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Growth improved substantially in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) since 1990, but poverty in SSA as a whole has fallen by about a third, compared to by half or more in other developing regions. While some countries have had little or no success in reducing poverty, many have had significant achievements. The paper argues that inter-country differences, traceable to colonial experience, are crucial to understanding this varied SSA performance. This is based on a distinction between relatively labour-intensive smallholder' colonial economies and capital-intensive "extractive economies" exporting minerals and plantation crops. Because of the more equitable income distribution and African political inclusion generated in smallholder economies, at independence they were in a better position than extractive economies to translate growth into poverty reduction. Since the 1990s (when poverty data are available) the distinction in terms of poverty reduction can be observed. The empirical analysis estimates the growth elasticity of poverty using various specifications, some including inequality. There are two key robust findings: i) smallholder economies significantly outperform extractive economies in poverty reduction; and ii) growth rates do not differ on average between the two groups, but the growth elasticity of poverty is higher in smallholder economies.

Although global poverty reduction strategies have achieved some positive results, 1.2 billion people still live in extreme poverty. Two principal strategies are commonly used to tackle poverty: the provision of public services and social protection programs. This dissertation explores the links between the two strategies and poverty reduction in Indonesia. The study starts by exploring the persistence of poverty in rural Indonesia. Using panel data of household and community surveys, the study found evidence of state dependence of poverty, that is, the likelihood of being poor is significantly associated with poverty status in the previous period. Therefore, policies aimed at lifting the poor out of poverty may not only reduce current poverty rates but might also boost long-term growth. The results also suggest the importance of public services and community infrastructures in determining household poverty status. Secondly, this dissertation analyzes the impact of decentralized public spending on education on educational outcomes. Using a panel dataset of Indonesian districts from 2001-2012, combining household surveys, village censuses, and district fiscal data, the analysis reveals that decentralized public spending on education by local governments has a negligible impact on education outcomes across income distribution, including the poor. The results suggest that improving the quality of public spending on education is essential for better outcomes of decentralized public service delivery. Thirdly, this research highlights the roles of social protection programs in response to rising food prices. Social protection helps poor households maintain their food and nutrition security, especially during crises. This study evaluates the synergy impacts of two main social protection programs in Indonesia – Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) and Subsidized Rice Program (Raskin) – on food and nutrition security. The analysis reveals that CCT had a much greater impact on food and nutrition security for existing Raskin recipients. The study also found that providing both CCT and Raskin may not always yield better outcomes than providing only CCT. The study suggests to consider the importance of reformulating these overlapping programs, especially because Raskin consumes more than half of the social protection budget. ; Obwohl die globalen Armutsbekämpfungsstrategien einige positive Ergebnisse erzielt haben, leben 1,2 Milliarden Menschen noch immer in extremer Armut. Zwei Hauptstrategien werden häufig verwendet, um Armut zu bekämpfen: die Bereitstellung von öffentlichen Diensten und Sozialschutzprogramme. Diese Dissertation untersucht die Beziehung zwischen den beiden Strategien einerseits und der Verringerung der Armut in Indonesien andererseits. Die Studie beginnt mit der Untersuchung der Persistenz der Armut im ländlichen Indonesien. Durch Paneldatenanalyse von Haushalts- und Community-Befragungen fand die Studie Anzeichen für eine Statusabhängigkeit der Armut, das heißt, die Wahrscheinlichkeit, arm zu sein, ist signifikant assoziiert mit dem Armutsstatus in der Vorperiode. Daher könnten Strategien zur Befreiung der Armen aus der Armut nicht nur aktuelle Armutsquoten reduzieren, sondern auch das langfristige Wachstum steigern. Des Weiteren legen unsere Ergebnisse die Bedeutsamkeit von öffentlichen Dienstleistungen und den Infrastrukturen der Gemeinden für die Bestimmung des Armutsstatus nahe. Zweitens analysiert diese Dissertation die Auswirkungen dezentraler öffentlicher Ausgaben für Bildung auf die Bildungsergebnisse. Mit Hilfe eines Paneldatensatzes zur Situation der indonesische Bezirke von 2001-2012, der Haushaltsbefragungen, Zensusdaten auf Ebene der Dörfer und Haushaltsdaten von Bezirken kombinierte, zeigt die Analyse, dass die dezentralen öffentlichen Bildungsausgaben der lokalen Regierungen einen vernachlässigbaren Einfluss auf die Bildungsergebnisse in der Einkommensverteilung, einschließlich der Armen, haben. Die Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass die Verbesserung der Qualität der öffentlichen Ausgaben für Bildung essentiell ist, um durch die dezentrale Erbringung öffentlicher Dienstleistungen bessere Ergebnisse zu erreichen. Drittens hebt diese Forschung die Rolle der Sozialschutzprogramme als Reaktion auf steigende Lebensmittelpreise hervor. Sozialschutz hilft armen Haushalten, ihre Ernährungsund Nahrungssicherheit zu erhalten, vor allem in Krisenzeiten. Diese Studie bewertet die Synergiewirkungen von zwei Sozialschutzprogramme in Indonesien – dem Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) und dem subventionierten Reisprogramm (Raskin) – auf die Ernährungs- und Nahrungssicherheit. Wir fanden, dass CCT einen viel größeren Einfluss auf die Ernährungs- und Nahrungssicherheit für bestehende Raskin-Empfänger hatte. Außerdem stellten wir fest, dass die gleichzeitige Unterstützung durch CCT und Raskin nicht immer zu besseren Ergebnissen führt als die alleinige Bereitstellung von CCT. Die Studie legt nahe, diese überlappenden Programme neu zu formulieren vor allem, da Raskin mehr als die Hälfte des Sozialschutzbudgets verbraucht.

