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Is the concept of open society still relevant in the 21st century? Do the current social, moral, and political realities call for a drastic revision of this concept? Here fifteen essays address real-world contemporary challenges to open society from a variety of perspectives. What unites the individual authors and chapters is an interest in open society's continuing usefulness and relevance to address current problems. And what distinguishes them is a rich variety of geographical and cultural backgrounds, and a wide range of academic disciplines and traditions. While focusing on probing the contemporary relevance of the concept, several chapters approach it historically. The book features a comprehensive introduction to the history and current 'uses' of the theory of open society. The authors link the concept to contemporary themes including education, Artificial Intelligence, cognitive science, African cosmology, colonialism, and feminism. The diversity of viewpoints in the analysis reflects a commitment to plurality that is at the heart of this book and of the idea of open society itself

Governing the Americas presents the first systematic assessment of the functioning of hemispheric institutions since the introduction of the Summit of the Americas process in 1994. The authors evaluate the effectiveness of inter-American institutions with regard to core issues of democratic governance, security, trade, and economic development. They consider, as well, the impact of the profusion of multilateral institutions on the coordination and efficiency of hemispheric cooperation. Exploring why some multilateral efforts have worked while others have been more problematic, they also offer a reasoned assessment of the future of inter-American cooperation

Frontmatter -- Contents -- Foreword. Intelligence, Civil-Intelligence Relations, and Democracy -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction. Intelligence Reform: Balancing Democracy and Effectiveness -- Part One: Challenges to Effective Intelligence in Modern Democracies -- 1. Executive Privilege: Intelligence Oversight in the United States -- 2. Rethinking Judicial Oversight of Intelligence -- 3. U.S. Intelligence Prior to 9/11 and Obstacles to Reform -- 4. Keeping ''Earthly Awkwardness'': Failures of Intelligence in the United Kingdom -- 5. Cultural Legacies of French Intelligence -- Part Two: Democratic Control of Intelligence in New Democracies -- 6. Structural Change and Democratic Control of Intelligence in Brazil -- 7. Taiwan's Intelligence Reform in an Age of Democratization -- 8. Establishing Democratic Control of Intelligence in Argentina -- 9. Romania's Transition to Democracy and the Role of the Press in Intelligence Reform -- 10. Transforming Intelligence in South Africa -- 11. Terrorism's Threat to New Democracies: The Case of Russia -- 12. Ethical and Moral Issues in Intelligence Reform: The Philippines -- Conclusion. Best Practices: Balancing Democracy and Effectiveness -- Selected Bibliography -- About the Contributors -- Index

How does scale affect our understanding of the Holocaust? In the vastness of its implementation and the sheer amount of death and suffering it produced, the genocide of Europe's Jews presents special challenges for historians, who have responded with work ranging in scope from the world-historical to the intimate. In particular, recent scholarship has demonstrated a willingness to study the Holocaust at scales as focused as a single neighborhood, family, or perpetrator. This volume brings together an international cast of scholars to reflect on the ongoing microhistorical turn in Holocaust studies, assessing its historiographical pitfalls as well as the distinctive opportunities it affords researchers

Frontmatter -- Contents -- Preface -- 1. Introduction: Gainers and Losers in the Atlantic Slave Trade -- PART I. THE SOCIAL COST IN AFRICA OF FORCED MIGRATION -- 2. The Impact of the Atlantic Slave Trade on the Societies of the Western Sudan -- 3. Keeping Slaves in Place: The Secret Debate on the Slavery Question in Northern Nigeria, 1900-1904 -- 4. The Numbers, Origins, and Destinations of Slaves in the Eighteenth-Century Angolan Slave Trade -- 5. The Slave Trade: The Formal Demography of a Global System -- PART II. ATLANTIC SLAVERY AND THE EARLY RISE OF THE WESTERN WORLD -- 6. Slavery and the Revolution in Cotton Textile Production in England -- 7 Private Tooth Decay as Public Economic Virtue: The SlaveSugar Triangle, Consumerism, and European Industrialization -- 8. The Slave(ry) Trade and the Development of Capitalism in the United States: The Textile Industry in New England -- 9. British Industry and the West Indies Plantations -- PART III. ATLANTIC SLAVERY, THE WORLD OF THE SLAVES, AND THEIR ENDURING LEGACIES -- 10. The Dispersal of African Slaves in the West by Dutch Slave Traders, 163°-18°3 -- 11. Slave Importation, Runaways, and Compensation in Antigua, 1720-1729 -- 12. Mortality Caused by Dehydration during the Middle Passage -- 13. The Possible Relationship between the Transatlantic Slave Trade and Hypertension in Blacks Today -- 14. The Ending of the Slave Trade and the Evolution of European Scientific Racism -- Index -- Contributors

Abstract
The regulation of inflammation is a critical aspect of disease tolerance and naturally acquired clinical immunity to malaria. Here, we demonstrate using RNA sequencing and epigenetic landscape profiling by cytometry by time-of-flight, that the regulation of inflammatory pathways during asymptomatic parasitemia occurs downstream of pathogen sensing—at the epigenetic level. The abundance of certain epigenetic markers (methylation of H3K27 and dimethylation of arginine residues) and decreased prevalence of histone variant H3.3 correlated with suppressed cytokine responses among monocytes of Ugandan children. Such an epigenetic signature was observed across diverse immune cell populations and not only characterized active asymptomatic parasitemia but also correlated with future long-term disease tolerance and clinical immunity when observed in uninfected children. Pseudotime analyses revealed a potential trajectory of epigenetic change that correlated with a child's age and recent parasite exposure and paralleled the acquisition of clinical immunity. Thus, our data support a model whereby exposure to Plasmodium falciparum induces epigenetic changes that regulate excessive inflammation and contribute to naturally acquire clinical immunity to malaria.