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В статті проаналізовано основні ідеї представників Франкфуртської школи, а саме: Т. Адорно, М. Хоркхаймер, Г. Маркузе, Е. Фромм. Опираючись на основні дослідження та основоположні філософські праці представників Франкфуртської школи, зроблена спроба виокремити основні причини становлення неототалітаризму, та тоталітарних режимів у ХХ столітті. Встановлена взаємозалежність між Просвітницькою діяльністю та міфологізацією свідомості; визначена роль культури у цьому процесі. Окреслено роль ідеологічної системи, як однієї з форм соціальної міфології. Встановлена закономірність між «щасливою свідомістю» суспільства споживання і ефективним укоріненням міфів та ідеологічних систем у масову свідомість суспільства ХХ ст. Актуальність статті зумовлена тим, що необхідність критичного осмислення становлення культури тоталітарних країн сьогодні стає очевидною. Усвідомлення того, що суспільна свідомість пострадянських країн досі керується міфологемами, що були створені та впроваджені тоталітарною культурою, змушує нас серйозно вивчати проблематику міфологізації свідомості та ідеологічного впливу. Тому позбавлення від упереджень та перехід до нового витка демократичної свідомості неможливий, без вивчення основ становлення масового суспільства та функції культури в ньому. Більше того, без виявлення чинників, що зумовили конструювання західної цивілізації, неможливе не тільки рішення глобальних проблем сучасності, але й сам перехід на якісно інший виток соціально-культурного розвитку. ; In the article there were analyzed the main ideas of Frankfurt School representatives, namely Theodor. W. Adorno, Max Horkheimer, Herbert Marcuse, Erich Fromm. The author attempted to identify the main causes of neototalitarianism formation and the formation of totalitarian regime in the 20th century. In the attempt the author based on the main researches and fundamental works of Frankfurt school representatives. It was established an interdependency between the Enlightenment practice and the mythologizing of consciousness; the role of culture was determined. The role of ideological system as one of the forms of social mythology was described. It was established the regularity between 'happy consciousness' of the Consumer Society and myths and ideological system effecting rooting in the society mass consciousness of the 20th century. The relevance of the article is determined by the need for critical thinking of the development of totalitarian states culture that today is becoming obvious. An awareness of the fact that social consciousness of post-Soviet states still guided by myths that were created and instituted by totalitarian culture makes us serious study of the problems mythologizing of consciousness and ideological influence. Therefore the deliverance from prejudice and the transition to a new round of democratic society is not possible without studying the formations foundations of mass society and the functions of culture in it. Moreover, the solution of modernity global problems and the transition on qualitatively new round of social and cultural development is impossible without definition of conditions that identified the construction of Western civilization.

This thesis examines the news coverage of the earthquake, tsunami and nuclear crisis that devastated the country of Japan in March 2011 from a comparative standpoint. Drawing on the key concepts in the theory of social constructionism and frame analysis, the series of studies in this thesis comparatively examines how cultures and value systems factored into the process of news production, dissemination and consumption when it comes to the news stories on what the Japanese government officially named the Great East Japan Earthquake. The first section looks at how Japan and its people were portrayed amid disaster relief efforts and analyzes how culture itself has become the topic of discussion and part of reality construction. The second section, on frame analysis, focuses on the workers at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant, often called the Fukushima 50 by the Western media, and examines the cultural characteristics that contributed to the observable discrepancies in the ways they were represented by the Japanese media and their Western counterparts. The third study aims to shed light on the environment surrounding today's foreign correspondents and international news reporting in the context of Japan, investigating what factors influence the ways journalist go about reporting and framing their versions of realities. The fourth section attempts to deconstruct the news narratives in terms of risk communication by paying particular attention to how people reacted to the coverage of potential dangers of radiation leaks as well as the tsunami warnings in Tohoku area. In the end, the series of studies described above underlines how cultural factors significantly affected the ways in which the journalists covered Japan in 2011 as well as the ways news audiences understood what was going on. The thesis argues that there are two types of cultural faming that contributed greatly to the social construction of realities in the aftermath of the triple disasters. The first type of cultural framing was observed when reporters consistently made the culture of Japan and its supposedly "unique" values as the main frame of news narratives. It often implied that the Japanese culture was somewhat exotic or alien through foreign eyes. The second type of cultural framing was observed when the cultural dispositions of journalists and audience framed the potential risk such as the incoming tsunami and the vital newsmakers such as workers in Fukushima Daiichi using familiar cultural molds. The finding accentuated the intricacy and precarious nature of "realities" in news reports. The research also indicated that when cultural factors in news process dictate and determine the focal point of reality perception, they tend to bring about racial discussions and stereotypical images in narratives. ; published_or_final_version ; Sociology ; Doctoral ; Doctor of Philosophy