An overview of many currently topical issues around food and agriculture, with particular emphasis on their implications for development. These include Nobel Laureate Robert Fogel's discussion of nutritional standards and the implications of new theories of evolution in assessing the extent of malnutrition. Historical analysis informs contemporary surveys, including Yair Mundlak's comparison of the postwar record of 130 countries in agricultural technology and outputs. The important implications of labour markets, income distributions and the impact of welfare states on these issues are considered by a number of papers. The contributors include many leading academics from North America, Europe, Africa, Australia and Israel.

As part of its role as a national community development centre, the Combat Poverty Agency provides information, advice, training and resource materials for the community and voluntary sector. Under the current Strategic Plan 2005-07 Combat Poverty initiated the Having Your Say Programme www.combatpoverty.ie/havingyoursay that aims to strengthen the policy voices and practices of communities experiencing poverty. One of the four Programme objectives is to: • Initiate and support work that enables people experiencing poverty, their representatives or organisations that support them to engage in the policy system. Economics and Poverty - the links was commissioned, by Combat Poverty, Irish National Organisation of the Unemployed and the National Women's Council, under this objective. The overall aim of the title is, in an Irish context, to increase the understanding and policy analysis capacity of anti-poverty community and voluntary organizations on the relationship between poverty and economics. Its objectives are: • to increase knowledge and understanding of the relationship between policy or social objectives and economic activity • to increase knowledge and understanding of fundamental economic concepts • to increase knowledge and understanding of the role of government and market systems in the allocation of resources • to increase knowledge and understanding of economic policy instruments relevant to poverty • to enhance skills and capacities to critique and analyse economic and fiscal policies as they apply to the allocation of income, wealth and resources • to enhance skills and capacities to critique and analyse economic and fiscal policies as they relate to the redistribution of income, wealth and resources.

There is a relationship between child labor and poverty. The unaffordable financial state of households is the main reason to force children to become workers at an early age. One of the main points to respond to eliminating and preventing child labor is how to reduce poverty. Accordingly, many legal tools are designed and applied, such as forming regulations in finance supports and vocational training programs. This study provided practical evidence on the link between child labor and poverty in Vietnam as well as analysis on which legal measures the Vietnamese Government has done to tackle child labor based on the poverty approach. It was followed by some recommendations to eliminate child labor, especially in the context that negative impacts of COVID-19 pandemic push children to fall into poverty again and force them to continue to work in early-stage in most countries, including Vietnam. The study used a qualitative approach, including on desk review and a second-date analysis on regulations on child labor and poverty reduction policies in Vietnam. This study found that there existed a gap between policies on poverty to reduce child labor and practices. Comprehensive approaches in making policies, as well as law enforcement, are the core reasons. The gap should be overcome by providing unified action plans with an effective governmental authority system. KEYWORDS: Child Labor, Children Rights, Poverty Reduction.

Nigeria is the largest economy in Africa and yet, a poverty-ridden oil-producing country. Thus, poverty remains a persistent macroeconomic challenge in Nigeria with devastating consequences, especially in the Muslim populated states like Kano. Surprisingly, Kano state, which is the most populated state in Nigeria with more than 15 million people, is one of the 14 most poverty-ridden states in Nigeria, despite the practice of Zakah institution (ZI). Therefore, this study empirically evaluates the revenue base and impacts of ZI on poverty alleviation in Kano state. Hence, 1,230 copies of questionnaires were administered and seven high profile Zakah payers were interviewed. Meanwhile, the data analysis was accomplished using descriptive statistics, correlation, and regression techniques, among others. The major findings indicate that the enormous revenue base of ZI for poverty alleviation exists, because of the significant Zakah payment by high ability Zakah payers. Similarly, ZI positively impacts on poverty alleviation. All in all, the findings lend credence to the Zakah-effectiveness hypothesis. Hence, this study recommends that Kano state government should exemplify more accountability and transparency in Zakah management. Moreover, a Ministry of Zakah and Hubusi Affairs should be established with the mandates of poverty alleviation and economic empowerment in the state.

