Weimarer Republik im allgemeinen und der SPD im besonderen gefragt; 2) wird nach den verfassungsmäßigen Grundlagen der Regierungsfähigkeit gefragt und das Parlamentarische Regierungssystem im Reich und in den Ländern vorgestellt; 3) werden die Reichs- und Landtagswahlergebnisse als die wichtigsten Determinanten der Regierungsfähigkeit zusammenfassend genannt und die Regierungsbeteiligung der Sozialdemokratie im Reich und in den Ländern beschrieben; 4) werden im Hauptteil ausgewählte Ergebnisse einer Kollektivbiographie der insgesamt 213 sozialdemokratischen Regierungsmitglieder in Form eines kommentierten typischen Lebenslaufs vorgestellt und anhand einer Einzelfallstudie illustriert; 5) wird schließlich die zentrale Frage nach der Regierungsfähigkeit des sozialdemokratischen Regierungspersonals beantwortet und dabei auch das spezielle Verhältnis von SPD und öffentlichem Dienst diskutiert." (Autorenreferat)

Literaturverzeichnis

Honble Prime Minister of India Shri Narendra Modi on 24th March midnight 2020 declared a three-week (25th March-14thApril2020) lockdown extended from the Union Territories and most states to the whole country and provided a more definite timeline. It was stated that this Janta-Curfew is the only way to break the cycle of COVID-19 Pandemic. Looking at the death toll world wide the Lockdown phase had been increased from 15th April to-3rd May 2020 and then 4th May to 17th May 2020. This increased the restlessness and anxiety of each and every Indian whether Employer, Employee, Politician, Student, Teacher, Industrialist, labour, Actor or even children. The economy got a hard back-hit and all the economic, commercial and social activities got paused with a horrifying uncertainty. But amidst this phase of uncertainty, fear and anxiety there had been some miraculous transformations in the set perceptions and ideologies of the general public, which were very positive and motivational. This generated new real life Heros and new records of charity and humanity.

The outbreak of the Coronavirus pandemic in present time has widened the gaps in the education industry across the globe. Despite that COVID-19 remains new, its impact on the entire humanity is unprecedented trauma. In order to contain the Coronavirus pandemic has caused disruptions in the academic activities of schools in many countries of the world. School closures because of this pandemic has caused untold hardship academically to students by accounting for over one billion learners out of school, affecting larger percentages of the world's learner population. Therefore, this study x-rays the opportunities that the pandemic can offer our education system in Nigeria. It is not gainsaying that Coronavirus pandemic has exposed the bad state of our education sector and accumulated negative impact of its quality. Government in their successions has paid lip service to education by not invested massively on the sector. However, the novel COVID-19 has emerged to break and collapse the walls that surround our education sector and it is imperative for all stakeholders in education industry particularly teachers and students to embrace digital shift in education by digitally upgrade their technology capacities by following the rising global direction on the usage of technologies in education.

Die COVID-19-Pandemie hat die Fragilität des Gesundheitssystems, der Gesellschaft und der Wirtschaft beim Auftreten von weltweiten Krisen deutlich gemacht. Um auf die nächste Krise besser vorbereitet zu sein, stellen sich gesundheitspolitische, wirtschaftliche, rechtliche, ethische und politische Fragen. Zu diesem Thema veranstaltete die Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften (BBAW) am 29. Juni 2021 ein Symposium. Gibt es bessere Strategien für mehr Resilienz, Effektivität und Gerechtigkeit? Was kann man dem Markt überlassen, was ist Sache des Staates? Wie sortiert man Finanzierung, Verantwortlichkeiten und Entscheidungsrechte innerhalb eines Landes und über die (europäischen) Ländergrenzen hinweg. Ausgewählte Beiträge zum Symposium werden in diesem Wirtschaftsdienst-Zeitgespräch zusammengefasst. ; The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the fragility of the health system, society and economy when global crises occur. In order to be better prepared for the next crisis, health policy, economic, legal, ethical and political questions must be answered. The Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities (BBAW) organised a symposium on this topic on 29 June 2021. Are there better strategies for more resilience, effectiveness and justice? What can be left to the market, and what is a matter for the state? How should funding, responsibilities and decisionmaking rights be sorted within a country and across (European) national borders? Selected contributions to the symposium are summarised in this Wirtschaftsdienst-Zeitgespräch.

The World Economic Forum published a declaration akin to a manifesto and invited discussion on the subject of the great reset. The primary concept of reconstructing the global economy and rethinking capitalism in the wake of the Covid-19 pandemic is laid forth in The Great Reset.

The objective of the article was to analyze citizen education and its impact on sanitary confinement from the experiences lived in the context of COVID-19 in the Peruvian territory. A systematic review was made of scientific articles selected from different impact databases, between 2015 and 2020 from which 61 articles chosen. It concluded that there was consensus that citizenship education is the fundamental axis for sustaining democracy, the rule of law, health and sustainable economy, therefore. It requires the development of pedagogical strategies in basic and higher education, which will allow, from the early years, people to develop empathy, strengthen in higher education the development of soft skills, knowledge of rights and duties of citizenship and quality of life. ; El objetivo del artículo fue analizar la educación ciudadana y su incidencia en el confinamiento sanitario partir de las experiencias vividas en el contexto de la COVID-19 en el territorio peruano. Se hizo una revisión sistemática de artículos científicos seleccionados de diferentes bases de datos de impacto, entre el 2015 y 2020 de los cuales se eligieron 61 artículos. Se concluye que hubo consenso que la educación ciudadana es el eje fundamental para el sostenimiento de la democracia, el estado de derecho, la salud y la economía sostenible, por tanto, se requiere del desarrollo de estrategias pedagógicas en la educación básica y superior, las cuales permitirán que, desde los primeros años, las personas desarrollen empatía, fortalezcan en la educación superior el desarrollo de habilidades blandas, conocimiento de derechos y deberes ciudadanos y calidad de vida.