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menggali persepsi para pegawai pengelola keuangan pada Satuan Kerja Perangkat Daerah (SKPD) Kabupaten Jembrana mengenai pengaruh budaya etis organisasi dan efektivitas pengendalian internal terhadap kecenderungan kecurangan akuntansi pada Satuan Kerja Perangkat Daerah (SKPD) Kabupaten Jembrana. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada SKPD Pemerintah Kabupaten Jembrana yaitu salah satu unsur pelaksanaan pemerintah daerah yang berupa Dinas-Dinas. Teknik sampel yang digunakan yaitu purposive sampling. Sampel penelitian ini sejumlah 88 pegawai pada dinas-dinas Pemerintah Kabupaten Jembrana. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan cara penyebaran kuesioner dengan memberi seperangkat pertanyaan atau pernyataan tertulis kepada responden untuk dijawabnya dengan menggunakan skala likert. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan yaitu uji validitas dan reliabilitas, uji normalitas, Uji Multikolinearitas, Uji Heteroskedastisitas, dan uji hipotesis menggunakan analisis regresi linear berganda (Multiple Regression Analysis)dengan menggunakan program SPSS 19.0 for Windows. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (1) terdapat pengaruh negatif dan signifikan antara budaya etis organisasi terhadap kecenderungan kecurangan akuntansi pada Satuan Kerja Perangkat Daerah (SKPD) Kabupaten Jembrana, (2) terdapat pengaruh negatif dan signifikan antara efektivitas pengendalian internal terhadap kecenderungan kecurangan akuntansi pada Satuan Kerja Perangkat Daerah (SKPD) Kabupaten Jembrana, (3) terdapat pengaruh negatif dan signifikan antara budaya etis organisasi dan efektivitas pengendalian internal terhadap kecenderungan kecurangan akuntansi pada Satuan Kerja Perangkat Daerah (SKPD) Kabupaten Jembrana.Kata Kunci : budaya etis organisasi, efektivitas pengendalian internal, dan kecenderungan kecuranganakuntansi This study was aimed at discovering the perception of the financial workers in SKPDs in Jembrana regency about the effect of the organization's ethic culture and effectiveness in internal control on the tendency of accounting fraud in SKPDs in Jembrana regency. This study was conducted with SKPDs of the Jembrana Regency Government, as one of the implementing lamenting of the region's government in the form of offices. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling. The sample consisted of 88 workers in the offices of the JembranaRegency government. The data collection was done by distributing questionnaires with a set of questions or statements to the respondents to be answered using Likert scale. The data analysis techniques used were validity and reliability testing, normality testing, Mullticolinearity testing, Heteroscedasticity testing and hypothesis testing using SPSS program 19.0 for Windows. The results showed that: (1) there was a negative and significant effect between the organization's ethic culture and the tendency of accounting fraud in the SKPDs in Jembrana regency, (2) there was a negative and significant effect between the effectiveness in internal control and the tendency of accounting fraud in the SKPDs in Jembrana regency, (3) there was a negative and significant effect between the organization's ethic culture and the tendency of accounting fraud in SKPDs in Jembrana regency.keyword : Organization's ethic culture, effectiveness in internal control, and tendency of accounting fraud.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh implementasi pengendalian intern, budaya organisasi dan total quality management terhadap penerapan Good Governance pada Dinas Pendapatan Daerah Kabupaten Buleleng. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian kuantitatif dengan studi empiris. Kriteria responden yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu karyawan yang bekerja pada bagian yang berhubungan dengan variabel penelitian. Sampel yang digunakan sebanyak 52 responden. Metode pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan kuesioner yang terdiri dari 4 instrumen dengan menggunakan skala likert. Dari 52 kuesioner yang telah disebar, jumlah kuesioner yang kembali sebanyak 52 kuesioner dan dapat dianalisis. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan yaitu uji kualitas data yang terdiri dari uji validitas dan uji reliabilitas, uji asumsi klasik yang terdiri dari uji normalitas, uji multikolinearitas, dan uji heterosketastisitas, serta pengujian hipotesis yang terdiri dari uji regresi berganda, koefisien detrminasi, uji t dan uji F. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa (1) implementasi pengendalian intern berpengaruh signifikan positif terhadap Good Governance, (2) budaya organisasi berpengaruh signifikan positif terhadap Good Governance, (3) Total Quality Management berpengaruh signifikan positif terhadap Good Governance dan (4) implementasi pengendalian internal, budaya organisasi dan Total Quality Management berpengaruh signifikan terhadap Good Governance. Kata Kunci : Budaya organisasi, Good Governance, Implementasi Pengendalian Intern, Total Quality Management. The study aimed at finding out the effect of internal control implementation, organizational culture, and total quality management on the good governance implementation at the local revenue office Buleleng. It was a qualitative with an empirical design. The criteria of respondents used in this study was all the office staffs working under the section related to the research variable. There were about 52 respondents selected as the sample. The data were collected by using questionnaire consisting of four instruments with Likert Scales. All 52 questionnaires distributed to the respondents were returned and could be analyzed. The data were analyzed by using data quality testing consisted of validity and realibility testing, classical assumption test, such as normality test, multicolinearity test, and heteroscetastitas test as well as hypothesis testing by using multiple regressions, determination coefficient, t-test and F-test. The results indicated that (1) the internal control implementation had significantly positive affect on the good governance, (2) the organizational culture had significantly positive affect on the good governance, (3) and the total quality management had significantly positive affect on the good governance, and (4) the internal control implementation, the organizational culture, and the total quality management had a significant effect on the good governance. keyword : Organizational Culture, Good Governance, Internal Control Implementation, and Total Quality Management.

