Suchergebnisse

Conceived, constructed, and contested spaces : gender and European towns : introduction / Elaine Chalus and Marjo Kaartinen -- Aristocratic townhouse as urban space : the Fersen Palace in eighteenth-century Stockholm / Johanna Ilmakunnas -- "A busy day with me, or at least with my feet & my stockings" : walking for health and the female pedestrian's spaces in eighteenth-century British towns / Marjo Kaartinen -- "For the gentlemen of the town to walk on by way of exchange" : gender, space and commerce in the eighteenth-century town / Deborah Simonton -- Spaces of sociability in fashionable society : Brighton and Nice, c. 1825-35 / Elaine Chalus -- Marriage markets for elite women : imperial St. Petersburg and Helsinki / Marjatta Rahikainen -- The city of men : gender, space and working-class domesticity in late-imperial Moscow / Anna Mazanik -- "Uncontrolled crossings" : gender and illicit economic territories in eighteenth-century French towns / Anne Montenach -- Contentious spaces : urban arenas for violent crowds in pre-industrial Stockholm, c. 1700-1850 / Mats Berglund -- Absent men and tainted houses : gender, place and self in Stockholm in 1719 / Karin Sennefelt -- Behind thin walls : contested spaces and spheres of authority in late eighteenth-century Copenhagen / Camilla Schjerning -- Wives with knives and lovers : murder and marital households in eighteenth-century London and Paris / Anna Jenkin -- Pride and resentment : French émigrés and republicans in the streets of late eighteenth-century Copenhagen / Ulrik Langen.

This article contributes to the conceptual and technical development of cross-national measurement and analysis of the gender gap in the scope of parenting related leave entitlements. That there is a gender gap in the scope of leave benefits is widely acknowledged, but it is rarely quantified. The nomenclature in use around leave policies is diverse and so a first step is to standardise categories and develop a unit of parenting related leave. There is considerable cross-national variation in the configuration of the scope of leave policies. As such, a second step is to consider how best to include the different dimensions of this scope (e.g., duration, payment level, individual parent versus family design) in an estimate of the gender gap in entitlement. Using data collated by the International Network on Leave Policies and Research, a gender gap indicator is created to contribute to our understanding of the inclusiveness of parenting related leave for men as compared to women. This indicator highlights that only two (Iceland and Norway) of 45 countries included in this analysis had achieved a zero-gender gap in terms of entitlement to 'well-paid,' individual parenting related leave during the first 18 months of a child's life. The average gender gap for the countries in the analysis is between two to three months. Only seven countries offered more than two months leave to fathers as an individual entitlement. This is likely to be part of the explanation in many countries for lower leave taking practice by men compared to women.

Die kontroverse Debatte um die Elternkarenz ist im Vorfeld der Einführung des Kinderbetreuungsgeldes neu entflammt. Dieses Working Paper möchte ausgehend von der Arbeitsmarkttheorie und Überlegungen hinsichtlich der Finanzierung des Karenzgeldes der Frage nachgehen, welche konkreten Effekte aus der Inanspruchnahme von Karenz auf die Arbeitsmarktpartizipation bzw. das Erwerbseinkommen resultieren. Neben der Präsentation internationaler Forschungsergebnisse zu dieser Thematik soll insbesondere die Situation in Österreich berücksichtigt werden: Welche Konsequenzen ergeben sich hierzulande aus der Inanspruchnahme von Karenzurlaub? Diese Arbeit greift die Problematik der Karenz auf und möchte die kürzlich vorgenommenen Modifikationen der Elternkarenz anhand vorangegangener Studien zu diesem Thema kritisch betrachten. Folgende Fragestellung steht dabei im Mittelpunkt der Überlegungen: Ist die Elternkarenz eine probate Maßnahme, um Familie und Erwerbstätigkeit zu kombinieren, oder verstärkt sie geschlechtsspezifische Ungleichheiten - hinsichtlich der Arbeitsmarkpartizipation und dem Erwerbseinkommen - am Arbeitsmarkt?

