Suchergebnisse

В статье отмечено, что инновационный подход Предъявляет особые требования к участникам рынка сельхозпродукции, к качеству производимой продукции, от чего непосредственно зависит благополучие предприятий и фирм - участников рынка. В условиях хронического недофинансирования аграрной отрасли инновационные возможности представляются крайне затруднительными, а активное привлечение заемных средств тормозится низкой рентабельностью сельскохозяйственного производства и высокой зависимостью результатов деятельности от природно-климатических условий. Инновационная деятельность на сельскохозяйственных предприятиях представляется проблематичной в силу низкой инвестиционной привлекательности отрасли. Выделены основные критерии выживаемости в условиях самостоятельности и развития конкуренции на рынке. Исследования показывают, что инновационная активность предприятий АПК все еще остается на низком уровне, в АПК не освоено производство принципиально новых видов продукции и технологий, идет сокращение научных исследований. В то же время современная инновационная структура агропромышленного комплекса должна являться эффективной моделью взаимодействия науки, образования и производства. В Кабардино-Балкарской Республике успешно функционирует ряд научно-исследовательских учреждений аграрной сферы, таких как: Кабардино-Балкарский государственный аграрный университет, Кабардино-Балкарский НИИ сельского хозяйства, Северо-Кавказский НИИ горного и предгорного садоводства и другие учреждения аграрного направления. Ими проводятся комплексные научные исследования по селекции и семеноводству основных сельскохозяйственных культур, земледелию, защите растений, животноводству, экономике и земельным отношениям. Особое внимание ими уделяется селекции и семеноводству кукурузы. В настоящее время инновации служат основой развития АПК, а необходимость инновационного развития определяет и стимулирует важнейшие направления развития научной деятельности. Основными инструментами реализации инновационной стратегии являются разработка и осуществление долгосрочных государственных программ; поддержка модернизации производства по приоритетным для страны (региона) направлениям. ; The article noted that the innovative approach places special demands on agricultural market participants, the quality of products, from which depends directly on the welfare of companies and firms market participants. In situations of chronic underfunding of agricultural sector innovative features seem extremely difficult and active borrowing inhibited by low profitability of agricultural production and the high dependence of the performance of the climatic conditions. Innovative activity on farms is problematic because of the low investment attractiveness of the industry. It's the basic criteria for survival in conditions of independence and the development of competition in the market. Studies show that innovative activity of agricultural enterprises is still at a low level, not the results achieved innovation development in agro-industrial development of the production of new types of products and technologies, reducing research. At the same time, the modern innovative structure of agroindustrial complex should be an effective model of interaction between science, education and industry. In Kabardino-Balkaria successfully operates a number of research institutions of the agrarian sector, such as Kabardino-Balkaria State Agrarian University, the Kabardino-Balkaria Institute of Agriculture, North Caucasus Research Institute of mountain and foothill gardening and other institutions of agrarian orientation. They conduct comprehensive research on breeding and seed production of major crops, agriculture, plant protection, animal husbandry, economics and land relations. Particular attention is paid to their breeding and seed corn. Thus, at the present time are the basis for innovation development of AIC, and the need for innovation development defines and stimulates the most important directions of scientific activity. The main instruments implementation of innovative strategies is development and implementation of long-term government programs; support modernization of priority for the country (region) directions.

