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Depok city has now developed into one of the cities that experienced quite high growth in the JABODETABEK area. For the people of the city itself a comfortable city can not be met only with infrastructure development, but also required public space to interact and socialize one of them by utilizing the natural potential that exists as a recreational facility. Lake as a natural beauty with the form of protected areas has a function as a water importer (recharge) in groundwater basins, clean water reserves, land fisheries and recreational facilities. Situ Tipar is one of the four that is being prioritized to improve competitiveness in 2020. But for the existing condition of Situ Tipar still has some problems, namely the misuse of the border there, the lack of quality and quantity of public facilities and existing conditions that are not maintained so that the lake has not been able to facilitate tourists who come to Situ Tipar. On this basis, this research was carried out to provide recommendations to the government and surrounding residents to organize areas that improve the quality of Tipar in accordance with its function and positive impacts that can prosper the surrounding residents. This research refers to existing data and combined with the study of government and empirical regulations. The analysis method that the author uses is policy analysis, location, footprint, tourist attraction and best practices with descriptive analysis tools, SWOT and benchmarking Keywords: City; Recreation; Situ AbstrakKota Depok kini telah berkembang menjadi salah satu kota yang mengalami pertumbuhan cukup tinggi di wilayah Jabodetabek. Bagi masyarakat kota sendiri kota yang nyaman tidak dapat terpenuhi hanya dengan pembangunan infrastruktur, tapi juga diperlukan ruang publik untuk berinteraksi dan bersosialisasi salah satunya dengan memanfaatkan potensi alam yang ada sebagai sarana rekreasi. Situ sebagai keindahan alam dengan bentuk kawasan lindung mempunyai fungsi sebagai pengimbuh (recharge) air pada cekungan air tanah, cadangan air bersih, perikanan darat serta sarana rekreasi. Situ Tipar merupakan salah satu situ dari empat situ yang sedang diprioritaskan pengembangunannya guna meningkatkan daya saing pada tahun 2020 ini. Namun untuk kondisi eksisting Situ Tipar masih memiliki beberapa permasalahan yaitu adanya penyalahgunaan sempadan situ, masih minimnya kualitas dan kuantitas fasilitas umum serta kondisi eksisting yang tidak terawat sehingga belum dapat memfasilitasi wisatawan yang datang ke Situ Tipar. Atas dasar tersebut maka penelitian ini dilakukan guna memberikan rekomendasi kepada pemerintah serta warga sekitar untuk melakukan penataan kawasan yang bersifat meningkatkan kualitas situ Tipar sesuai dengan fungsinya serta dampak positif yang dapat mensejahterakan warga sekitar. Penelitian ini mengacu kepada data eksisting dan dipadu dengan kajian peraturan pemerintah dan empiris. Adapun metode analisis yang penulis pakai adalah analisis kebijakan, lokasi, tapak, daya tarik wisata dan best practices dengan alat analisis deskriptif, SWOT dan benchmarking.

The purpose of this research is to describe the related authority possessed by the BPK and BPKP in determining state financial losses so that the judges who handle cases of corruption can use calculations from the institutions that have been mandated by the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia in determining state financial losses in order to achieve legal certainty. The dualism of institutions in determining state financial losses results in overlapping powers which have an impact on the credibility of these institutions. This certainly affects practice in the field, one of which is legal certainty that is not guaranteed in implementing law enforcement against corruption, it is very possible that every agency that calculates losses incurred by the state uses different calculation techniques, and in the end, the reports given are also different. so that it can affect the performance of law enforcement agencies in dealing with allegations of corruption. The author uses the normative legal method in this research, through two kinds of approaches, namely statutory and conceptual. The results showed that the BPK authority as an independent institution to measure and determine state losses, whether committed by individuals or legal entities, while the BPKP authority as an institution under the president has the duty to ensure that the management of government state finances in the sense of the executive is good, so that the panel of judges handling criminal acts of corruption uses calculations from the national institution, namely the BPK which is mandated by the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu untuk Menjabarkan terkait kewenangan yang dimiliki BPK dan BPKP dalam menentukan kerugian keuangan negara sehingga majelis hakim yang menangani kasus tindak pidana korupsi dapat menggunakan perhitungan dari Lembaga yang telah diamanatkan oleh UUD NRI 1945 dalam menentukan kerugian keuangan negara agar tercapainya kepastian hukum. Dualisme institusi dalam menentukan kerugian keuangan negara menghasilkan kekuasaan yang tumpang tindih yang berdampak pada kredibilitas institusi ini. Hal ini tentu mempengaruhi praktek di lapangan, salah satunya kepastian hukum yang tidak terjamin dalam menerapkan penegakan hukum terhadap tindak pidana korupsi, sangat memungkinkan bahwa setiap lembaga yang menghitung kerugian yang ditimbulkan negara menggunakan teknik penghitungan tidak sama, dan pada akhirnya, laporan yang diberikan juga berbeda sehingga dapat mempengaruhi kinerja lembaga penegak hukum dalam menangani tuduhan korupsi. Metode hukum normatif digunakan penulis dalam riset ini, melalui dua macam pendekatan yaitu perundang-undangan dan konseptual. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa otoritas BPK selaku lembaga bersifat independen untuk mengukur dan menentukan kerugian negara baik yang dilakukan oleh seseorang ataupun badan hukum, sementara otoritas BPKP sebagai institusi yang berada di bawah presiden yang bertugas untuk memastikan bahwa pengelolaan keuangan negara pemerintah dalam arti eksekutif sudah baik, sehingga majelis hakim yang menangani tindak pidana korupsi menggunakan perhitungan dari Lembaga nasional yaitu BPK yang diberikan amanat dari UUD NRI 1945.