IntroductionCurrently, about 2% of the European working population (~5 million people) are teachers, who are a characterized occupational group with various roles as educators, partners, counselors, social directors, professional managers, and political theorists. Teachers' health has a remarkable effect on teaching quality, and consequently, on the success of students of future generations. Public and occupational health are highly related to lifestyle behaviors (including diet type and PA); however, little is known regarding lifestyle patterns in different groups of teachers, particularly males and females. This study aimed to investigate sex differences in health/lifestyle behaviors of Austrian secondary-level teachers and school principals.
MethodsThis cross-sectional and multidisciplinary study is a part of the bigger Austrian-wide research project From Science 2 School (www.science2.school/en; supported by Federal Ministry of Education, Science, and Research). A sample size of 89,243 teachers and principals from 2,554 secondary schools (level I & II) were invited to participate, and a total number of 1,350 teachers and principals (1.5% of eligible Austrian participants; aged 45.8±11.4; 69.7% females) completed an online survey. In addition to sociodemographic information, a complete profile of lifestyle behaviors (e.g., diet type: omnivorous, vegetarian, vegan; nutritional patterns; exercise and sports activities; smoking habits; and alcohol consumption) was evaluated.
FindingsMale teachers were 2.1 years older than females (p<0.01). While there was no sex difference in leisure-time sports participation (p>0.05), males engaged in club sports more than females (39.1% vs. 24.9%; p<0.01). The frequency of sports/exercise engagement was higher in males compared to females (3.1 ± 1.5 vs. 2.9 ± 1.4; p=0.02). Omnivorous diet was significantly more common in male teachers (93.9% vs. 87.2%; p<0.01), while a vegetarian diet was significantly more prevalent in females compared to male teachers (9.8% vs. 3.4%; p<0.01). There was no significant difference between male and female teachers in the prevalence of vegan diet (p>0.05).
ConclusionDespite some differences in lifestyle components between females and males, teachers in both sexes appeared to have a healthier lifestyle compared to general populations reported by similar investigations. This finding might be associated with the higher educational level of teachers, particularly their improved individual capabilities (including knowledge, skills, competencies, values, and qualifications) and social advantages (e.g., networks, general living conditions) to implement toward scientifically well-accepted healthy behaviors. This study can serve as a starting point for future health-related interventions focusing on sex differences in the dual approach of "healthy eating – active living" considered the practical recommendation to achieve sustainable health.

The architectonics of the authors' research reflects the paradoxes of public consciousness concerning the perception of the phenomenon of social loneliness through the prism of the completeness of family and the presence of children. The prerogative of material prosperity in the name of the prospects for future family well-being in the conditions of the modern labor market in some cases results in social loneliness, when the compensating result of a woman's life cycle is professional solvency in the absence of family and children. Social loneliness begins to lose its negative context in the perception of the individual himself, which is expressed in an increase in the proportion of Russians aged30 to 45years who have never been married. The authors reveal women's reflections on the phenomenon of social loneliness in the context of existing family constructs, as well as aspects of the stigmatization of single mothers and children growing up without a father. Objectively and from the standpoint of the interests of the demographic policy of the Russian Federation, postponing important demographic events to later ages increases the risks of social loneliness, expressed in lower chances of starting a family and having children. Subjectively, the segment of people who, according to various indicators can be considered lonely, is an established demographic and social reality and does not feel lonely. The study is aimed at clarifying the peculiarities of women's perception of social loneliness, their identification of their role in society, the significance of their main social positions for them, their wish to be involved in one or another social group. The results of the study are presented on the basis of a sociological survey conducted in the all-Russian format. The sample is characterized as continuous, random, at the last stage nested (one cluster of the sample is selected — women, N=1075). The initial processing of the empirical data provided an opportunity to draw a number of conclusions regarding the value orientations of women and their formation of social behavior in the context of building a professional, family and marital life trajectory. The research focus of presenting the results is on finding ways to minimize social loneliness in public perceptions.

As college and university administrators expand and develop their urban campuses, they have also become developers of neighborhoods-and primary drivers of change. But how do institutions contend with urban real estate needs, revitalization opportunities, and community outreach? And how do the residents benefit? Pushing Back the Gates provides a lively discussion of neighborhood-level perspectives of the dynamic changes brought about by institutions' urban planning efforts. In the series Philadelphia Voices, Philadelphia Visions, edited by David W. Barte

"This book is a study of design initiatives and policies in five US West Coast cities - Seattle (including Bellevue), Portland, San Francisco, Irvine and San Diego - all of which have had particularly interesting urban design experience of relevance to practice in Britain and other countries. Although these cities are not a representative sample of all American design practice, they provide a rich vein of ideas about recent policy development and current initiatives which will stimulate thought about the formulation of effective design controls. The presentation of substantial extracts from key documents that underpin design controls in the five cities will be of interest, inspiration and practical use to academics and practitioners who want to know more about American practice and who want to contribute to improvements in the standards and quality of urban design policies and design control"--Provided by publisher