Political corruption in Japan is a very important issue. According to the Global Corrup­tion Barometer 2009 survey Japanese perceived political parties, public officials and ci­vil servants to be the institutions which are the most affected by corruption. In addition, governmental measures against corruption are regarded to be ineffective and inadequ­ate to the real situation. Japanese have keen concern toward Japanese political parties, intransparent activity of politicians and preventive measures taken by government. The purpose of this research is to examine political corruption phenomena in contemporary Japanese politics. Research questions are what are the structure, scale, and causes of political corruption in Japan during 2001–2009. For answering to these research questions first of all it is discussed the concept and definition of political corruption itself. Article overviews previous political corruption studies in Japan from the time of Second World War to the recent times, including the report of the Transparency International National Integrity System. In third chapter of article the scale, the varieties and the main practitioners of political corruption in Japan are to be analyzed. It reveals the biggest political corruption scandals in Japanese poli­tics in given time-period. Last chapter focuses on the explanation of political corruption mechanism in Japan and in particular relationship with clientelism practises. Combination of primary and secondary sources led me to make the following conclusions on the main political corruption tendencies in Japan during 2001–2009. First, the Asahi Shimbun front page content analysis indicates that 2002 and 2007 are special years in the context of corruption studies because in those years published the largest number of political corruption articles and the biggest number of the new the­mes on the political corruption issue revealed. Second, the common point of the three most significant political corruption scandals during 2001–2009 is that all of them have the relationship with political finance issue and in particular a suspicion on the violation of the PFRL. This finding reaffirms the NIS statement that political finance is one of the top priority issues in Japanese corruption scheme. Third, illegal political donation and influence peddling are the most frequent types of corruption in Japan during the period of 2001–2009. Fourth, main practitioners of political corruption in Japan were the LDP members from the House of Representatives. In addition, in as many as nine cases the Diet member secretaries were involved in political corruption scandals. The Diet member secretaries play an important role in political corruption scheme because they are often responsible for the political fund management. Fifth, the most vulnerable institution to political corruption seems to be Ministry of Agri­culture, Forestry and Fisheries and Ministry of Construction. Finally, article conclu­des that political corruption in Japan, to some extent, could be explained through the analysis of political clientelism. ; Politinė korupcija Japonijoje yra viena svarbiausių politinės darbo­tvarkės temų. Straipsnio tikslas yra, remiantis žiniasklaidoje publikuotų straipsnių turinio analize bei antriniais šaltiniais, išanalizuoti politinės ko­rupcijos fenomeną Japonijoje 2001–2009 metais. Straipsnyje nagrinėjami tokie klausimai kaip politinės korupcijos schema ir struktūrinės šio reiškinio priežastys, darančios įtaką korupcinių praktikų sklaidai Japonijos politinėje sistemoje. Remiantis dienraščio Asahi Shimbun pirmame puslapyje publi­kuotų su korupcija susijusių straipsnių analize, ieškoma atsakymo, kas yra pagrindiniai korupcinių santykių dalyviai, koks apskritai yra politinės ko­rupcijos paplitimo lygis, kokie didžiausi politinės korupcijos skandalai kilo Japonijoje 2001–2009 metais ir kas juos sieja.

Internationale Finanzkrisen erweisen sich als nicht seltene und zeitlich unbegrenzte Ereignisse. Jeder Finanzkrise in der Historie haften die gleichen klassischen Charakteristiken an: die Beschädigung makroökonomischer Indikatoren, der Psychologie sowie die Panik der Investoren, Spekulationen. Darüber hinaus beschränken sich die aktuellen Finanzstörungen nicht mehr nur auf Entwicklungsländer. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit besteht darin, die Entwicklung des Rechtsrahmens der Verwaltung souveräner Schulden zu analysieren, um Elemente zusammenzutragen, die es erlauben die bevorzugten normativen Entscheidungen jedes Akteures zu verstehen, zu bewerten und im Anschluss entsprechend Handlungsanweisungen zu geben. Das gegenwärtige Szenario der Verschuldung souveräner Staaten führt unweigerlich zu einer unumkehrbaren Umwälzung der bekannten Rechtsverordnungen und -strukturen, die auf die Gewährleistung eines reibungslosen Funktionierens der Weltwirtschaft abzielen. Angesichts der gegenwärtigen normativen Unsicherheit, ist es von größter Bedeutung die Auseinandersetzung mit finanziellen Krisen, die entsprechenden Reformvorschläge, die Suche nach Systemverbesserungen hinsichtlich einer Marktregulierung und die Rolle der multilateralen Institutionen bezüglich der Verwaltung souveräner Schulden genauer zu untersuchen. Nach der Feststellung des Vorliegens einer internationalen Verpflichtung zum Staatsschuldenmanagement wird die Einführung einer Reihe normativer Werkzeuge befürwortet, um nationale Vorschriften auf Grundlage bereits bestehender Modelle zu integrieren. ; Historically, international financial crises do not occur in isolation but rather go hand in hand with the deterioration of macroeconomic indicators, investor panic and speculation. Until recently, the sovereign debt issue has principally concerned developing countries. However, the recent financial turmoil has revealed that developed countries can similarly be severely affected. Since the beginning of the 20th century, experts in international law have periodically discussed the possible remedies to the endemic situation of sovereign indebtedness. In 2001, the International Monetary Fund launched a proposal