Suchergebnisse

<div><p><em>The focus of this paper is to unravel who Boko Haram members are, what brought about the rebellion against the Nigerian state by the group and the platform on which the sect operates. The paper further seeks to examine the raging debate that poverty is principally responsible for the emergence of Boko Haram insurgency. The paper made use of content analysis such as the use of newspapers, books, published articles, internet library sources available. The conduct of this research involves structured and semi-structured interviews used to interview respondent such as academics in the field of strategic studies and political science. The research found out that there are factors that motivate terrorism other than poverty and unemployment. Such factors are seen to be religion, ethnicity and political interest.</em></p></div>

Abstract. Identifying who are the urban poor may help determine why poverty exists in our cities; and, of course, knowing why people are poor is a prerequisite for designing effective policies to eradicate the problem. As the statistics presented in this paper demonstrate, poverty has many causes and, therefore, a successful 'war' on poverty will necessarily have to be long term and multi‐programmed. One essential part of that 'war,' of course, will be an attack on racial and sexual discrimination in labor markets; but, as this paper's analysis of the possible underlying causes of such discrimination points out, economic progress alone may be insufficient—racial and sexual prejudice itself will have to be eradicated.

This study aims to compare the anti-poverty effectiveness of taxes and income transfers among western welfare states. It is shown that a country's poverty outcome can be decomposed into the level of market-generated poverty, the overall level of welfare efforts, and the poverty reduction efficiency of taxes and transfers. Using the LIS micro data, the decomposition analysis suggests that welfare states differ widely in respect to the anti-poverty effectiveness of taxes and transfers and that cross-national variation in anti-poverty effectiveness is mainly attributed to differences in the level of welfare efforts, rather than to differences in the poverty reduction efficiency.

Master degree student Audrius Šipkauskas of Social works speciality of Vilnius University, Faculty of Philosophy made analysis, which aim is appoint display experience and problems of struggle against beggary and social ignoring in Lithuania. Aim of task – display experience and problems of struggle against beggary and social ignoring in Lithuania Goals of task: 1. Make analysis of Theory of problems of struggle against beggary and social ignoring in Lithuania by making overlooks of Social politics of Lithuania and institutions realizing them, making overlooks of conceptions of theoretical aspects of struggle against beggary and social ignoring and by analysing statistical data. 2. Make analysis that could authorize problems of struggle against beggary and social ignoring in Lithuania. Hypothesises for analysis: 1. Evaluating social politics depends on age, finances, place of living. 2. Evaluating problems of beggary depends on age, finances, and places of living. 3. Evaluating problems of social ignoring depend on age, finances, place of living. 4. Evaluating Social services depends on age, finances, place of living. Summing-up results of analysis we can predicable that: Evaluation of social politics depends on age, finances, place of living – social politics is being evaluated better by the people of younger age, having bigger finances and living in the city; Evaluation problems of beggary depends on age, finances, places of living - problems of beggary are more relevant to people of older age, having bigger finances, living in the countryside; Evaluation problems of social ignoring depend on age, finances, place of living. Problems of social ignoring are more relevant to people of older age and having bigger finances, living in countryside in Lithuania; Evaluating of social service depends on age, finance, place of living – respondents of young age living in the city, getting bigger finances social services appreciate partly positive.

Master degree student Audrius Šipkauskas of Social works speciality of Vilnius University, Faculty of Philosophy made analysis, which aim is appoint display experience and problems of struggle against beggary and social ignoring in Lithuania. Aim of task – display experience and problems of struggle against beggary and social ignoring in Lithuania Goals of task: 1. Make analysis of Theory of problems of struggle against beggary and social ignoring in Lithuania by making overlooks of Social politics of Lithuania and institutions realizing them, making overlooks of conceptions of theoretical aspects of struggle against beggary and social ignoring and by analysing statistical data. 2. Make analysis that could authorize problems of struggle against beggary and social ignoring in Lithuania. Hypothesises for analysis: 1. Evaluating social politics depends on age, finances, place of living. 2. Evaluating problems of beggary depends on age, finances, and places of living. 3. Evaluating problems of social ignoring depend on age, finances, place of living. 4. Evaluating Social services depends on age, finances, place of living. Summing-up results of analysis we can predicable that: Evaluation of social politics depends on age, finances, place of living – social politics is being evaluated better by the people of younger age, having bigger finances and living in the city; Evaluation problems of beggary depends on age, finances, places of living - problems of beggary are more relevant to people of older age, having bigger finances, living in the countryside; Evaluation problems of social ignoring depend on age, finances, place of living. Problems of social ignoring are more relevant to people of older age and having bigger finances, living in countryside in Lithuania; Evaluating of social service depends on age, finance, place of living – respondents of young age living in the city, getting bigger finances social services appreciate partly positive.