Despite its apparent innocuousness, the principle of proportionality actually brings about a profound transformation of the law. The importance of this development, as well as the spread of this principle throughout the world, accounts for the considerable interest that this issue has raised in recent scholarship. However, it is uncommon to analyze this principle within a specific context, as a manifestation of a particular culture. This thesis embarks on such an analysis within the context of the European Union, which would seem paradigmatic, by examining the reasoning of the European Court of Justice in its judgments applying the freedoms of circulation. This examination will make it possible, on the one hand, to take cognizance of the potential for transformation of the principle of proportionality at a formal, substantial and institutional level. lndeed, this principle having been conceived by the Court as an evaluation of efficiency of State measures, the implications are significant with regards to the form of reasoning employed by the Court, the function of the freedoms of circulation and finally the distribution of competence between the Union and the Member States. On the other hand, the principle of proportionality becomes a particularly appropriate mirror for reflecting the specific characteristics of the legal culture of the European Union, within which a technocratic discourse appears prevalent. ; D'apparence banale, le principe de proportionnalité signifie en réalité un bouleversement profond du droit. L'importance de ce développement, ainsi que le retentissement de ce principe partout dans le monde, explique l'intérêt considérable que suscite cette question dans la littérature récente. Cependant, il n'est pas commun d'analyser ce principe dans un contexte particulier, en tant que manifestation d'une culture spécifique. Cette thèse entreprend une telle analyse dans le contexte de l'Union européenne, qui s'avère à maints égards paradigmatique, à partir d'un examen du raisonnement de la Cour de justice dans ses décisions en application des libertés de circulation. Cet examen permet, d'un côté, de prendre acte de l'ampleur du potentiel transformateur du principe de proportionnalité sur les plans formel, matériel et institutionnel. En effet, ce principe ayant été conçu par la Cour comme une évaluation de l'efficience des mesures étatiques, les implications sont lourdes à l'égard de la forme de raisonnement employée par la Cour, la fonction des libertés de circulation et enfin la répartition de compétences entre l'Union et les Etats membres. D'un autre côté, le principe de proportionnalité s'avère également un miroir particulièrement apte à refléter les particularités de la culture juridique de l'Union, au sein de laquelle un discours de nature technocratique se montre prévalent.

С распадом СССР США остались единственной сверхдержавой в мире. Наряду с позитивным отношением формируется и система критики и предрассудков по отношению к США, названная антиамериканизмом. Она широко распространена в странах мира. В статье рассматривается проблема антиамериканских настроений в Германии после окончания холодной войны. ; After the end of the Cold War, the US remained the only superpower in the world. Along with a positive attitude there is a criticism and prejudice towards the US, called anti-Americanism. There are various definitions of anti-Americanism. The general definition of the term anti-Americanism is the opposition or hostility to policies, culture, society, economy and international role of the United States. Given the fact that the US and Germany are allies and partners in NATO it is not serious to talk about the military and political anti-Americanism. The reason of the German -US relations deterioration in the last few years could be a clash of political cultures, accelerated by active Bush's foreign policy. The approach of his administration was based on the Americanocentrism, i.e., economic and, above all, moral superiority of the United States to any other nation. For a long time, the relations between Germany and the United States were determined exclusively by military and political cooperation. After the USSR collapse and the end of the Cold War confrontation came the new phase for Berlin Washington relations: the search for a new urgent topics that can give an impetus for transatlantic cooperation. Cooperation in the field of environmental protection could be such a topic, but revealed significant differences in the area. In culture, anti-Americanism was grounded on an understanding of the historical cultural superiority of the European countries, including Germany, over the US. At the beginning, brave, active and entrepreneurial people were needed for the North America development, education and a high level of culture were not among the essential qualities. Over time, the US became an economically developed country, the main export product of which is the "American way of life". A breeding ground for anti-Americanism is a cultural conservative-minded part of German society, as a rule, religious and nostalgic about the old days of the German cultural power. The phenomenon of anti-Americanism has a long history and a wide geography. Present in different areas of life, it plays an important role in contemporary international relations. Being a strategic partner and ally of the United States, Germany faces the existence of political, economic and cultural conditions for anti-Americanism growth. Like any other social phenomenon, anti-Americanism is adjusting to the constantly changing demands of modern society and the political agenda.