for a Sovereign Debt Restructuring Mechanism known as the 'Krueger Plan'; this was quickly abandoned in 2003. Due to the present economic and political cul-de-sac, the legal framework of sovereign debt management strongly preoccupies the international community. The current sovereign debt scenario necessarily involves an irreversible disruption of the legal rules and structures that currently support a proper functioning global economy. This doctoral thesis analyses the evolution of the legal framework and the normative choices favoured by each actor. Identifying which particular legal issues are essential to evaluate such complexity allows us to deepen the theoretical and practical suggestions designed to facilitate the resolution of sovereign debt crises. After establishing the leading international requirements for sovereign debt management, this thesis advocates the implementation of a normative set of tools designed to integrate domestic regulations on the basis of previous models. ; Les crises financières internationales ne se présentent pas comme des événements rares et isolés dans le temps. Des dénominateurs communs classiques à toute crise financière se retrouvent dans chaque cas historique : la détérioration des indicateurs macroéconomiques, la psychologie et les paniques des investisseurs, la spéculation. La problématique des dettes souveraines ne relevait jusqu'à présent principalement que des pays en développement, alors que les récentes perturbations financières ont démontré que les pays développés pouvaient également être gravement affectés. L'objectif de ce travail est d'analyser les évolutions du cadre juridique de la gestion des dettes souveraines pour réunir des éléments qui permettent de comprendre le choix normatif privilégié par chaque opérateur. L'actuel scénario d'endettement des États souverains entraîne nécessairement un bouleversement irréversible des règles et des structures juridiques connues qui visent à assurer le bon fonctionnement de l'économie mondiale. Face à l'actuelle incertitude normative, il est primordial d'étudier les supports du financement souverain, le traitement des crises, les propositions de réformes visant à améliorer le système et le rôle des institutions multilatérales dans la gestion de la dette souveraine. Après avoir déterminé l'existence d'un engagement international de gestion des dettes souveraines, nous plaidons pour la mise en œuvre d'un ensemble normatif d'outils conçus pour intégrer les réglementations nationales sur la base de modèles préexistants.

ABSTRACT: Are the decisions on reducing number of MPs and the elimination of MP salaries issues that only have bearing on reducing public spending? Or on the contrary, can they have other effects? As we shall examine in this paper, the reduction in number of deputies has a bearing on two issues of constitutional weight: the electoral system in force in each of the territories that enjoy autonomy and the conditions for the organisation and functioning of respective chambers. The question of elimination of salaries is related to both adequate conditions for being able to carrying out representation and the establishment of a compensation system for parliamentary work that is transparent and prevents conflicts of interest and influence peddling. Furthermore, both issues are pivotal for the correct functioning of the parliamentary institution and in the long term can end up effecting the functioning of the territorial model, in the sense of either following a federalist line or returning to a model of a territorially asymmetrical Sate where certain territories enjoy strong political autonomy and others, little more than administrative decentralisation. ; RESUMEN: ¿La reducción de los miembros de las cámaras parlamentarias y la supresión de los sueldos de los diputados son decisiones que solo incidirán en la disminución del gasto público o, por el contrario, pueden tener otros efectos?. Como veremos en este trabajo, la reducción de diputados afecta a dos temas de gran enjundia constitucional: el sistema electoral vigente en cada uno de los territorios que gozan de autonomía y las condiciones para la organización y funcionamiento de las respectivas cámaras. La supresión de los sueldos, tiene que ver con las condiciones adecuadas para poder desempeñar la labor de representación y el establecimiento de un sistema compensatorio por la actividad parlamentaria claro y transparente que evite conflictos de intereses y situaciones de tráfico de influencias. Además, ambos, son piezas centrales para el buen funcionamiento de la institución parlamentaria y, a la larga puede terminar afectando al funcionamiento del modelo territorial, en el sentido de seguir en una línea federalista o volver a un modelo de Estado territorialmente asimétrico donde unos territorios cuentan con una fuerte autonomía política y otros con poco más que una pura desconcentración administrativa.ABSTRACT: Are the decisions on reducing number of MPs and the elimination of MP salaries issues that only have bearing on reducing public spending? Or on the contrary, can they have other effects? As we shall examine in this paper, the reduction in number of deputies has a bearing on two issues of constitutional weight: the electoral system in force in each of the territories that enjoy autonomy and the conditions for the organisation and functioning of respective chambers. The question of elimination of salaries is related to both adequate conditions for being able to carrying out representation and the establishment of a compensation system for parliamentary work that is transparent and prevents conflicts of interest and influence peddling. Furthermore, both issues are pivotal for the correct functioning of the parliamentary institution and in the long term can end up effecting the functioning of the territorial model, in the sense of either following a federalist line or returning to a model of a territorially asymmetrical Sate where certain territories enjoy strong political autonomy and others, little more than administrative decentralisation.

