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535Arbitration — Arbitral Tribunal of International Chamber of Commerce — Arbitral award — Damages — Failure to pay amount awarded — Enforcement proceedings — United Kingdom — Arbitration Act 1996 — Service of proceedings commenced in accordance with Arbitration Act 1996 — Whether service of proceedings must comply with State Immunity Act 1978 — Difficulty effecting service on defendant StateComity — Comity of nations as an interpretative principle — Subjecting State to jurisdiction of the courts of another State — Procedure for service — State Immunity Act 1978 — Obligations of States in the marketplace — Commercial legal obligations of StatesHuman rights — Treaties — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Article 6 — Access to jurisdiction of the courts — Relationship between Article 6 and State immunity — Whether requirement for service through diplomatic channels impeding Article 6 rightsRelationship of international law and municipal law — Customary international law — United Nations Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities of States and Their Property, 2004 — State Immunity Act 1978 — Treaty provisions as an aid to interpretation of domestic law — Whether international custom existing at the time of passage of domestic lawState immunity — State Immunity Act 1978 — Service — Procedure for service — Whether Section 12(1) applicable — Whether arbitration claim form or enforcement order a document required to be served — Whether court having discretion to dispense with service on defendant State — Exceptional circumstances preventing service through diplomatic channels — The law of England

633Aliens — Refugee status — Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951 — Article 1F(a) — Exclusion from protection — Crimes against humanity — Removal of respondent to home country breaching Article 3 of European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Respondent granted leave to remain in United Kingdom — Whether respondent entitled to indefinite leave to remain in United Kingdom — Public interest in removal of respondent to Pakistan appropriate — Whether compelling circumstances outweighing public interestRelationship of international law and municipal law — Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951 — Article 1F(a) — Exclusion from protection — Crimes against humanity — Removal of respondent to home country breaching Article 3 of European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Respondent granted leave to remain in United Kingdom — International crimes — Respondent's lawful behaviour and family ties since alleged involvement in international crimes — Whether constituting compelling circumstances outweighing public interest in denying settlement in United KingdomInternational criminal law — Crimes against humanity — Denial of settlement in United Kingdom to those who have committed crimes against humanity — Whether proper weight given to this factor — United Kingdom's international obligations — United Kingdom's international standing — Purpose of Article 1F of Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951 — Accountability for actions — Upholding international rule of law — Whether compelling circumstances to grant respondent indefinite leave to remain in United Kingdom — Whether in public interest for respondent to be removed to Pakistan — The law of England

650Aliens — Refugee status — Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951 — Article 1F(a) — Exclusion from protection — Alleged complicity in genocide — Migrants granted leave to remain in United Kingdom — Whether grant of indefinite leave to remain appropriate — Public interestWar and armed conflict — International crimes — Genocide — Complicity in genocide — Whether person allegedly involved in genocide should be granted indefinite leave to remain in United KingdomRelationship of international law and municipal law — International crimes — Whether a person's lawful behaviour since alleged involvement in international crimes to outweigh public interest of denying settlement in United Kingdom — United Kingdom duties to the international community — The law of England

425International criminal law — International Criminal Court — Reparations for victims — Situation in Mali — Rome Statute 1998, Articles 8(2)(e)(iv), 25(3)(a) and 75(1) — War crime of attacking protected objects — Destruction of cultural heritage — Harm assessment — Actual and proximate cause — Reparations implementation — Trust Fund for VictimsDamages — Reparations — Victims — Crimes against cultural heritage — Harm assessment — Actual and proximate cause — Reparations implementation — Trust Fund for VictimsDamages — Appeal — Reparations — Legal Representatives of Victims — Individual reparations implementation — Whether individual reparations awarded only to victims with exclusive link between economic loss and destruction of protected objects — Whether Trust Fund for Victims entitled to assess individual reparations — Whether abuse of discretion by Trial Chamber on disclosure of victims' identifying information to defendant and Trust Fund for Victims

588Arbitration — ICSID Tribunal — Award — Summary judgment — Post-judgment interest rate — Whether rate to be calculated in accordance with ICSID Award or United States Code 1961, Title 28 — Attachment and execution — Application for stay — Whether action for attachment and execution meeting reasonable time requirement under United States Code 1610, Title 22 — Whether action for attachment reasonable during Venezuelan political and humanitarian crisisRelationship of international law and municipal law — ICSID arbitration award — Summary judgment in United States — United States Code 1961, Title 28 — Post-judgment interest rate — Whether rate to be calculated in accordance with ICSID Award or United States Code 1961, Title 28Recognition — Governments — Representatives — Whether United States Court recognizing Maduro or Guaidó government lawyers as proper representatives of Venezuela — The law of the United States

Recognition — States — Acts of an unrecognized State — Somaliland —
Whether capable of recognition — Everyday acts of administration — Marriage
— Namibia doctrine — Whether court in England
entitled to grant declaration of marital status to couple married in
Somaliland
Relationship of international law and municipal law — Matters reserved
to executive — Recognition — Principle that executive and courts should
speak with one voice — Whether English courts entitled to recognize acts of
a State not recognized by the Government of the United Kingdom — Marriage in
unrecognized State
States — Somaliland — Whether recognized — Consequences of
non-recognition — The law of England and Wales

Damages — Pecuniary reparations — Material loss — Loss of income — Proof
of loss — Legal fees — Non-material loss — Loss suffered by victims —
Material prejudice suffered by indirect victims — Quantum of compensation —
Compensation on an equitable basis — Reparations — Whether merits judgment
providing sufficient reparation — Order of release for applicants serving
jail term — Non-repetition of violations — Order for publication of judgment
— Report on implementation — Costs
Human rights — Treaties — African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights,
1981 — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 — Judgment
on merits — United Republic of Tanzania in violation of rights of ten Kenyan
citizens to fair trial — Right to be tried within a reasonable time — Right
to counsel — Reparations — Human rights violations for which compensation
due
International tribunals — African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights —
Judgments — Implementation — Reparations — Requirement of
publication

Nationality — Statelessness — United Nations Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness, 1961 — Article 8 — British nationality — British Nationality Act 1981, Section 40(2) — Interpretation — Whether a person can be deprived of his status as a British citizen on the basis of repudiating his obligation of loyalty — Whether a person can be deprived of nationality on that basis if not posing a risk to national security — Dual nationality — Terrorism — Individual serving long prison sentence in third State — Whether capable of posing current threat — The law of England

State immunity — Jurisdictional immunity — General rule that foreign State immune unless exception to immunity applicable — Enforcement of foreign judgments — Proceedings for registration of judgment against foreign State given by foreign State — Human rights — Whether State immunity applicable for human rights breaches — State Immunity Act 1978, Sections 1 and 5 — The law of England

Treaties — Application — Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction, 1980 — Family Law (Child Abduction Convention) Regulations 1986 (Cth) — Regulation 16(1A)(b) — Test for determining habitual residence of child immediately prior to retention — Possibility of two habitual residences — Whether trial judge applying correct test in determining question of habitual residence — Whether Convention properly invoked upon child's retention in AustraliaRelationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — Interpretation — Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction, 1980 — Family Law Act giving effect to Convention in Australia — Family Law (Child Abduction Convention) Regulations 1986 (Cth) — Regulation 16(1A)(b) — Determination of habitual residence — Jurisprudence from other jurisdictions — Whether binding — Whether uniformity desirable — Whether consistent with Australian jurisprudence — Whether Convention properly invoked upon child's retention in Australia — The law of Australia