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The article examined fundamental issues of parole in the criminal law of the Russian Federation and, at the same time, aspects of the negative deloscope impact on the identity of the inso, from various points of view on the "social elevators" programme. All these social problems cause a low level of voluntary softening of the damage caused to the victim. During the analysis, we found that the legislature did not formulate well the model that it behaves encouraging to compensate for the damage caused, as set out in the standard text. An indication of the possibility of using incentives in the event of damages the possibility of an ambiguous interpretation of the standard text, leading to difficulties in law enforcement. In the conclusions, we express our position on the need for legal regulation other than this issue. Particular attention was paid to the victim's role in determining the amount of damage. The input of the article focused on discussing various approaches to this issue and establishing the need to clarify the criminal legal status of the victim at the level of the plenary session of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation.

This is the Third Edition of what has become a paragon among criminal interrogation texts. Chapters have been added on interrogator qualification, legal aspects of confessions, the status of lie detection, and selected Supreme Court decisions from 1971 to 1979. The latter which supplements existing chapters on decisions since 1884, including the paramount Miranda and Escobedo decisions-analyzes 147 pertinent judgments. Equally thorough coverage is afforded psychological and technical considerations. The authors deftly blend all three elements - law, psychology; technique -and they explain the

This paper contributes to the literature on specific deterrence by addressing the issue of selecting adolescents into adult and juvenile law systems. In Germany, different from the U.S. and most other countries, turning a critical cutoff age does not cause a sharp discontinuity from juvenile to adult penal law, but rather implies a shift to a discretionary system of both adult and juvenile law, dependent on the courts' impression of moral and mental personal development of the adolescent at the time of the act. The German legal system draws the line of adulthood at some fuzzy age interval between 18 and 21, which is well above the thresholds prevailing in the U.S. (16 to 18 years, state specific) and other countries. Thus, the German evidence entails some external evidence to the previous literature mostly relying on U.S. data. Based on a unique inmate survey and Two-Equation Models controlling for selectivity problems, results show that application of adult criminal law instead of juvenile penal law decreases expected recidivism of adolescents. [Copyright Elsevier B.V.]

When is a norm peremptory? This is a question that has troubled legal scholars throughout the development of modern international law. In this work, Daniel Costelloe suggests - through an examination of State practice and international materials - that it is the legal consequences of a norm which distinguish it as peremptory. This book sheds new light on the legal consequences that peremptory norms have, for instance, in the law of treaties, international responsibility and state immunity. Unlike their substance or identification, the consequences of peremptory norms have remained under-studied. This book is the first specifically on this topic and is essential reading for all scholars and practitioners of public international law

Monica K. Miller.

Abstract: At least since the late 1960s, comparatists have been questioning the division of civil law jurisdictions into the German and French families, bearing in mind ongoing processes of amalgamation. Polish law is an example of a mixture, which firstly derives from the unique historical creation of the body of the legal system after First World War, which, in essence, survived until today. Further mixtures, being more typical to all European jurisdictions, were introduced through more or less massive transplants that related to the harmonization demands of the EU. Thirdly, the mixture was effected through the bottom-up process of Anglo-Saxonization of law, especially in its contractual dimension. Résumé: Au moins depuis la fin des années soixante, les comparatistes se sont interrogés sur la division des systèmes de droit civil en familles allemandes et françaises, tout en gardant à l'esprit les processus d'intégration actuellement en cours. Le droit polonais est un exemple d'un mélange, qui provient tout d'abord de la création historique unique du corps du système juridique après la première guerre mondiale, qui, pour l'essentiel a survécu jusqu'à aujourd'hui. D'autres mélanges, plus typiques de tous les systèmes de droits européens, ont été introduits au travers de transpositions plus ou moins massives dues à une exigence d'harmonisation de l'UE. Troisièmement, le mélange s'est effectué sous la forme du processus, partant du bas vers le haut, de l''anglo-saxonisation' du droit, spécialement en matière contractuelle.