Diese Doktorarbeit erforschte die ?pre-accession diversity conditionality?, die eine weitestgehende Integration nationaler Minderheiten in jenen Staaten des westlichen Balkan fordert, die derzeit eine Mitgliedschaft in der EU anstreben. Die ?first generation conditionality?, also die erste Stufe von Bedingungen und Auflagen im Bereich der Minderheitenrechte forderte Respekt und Schutz gegenüber Angehörigen von Minderheiten und richtete sich gegen die Staaten Mittel- und Osteuropas. Im Unterschied zur ersten Stufe, die primär normative und institutionelle Regelungen zur Eingliederung der nationalen Minderheiten einforderte, beinhaltet die zweite Stufe nunmehr neue Bedingungen im Zusammenhang mit Fragen der Flüchtlingsrückkehr, der strafrechtlichen Verfolgung von Kriegsverbrechen und der inter-ethnischen Versöhnung nach den Konflikten auf dem Balkan. Die Einführung solch ?maßgeschneiderter? Anforderungen mag seine Erklärung darin finden, dass die EU die Gräueltaten der Kriege und Konflikte thematisieren wollte, welche die Region in den 1990er Jahren erlitt. Die zweite Stufe von Anforderungen bemüht sich um die Stabilisierung der Region durch die Förderung einer demokratischen politischen Kultur, die die Demokratie insgesamt stärken soll. Die vorliegende Forschungsarbeit hat mehrere miteinander verbundene Zielsetzungen: Beschreibung der Relevanz politischer Kultur für die demokratische Konsolidierung; Anerkennung der EU als den maßgeblichen Akteur politischer Sozialisierung; Veranschaulichung der noch bestehenden Unzulänglichkeiten bei der Entwicklung der politischen Kultur angesichts der schon zwei Jahrzehnte andauernden Postkonflikt- und Postautoritären Transition; und Darlegung von Schlussfolgerungen zur Frage, ob ?maßgeschneiderte? Anforderungen soziokulturelle Änderungen bewirken können, die das Maß an zwischenmenschlichem Vertrauen zwischen den Bevölkerungsgruppen derjenigen Länder, die immer noch entlang interethnischer Bruchlinien zerrissen sind, heben. ; This dissertation researched the pre-accession diversity conditionality that requires broadest integration of national minorities in several of the Western Balkans countries currently aspiring to attain membership in the European Union. The first generation minority conditionality required ?respect for and protection of persons belonging to minorities? and was applied towards the Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries. In comparison to the first generation minority conditionality, which primarily required normative and institutional mechanisms for accommodation of national minorities, the second generation conditionality contains novel elements related to refugee return, prosecution of war crimes and post-conflict inter-ethnic reconciliation. The introduction of such tailor-made diversity conditionality might be explained by the Union?s goal to address the atrocities of the violent wars and conflicts that hit the region in 1990s. The second generation conditionality is attempting to stabilise the region by developing a democratic political culture and consequently contributing to the quality of democracy in the region. The research work has several interrelated objectives: to describe the relevance of the political culture for democratic consolidation; to position the EU as the political socialization agent since, trough the Stabilization and Association process the EU is producing a change of political culture in the Western Balkans countries aspiring to the EU membership; to illustrate remaining inadequacies in the development of the democratic political culture in spite of two decades of the Western Balkans post-conflict and post-authoritarian transition; and to provide conclusions if a tailor-made diversity conditionality for the Western Balkans is able to produce sociocultural changes that will increase the level of interpersonal trust among the populations of the countries that are still torn along inter-ethnic cleavages. ; Antonija Petričušić ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des Verfassers ; Zsfassung engl. Sprache ; Graz, Univ., Diss., 2013 ; OeBB ; (VLID)231737

The article considers the growth of xenophobia in the context of the social arrangement of contemporary Russia. Growing scales of migration and its structural transformation have played a role in the pumping of the xenophobic attitudes, reorientation of radical nationalists towards the fight against migrants of different ethnicity. However, the growth of xenophobia in its diverse manifestations (ethnophobia, migrantophobia, islamophobia, attitudes towards foreigners) in the 2000s is caused not only by the external factors but also in-depth, fundamental factors of the transformations and functioning of the Russian society. The culture of distrust is expanding in the society; it is characterized by the anomie, instability of the social order, non-transparency of the institutions, alienation of the environment, irresponsibility of the citizens and institutions. Socio-political arrangement of contemporary Russia also plays an important role in the erosion of culture of trust. The establishment of the culture of distrust is combined with low loyalty and solidarity: dissatisfaction with the principles of distribution and social injustice leads to the atomization, erosion of the traditional values of the Russians (belonging to the collective and values of «hierarchy»). The authorities are aware of the danger of the traditional values erosion, destabilization of the foundation of the culture, first of all – of respect towards the power, loyalty, recognition of the legitimacy of the existing order. Different ways out are sought and used. The first one is exploitation of traditional values of the «order» and appeals to «stability». The second one is reformatting of solidarities and formation of other foundations for the loyalty towards authorities. The authorities which initiates unification of the representatives of specific social groups for the socially significant problem reasonably expects the loyalty of the citizens who share its views and foundations of such solidarity, usually – negative one. Acquisition of the technology of «new solidarities» which is accompanied by the constant search and detection of new objects for xenophobia, «new aliens», significantly widened resources for mobilization of traditionally mobilization society. However, with any variants of building «new solidarities», potential objects of xenophobia (ethnic, migrant, religious minorities, foreigners) appear a priori «aliens». Putting search for the cleavages on the conveyor belt, on the one hand, solves tactical problems, on the other hand, leads to the segmentation of the society, not its consolidation. What is needed is the thought-through and transparent policy of the counteraction towards intolerance, including acceptance of the corresponding state program, creation of the social control over the functioning of social and political institutions called for the counteraction to xenophobia. Without institutional reforms, creation of the climate of trust, xenophobia will remain not only a product but also an instrument of the functioning of the Russian society.

