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Effort to control dengue transmission requires community participation to ensure its sustainability. We carried out a knowledge attitude and practice (KAP) survey of dengue prevention to inform the design of a vector control intervention. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in June–August 2014 among 521 households in two villages of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Demographic characteristics and KAP questions were asked using a self-managed questionnaire. Knowledge, attitudes and practice scores were summarized for the population according to sex, age, occupation and education. The average knowledge score was rather poor—3.7 out of 8—although both attitude and practice scores were good: 25.5 out of 32 and 9.2 out of 11 respectively. The best knowledge within the different groups were found among women, the age group 30–44 years, people with a university degree and government employees. Best practice scores were found among retired people and housewives. There were several significant gaps in knowledge with respect to basic dengue symptoms, preventive practices and biting and breeding habits of the Aedes mosquito. In contrast, people's practices were considered good, although many respondents failed to recognize outdoor containers as mosquito breeding sites. Accordingly, we developed a vector control card to support people's container cleaning practices. The card was assessed for eight consecutive weeks in 2015, with pre-post larvae positive houses and containers as primary outcome measures. The use of control cards reached a low engagement of the community. Despite ongoing campaigns aiming to engage the community in dengue prevention, knowledge levels were meagre and adherence to taught routines poor in many societal groups. To increase motivation levels, bottom-up strategies are needed to involve all community members in dengue control, not only those that already comply with best practices.

Objective: to analyze the use of physical and digital georeferencing techniques in the service of health from a community asset experience. Methods: in the framework of an exploratory study with a mixed method, with a recurrent transformative design,a social cartography was carried out that included the analysis of physical and digital georeferencing. Results: the community territorial experience is part of the concrete experience, digital mappings as a result of technological tools and ICT development were used, with social mappings that directly linked the communities. On the onehand, it is an input that allowed to know the general context to streamline processes and on the other hand, other elements were highlighted in the practices, such as sociocultural, economic and political elements. Conclusions: in the globalized world, the use of physical and digital maps enrich the processes of assessment and community participation, they are configured as a means, but not an end, which provides decisionmakers with a tool to dynamize interaction and community empowerment processes.

This publication is concerned with the interface between volunteerism and later life, with a special focus on the role that older adults can play in ensuring a better future for present and future generations. One of every four Maltese citizens is aged 60 and over, a state of affairs that will impact greatly on how local public policy is planned, coordinated and implemented. The ageing of Malta's population warrants that government and civil society alike ceases to perceive older adults as a homogenous category, characterised by frailty and dependency, and instead, look at the immense opportunities that arise if older cohorts are mobilised into a productive force. In addition to active participation in the labour market, another highly promising area of policy development in productive ageing is volunteering. Indeed, all societies are experienced by a significant increase of people's life- and healthexpectancies, so that a large percentage of older citizens enjoy some fifteen to twenty years of active retirement. ; peer-reviewed

This article examines the institutional context in which community-based organisations are embedded. Two emergent themes in the literature on community development are examined critically: the woman-centred model for community organising; and the thesis concerning the community development industry system. The analysis is based upon data from field research with community development corporations (CDC) in Detroit, Michigan. The findings from this research indicate that the prospects for developing progressive community development strategies in grassroots organisations are constrained by barriers to financial resources and limited access to the policy-making process. As a result, recommendations are forwarded for the creation of autonomous funding sources, expanded democratic decision-making in community-based organisations and the linking of progressive reform to broad-based coalition building and multiple oppression politics.