Policy documents shape and inform policy but they are not neutral objects. Policy documents can also silence through the exclusion and omission of discrete knowledges transmitted through testimony and lived experience. Even where steps are taken to ensure inclusion, policies can be underpinned by a policy making process that also potentially omits and silences through a narrow conception of how to include the voices of those directly affected by policy in the policy making process. This article will address the phenomenon of "policy silences" in the following ways: Firstly, by taking inspiration from Bacchi's (2009) policy analysis framework - which asks of policy documents "what is the problem represented to be?" (the WPR approach) - and focusing on question no. 4 of the WPR framework - which asks, in part, "where are the silences?" - the Irish policy document Roadmap for Social Inclusion 2020‐2025 will be briefly reviewed. Following this, the approach taken in a creative, arts‐based, participatory research project which included, mapping, photography and walking interviews as a means of exploring the lived experiences and hidden geographies of poverty will be presented as a way of demonstrating inclusive research practice and as a means of tacitly problematizing and further critiquing an anaemic understanding of inclusion which potentially creates "policy silences." Finally, an argument for forms of inclusion that go beyond current practices to include, in creative ways, the voices of those directly affected by policy in the policy making process will be put forth.

Poverty reduction is an important agenda of Indonesian government. Endeavors to reduce poverty require identification of its main influencing factors. This research was conducted to show the role of economic growth and entrepreneurship in alleviating poverty in Indonesia. Descriptive analysis was done using secondary data and several empirical findings. This study shows that poverty in Indonesia decreased as the economy grew continuously in the long period of time. During the Asia financial crisis poverty jumped up, but then reduced again as the crisis ended and the economic growth did persist. This conclusion is in line with findings of various empirical studies. Two empirical studies in North Sulawesi indicate that entrepreneurship influence household income positively. These findings state that entrepreneurship or entrepreneurship spirit enable households to perform well in economic activities result in higher household income. As houshold income increases, poverty reduces. It means that entrepreneurship has positive influence on poverty reduction. In macroeconomic view, increased income of households causes increased economic growth. This study concludes that economic growth reduces poverty and that entrepreneurship has positive influence on economic growth as well as poverty reduction. It is recommended that, the endeavor to reduce poverty should always be one of the government priorities and that the government should keep on struggling to foster economic growth as an important way to reduce poverty. Poverty reduction as a result of economic growth supported by strong entrepreneurship enables this country to be better prepared facing Asean Economic Community.

Any public policy aimed at reducing the effects of deprivation should be aware of the consequences of the use of different income accounting periods on eligibility and subsequent policy evaluation. This study aims to throw some light on the relev‐ance of choosing a specific accounting period for public policy evaluation in a European country, in contrast to the existing evidence for the United States. Our analysis indicates that there are some significant differences in the results on poverty when using different income accounting periods. Researchers and decision‐makers using an annual income measure, whatever the economic and social welfare context, should be aware that the use of quarterly data instead of yearly data will lead to a significantly larger number of poor households and a lower level of inequality and mobility in the distribution.

PurposeWith self-employment providing earning opportunities to many working poor in developing countries, the study examines its role in alleviating poverty.Design/methodology/approachA five-year average of 56 developing countries from 1995–2019 is used. The empirical analysis is based on the dynamic two-step system GMM approach. While poverty is measured in terms of incidence, depth and severity; self-employment is used in three forms – total, male and female.FindingsIn line with the theoretical prediction, evidence suggests that self-employment in developing countries reduces poverty, albeit smaller magnitude. However, the poverty-reducing effects of self-employment differed based on poverty measure and threshold. The poverty-reducing effects are more prominent in poverty severity than incidence and intensity, and the magnitude of the impact is largest when poverty is measured at $1.90 a day as against $3.20 and $5.50 a day. Finally, the poverty-reducing effects of female self-employment are lower than their counterparts.Practical implicationsFirst, poverty-mitigating strategies in developing countries are advised to recognise self-employment as an essential tool to alleviate poverty. Consequently, alongside supporting the existing self-employed, policy focus should be on creating more and better self-employment opportunities for the poor. Second, rather than using generic measures to mitigate poverty, interventions specific to poverty measures and thresholds might ensure the maximum impact of such interventions. Third, gender-specific rather than gender-neutral labour market policies in addressing poverty are advised.Originality/valueTo the best of the author's knowledge, this is the first study to examine the empirical relationship between self-employment and poverty. As such, it makes novel contributions to both labour and development economics.