Publisher Copyright: © 2021 Jawad et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. ; Background Armed conflicts have major indirect health impacts in addition to the direct harms from violence. They create enduring political instability, destabilise health systems, and foster negative socioeconomic and environmental conditions—all of which constrain efforts to reduce maternal and child mortality. The detrimental impacts of conflict on global maternal and child health are not robustly quantified. This study assesses the association between conflict and maternal and child health globally. Methods and findings Data for 181 countries (2000–2019) from the Uppsala Conflict Data Program and World Bank were analysed using panel regression models. Primary outcomes were maternal, under-5, infant, and neonatal mortality rates. Secondary outcomes were delivery by a skilled birth attendant and diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus (DPT) and measles vaccination coverage. Models were adjusted for 10 confounders, country and year fixed effects, and conflict lagged by 1 year. Further lagged associations up to 10 years post-conflict were tested. The number of excess deaths due to conflict was estimated. Out of 3,718 country–year observations, 522 (14.0%) had minor conflicts and 148 (4.0%) had wars. In adjusted models, conflicts classified as wars were associated with an increase in maternal mortality of 36.9 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births (95% CI 1.9–72.0; 0.3 million excess deaths [95% CI 0.2 million–0.4 million] over the study period), an increase in infant mortality of 2.8 per 1,000 live births (95% CI 0.1–5.5; 2.0 million excess deaths [95% CI 1.6 million–2.5 million]), a decrease in DPT vaccination coverage of 4.9% (95% CI 1.5%–8.3%), and a decrease in measles vaccination coverage of 7.3% (95% CI 2.7%–11.8%). The long-term impacts of war were demonstrated by associated increases in maternal mortality observed for up to 7 years, in under-5 mortality for 3–5 years, in infant mortality for up to 8 years, in DPT vaccination coverage for up to 3 years, and in measles vaccination coverage for up to 2 years. No evidence of association between armed conflict and neonatal mortality or delivery by a skilled birth attendant was found. Study limitationsAU include: Pleasecheckthattheeditstothesentence the ecological study design, }Studylimita which may mask sub-national variation in conflict intensity, and the quality of the underlying data. Conclusions Our analysis indicates that armed conflict is associated with substantial and persistent excess maternal and child deaths globally, and with reductions in key measures that indicate reduced availability of organised healthcare. These findings highlight the importance of protecting women and children from the indirect harms of conflict, including those relating to health system deterioration and worsening socioeconomic conditions. ; publishersversion ; published

The aim of the article is to study current global migration trends in order to determine the priority areas of migration policy. The relevance of the topic is due to the fact that migration processes in today's globalized environment have a significant impact on both people and states – participants in these processes. With appropriate policies, migration can promote inclusive and sustainable development in both countries of origin and destination, as well as benefit migrants and their families. The article examines the trends in the number of international migrants in recent years, with an assessment of destination countries, origin, age and gender for all countries and regions of the world. The key trends of migration processes in 2020, as well as global migration trends related to the COVID-19 pandemic have been identified. Various scenarios for forecasting the main migration flows for the near future, created by the world's leading analytical agencies, are considered. The key factors for 2021 that are decisive for migration in Europe and beyond, in particular the development of the COVID-19 crisis, are presented and assessed; uneven access to vaccines and economic recovery as drivers of migration; increased pressure on migration policy due to the pandemic; failures in migration cooperation with non-EU partners; migration impact of new crises; relocation along the main migration routes to Europe; continuing work on the EU Pact on Migration and Asylum. The author concludes that both the long-term factors of migration and the short- and medium-term consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic will increase, not decrease, the existing global imbalances and migratory pressures in 2021. Europe and the world need to prepare for complex migration processes and invest in global partnerships and cooperation to address related issues. Uneven access to vaccines in 2021 will lead to a strong imbalance between rich and poor countries. This will lead to an uneven economic recovery, which may lead to new and increased migration flows. Improving health care in Europe can become a magnet for immigration. ; В статье рассматриваются тренды в количестве международных мигрантов за последние годы с оценкой по странам назначения, происхождению, возрасту и полу для стран и районов мира. Определены ключевые тенденции миграционных процессов 2020 года, а также глобальные тренды миграции, связанные с пандемией COVID-19. Рассматриваются различные сценарии прогноза основных миграционных потоков на ближайшее будущее, созданные ведущими мировыми аналитическими агентствами. Приведены и оценены ключевые факторы на 2021, которые являются определяющими для миграции в Европе и за ее пределами. ; У статті розглядаються тренди в кількості міжнародних мігрантів за останні роки із оцінкою за країнами призначення, походженням, віком та статтю для країн та районів світу. Визначено ключові тенденції міграційних процесів 2020 року, а також глобальні тренди міграції, пов'язані із пандемією COVID-19. Розглядаються різні сценарії прогнозу основних міграційних потоків на найближче майбутнє, створені провідними світовими аналітичними агенціями. Наведено та оцінено ключові фактори на 2021 рік, які є визначальними щодо міграції в Європі та за її межами.