Youth detention facilities like many other services funded by public money need to be able to demonstrate the difference it makes to the lives of the small cohort of young people who are detained. In a world which has become more security and safety conscious, evidencing the difference made to the lives of these 'troubled youths' is of particular interest to society today. This study aimed to explore the factors that support improved pro social outcomes for young people detained. As key agents of change having access to a formative time in young people's lives while in detention, social care practitioners were purposefully chosen as the research sample to inform this research. A qualitative approach using semi structured interviews was used. The factors that support pro social outcomes were noted as; the quality of the relationship between the young person and staff, the organisational support of staff and interagency cooperation and planning for reintegration of a young person back into the community. The interview data was analysed and coded. The findings suggested that the relational properties of the total institution has a cumulative and prevailing effect on pro-social outcomes for young people in detention. Relationships between the care staff and young people can mirror the relational experience between care staff and management. This combined with current experiences of change and reform is experienced has the potential to destabilise the balance between care and control, resulting in a climate that is less conducive to supporting improved pro social outcomes for young people detained. This research is timely in that Irelands National Detention Facility is undergoing historical and unprecedented change. As part of this change a new and revised evidence informed and hopeful 'way forward' is being developed to provide the best possible standard of care for young people in the context of the governments overarching National framework 'Better Outcomes Brighter futures'. This facility will be referred to as Oberstown for the remainder of the thesis. This study addresses the gap in research in identifying the factors that support improved pro social outcomes for young people detained. It is envisaged that the research will add to the debate which needs to be held on the future of children's services generally in Ireland and the type of interventions used to divert young people away from crime.

The COVID-19 pandemic, while demanding social distancing, imposes approximation and coordination of efforts by public and private entities through the Internet and digital services. This article analyzes the use and operationalization of cyberspace by the public administration in the fight against SARS-CoV-2. It presents a diagnosis of the vulnerabilities and challenges related to this growing operationalization. The public administration began to operationalize cyberspace more vigorously from the 1990s, with e-government. Inter-governmental and governmental coordination strategies imposed by the current situation would be impossible without the intensification of the operationalization of cyberspace by the public administration apparatus, which transposes unusual and even unprecedented practices and actions to the digital domain. Given its artificiality, cyberspace can only be operated by those with the means to do so. Cyber-democratization comes up against the digital divide. The current need for social distancing highlights technical and socio-economic challenges arising from the transposition of the public administration apparatus into cyberspace. ; Por exigir aislamiento social, la pandemia de COVID-19 impone la aproximación y coordinación de esfuerzos de las entidades públicas y privadas por medio de Internet y de los servicios digitales. El artículo analiza el uso y operacional actual del ciberespacio por parte de la Administración Pública en la lucha contra el virus SARS-CoV-2 y presenta un diagnóstico de las vulnerabilidades y desafíos relacionados con esta creciente utilización operacional. La administración pública comenzó a usar el ciberespacio con mayor ahínco desde la década de 1990, momento en que surgió el e-government. Las estrategias de coordinación (inter)gubernamental impuestas por la situación actual serían imposibles sin la intensificación de la utilización operacional del ciberespacio por parte del aparato administrativo público, que transpone al dominio digital prácticas y acciones poco usuales o inéditas. Dada su artificialidad, el ciberespacio solo puede ser operado por quienes tienen los medios para hacerlo. La "democratización" cibernética choca con la exclusión digital. El aislamiento social actual destaca los desafíos técnicos y socioeconómicos derivados de la transposición del aparato de la administración pública al ciberespacio. ; A pandemia da COVID-19, por demandar isolamento social, impõe aproximação e coordenação de esforços de entes públicos e privados por intermédio da Internet e dos serviços digitais. O artigo analisa o uso e a operacionalização do ciberespaço pela Administração Pública no combate ao SARS-CoV-2 e apresenta um diagnóstico das vulnerabilidades e desafios referentes a essa crescente operacionalização. A administração pública passou a operacionalizar o ciberespaço com mais afinco a partir da década de 1990, com o e-government. Estratégias de coordenação (inter)governamental impostas pela atual conjuntura seriam impossíveis sem a intensificação da operacionalização do ciberespaço pelo aparato administrativo público, que transpõe para o domínio digital práticas e ações pouco usuais ou mesmo inéditas. Dada sua artificialidade, o ciberespaço só pode ser operacionalizado por detentores de meios para tal. A "democratização" cibernética esbarra na exclusão digital. O atual isolamento social evidencia desafios técnicos e socioeconômicos decorrentes da transposição do aparato de administração pública para o ciberespaço.