The number of aforados has been discussed in recent times in Spain. Most authors, after saying that this procedural exception exists only exceptionably in the Comparative Constitucional Law, request a substantial decrease of its figure in our country. However, this research of Comparative Constitutional Law reveals that the aforamiento is usual in relation to the Head of State and the Government members in the European constitutionalism. By contrast, the parliamentary aforamiento is an exceptional situation. Anyway, the Comparative Constitutional Law, although useful, should not be decisive in order to take decision about the future of this privilege in our country. In this regard, it is absolutely necessary to take into account its objectives and the causational and proportionately relationship between the adopted measure (aforamiento)and the achievement of those objectives in the political, institutional and social context of the specific country. And the truth is that the arguments to justify this institution, an exception to the principle of equality, are certainly weak. ; El número de aforados en nuestro país ha sido objeto de una fuerte polémica en los últimos tiempos en España. La mayoría, tras afirmar que esta institución se prevé de forma absolutamente excepcional en los países con los que compartimos una tradición jurídica común, solicita una reducción sustancial de esta cifra. Sin embargo, este análisis de derecho constitucional comparado revela que el aforamiento es una práctica habitual con relación a los Jefes de Estado (en el marco de una responsabilidad, eso sí, muy limitada) y a los miembros de Gobierno en el constitucionalismo europeo. Sí que es excepcional, sin embargo, el aforamiento parlamentario. En todo caso, el recurso al derecho comparado, aunque útil, no debe ser el elemento decisivo en la decisión sobre el futuro de esta institución en nuestro país. En este sentido resulta inexcusable tomar en consideración los fines pretendidos por la misma y la relación de causalidad y proporcionalidad existente entre su previsión y la consecución de dichos fines en el marco político, institucional y social del país de referencia en el que se inserta. Y lo cierto es que los fundamentos para justificar su presencia en nuestro país son un tanto endebles para conducir, como conducen, a limitar el principio de igualdad ante la ley.The number of aforados has been discussed in recent times in Spain. Most authors, after saying that this procedural exception exists only exceptionably in the Comparative Constitucional Law, request a substantial decrease of its figure in our country. However, this research of Comparative Constitutional Law reveals that the aforamiento is usual in relation to the Head of State and the Government members in the European constitutionalism. By contrast, the parliamentary aforamiento is an exceptional situation. Anyway, the Comparative Constitutional Law, although useful, should not be decisive in order to take decision about the future of this privilege in our country. In this regard, it is absolutely necessary to take into account its objectives and the causational and proportionately relationship between the adopted measure (aforamiento)and the achievement of those objectives in the political, institutional and social context of the specific country. And the truth is that the arguments to justify this institution, an exception to the principle of equality, are certainly weak.

Objective: to describe the current state of the health-related components of the comprehensive life development plans of four indigenous organizations of the Vaupés department, in the Amazon region of Colombia. Methodology: search, collection, critical reading and analysis of the contents of the comprehensive life development plans of four indigenous organizations of the Vaupés department. In addition, these plans were compared with the municipal and departmental territory development plans. Results: the comprehensive life development plans and the territory development plans fail to develop their health-related components strategically. Furthermore, the health sections of the plans are unspecific enunciations appearing in several parts of the documents, which hinders their monitoring and evaluation. Discussion: the territorial institutions and indigenous organizations have shortcomings in the planning processes used to create the health components of their plans. If this situation persists, it will be impossible to implement the interventions required to improve the health situation of the indigenous ethnic groups of the area. Governmental, non-governmental and academic institutions should take action in a decided and combined effort in order to improve this situation. ; Objetivo: describir la situación actual de los componentes de salud en los planes integrales de vida de cuatro organizaciones indígenas del departamento del Vaupés, región