Portuguese and Macanese elites and masses in Macau retained a participant political culture after the Second World War. Prior to 1984, only a few Macau Chinese community leaders were political activists. Since then, however, Chinese elite have generally displayed a participant political culture. The author explores political participation in Macau during three periods: 1945-84, 1984-88 and since 1989 to the current transitional period. The Sino-Portuguese agreement on Macau's future is briefly discussed. (DÜI-Sen)

In our increasingly complex society a growing centralism tends to bring more and more decisions out of the control of the user. This is too often not to the advantage of the citizens whose desires are bypassed. This results in breakdowns in the processing involved in planning and an increasing demand for participatory democracy. In this thesis a design process for housing is proposed which allows the users to participate and to deal with the existing power structure, in so far as it puts constraints on their homes. this design process is then translated into a game which could serve as a means for learning about and from such a design process. Elements of the game could serve for an actual design process, too. We may approach this end by focusing on three issues: on the sociopolitical power structure by discussing participation at a theoretical, argumentative level; by focusing on the technological and organizational means by discussing case studies; and on the problem of communication by researching the qualities of games as a means for participation. My discussion of participation indicates that the user has high abilities for contributing to a better design; moreover, that the individual household priorities are beyond the practical grasp of any central institution or organization. Even behavioral studies find their limits in evaluating the user's needs. However, that does not mean that if we let the users participate, then this solves the problem: participation is not just a new kind of design within the existing social- political system, rather it is a "categorical term for citizen power" (S. Arnstein 1975), and requires, therefore, a change in the status quo. Although this change might not always be achieved directly, the socialization process and new kind of social structures created by participation offers a chance for real change. My comparison and evaluation of nine housing developments designed in conjunction with user participation indicated that no specific building technology for participation in housing exists. Rather, participation is dependent on the means for planning and organization. Furthermore, it is found that the level of participation depends less on a high flexibility than on the actual control and power of the users. A horizontal form of communication (between the users) is one of the most important things for participation. My investigation into games shows that they have a high quality that enables the user to learn to participate and for actual participation. As a result, the proposed participatory design process focuses on the expression of desires on a specific language, on the enlightenment of cause and effect relations in housing, and on the change in existing power structures. Such a design process should also make the dwellers acquainted with each other and make possible a design of a support structure which is biased in the specific needs of the housing community.

The Rural Visioning Project, a community-based research project in Elk Grove, California, emerged from collaboration between two local community groups and researchers from the University of California, Davis. It is presented as "an exercise in community development," which lends insight into community processes, the meaning of "community" and perceptions of community action by participants and observers. The project provides an example of how participatory research can generate desired community change as well as valid, relevant data. Moreover, the substantive community development issues which emerged from the project have far-reaching impacts and relevance, informing wider conversations around the concept of a "public good," public participation, and capacity building, including how local communities can empower themselves to enact change of their own design rather than follow the status quo and the preferences of vested interests. Related to these issues, we discuss the NIMBY (Not-In-My-Back-Yard) label and how it is mobilized by both sides in land use disputes to either bolster or demean public legitimacy. The Rural Visioning Project also offers valuable insight into some of the questions, implications, and complexities of the rural-urban interface, revealing divergent experiences of culture, identity and public decision-making.