The article examines famous English traveler, mountaineer, author, archaeologist Gertrude Bell's activity during World War I. The most remarkable period of her career is associated with the Great War, which had an irreversible impact on all spheres of human development, particularly the position of women. This work distinguishes two following periods in Gertrude Bell's activity during World War I: 1) 1914–1915 – volunteering at the Red Cross; 2) 1915–1918 – working in the Middle East, obtaining an officer rank. It is established that in September 1914, Bell gave multiple speeches in North Yorkshire, encouraging men to join the army. During November 1914, she resided at Lord Onslow's estate in Clandon Park, Surrey, which housed a military hospital, and served as a hospital clerk. This article analyzes Bell's activity at the Red Cross Wounded and Missing Enquiry department in Boulogne since November 1914. There, Bell established the new service and introduced the new effective data system on dead, wounded and missing soldiers. Miss Bell also proposed a new, more compassionate template for 'telegrams of fear'. Gertrude's classification of inquiries was used at Paris and London departments. Bell initiated a 'watch list' to facilitate the exchange of information on hospitalized. The second period in Gertrude Bell's activity during World War I is associated with her return to the Middle East. At the Arab Bureau, she compiled geographical and political guides and maps, advised on the culture and religion of local tribes, prepared reports on the 'Arab question', and was a mediator between the Arab sheikhs and the British government. Bell became the first woman officer in the history of British Intelligence, officially – a second-rank staff officer. Therefore, the Great War was a significant period in the life of Gertrude Bell. Her activity aimed to adjust the system for War victims accounting at the Red Cross, overcome conflicts in the Middle East and support newly emerging states. Keywords: Gertrude Bell, World War I, Red Cross, T.E. Lawrence, Middle East. ; У статті вивчено діяльність відомої англійської мандрівниці, альпіністки, експертки із Близького Сходу, письменниці, археологині, картографині Гертруди Белл у роки Першої світової війни, події якої мали значний вплив на її життя. З'ясовано особливості діяльності Гертруди Белл під час Першої світової війни. Виділено два ета­пи: 1) 1914–1915 рр. – робота у Червоному Хресті; 2) 1915–1918 рр. – перебування на Близькому Сході, отри­мання офіцерського звання, вирішальна роль при створенні Іраку. Вона налагодила систему обліку по­терпілих під час війни у Товаристві Червоного Хреста, запровадила нову ефективну систему даних про загиблих, поранених та зниклих безвісти солдатів, використавши свій досвід аналізування та типологізації для створення бази даних. Проаналізовано роль Г. Белл у подоланні конфліктів на Близь­кому Сході, підтримці нових держав, Констатовано, що вона була посередником між арабськими шейхами та британським урядом. Ключові слова: Гертруда Белл, Перша світова війна, Червоний Хрест, Т.Е. Лоуренс, Близький Схід.

This article studies the literary and theological background of the Sermon on Law and Grace, a famous oration by Ilarion, the (future) Metropolitan of Kyiv, from the mid-eleventh century. The author of this article focuses also on potential patristic models for Ilarion's theological and patriotic reflection on the recent East Slavic history in the light of the official adoption of Christianity under Volodymyr Sviatoslavich, Prince of Kyiv. The main feature of the mentioned (self-)reflection, relying on the notion of history as the history of salvation, is disregarding the Byzantine political and cultural superiority and, simultaneously, emphasizing the justice of God, who brings his grace equally to all peoples, thus positioning them on the same spiritual level. This kind of reasoning was not a peculiarity of the Rus' culture but formed a wider phenomenon defined by apologetic attitu­de and was characteristic of the entire religious-literary tradition of the East Orthodox Slavs between the tenth and sixteenth centuries. While trying to construct a theological justification of the historical value of Kyivan Rus', Ilarion adapted patristic patterns coming from Byzantium, for example, the explanation of (dis)continuity between the Law of Moses and Christ's mercy, particularly following Gregory Nazianzen and Patriarch Nicephorus I, or perception of a polity led by a Christian ruler, particularly following Eusebius of Caesarea. Keywords: Sermon on Law and Grace, Ilarion, Rus' literature, history of salvation, patristic models ; Вказана стаття розкриває літературне і богословське тло Слова про закон і благодать знаменитої проповіді Іларіона (майбутнього) Київського митрополита, складеної у середині ХІ сто­ліття. Автор статті приділяє увагу також можливим патристичним взірцям для богословського та патріотичного осмислення Іларіоном нещодавньої східнослов'янської історії у світлі офіційного сприйняття християнства при дворі київського князя Володимира Святославовича. Головною рисою згаданої (само)свідомості, пов'язаної з концепцією історії, як історії спасіння, є ігнорування політичної та культурної переваги Східної Римської (Візантійської) імперії зі столицею у Константинополі і, вод­ночас, підкреслювання Божої справедливості, котра дає свою благодать усім народам без різниці, що призводить до переконання про однаковість їхнього духовного рівня. Таке розмірковування не було особ­ливістю давньоруської культури, а складало частину значного ширшого явища, визначеного апологе­тичним відчуттям, властивим усій релігійно-літературній традиції ортодоксальних (право­славних) християн упродовж Х–XVI ст. Створюючи богословське виправдання історичного значення Русі зі сто­лицею в Києві, Іларіон запозичує патристичні взірці зі Східної Римської (Візантійської) імперії, зокрема щодо пояснення (без)перервності між законом старозавітного пророка Мойсея і милосердям Христа, де, насамперед, спостерігається чітке наслідування творів Отця Церкви Григорія Богослова та константинопольського патріарха Никифора І, або ж сприйняття державного утво­рення на чолі із християнським володарем, де, переважно, можна впізнати вплив на конструкцію Іла­ріона текстів одного із перших істориків християнської Церкви – Євсевія Кесарійського Ключові слова: Слова про закон і благодать, Іларіон, література Русі, історія спасіння, па­т­рис­тичні взірці.