Cotton is one of the most important and ancient crop of the world. It plays a very signification role in the economic,political and social affairs of the world. In India, cotton is cultivated as an important cash crop and used as fabric since time immemorial. Ancient texts of India like Rig Veda, Dharmashastra etc. mention the use of cotton. There are evidences to indicate that India had been the centre of important textile industry as early as 1500 BC. At present, Indian textile industry with more than 1062 textile mills constitutes one of the largest contributor to the economy in terms of annual output and labour employed, both direct and indirect. A poverty line is the income required for a minimum consumption level of food,clothing, shelter, transport, health care, and other necessary items. In 1979, the Task Force on Projections of Minimum Needs and Effective Consumption Demand defined the poverty line as the per capita consumption expenditure level at which the average daily calorie requirement were met on the basis of the all-India consumption basket using 1973–1974 data from the National Sample Survey (NSS) 28th round. The task forceused the age/sex/activity-specific calorie allowances recommended by the Nutrition Expert Group to estimate the average dailyper capita requirement for rural and urban areas (2,400 kilocalories in rural areas and 2,100 kilocalories in urban areas), usingtheir respective population structures as projected for 1982–1983. Thus, to the extent the data permitted, the age, sex, andoccupational differentials in the population's daily calorie requirement were captured in the average norms.

Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- Editors and Contributors -- Abbreviations -- Introduction -- Inequality, Growth and Development -- 1 Does Economic Growth Increase Inequality?: An Empirical Analysis for ASEAN Countries, China and India -- Abstract -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Modelling Growth and Inequality: Related Literature -- 1.2.1 Growth, Inequality and Their Interrelationships -- 1.2.2 The 95% Theory of Kuznets' Inverted U Hypothesis: Just a Glorified Speculation? -- 1.2.3 The Exalted Status of the Interrelationships Between Growth and Inequality: The Immortal Triangle of Growth-Inequality-Poverty -- 1.3 Our Modelling Framework -- 1.3.1 Discussion of the Theoretical Findings -- 1.3.2 Empirical Foundation to the Nonlinear Relationship Between Growth and Inequality -- 1.3.3 Inequality and Growth Data: A Small Note -- 1.4 Empirical Results: Panel Analysis of Determinants of Inequality -- 1.4.1 The Panel Estimation Equation -- 1.4.2 GMM Estimation Results -- 1.4.3 Panel Estimation Results and Findings -- 1.5 Sources of Nonlinear Relationship Between Growth and Equity: Methodology and Findings -- 1.5.1 Methodology: Reversal of Roles and Threshold Model in Terms of FDI -- 1.5.2 Findings -- 1.5.3 Discussion of Findings -- 1.5.4 Growth and Inequality: A Simplistic Exposition -- 1.5.5 Growth and Inequality: An Alternative Specification -- 1.5.6 Discussion -- 1.6 Conclusion -- References -- 2 Does Institutional Quality Affect Foreign Direct Investment? A Panel Data Analysis -- Abstract -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Literature Review -- 2.3 Theory and Hypothesis -- 2.4 Specification and Data -- 2.5 Estimation -- 2.6 Results and Discussion -- 2.7 Conclusion -- References -- 3 An Empirical Verification of Kuznets Hypothesis in India -- Abstract -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Why Care About Inequality? -- 3.3 Kuznets Hypothesis

Following the Economics of Tobacco Toolkit developed by the World Bank,4 the impact of a reduction in tobacco consumption on the national economy is assessed by using National Input-Output (I-O) tables. The analysis involves the following three main steps: 1. Estimate the reduction in outputs resulting from the fall in demand for tobacco products. 2. Estimate the increase in outputs from the increases in demand for non-tobacco goods and services. 3. Calculate the net change in output due to the change in final demand as the difference between the two.

The issue of understanding, empathy and the relationship to the poor, the socially and economically marginalized segments of most contemporary societies, represents one of the most challenging political socio-economic, humanist, and scientific problems of today. The paper compares two ways of understanding and representing the urban poor -anthropological and cinematographic. The theoretical and practical achievements of Oscar Lewis and his idea of the "culture of poverty" are given as an example of the anthropological study and understanding of the poor. On the other hand, an analysis of the representation of the poor in Vittorio De Sica's film Miracle in Milan (1951) is given as an example of the cinematographic treatment of the issue. The aim of this comparison is the confronting of two viewpoints - one which aims to get to the scientific truth about poverty and the other - which gives a subjective artistic interpretation of the "old and romantic story about the rich man and the pauper" and the consideration of their cognitive and interpretative effects and potential for an anthropological theory and practice on the issue which would be "better" and wider in scope.

This article examines the link between subnational poverty and the location of civil war events. Drawing on the ACLED dataset, which breaks internal conflicts down to individual events at the local level, we take a disaggregated approach to the study of conflict. Local-level socioeconomic data are taken from the Liberian Demographic and Health Survey. With geographical cells of approximately 76 km 2 as units of analysis, we test how absolute and relative welfare affect the presence and number of conflict events during the 1989-2002 Liberian civil war. We control for neighboring conflict events, distance to Monrovia and national borders, population density, diamond deposits, and ethnic affiliations. War events were more frequent in the richer locations. This may provide better support for "opportunity" explanations than for "relative deprivation" theories of conflict, but we argue that the relative weakness of the Liberian government makes it difficult to distinguish between the two.