Doctors as medical workers are at the forefront of health services for Covid-19 patients. During the pandemic, doctor is the profession that has the highest risk in handling Covid-19 patients. In this case, it is appropriate if doctors get legal protection in carrying out their profession. So, what is the actual form of legal protection that doctors have received so far in handling Covid-19 patients? Have the existing regulations accommodated this protection?. The method of research which used in this research was normatif by examining the law which is conceptualized as a norm or rule that applied in society, and becomes a reference for everyone's behavior. The results of the study indicated that there were preventive and repressive measures which were as means of legal protection for doctors during Pandemic. Preventive efforts can be interpreted as steps or ways that can be taken to prevent an event that has legal consequences in the form of fulfilling obligations as a doctor, namely by carrying out the profession in accordance with professional standard, professional service standard, and standard operating procedures, completing administration in medical practice such as informed consent. and medical records, getting vaccines, providing incentives. While repressive efforts are defined as steps or method which taken if an event that results in law has occurred in the form of providing compensation to doctors who died, giving awards for services, bearing medical expenses for exposed doctors, and prosecution for criminal acts towards people who do not orderly implement health protocols. The legal protection of medical workers in handling Covid-19 is evident in the fact that these medical workers have received legal protection in the form of supervision and guidance carried out by the Central Government, Regional Government or their Work Agencies. It shows that existing regulations have accommodated legal protection for doctors during the Covid-19 pandemic.

Malta, had a pandemic response plan in place prior to the pandemic, which plan was updated in February 2020. The Superintendent of Public Health holds legislative authority, making recommendations to a Cabinet Interministerial Committee chaired by the Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Health. In accordance with the Public Health Act (Chapter 465 of the Laws of Malta), a public health emergency was declared on the 1 April with effect from 7 March 2020, the day when the first imported case of COVID-19 was registered in Malta (LN 115 of 2020, Health Promotion & Disease Prevention Directorate, Ministry for Health, Malta.) Legal notices were successively published regularly and with urgency in relation to the public health measures issued by the health authorities, responsible for (a) social distancing measures, (b) closure of public places, (c) non-essential retail outlets and (d) lock down for those at highest risk within society. The procurement of personal protective equipment (PPE), medical equipment and all the requirements related to the pandemic response took place through a single centre to ensure adequate planning for critical resources and accountability of utilisation. ; peer-reviewed

En el presente artículo se tiene como base el efecto de las políticas públicas que fueron implementas por parte del gobierno colombiano y los países latinoamericanos ante la crisis sanitaria implementada por el COVID-19. En un primer acercamiento se vislumbra la forma mediante la cual el COVID 19 generó una recesión económica en los distintos gobiernos, al igual que la alteración y el desconocimiento de derechos fundamentales que sobrepasaron la esfera del desarrollo sostenible. Se precisa que existe una amplia protección de derechos fundamentales acogida por diversas organizaciones internacionales que propenden por un goce efectivo de derechos, sin desconocer el papel que juegan los estados como principales promotores de los mandatos de optimización. Cabe señalar que, se introducen las distintas crisis que se afrontaron a lo largo de los tiempos y que antes, del decreto de la pandemia del COVID-19 se optaba por una estabilidad tanto social, económica, política y humana por intermedio de las políticas gubernamentales tanto de forma nacional e internacional. Así mismo, se precisa como la libertad, el trabajo y las tecnologías de la Información deben ser acogidas por un adecuado asentamiento de políticas públicas para la estabilidad del estado colombiano y los países latinoamericanos. ; This article is based on the development of public policies that were implemented by the Colombian government and Latin American countries in the face of the health crisis implemented by COVID-19. In a first approach, it is maintained that COVID-19 implemented an economic recession in the different States, as well as the alteration and ignorance of fundamental rights that exceeded the sphere of sustainable development. It is also specified that there is a broad protection of fundamental rights accepted by various international organizations that promote the effective enjoyment of rights, without ignoring the role that States play as the main promoters of optimization mandates. It should be noted that, the different crises that have been faced throughout time are introduced and that before, the decree of the COVID-19 pandemic was opted for a social, economic, political and human stability through government policies both nationally and internationally. In addition, it is specified how freedom, work and Information Technologies must be welcomed through an adequate establishment of public policies for the stability of the Colombian State and the Latin American countries. ; Magister en Derecho Administrativo ; Maestría

Zusammenfassung
Dieser Beitrag präsentiert erste Einblicke in eine Organisationsbefragung zur Auswirkung der COVID-19 Pandemie auf Vereine und Initiativen in Deutschland. Die Studie unterstreicht, dass die Zivilgesellschaft mit großer Wucht getroffen wurde und weitreichende, negative Auswirkungen der Pandemie zu verzeichnen sind. Dennoch zeigen die Ergebnisse ebenfalls, dass sich Teile der Zivilgesellschaft der pandemischen Entwicklung anpassen und ihre Handlungsfähigkeit aufrechterhalten konnten. Besonderes Augenmerk wird in dem Beitrag auf Muster der (De-)Aktivierung sowie die Digitalisierung zivilgesellschaftlicher Akteure in der Krise gelegt.