The article attempts to identify the circumstances of the parochial conflict of the princes A.B. Trubetskoy and P.M. Shchenyatev in the Polotsk voivodeship in the spring of 1564, as well as the reasons for the final transition of the Trubetskoy princes to the sovereign service with the help of comparative and histotical method, analysis and synthesis, literature and sources on the investigated topic. As a result of the study, it was found that up to the 1560-ies the Trubetskoys occupied military and administrative posts sporadically and were not firmly embedded in the system of service relations of the Moscow state. Adopted in the early 1560s. the new land legislation jeopardized the further existence of the Trubetskoy estate and forced them to intensify their official activities. The conflict in Polotsk was the first attempt by the Trubetskoys to find out their real parochial status. Prince A.B. Trubetskoy was guided by the old ideas about the exclusive role of service princes, characteristic of the first third of the 16th century. He entered into a parochial dispute with an obviously superior enemy and did not emerge victorious from it. The author concluded that, faced with the new realities of the sovereign service, the Trubetskoys, who, due to their official passivity, were inferior to many less noble families in a parochial relation, sacrificed their relative independence and went over to the tsarist service. During the years of the oprichnina, they actively served in the oprichnina estate of Tsar Ivan the Terrible, won his favor and were able to raise their parochial status. ; В статье предпринята попытка с помощью сравнительно-исторического метода, анализа и синтеза, литературы и источников по исследуемому вопросу выявитьобстоятельства местнического конфликта князей А.Б. Трубецкого и П.М. Щенятева на полоцком воеводстве весной 1564 г., а также причины окончательного перехода князей Трубецких на государеву службу. В результате исследования было установлено, что вплоть до 1560-х гг. Трубецкие занимали военные и административные посты эпизодически и не были прочно встроены в систему служебных отношений Московского государства. Принятие в начале 1560-х гг. нового земельного законодательства поставило под угрозу дальнейшее существование удела Трубецких и вынудило их активизировать служебную деятельность. Конфликт в Полоцке стал первой попыткой Трубецких выяснить свой настоящий местнический статус. Князь А.Б. Трубецкой руководствовался старыми представлениями об исключительной роли служилых князей, характерными для первой трети XVI в. Он вступил в местнический спор с заведомо превосходящим противником и не вышел из него победителем. Автор сделал вывод, что,столкнувшись с новыми реалиями государевой службы, Трубецкие, вследствие своей служебной пассивности уступавшие в местническом отношении многим менее знатным родам, пожертвовали своей относительной независимостью и всецело перешли на царскую службу. В годы опричнины они активно служили в опричном уделе царя Ивана Грозного, снискали его расположение и смогли повысить свой местнический статус.