Abstract: The European Copyright acquis communautaire seeks a balance between a high level of protection of right holders on the one hand and the promotion of learning and culture on the other by instituting strong exploitation rights and providing exceptions to these exclusive exploitation rights for purposes of research, education and the dissemination of knowledge and culture. The use of copyrighted works for several non-commercial research purposes is therefore made possible under European Union (EU) copyright law. In this article, it is shown that, despite its increasingly international character, copyright law remains largely national law, based on the principle of territoriality. National regimes vary significantly throughout the Member States, which leads to legal uncertainty, and may cause obstacles in transnational teaching and research. It will be concluded that harmonization of 'EU Copyright Law', which is flexible enough to cope with every challenge the digital age poses, is still a work in progress, which will continue into the coming years, if not decades. Résumé: L'acquis communautaire en droit européen du droit d'auteur cherche un équilibre entre d'une part un haut niveau de protection des ayants droit et d'autre part la promotion de l'enseignement et de la culture, en instituant d'importants droits d'exploitation et en prévoyant des exceptions à ces droits d'exploitation exclusifs dans un but de recherche, d'éducation et de diffusion de la connaissance et de la culture. L'utilisation d'oeuvres protégées par le droit d'auteur dans différents buts de recherché non-commerciaux est ainsi rendue possible en droit d'auteur européen. Dans cet article, il est indiqué que malgré son caractère de plus en plus international, le droit d'auteur demeure largement un droit national, basé sur le principe de territorialité. Les régimes nationaux varient de manière significative selon les Etats membres, ce qui conduit à une incertitude juridique et peut constituer des obstacles dans l'enseignement et la recherché transnationaux. Le présent article conclut que l'harmonisation du "droit d'auteur européen" qui est suffisamment souple pour affronter les défis de l'ère digitale, est encore en développement, lequel se poursuivra au cours des prochaines années, voire décennies. Zusammenfassung: Im acquis communautaire des europäischen Urheberrechts wird ein Gleichgewicht, zwischen einem hohen Schutzniveau der Rechtsinhaber einerseits und einem Fortschritt für Entwicklung und Kultur andererseits, angestrebt. Dazu werden zum einen starke Lizenzrechte implementiert, gleichzeitig aber auch Ausnahmen für diese exklusiven Nutzungsrechte für Zwecke der Forschung, Lehre und Verbreitung von Wissen und Kultur geschaffen. Dementsprechend ist die Nutzung urheberrechtlich geschützter Arbeiten für eine gewisse Anzahl an nicht-kommerziellen Forschungszwecken gemäß EU-Urheberrecht möglich. In dem vorliegenden Beitrag wird aufgezeigt, dass das Urheberrecht trotz seines immer stärker werdenden internationalen Charakters nach wie vor weitestgehend nationales Recht, basierend auf dem Territoritalprinzip, bleibt. Die nationalen Regelungen der Mitgliedsstaaten variieren jedoch signifikant, was zu Rechtsunsicherheit führt und Hindernisse für transnationale Forschung und Lehre mit sich bringen kann. Schließlich wird die Schlussfolgerung gezogen, dass die Harmonisierung eines "EU-Urheberrechts", das flexibel genug ist, allen Anforderungen, die das digitale Zeitalter bringt, zu begegnen, eine anhaltende "Baustelle" ist, die noch die nächsten Jahre, wenn nicht Jahrzehnte andauern wird.