В статье рассмотрены особенности формирования и реализации внешней политики и основные характеристики международного имиджа современного Габона. Показано, что внешняя политика является важным направлением в государственной деятельности Габона и предусматривает широкое информирование международной общественности о реализуемых проектах социально-экономического развития, достижениях в сфере культуры и науки, инициативном позиционировании страны по ключевым международным вопросам. Внешнеполитическая деятельность направлена на создание благоприятных условий для реализации исторического выбора народа Габона для укрепления верховенства закона, демократического общества, рыночной экономики с фокусом на социальном измерении. Внешняя политика Габонской Республики рассмотрена во взаимосвязи с задачами развития страны, определенными в Стратегическом плане «Процветающий Габон». Особое внимание уделено рассмотрению роли Президента страны в процессе принятия внешнеполитических решений и рассмотрены перспективные направления развития внешней политики Габона. Подчеркнуто ключевое значение принципов обеспечения суверенитета и международной включенности, влияния фактора французского языка и политики многосторонней дипломатии при определении целей и приоритетов внешней политики Габона в эпоху новых международных реалий. Отмечено, что внешнеполитическая деятельность Габона нацелена на создание широкого круга международного партнерства в интересах национального развития в условиях глобализации. ; The article considers the features of formation and realization of foreign policy and the basic characteristics of the international image of modern Gabon are considered. It is shown, that the foreign policy is the important direction in the state activity of Gabon and is intended to offer the General public all over the world complete and reliable information on the situation in the country on key international issues, activities and initiatives of Gabon in the field of political space and the processes and projects of socio-economic development, its cultural and scientific achievements. Foreign policy activity is aimed at creating favorable conditions for the realization of the historic choice of the Gabonese people to strengthen the rule of law, market economy and democratic society, to focus on the social dimension. Нerewith this article analyzes the main provisions of the foreign policy of the Gabonese Republic, considered in conjunction with the country''s development objectives defined in the strategic plan "A prosperous Gabon". Particular attention is paid to the role of the President in making foreign policy decisions and ideas about the prospects for the development of Gabon''s foreign policy. Key value of principles of maintenance of the sovereignty and the international inclusiveness, influence of the factor of the French language and policy of multilateral diplomacy is underlined at definition of objectives and priorities of foreign policy of Gabon during an epoch of new international realities. It is noted, that foreign policy activity of Gabon is aimed at creation a wide range of the international partnership in interests of national development in in the context of globalization.

Die Politisierung der Verwaltung ist ein populäres, aber unscharfes Konzept der Verwaltungsforschung. Der Beitrag setzt sich mit diesen begrifflichen Unschärfen auseinander und zeigt auf, dass sich Politisierung auf (1) strukturelle, (2) personalpolitische und (3) ergebnisbezogene Merkmale des administrativen Systems beziehen kann. Um ergebnisbezogene Merkmale konzeptionell zu erfassen, wird zwischen zwei, einander ergänzenden Formen der Loyalität von Beamt*innen unterschieden - einer (die/den Minister*in politisch) unterstützenden Loyalität (partisan support) und einer kritischen Loyalität (responsibility). Im empirischen Teil greift der Beitrag die oft geäußerte Annahme auf, dass es einen klaren Zusammenhang zwischen der zweiten und der dritten Merkmalsdimension des Politisierungsbegriffes gäbe. Auf Basis von Interviews mit ehemaligen leitenden Ministerialbeamt*innen in Deutschland wird diskutiert, ob und inwiefern politisierte Beamt*innen tatsächlich ein anderes Entscheidungsverhalten zeigen als wenig oder nicht politisierte Beamt*innen. Im Ergebnis zeigt sich, dass die unterstützende Loyalität in beiden Gruppen weit verbreitet ist, während die kritische Loyalität - entgegen der landläufigen Erwartung - für die politisierten Beamt*innen besonders stark ausgeprägt ist. Methodisch innovativ ist die Verwendung von Vignetten zur Abbildung des Entscheidungsverhaltens im Rahmen eines qualitativen Untersuchungsdesigns.