La reconstrucción de las relaciones interculturales ibéricas a lo largo de la historia debe contemplar a los agentes de mediación que, como el liberal español José de Urcullu (fallecido en 1852), conforman los "ninguéns" o "quase-alguéns" (Magalhães, 2007) empeñados en promover tal comunicación entre culturas y literaturas, incluyendo la establecida por la vía de la traducción. Pese a su relevancia e interés como mediador, y pese al capital sociocultural y político que llegó a acumular este exiliado español afincado en Oporto, resulta la de Urcullu una figura desconocida, o al menos insuficientemente conocida en la actualidad. A intentar rescatarlo de ese olvido que lo hace hoy invisible se destinará el presente trabajo. Para ello, se señalarán algunas actividades en las que Urcullu estuvo implicado como mediador intercultural ibérico y, tratando de indagar cuáles fueron sus motivaciones, se intentará reconstituir su itinerario biográfico, dándose a conocer los resultados de una investigación inédita en torno a este polifacético autor y (auto)traductor. ; A reconstrução das relações interculturais ibéricas ao longo da história deve contemplar os agentes de mediação que, como o liberal espanhol José de Urcullu (falecido em 1852), conformam os "ninguéns" ou "quase-alguéns" (Magalhães, 2007) empenhados em promover tal comunicação entre culturas e literaturas, nomeadamente a estabelecida pela via da tradução. Pese a sua relevância e interesse como mediador, e pese o capital sociocultural e político de que chegou a ser detentor este exilado espanhol radicado no Porto, Urcullu continua a ser uma figura desconhecida, ou pelo menos insuficientemente conhecida, nos nossos dias. O presente trabalho destina-se a tentar resgatá-lo desse esquecimento que o torna hoje invisível. Com esse objetivo, serão reveladas algumas atividades em que se envolveu enquanto mediador intercultural ibérico e, interrogando-nos sobre as suas motivações, tentar-se-á reconstituir o itinerário biográfico de Urcullu, dando a conhecer os resultados de uma investigação inédita à volta deste multifacetado autor e (auto)tradutor. ; The reconstruction of Iberian intercultural relations throughout history must contemplate agents who, like the Spanish liberal José de Urcullu (deceased in 1852), make up the ranks of "nobodies" or "quasi-someone" (Magalhães, 2007) engaged in promoting that communication between cultures and literatures, namely through translation. Notwithstanding his relevance and interest as a mediator, as well as the socio-cultural and political roles of this Spanish exile settled in Porto, Urcullu is currently an unknown figure – or at least an unsatisfactorily known figure. The aim of this paper is, precisely, to try and rescue Urcullu from that oblivion which makes him invisible nowadays. In order to do so, different activities in which he became involved as an Iberian intercultural mediator will be brought to light while, questioning his motivations, his biography will be unveiled – so the results of an unprecedented piece of research around this manifold author and (self )translator will be offered. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

In its recent practice, the Court of Justice of the European Union has held that European Free Trade Association (EFTA) nationals enjoy the same level of protection against extradition to a third state as EU citizens. This article analyses the reasoning of the Court and establishes a link with previous decisions on extradition matters. The author concludes that the test for extradition is still forming and its application lacks clarity and consistency. ; Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Russia ; Anastasia Turkina – PhD in Law, Associate Professor, Faculty of Law, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University (Russia). ; anastasiya.turkina@gmail.com ; 131 ; 140 ; 1 ; Agreement on extradition between the European Union and the United States of America of 25 June 2003 (O.J. 2003 L 181, 19.07.2003). ; Agreement on the European Economic Area (O.J. L 1, 3.01.1994). ; Böse M., Mutual recognition, extradition to third countries and Union citizenship: Petruhhin, "Common Market Law Review" 2017, vol. 54, no 6. ; Costa M. J., The emerging EU extradition Law. Petruhhin and beyond, "New Journal of European Criminal Law" 2017, vol. 8, no 2. ; Council Decision (EU) No 2014/835 of 27 November 2014 on the conclusion of the Agreement between the European Union and the Republic of Iceland and the Kingdom of Norway on the surrender procedure between the Member States of the European Union and Iceland and Norway (O.J. 2014 L 343, 28.11.2014). ; Council Framework Decision (JHA) 2002/584 of 13 June 2002 on the European arrest warrant and the surrender procedures between Member States (O.J. L 190, 18.7.2002). ; Coutts S., From Union citizens to national subjects: Pisciotti, "Common Market Law Review" 2019, vol. 56, no 2. ; European Convention on Extradition, signed in Paris on 13 December 1957. ; Judgment of CJEU of 10 April 2018 on the case of Romano Pisciotti v Bundesrepublik Deutschland, C 191/16. ; Judgment of CJEU of 2 April 2020 on the case of criminal proceedings against I.N., C 897/19 PPU. ; Judgment of CJEU of 6 September 2016 on the case of proceedings relating to the extradition of Aleksei Petruhhin, C 182/15. ; Opinion of Advocate General Tanchev of 27 February 2020 on the case Ruska Federacija v I.N., C 897/19 PPU, points 78–79. ; Order of CJEU of 6 September 2017 on the case Peter Schotthöfer & Florian Steiner GbR v Eugen Adelsmayr, C 473/15. ; Regulation (EU) No 604/2013 of 26 June 2013 establishing the criteria and mechanisms for determining the Member State responsible for examining an application for international protection lodged in one of the Member States by a third-country national or a stateless person (O.J. L 180, 29.06.2013). ; Договор между Российской Федерацией и Латвийской Республикой о правовой помощи и правовых отношениях по гражданским, семейным и уголовным делам от 03.02.1993. (Dogovor miezdu Rossiiskoi Fiedieraciei I Latviiskoi Respublikoi o pravovoi pomoszczi i pravovych otnoszeniach po grazdanskim, siemieinym I ugolovnym dielam ot 03.02.1993). ; 26