Kärnten wird in der sozialwissenschaftlichen Literatur als ?Sonderfall? der österreichischen Zeitgeschichte beschrieben; der Volksgruppenkonflikt zwischen der slowenischsprachigen Minderheit und der deutschsprachigen Mehrheit, der in Österreich bislang einmalige politische Erfolg des ?Dritten Lagers? und eine politische Kultur, die mit Korruptionsskandalen, Ausgrenzung von Fremden und Diffamierung in Zusammenhang gebracht wird, kennzeichnen dieses Land. Die vorliegende Arbeit möchte der Frage nachgehen, welche Besonderheiten der historischen Soziogenese und Psychogenese Kärntens zum einen die Konfliktsituation zwischen den beiden Sprachgruppen hervorgebracht haben und welche Bedeutung diese Prozesse zum anderen für die politische Kultur des Landes noch heute haben. Dabei stellt sich die Soziogenese und Psychogenese Kärntens in vielen Fällen unterschiedlich von den entsprechenden Prozessen Restösterreichs dar. So wurde das Land erst sehr spät und unter besonderen Bedingungen in den österreichischen Staatsbildungsprozess integriert. Möglich wurde dies durch die Etablierung eines ständischen Patrimonialismus zum Beginn der Neuzeit, der den Zugriff der Zentralgewalt auf die regionale Integrationsebene nachhaltig behinderte. Sowohl die Epochen der Reformation und Gegenreformation, des Reformabsolutismus und die der Nationalisierung und Demokratisierung im 19. Jahrhundert verstärkten diesen Prozessverlauf. Die damit verbundene fortlaufende Fragmentierung Kärntens in kleinere Herrschafts- und Verwaltungseinheiten begünstigte den Erhalt maßgeblich segmentär gefasster Figurationen in Kärnten ebenso wie die Herausbildung zweier in sich geschlossener Wir-Gruppen, die sich zunehmend in einer emotional aufgeladenen Konfliktspirale gegenüberstanden. Erst diese historischen Bedingungen schufen die Grundlage für die Dynamik des Kärntner Volksgruppenkonflikts, den heutigen Erfolg des ?Dritten Lagers? und den Erhalt einer autoritär-patrimonialen politischen Kultur. ; Social-scientific research has described Carinthia as an exceptional case in the contemporary history of Austria; the country is characterized by a still unresolved ethnic conflict between the Slovenian speaking minority and the German speaking majority, the unique political success of a right wing party as a particularity in Austria and a political culture marked by corruption scandals, hostility towards strangers and defamation. The present study wants to investigate the historical sociogenetic and psychogenetic conditions of this culture as they have developed in Carinthia in contrast to those of Austria as a whole. It supposes that these differences have led to a distinct conflict system of the two ethnic groups and further, that they still have an impact on the specific political culture in Carinthia today. The country has been integrated into the Austrian state-formation process very late and under special conditions. It was the establishment of an estates-based patrimonialism at the beginning of modern age which prevented the central power of Austria from accessing the local integration level. This situation continued to exist from the following historical period of Reformation and Counter-Reformation to the era of Enlightened Absolutism and the period of nationalization and democratization in the 19th century. This path led to the fragmentation of Carinthia into small and diverse territorial dominions and administrative areas which preserved ?segmental? figurations as well as the development of a peculiar relationship between two originally separate ethnic groups that increasingly came to face each other in an emotionally charged conflict spiral. The present study elaborates the historical conditions that have laid the ground until today for this particular dynamics to continue, and also for the contemporary success of a right-wing ideology and the preservation of an authoritarian-patrimonial political culture. ; Christian Dorner-Hörig ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des Verfassers ; Zsfassung in dt. und in engl. Sprache ; Graz, Univ., Diss., 2012 ; OeBB ; (VLID)225029

O artigo discute pressupostos e possibilidades de abordagem no estudo de representações do corpo em Portugal, nos inícios da época moderna. Seu principal objeto de análise são os modos como o corpo é representado na medicina, mas também trata de outras áreas do saber, como a filosofia e a literatura, com vistas a explorar paralelamente duas questões inter-relacionadas: a questão mais geral dos vínculos entre representações do corpo, ideias e processos históricos do seu contexto cultural; e o problema mais específico de como essas representações expressam conceitos e modos de pensar no universo médico. Esta proposta funda-se no entendimento de que a análise de imagens é particularmente reveladora das nuanças de influências intelectuais entre os pensadores do período. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: representação do corpo, medicina, cultura, Portugal, época moderna. NOTES ON REPRESENTATION OF THE BODY AND MEDICAL CULTURE IN EARLY MODERN PORTUGAL Lígia Bellini This article discusses presuppositions and approaches for a study on representations of the body in early modern Portugal. It focuses on medicine, but it also deals with other scholarly domains such as philosophy and literature. It addresses two related questions: the more general question of the links between representations of the body, ideas and historical processes in their cultural context; and the more particular problem of the way these representations express concepts and modes of thought in the medical milieu. This proposal is based on the premise that an enquiry into images used by thinkers illuminates the shaded spectrum of intellectual influences among them. KEY WORDS: representation of the body, medicine, culture, Portugal, early modern period. NOTES CONCERNANT LA REPRÉSENTATION DU CORPS ET LA CULTURE MÉDICALE AU PORTUGAL MODERNE Lígia Bellini L'article analyse les présupposés et les approches possibles pour l'étude des représentations du corps au Portugal, au début de l'époque moderne. Cette analyse porte sur les images du corps dans la médecine mais aborde également d'autres domaines du savoir comme la philosophie et la littérature afin de faire un parallèle entre deux questions qui sont reliées entre elles : la question plus générale des liens entre les représentations du corps et les idées et les processus historiques de leur contexte culturel ; et le problème pus spécifique à savoir comment les images et leurs représentations expriment les concepts et les manières de penser dans l'univers médical. Cette proposition part du principe que l'analyse des images est particulièrement révélatrice des nuances dues aux influences intellectuelles des penseurs de l'époque. MOTS-CLÉS: Représentation du corps, médecine, culture, Portugal, époque moderne. Publicação Online do Caderno CRH: http://www.cadernocrh.ufba.br Publicação Online do Caderno CRH no Scielo: http://www.scielo.br/ccrh

