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Abstract
Recording of crimes as terror incidents often falls in an unclear/fuzzy area due to overlaps with other crimes such as hate crimes, drug or mental health-related crimes, etc. This paper addresses the recording of crimes as terror crimes across US states, alternately considering both the prevalence and intensity of such crimes. Placing the explanatory variables under institutional, economic, social, political and enforcement categories, results show that weak institutions, ceteris paribus, undermine the recording of terror crimes. In other significant influences, states with greater ethnic homogeneity were less likely to have recorded terror crimes and more populous states had greater incidence (but not greater intensity) of recorded terror activity. Some implications for policy are discussed.

Metadata only record ; The current and foreseeable trend toward a diminished role of the state in most economic activities, including rural development activities, offers new opportunities for local organizations and institutions (LOIs). At the same time, many of the problems and shortcomings to which states and their activities have been vulnerable are also potentially applicable to LOIs. To be successful in themselves as well as in fostering rural economic development, rural LOIs and their activities must be carefully designed and appropriately integrated with markets, other LOIs and the state. This paper reviews the relevant literature on conditions for success and then goes on to derive from this review (including some relevant experience) some suggestions for policy and practice.

Many ceasefire and peace agreements stipulate the disarmament and demobilization of pro-state armed groups involved in the conflict, yet few of these groups ever completely demobilize. This study seeks to explain the process of incomplete demobilization by advancing a theoretical argument that pro-state armed groups are least likely to disarm and demobilize when the monopoly on violence is fragmented, and when there is relative balance of capabilities and interests between the government and pro-state armed groups. Under these circumstances, both governments and pro-state armed groups may favor incomplete demobilization enabling them to pursue their strategic objectives. We draw on unique interview data with pro-state paramilitaries from Ukraine to empirically illustrate our theoretical expectations.

Michal Klíma: INFORMAL POLITICS IN POST-COMMUNIST EUROPE: POLITICAL PARTIES, CLIENTELISM AND STATE CAPTURE. London: Routledge. 2020. 222 pages.

Scobell reviews THE UNITED STATES, CHINA AND SOUTHEAST ASIAN SECURITY: A Changing of the Guard? by Wayne Bert.

'The Salt Merchants of Tianjin: State Making and Civil Society in Late Imperial China' by Man Bun Kwan is reviewed.

We analyse legislative bargaining in the European Union. In our model, EU member states bargain over the policy choices underlying legislation and over its `template': (1) the degree of discretion at the application stage, and (2) whether the discretionary power is delegated to the Commission (or retained by the Council). Our analysis classifies member states into `large', `medium-sized' and `small' based on their voting power in the Council. Large member states seek to adopt open-ended legislation in which the Council retains the discretionary power. Medium-sized ones prefer `clear rules' without discretion. Small member states prefer open-ended legislation in which discretion is delegated to the Commission. We discuss the Stability and Growth Pact (SGP) as an illustrative example.

From 1919 to 1942, Peruvian foreign policy focused on two interrelated issues: the resolution of Peru's territorial disputes with Chile, Colombia and Ecuador, and the reconciliation of an expanding and deepening relationship with the United States government. The two issues were entwined since the Peruvian government and people, for part of the period, expected the support and assistance of the United States government in resolving the three territorial issues. Partially in an attempt to respond to these expectations, the United States government was aggressively and extensively involved, albeit sometimes in a manner contrary to Peruvian desires, in the resolution of all three disputes. On the whole, United States foreign policy seldom equaled Peruvian expectations throughout the period, and its failure to do so precipitated or accelerated the growth of major new tenets in Peruvian foreign policy.

Die Untersuchung gibt zunächst einen Überblick über das innovative Potential der Biotechnologie in den Staaten der ehemaligen UdSSR am Beispiel der Landwirtschaft und der Medizin und macht die von der Biotechnologie ausgehenden erheblichen Umweltschäden deutlich. Im folgenden werden die unterschiedlichen Strategien der Nachfolgestaaten der UdSSR bei der Umgestaltung der Wissenschaftsinfrastruktur sowie die Möglichkeiten diskutiert, die sich für westliche Unternehmen in der Kooperation mit diesen Staaten auf dem Sektor biotechnologischer Forschung und Entwicklung eröffnen. Der Band umfaßt zudem einen umfangreichen Dokumentationsteil, der Auskunft über Forschungseinrichtungen, Produktionsstätten, Organisationen und Joint Ventures auf dem Gebiet der Biotechnologie in Rußland, der Ukraine und dem Baltikum gibt. (BIOst-Wpt)

The creation of new states in the international arena has been several times a challenge for the European Union, and in the event that occurs within a Member State require a response to a direct and immediate consequences for this singular organization and to the other Member States. To address this issue, which is attracting increasing attention from both the public opinion of the States, as much of the doctrine, it is necessary to analyze in advance the political and legal framework that determines the action of the European Union, for, then proceed to study the two major questions that arise: can we expect some kind of action by the Union to an internal conflict involving secessionist claims in a Member State? In that case, what should be the Union response to a request for admission of a State emerged from a process of secession in a Member State?. ; La creación de nuevos Estados en la escena internacional ha constituido en diversas ocasiones todo un reto para la Unión Europea, y en el caso de que se produjera en el seno de un Estado miembro requeriría de una respuesta con unas consecuencias directas e inmediatas para esta singular organización y para el resto de Estados miembros. Para abordar esta cuestión, que está acaparando una atención creciente tanto de la opinión pública de los Estados, como de buena parte de la doctrina, es necesario analizar con carácter previo el marco jurídico político que condiciona la actuación de la Unión Europea, para, seguidamente, proceder al estudio de las dos grandes cuestiones que se plantean: ¿se puede esperar algún tipo de actuación de la Unión ante un conflicto interno relacionado con pretensiones secesionistas en un Estado miembro? En ese caso, ¿cuál debería ser la respuesta de la Unión ante una petición de ingreso de un Estado surgido de un proceso de secesión en un Estado miembro?.The creation of new states in the international arena has been several times a challenge for the European Union, and in the event that occurs within a Member State require a response to a direct and immediate consequences for this singular organization and to the other Member States. To address this issue, which is attracting increasing attention from both the public opinion of the States, as much of the doctrine, it is necessary to analyze in advance the political and legal framework that determines the action of the European Union, for, then proceed to study the two major questions that arise: can we expect some kind of action by the Union to an internal conflict involving secessionist claims in a Member State? In that case, what should be the Union response to a request for admission of a State emerged from a process of secession in a Member State?.