W artykule omówiono główne mechanizmy manipulacji kulturą pamięci obserwowane w donieckich środkach masowego przekazu od marca do sierpnia 2014 roku. Problem kultury pamięci rozpatrywany jest przez autorkę w powiązaniu z pojęciami i zjawiskami pozostającymi aktualnie w kręgu zainteresowania europejskiej i amerykańskiej humanistyki, takimi jak przemysł pamięci, dług pamięci, nadużycia pamięci, pułapki niepamięci, kult bohaterów i ofiar, pamięć jako narkotyk społeczny. Praca uwzględnia także związek między kulturą pamięci a – relatywnie nowym w teorii masowej komunikacji – terminem mediapolis. Przegląd materiału prasowego zamieszczonego w pismach "Donetskije novosti" ("Донецкие новости") oraz "Munitsipalnaja gazeta" ("Муниципальная газета") – wydawnictwach, tworzących od niemal 20 lat mediapolis Doniecka – wskazuje na celowe stosowanie rozmaitych mechanizmów, technik i modeli przemysłu pamięci dla formowania nastrojów, poglądów i zachowania odbiorców. Przez odwołania do wydarzeń II wojny światowej, faszystowskiej okupacji Donbasu, a także sowieckiego epizodu w historii regionu tytuły te nie pokazują grozy, tragizmu, złożoności tego okresu, ale budują kult "chwalebnej przeszłości", jej bohaterów i triumfatorów. Odbywa się to kosztem marginalizacji pamięci o ofiarach, kombatantach wojennych, tragediach i stratach społecznych oraz osobistych czy katastrofie geopolitycznej, prowadząc do rozniecania przejaskrawionych uczuć patriotycznych wśród czytelników. To z kolei przyczyniło się do nasilenia społecznego chaosu i potrzeby militarnej konfrontacji, a w rezultacie – porzucenia myśli o pokojowym rozwiązaniu konfliktu w Donbasie. ; The article discusses the main mechanisms of memory culture manipulation, observed in the Donetsk mass media from March to August 2014. The problem of the culture of remembrance is considered by the author in connection with the concepts and phenomena that are currently of interest to the European and American humanities, such as the memory industry, memory debt, memory abuse, oblivion traps, the cult of heroes and victims, memory as a drug social. The work also takes into account the relationship between the culture of memory and the term mediapolis, which is relatively new in the theory of mass communication. The review of the press material in the magazines "Donetskije novosti" ("Донецкие новости") and "Munitsipalnaja gazeta" ("Муниципальная газета") – publications, which have been creating various media, technical and various mechanisms for almost 20 years, indicate models of the memory industry for the formation of moods, views and behavior of recipients. By referring to the events of World War II, the fascist occupation of Donbas, as well as the Soviet episode in the history of the region, these titles do not show the horror, tragedy, and complexity of this period, but build the cult of the "glorious past", its heroes and triumphs. This takes place at the cost of marginalizing the memory of the victims, war veterans, tragedies and social and personal losses, or a geopolitical catastrophe, leading to an increase in over-glaring patriotic feelings among readers. This, in turn, contributed to the intensification of social chaos and the need for military confrontation, and, as a result, abandoning the idea of a peaceful solution to the conflict in Donbas.

Archaeological sites are the only source of information on the preliterate period in the history. In West Siberia and further to the east of the Ural mountains written sources appear only after arrival of Russians at the end of the 26th century. Therefore, the value of archaeological materials in studying of pre-Russian Siberia cannot be overestimated. Therefore, the effective system of protection and using of archaeological heritage of natives of Siberia is necessary. The special federal law is directed on it. However, in practice of archeologists there are nuances which the legislation does not regulate.This situation is analyzed by the author of article. First of all, this is due to the fact that it is advisable to excavate archaeological sites in those regions that have been most developed. This is due to both the significance of the sites, its accessibility, and the cost of archaeological work. Hundreds of interesting objects have been excavated, but the materials of many are unpublished, which hinders the growth of the available source base. However, the obligation to introduce the materials into scientific circulation in a timely manner is not imposed on researchers. I particularly note the inattention to the publications of organizations that conduct rescue and new-build archaeological work. The second aspect is related to the ncreasing attention of Russian citizens to antiquities, which they often find during trips. It is impossible to say how many such finds are eventually lost. The situation could be corrected by the interaction of the sites protection bodies, museum institutions and citizens. However, it happens that it is easier for citizeno throw away a find than to carry it to a cultural institution. This situation requires a legislative solution. ; Археологические памятники — единственный источник информации о дописьменном периоде в истории. В Западной Сибири и далее к востоку от Уральских гор письменные источники появляются только после прихода русских в конце XVI в. Поэтому значение археолоических материалов в изучении дорусской Сибири невозможно переоценить, и необходима эффективная система охраны и использования археологического наследия аборигенов Сибири. На это направлен специальный федеральный закон. Но в практике археологов есть нюансы, которые законодательство пока никак не регламентирует. В первую очередь раскопки археологических памятников целесообразно вести в наиболее освоенных регионах. Это связано со значимостью памятника, его доступностью и стоимостью археологических работ. Интересных памятников раскопаны сотни, но материалы многих не опубликованы, что препятствует росту доступной источниковой базы. Однако обязанность своевременно вводить материалы в научный оборот на исследователей не возложена. Особо отмечу невнимание к публикациям организаций, ведущих спасательные и новостроечные археологические работы. Второй аспект связан с усиливающимся вниманием граждан России к древностям, которые они часто находят во время выездов на природу. Невозможно учесть, какое количество таких находок в конце концов теряется. Ситуацию могло бы исправить взаимодействие органов охраны памятников, музейных учреждений и граждан. Но бывает так, что простому гражданину легче находку выбросить, чем нести в учреждение культуры. Эта ситуация требует законодательного решения.