Der vorliegende Beitrag untersucht die Dynamiken der Gremienlandschaft auf Bundesebene von 1966 bis 2013 und deren Konsequenzen für die Legitimation von Verwaltungshandeln. In theoretischer Hinsicht werden eine pfadabhängige und eine strukturpolitische Erklärungsperspektive kontrastiert, um die Neugründungen und Abschaffungen bzw. daraus resultierende Laufzeit der Beratungsgremien zu erklären. Der Beitrag basiert auf einer Auswertung verschiedener öffentlicher Quellen und berücksichtigt insgesamt 137 permanente Beiräte und Sachverständigenräte. In der empirischen Analyse zeigen sich die Relevanz sektoraler und machtpolitischer Erklärungsfaktoren, die Überlebensanalyse verweist insbesondere auf die Erklärungskraft strukturpolitischer Determinanten. Daraus ergibt sich ein gemischtes Bild für die legitimationsstiftende Rolle von Beratungsgremien, denn sie werden nicht nur zur kontinuierlichen Sicherstellung der Repräsentation gesellschaftlicher Interessen und der gemeinwohlorientierten Einbindung wissenschaftlicher Expertise genutzt, sondern dienen auch als Ausdruck parteipolitischer Erwägungen.

This dissertation contributes to an increased understanding of democracy promotion. Empirically, the study focuses on the multi-faced democratisation process in Macedonia; the official Swedish policy for democracy promotion; and actual Swedish attempts to promote democracy in Macedonia in the period 2000–2006. Theoretically, the study advances an analytical framework, which serves to bring clarity to democracy promotion as a concept. It is argued that democracy promotion embodies six structural components, and should be understood as activities adopted and/or supported by foreign actors, as part of a relationship between the democracy promoter and the recipient country, based on a set of motives and shaped through the use of different strategies, methods and channels. Moreover, the issue of impact is investigated. The analytical framework is used to investigate the character of Swedish democracy promotion, and to develop a typology of the roles of democracy promotion in democratisation processes. It is argued that the Swedish policy for democracy promotion is permeated by a Swedish democratic self-image, eclectic theoretical reflection, and flexibility. In addition, it is argued that Sweden is primarily driven by altruistic and ideological motives, and acts to promote legal and societal democracy, and that the allocation of democracy promotion resources is based on theoretical as well as practical considerations. Macedonia's democratisation process is analysed, and on the basis of the Swedish attempts to promote democracy in Macedonia, the study advances a typology of the roles of democracy promotion in democratisation processes, these being: educator, initiator, and supporter. Together with the analytical framework, this role typology provides new possibilities to study, and understand, democracy promotion. ; Denna avhandling bidrar till ökad förståelse av demokratifrämjande aktiviteter. Empiriskt fokuserar studien på den flerdimensionella demokratiseringsprocessen i Makedonien, den officiella svenska policyn för demokratifrämjande aktiviteter, och de faktiska svenska försöken att främja demokratiutvecklingen i Makedonien under perioden 2000-2006. Teoretiskt bidrar studien med ett analytiskt ramverk, som ämnar ge ökad insikt om demokratifrämjande aktiviteter som begrepp. Det hävdas att dessa aktiviteter är uppbyggda av sex beståndsdelar, och bör förstås som aktiviteter verkställda eller understödda av utländska aktörer, som del av en relation mellan den demokratifrämjande aktören och mottagande land, baserat på en uppsättning motiv och format genom olika strategier, metoder, och kanaler. Betydelsen av effekt inkluderas även i studien. Det analytiska ramverket används för att undersöka den svenska policyn för demokratifrämjande aktiviteter, samt för att utveckla en typologi av de roller som sådana aktiviteter har i demokratiseringsprocesser. Studien visar att den svenska policyn för demokratifrämjande aktiviteter är genomsyrad av en svensk demokratisk självbild, eklektisk teoretisk resonerande, samt pragmatism. Studien visar även att Sverige som demokratifrämjare primärt driva av altruistiska och ideologiska motiv, och strävar efter att främja etableringen av en konstitutionell och samhällelig demokrati, samt att fördelning av demokratifrämjande resurser görs utifrån teoretiska såväl som praktiska överväganden. Makedoniens demokratiseringsprocess analyseras, och med utgångspunkt i de svenska försöken att främja demokratiutvecklingen i Makedonien utvecklas en typologi över de roller som demokratifrämjande aktiviteter kan ha i demokratiseringsprocesser, nämligen: pedagog, initierare, och understödjare. Tillsammans med det analytiska ramverket, skapar denna roll typologi nya möjligheter att studera, och förstå, demokratifrämjande aktiviteter.