The significance of this research lies in an analysis of Malay Muslim Women dress codes in relation to a specific period of time between the 1970s and 1980s in Malaysia. This period of time has been termed an Islamic Resurgence catalyzed by Malaysia's independence from colonial rule in the late 60s. During this period Muslim Malay women found an unprecedented political voice through the reintroduction of Islamic cultural values and practices. This research identifies specifically the role of dress in this unprecedented political female empowerment. Further, the research identifies the coincidental framework of an absence of Malay women's experience in historical accounts of Malay's history and the absence of post-colonial voices omitted from Malaysian thresholds of tolerance with respect to educational discourse and practice. The research asks questions as to why woman's experience has gone unnoticed in mainstream Malaysian history. And, does this omission have any relation to the exclusion of post-colonial critiques in Islamic scholarly environments. Further, the research privileges the voice of history as that documented through oral histories as a way of accounting for the everyday experience of (women's) existence. In doing so it provokes questions around how political 'official' histories of place and experience are brought about through what philosopher historian Michel Foucault would describe as (a method of) counter memory. Through methods of oral histories and an analysis a language of counter-memory manifests in this research project as another history of the marginalized or other (in this case of Malay women). Like a literature their voices make up the unorthodox histories of experience. In this respect it embraces a phenomenological political historical analysis of the ordinary Malay woman through a study of Islamic dress codes. Lastly, the research looks at the relation between commodity culture in terms of fashion and that of dress as a fundamental element to spiritual and intellectual practices. The following list of categories outlines the key areas for this research investigation: • The primary Oral History as the Qur'an and Hadith: a constant and alive mechanism in everyday Islamic life • Methodology as an Islamic practice: Phenomenological Hermeneutics; Counter-memory (archeological genealogy) Oral Histories of Islamic Malay Women's everyday experience; and Ethical procedures as espoused in Islamic culture • Auto-ethnographic analysis with respect to my own experience as a Islamic Malay Women (of this relevant resurgent period) • Understanding Islamic Practice through a spatial and temporal analysis of everyday Women's Islamic Dress • Political History: An untold History of Malay Woman's experience located through the Islamic Dress • Islamic Resurgence: Malay Women's Freedom located through Islamic Dress • Post-colonial critiques: Transparency, Image and the Open Gaze of technology • Islamic Dress and Commodity Culture (the fashion system) • Suppressed Voices: Why Postcolonial and Women experience are omitted from Malaysian Culture today?

The Brezhnev era (1964-1982) was also the era of television. The First Channel of Moscow's Central Television Studio began to reach all eleven Soviet time zones in the same years, 1965-1970, that marked the beginning of a new political era, the period of decline, corruption, and cynicism, but also stability, relative prosperity, and vibrant popular culture, that came to be called, retrospectively, the "era of stagnation." Nearly all of the iconic images and sounds of this period were mediated by television: Brezhnev's slurred speech and corpselike appearance, the singing of Iosif Kobzon and Alla Pugacheva, the parades and funerals on Red Square, and Olympic figure skating, to name just a few. Quotations and jokes drawn from specific TV movies and shows are ubiquitous in post-Soviet memoirs and the press. Most strikingly, several of the most important programs created during the 1960s and 1970s are still a prominent part of current Russian television. This dissertation analyzes the political and ideological dilemmas of the Brezhnev era through the lens of television, the medium with which that era is so closely associated. Seen from the perspective of its most famous television programs and their producers, Brezhnev-era cultural life appears far more fluid, experimental, and innovative than the binary categories of "official" and "unofficial" culture suggest, helping to explain the powerful nostalgia for precisely the "official" mass culture of this period in Russia today. Two changes in post-Stalin Soviet politics combined to encourage this experimentation. The first was the growing importance, after Stalin's death, of persuasion, rather than coercion, in mobilizing the Soviet population, as well as the eagerness of a reinvigorated intelligentsia to participate in revitalizing the socialist project during the 1960s. The second key factor was intense pressure from Cold War competition with the West. In order to respond to foreign radio broadcasting and offer an appealing Soviet alternative to the Western popular culture that was penetrating Soviet borders, the Communist Party leadership encouraged Central Television's staff to seek new styles and genres of television broadcasting. Far from being ritualized or formalized, therefore, some of the most popular and politically important programs on Central Television during the Brezhnev era were the site of significant cultural and political play. This experimentation began in the late 1950s, but it continued and in fact went further after 1968. At the height of the era of "stagnation," a key group of television programs were involved in a search for new ways of engaging and uniting the Soviet population in an unfamiliar ideological environment: one in which the universality of enthusiasm and participation in a common mission were no longer assumed, and that was focused primarily on the present, not the future.