| openaire: EC/H2020/715788/EU//WoCaFi Funding Information: This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant agreement No 715788 ). HZ gratefully acknowledges The Finnish Foundation for Technology Promotion , Jenny and Antti Wihuri Foundation , and Niemi Foundation for the encouragement grants. The authors gratefully acknowledge: OtaNano-Nanomicroscopy Center (Aalto-NMC) for the use of XRD instruments; OtaNano-Low Temperature Laboratory (Aalto-LTL) for the use of Raman instrument; Graduate School of Environmental Studies (GSES) of Tohoku University for the use of the EGA-MS and FTIR instruments. YO thanks the NanoBio-ICMG platform (FR 2607) for granting access to the electron microscopy facility. HZ thanks Kanako Yamada and Daichi Ikuta for the support during EGA-MS measurements. Funding Information: This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant agreement No 715788). HZ gratefully acknowledges The Finnish Foundation for Technology Promotion, Jenny and Antti Wihuri Foundation, and Niemi Foundation for the encouragement grants. The authors gratefully acknowledge: OtaNano-Nanomicroscopy Center (Aalto-NMC) for the use of XRD instruments; OtaNano-Low Temperature Laboratory (Aalto-LTL) for the use of Raman instrument; Graduate School of Environmental Studies (GSES) of Tohoku University for the use of the EGA-MS and FTIR instruments. YO thanks the NanoBio-ICMG platform (FR 2607) for granting access to the electron microscopy facility. HZ thanks Kanako Yamada and Daichi Ikuta for the support during EGA-MS measurements. Publisher Copyright: © 2021 The Author(s) ; Chitosan-cellulose composite fibers spun using a Lyocell technology are characterized by a homogeneous distribution and a close packing of the two biopolymers inside the fibrous matrix. Due to the intimate contact of cellulose and chitosan, synergistic effects can be observed during the pyrolysis of the composite fibers. In this study, the catalytic role of chitosan in altering the cellulose pyrolysis pathway in the composite fibers at moderate treatment temperatures up to 900 °C is confirmed. Analyses of the evolved gases during pyrolysis revealed that chitosan promoted cellulose dehydration and substantially decreased the formation of levoglucosan, explaining the higher char yield. The enhanced dehydration reaction is associated with the formation of intermolecular crosslinks due to the incorporation of nitrogen from chitosan in the resulting carbon structures. Nitrogen could also contribute to the in-plane disorder in the aromatic clusters when the pyrolysis is carried out at 500–700 °C, although the in-plane disorder is less noticeable from 700 to 900 °C. Nevertheless, the size of the aromatic cluster continues to grow when the composite fibers are pyrolyzed in a temperature range of 500–900 °C. ; Peer reviewed

The article deals with the last book of the well-known English writer A. S. Byatt Peacock & Vine (2016) in the context of her oeuvre (novels, stories, essays). It is proved that the controversial reviews by British critics are caused by the character of the genre and the author's mythology. The book combines biographies of two artists and an essay on design of the turn of the 19th–20th centuries. It is concluded that A. S. Byatt uses her particular method of analogy at different levels of poetics. She juxtaposes biographies and oeuvres of William Morris and Mariano Fortuny with the help of such universals as the North and the South, which acquire a complicated character due to their being represented through national (or more specifically, cultural) images and symbols. The emphasis is not so much on the life as on the oeuvre of the designers – first and foremost, their houses and fabrics as seen by Byatt herself and through her biography and oeuvre. Her main principle lies in conceiving something of her own through something of the other's, and vice versa. While the figure of Morris in Byatt's novel The Children's Book (2009) was fitted in the social, political, and psychoanalytical contexts of the epoch, the book Peacock & Vine 'illuminates' the artist's life both with his own works and Fortuny's experiments with colors and light. The main evaluation criteria are color (light) and proportion (contexture), distinctive for both the artists' design and Byatt's style. However, in verbal interpretation of floral and animalistic ornaments (vines and pomegranates, peacocks and phoenixes, lions and dragons), one can see a comprehensive dialogue between paganism and Christianity, past days and modernity, a man and a woman, two famous designers, ars nouveau and ars deco. Illustrations (photographs, drawings, reproductions) together with the verbal text of the biographical essay make an organic whole of the book, which emphasizes a special role of paratext in Byatt's works. Searching for words to represent visual images is a special task for an author of a biographical essay that she was conscious about in her works. In the book Peacock & Vine, Byatt acquires the accuracy and clarity of the language she was dreaming of when working over the novel Still Life (1985). At the same time, simplicity and complexity of her style have become an integral part of her own mythology. The Englishman Morris, being passionate about the Middle Ages and the North, travelled to Iceland and conceived of the Scandinavian saga as a real history. In the Byatt's book he is compared with the Spaniard Fortuny, who had a penchant for Classical Antiquity and the Mediterranean world, lived in Paris and Venice, and conceived of the Scandinavian saga only through the prism of the Wagner Theatre. As to the Byatt's love to Scandinavian mythology, it goes back to her war-time childhood, which is reflected in her book Ragnarok: The End of the Gods (2011).