Hanoi owns a huge variety of urban architectural heritages that have a good value in community life and serve certain functions in the city' s spatial organisation. Despite great effort from the State, preservation is still a challenging task. In the context of rapid development, especially after the Renovation policy in 1986, Hanoi has raised the need to protect not only existing single heritage values but also their dynamic surrounding spaces. These elements have been "encroached", "occupied", threatening "heritage messages". Thereby, heritage issues are not only related to the value of each single building itself, but they are also an issue of urban life. Heritages are a component of the urban development context. Their influence and relation with other urban elements, including a dynamic life and diverse needs of the community, is undeniable. To complete the thesis, field surveys were conducted at heritage sites located at typical areas for city urbanisation, community interaction and urban development context. This helps to identify heritage issues such as heritage features, heritage value, mutual relationship between heritage -community -urban development, positive and negative changes of heritages, other relevant factors from community groups. Accordingly, the thesis puts forward suggestions to preserve heritages in the context of urban development, to encourage community participation and to balance the need for preservation and the constraints of city development. Developing the interaction space between heritage and community, setting up a Heritage Forum to enhance the sharing of heritage information among community groups, making policies based on market demand and the actual needs of different target groups. are among the suggested directions. ; Hanoï possède une grande variété de patrimoines architecturaux urbains qui jouissent d'une grande valeur dans la vie communautaire et assurent certaines fonctions dans l'organisation spatiale de la ville. En dépit de grands efforts de l'État, la préservation est encore une tâche difficile. Dans le contexte d'un développement rapide, surtout après la politique de Renouveau en 1986, Hanoï a montré la nécessité de protéger non seulement les valeurs existantes d'un patrimoine isolé, mais aussi leurs dynamiques espaces environnants. Ces éléments se sont trouvés «empiétés», «occupés», menaçant les «messages patrimoniaux». De ce fait, les problèmes patrimoniaux ne sont pas seulement liés à la valeur de chaque bâtiment en soi, mais ils sont également une problématique de la vie urbaine. Les patrimoines font partie du contexte de développement urbain. Leur influence et leurs relations avec d'autres éléments urbains, y compris une vie dynamique et divers besoins de la communauté, sont indéniables. Pour réaliser la thèse, des études de terrain ont été menées sur des sites patrimoniaux situés dans des zones typiques pour l'urbanisation de la ville, l'interaction commnunautaire et le contexte de développement urbain. Cela aide à identifier les problèmes du patrimoine tels que les caractéristiques du patrimoine, la valeur patrimoniale, les relations mutuelles entre le patrimoine - la communauté - le développement urbain, les changements positifs et négatifs des patrimoines, d'autres facteurs pertinents des groupes communautaires. En conséquence, la thèse avance des suggestions pour préserver les patrimoines dans le contexte du développement urbain, encourager la participation communautaire et équilibrer le besoin de préservation et les contraintes du développement urbain. Le développement de l'espace d'interaction entre le patrimoine et la communauté, la mise en place d'un forum du patrimoine pour améliorer le partage de l'information sur le patrimoine au sein des groupes communautaires, la formulation de politiques basées sur la demande du marché et les besoins réels des différents groupes cibles. font partie des orientations suggérées.

The Urban Governance and Infrastructure Improvement Project in Bangladesh responds to the growing need for infrastructure and service delivery for the rapidly increasing urban population in Bangladesh by building the capacity of resourceconstrained pourashavas (municipalities) to deliver services, and by increasing community participation in decision making and subproject implementation, a common element of the community-driven development approach. This booklet presents the project's key features and its impact on pourashavas and the lives of ordinary people. It discusses how the performance-based fund allocation strategy has proven to be effective in improving the pourashavas' capacity for service delivery, increasing citizen participation, and inspiring the Bangladesh government and other development partners to join ADB in replicating the approach.

The Urban Governance and Infrastructure Improvement Project in Bangladesh responds to the growing need for infrastructure and service delivery for the rapidly increasing urban population in Bangladesh by building the capacity of resourceconstrained pourashavas (municipalities) to deliver services, and by increasing community participation in decision making and subproject implementation, a common element of the community-driven development approach. This booklet presents the project's key features and its impact on pourashavas and the lives of ordinary people. It discusses how the performance-based fund allocation strategy has proven to be effective in improving the pourashavas' capacity for service delivery, increasing citizen participation, and inspiring the Bangladesh government and other development partners to join ADB in replicating the approach.

ObjectiveWe revisit several longstanding controversies in the study of how religion affects political participation among Latinos, examining the influence of religious affiliation, church attendance, and involvement in the "ancillary" activities of the church on three types of participation: voting, community problem solving, and contacting public officials.MethodsData from the 2001 U.S. Congregational Life Survey and hierarchical methods are used to test a comprehensive model of religious influence.ResultsWe find that involvement in church small groups and other church‐based activities that take place outside of the sanctuary hall consistently affect all political activities. Importantly, performing a leadership role within the church, or taking part in some other skill‐building activity only affects our nonelectoral form of participation for Latinos, but boosts participation across the board in the full sample.ConclusionsOur study lends some much‐needed empirical confirmation to associational theories of political participation, but also sounds a note of caution about the universal applicability of such theories.