The research examines the development of the wind energy policy as an example of an open and complex implementation process. The wind energy policy is conceived here as a collective process through which landscape is created, judged upon and stabilised. The work is based on selected case studies in Germany, France and Portugal (13 case studies in total, 5 in France, 4 in Germany and 4 in Portugal). The concept of landscape used here encompasses the notions of a national culture of landscape, as well as that of local traditions and landscape management institutions. Our analysis highlights the links between landscape, wind power policy and planning institutions. Our findings show that landscape is a resource for the management of the energy transition. In each of the country analysed, we found that the culture of landscape is the medium through which wind power settles in a given territory. This finding is essential to the development of wind and other renewable energy policies. The case studies show how wind power development at the local level reshapes social relations and landscape perceptions. In France, they show the central role of landscape planning in four different modes of local governance of wind energy and the links between these governance patterns, conflicts and the reshaping of landscape perceptions and social relations. ; Cette recherche analyse la politique de développement de l'énergie éolienne comme exemple de processus ouvert et complexe de mise en œuvre d'une politique publique. Nous abordons la politique éolienne comme un dispositif collectif de création, de stabilisation et de jugement sur le paysage. Le travail est basé sur des études de cas choisies en Allemagne, en France et au Portugal (13 études de cas: 5 en France, 4 en Allemagne et 4 au Portugal) Notre analyse met en évidence les liens du paysage à la politique éolienne et aux institutions de planification. Nos résultats montrent que le paysage, au sens de la culture paysagère, des traditions et des institutions de gestion des paysages, constituent une ressource pour la transition énergétique et que la culture paysagère constitue la matrice par laquelle l'éolien se territorialise dans chacun des pays étudiés. Il s'agit là d'un résultat essentiel pour l'approche des politiques éoliennes, mais aussi des politiques concernant d'autres énergies renouvelables. Les études de cas décrivent les recompositions sociales et paysagères profondes qui accompagnent le développement éolien au niveau local. En France, elles mettent en évidence le rôle central de la planification paysagère dans différents (4) types de gouvernance des processus éoliens au niveau local et leur relation à la conflictualité et aux recompositions, sociales et paysagères, qui caractérisent ces processus.

The research examines the development of the wind energy policy as an example of an open and complex implementation process. The wind energy policy is conceived here as a collective process through which landscape is created, judged upon and stabilised. The work is based on selected case studies in Germany, France and Portugal (13 case studies in total, 5 in France, 4 in Germany and 4 in Portugal). The concept of landscape used here encompasses the notions of a national culture of landscape, as well as that of local traditions and landscape management institutions. Our analysis highlights the links between landscape, wind power policy and planning institutions. Our findings show that landscape is a resource for the management of the energy transition. In each of the country analysed, we found that the culture of landscape is the medium through which wind power settles in a given territory. This finding is essential to the development of wind and other renewable energy policies. The case studies show how wind power development at the local level reshapes social relations and landscape perceptions. In France, they show the central role of landscape planning in four different modes of local governance of wind energy and the links between these governance patterns, conflicts and the reshaping of landscape perceptions and social relations. ; Cette recherche analyse la politique de développement de l'énergie éolienne comme exemple de processus ouvert et complexe de mise en œuvre d'une politique publique. Nous abordons la politique éolienne comme un dispositif collectif de création, de stabilisation et de jugement sur le paysage. Le travail est basé sur des études de cas choisies en Allemagne, en France et au Portugal (13 études de cas: 5 en France, 4 en Allemagne et 4 au Portugal) Notre analyse met en évidence les liens du paysage à la politique éolienne et aux institutions de planification. Nos résultats montrent que le paysage, au sens de la culture paysagère, des traditions et des institutions de gestion des paysages, constituent une ressource pour la transition énergétique et que la culture paysagère constitue la matrice par laquelle l'éolien se territorialise dans chacun des pays étudiés. Il s'agit là d'un résultat essentiel pour l'approche des politiques éoliennes, mais aussi des politiques concernant d'autres énergies renouvelables. Les études de cas décrivent les recompositions sociales et paysagères profondes qui accompagnent le développement éolien au niveau local. En France, elles mettent en évidence le rôle central de la planification paysagère dans différents (4) types de gouvernance des processus éoliens au niveau local et leur relation à la conflictualité et aux recompositions, sociales et paysagères, qui caractérisent ces processus.