Longitudinal studies have confirmed that human brains continue to mature and restructure throughout adolescence, with the prefrontal cortex – responsible for executive functions – maturing into an individual's twenties. Studies examining adolescent decision-making demonstrate that young people prioritise rewards when assessing risk, take more risks in 'hot' contexts and are more likely to take risks when in the presence of their peers. These findings have motivated arguments that the immaturity of an adolescent brain could impact on culpability for criminal offences; a point recognised by the US Supreme Court in 2005: From a moral standpoint it would be misguided to equate the failings of a minor with those of an adult, for a greater possibility exists that a minor's character deficiencies will be reformed. Indeed, "[t]he relevance of youth as a mitigating factor derives from the fact that the signature qualities of youth are transient; as individuals mature, the impetuousness and recklessness that may dominate in younger years can subside." Since 2007, states have begun to 'Raise the Age' and move towards a national consensus of 18 for the upper age limit of juvenile court jurisdiction. Vermont has even gone beyond this, raising the age limit to 20. Little is known, however, about the extent to which, one, the evidential body of adolescent brain science is informing this legislative movement, or, two, robust science is presented to legislative decision-makers and by whom. We have developed a model for analysing and grading the quality of scientific arguments and authorities presented to legislative committees examining 'Raise the Age' legislation and have applied it to four states: Connecticut, Vermont, Michigan and Wisconsin. The former two were selected as states which had already, or were repeatedly attempting, to raise the age of juvenile jurisdiction above 18 and the latter two were states which, as of 2018, had not reached the national consensus of 18. Almost 700 pieces of evidence were examined, assessing criteria including whether studies were peer-reviewed, performed in humans, randomised control trials or whether they were opinion-based. Testimony was also categorised by author and a thematic analysis conducted. Our research has shown that campaign organisations, academia, religious groups, police chiefs and parents regularly provide testimony in this public process and that the themes of funding, recidivism and serious offences are repeatedly referenced. The model tells us that overall, although detailed scientific arguments about brain science and culpability are made to the legislature, poor quality evidence is provided to support these and, most often, there is a lack of scientific evidence entirely. This paper provides a summary of the results from Connecticut, Michigan, Vermont and Wisconsin. Part I discusses the methodology and development of the analysis model and Part II offers conclusions about the quality of science referenced, who participates, and the themes discussed in public committee testimony.

The purpose of this paper is to describe the public authors from New Granada from 1848 to 1853. In order to bring this goal to fruition, in the first part is analyzed the press role in the composition of an unprecedented type of a public author. In the second part are exposed, the different sides developed by those authors in political life in New Granada. Studying public writers constitutes an important advance in the analysis of political parties as fundamental elements in the configuration of what Pierre Rosanvallon has called the political, because as will be tried to demonstrate, those who were in charge of configuring political parties, they worried about equipping them with complex intellectual elements. ; El propósito del presente artículo es caracterizar a los publicistas neogranadinos entre 1848 y 1853. Para materializar este objetivo, la primera parte analiza el rol de la prensa en la configuración de un tipo inédito de escritor público. La segunda sección expone las facetas que desarrollaron aquellos letrados. Estudiar a los escritores públicos constituye un avance importante en el análisis de los partidos políticos como elementos fundamentales en la configuración de lo que Pierre Rosanvallon denominó como lo político, pues como se intentará demostrar, quienes se encargaron de configurar los partidos políticos, se preocuparon por dotarlos con elementos intelectuales complejos[1]. [1] Pierre Rosanvallon, Por una historia conceptual de lo político (Buenos Aires: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 2003), 19-20. ; Le but de cet article est de caractériser les publicistes néo-grenadiens entre 1848 et 1853. Pour y parvenir, la première partie analyse le rôle de la presse dans la configuration d'un type inédit d'écrivain public. La deuxième section expose les facettes que ces écrivains ont développées. L'étude des écrivains publics constitue une avancée importante dans l'analyse des partis politiques en tant qu'éléments fondamentaux de la configuration de ce que Pierre Rosanvallon a appelé le politique, car comme on tentera de le démontrer, ceux qui ont façonné les partis politiques, se sont préoccupés de les doter d'éléments intellectuels complexes. ; O objetivo deste artigo é caracterizar os publicitários ou escritores públicos de República de Nova Granada entre os anos de 1848 e 1853. Para atingir este objetivo, na primeira parte propõe-se analisar o papel da imprensa na configuração de um tipo inédito de escritor público. A segunda seção expõe-se as diferentes facetas que aqueles letrados desenvolveram na política da Nova Granada. Em resumo, o artigo procura estudar, a intervenção de escritores públicos em diferentes cenários da vida política e intelectual neogranadina em meados do século XIX. O estudo de escritores públicos constitui um avanço importante na análise dos partidos políticos como elementos fundamentais na configuração do que Pierre Rosanvallon chamou de político, porque, como será tentado demonstrar, os responsáveis pela configuração dos partidos políticos, eles se preocupavam em equipá-los com elementos intelectuais complexos.