amazónica de Colombia. Metodología: búsqueda, recuperación, lectura crítica y análisis de contenido de los planes integrales de vida de cuatro organizaciones indígenas del departamento del Vaupés. Comparación con planes de desarrollo territorial de las entidades vigentes – municipio y departamento. Resultados: los planes integrales de vida y los planes de desarrollo territorial no desarrollan los componentes de salud de forma estratégica. Se presentan como enunciados en distintos momentos de los Planes, pero sin lograr la concreción necesaria para llevar a cabo su seguimiento y evaluación. Discusión: existen falencias en los procesos de construcción del componente salud en los instrumentos de planeación de la institucionalidad y las organizaciones indígenas. Mientras esto persista, será imposible llevar a la realidad las intervenciones necesarias para la mejoría de la situación de salud de los grupos y pueblos étnicos indígenas. Es necesaria una acción decidida y articulada de la institucionalidad, la academia y el sector no gubernamental que favorezca estos procesos. ; Objetivo: descrever a situação atual dos componentes de saúde nos planos integrais de vida de quatro organizações indígenas do estado de Vaupés, região amazônica da Colômbia. Metodologia: busca, coleta, leitura crítica e análise de conteúdo dos planos integrais de vida de quatro organizações indígenas do estado de Vaupés. Comparação com planos de desenvolvimento territorial das instituições vigentes - municipal e estadual. Resultados: os planos integrais de vida e os planos de desenvolvimento territorial não desenvolvem os componentes de saúde de forma estratégica. Apresentam-se como enunciados em diferentes momentos dos Planos, porém sem conseguir a concreção necessária para realizar o seu acompanhamento e avaliação. Discussão: existem carências nos processos de construção do componente saúde nos instrumentos de planejamento das instituições e das organizações indígenas. Enquanto isto persistir, será impossível levar à realidade as intervenções necessárias para a melhoria da situação de saúde dos grupos e povos étnicos indígenas. É necessária uma ação decidida e articulada das instituições, do meio acadêmico e do setor não governamental que favoreça estes processos.

Nichts ist gewisser als der Tod und nichts ungewisser als die Stunde des Todes. Diese Reflexion über die "conditio humana" steht in der Einleitung vieler spätmittelalterlicher Testamente. Um im Falle eines jäh eintreffenden Todes vorgesorgt zu haben, ordneten die Berner - wie ihre Zeitgenossen in ganz Europa - letztwillige Verfügungen zugunsten der Kirche und karitativer Einrichtungen an. Diese Massnahmen dienten nicht nur der Förderung des eigenen Seelenheils, sondern auch jenem von bereits verstorbenen Angehörigen. Die Sorge um die Lebenden beschäftigte die Erblassenden ebenfalls, denn mithilfe eines Testaments sollte die Verteilung des Nachlasses nach dem Willen des Erblassers verlaufen und Zwist unter den Erbanwärtern vermieden werden. Daraus leitet sich die Fragestellung der Dissertation nach den Strategien ab, die Männer und Frauen bei der testamentarischen Regelung ihrer Hinterlassenschaft verfolgten, sowie nach den Faktoren, die deren Testierverhalten entscheidend beeinflussten. Die Arbeit beleuchtet die rechtlichen und sozialen Normen, die die Erblasser bei der Errichtung ihres Testaments anleiteten. Für ein möglichst differenziertes Ergebnis wird das Testierverhalten der Erblasser hinsichtlich der Kategorien Geschlecht, Familienstand und sozialer Zugehörigkeit sowie mit Blick auf deren Besitzverhältnisse und auf den Empfängerkreis untersucht. Dabei werden auch die Konstanten und Veränderungen im Testierverhalten herausgearbeitet und mit jenem in anderen Städten des Reiches verglichen. Die Untersuchung positioniert sich an der Schnittstelle von Schriftlichkeitsforschung, Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte sowie der Realienkunde, wobei sie die in den Berner Testamenten aufscheinende Spannbreite von Aspekten in ihrer Ganzheit berücksichtigt, um ein möglich dichtes Bild der spätmittelalterlichen Lebenswelt der Testierenden und ihrer Beziehungsnetze nachzuzeichnen und den Prozess des Testierens in einen breiten gesellschaftlichen Kontext stellen zu können. Zur Beantwortung der oben formulierten Fragen werden die für die spätmittelalterliche Stadt Bern seriell vorliegenden Testamente erstmals in grösserem Rahmen systematisch ausgewertet. Die Arbeit unterzieht die rund 300 heute in den bernischen Archiven greifbaren kopial oder original überlieferten Testamente einer Kombination von quantifizierender und qualitativer Analyse. Den Beginn des Untersuchungszeitraums gibt die Überlieferung in den städtischen Testamentenbüchern vor, die um 1400 einsetzt; das Ende markiert das Jahr 1538 wegen der unmittelbar anschliessend vorgenommenen Anpassungen des Testier- und Erbrechts im Rahmen der neuen Stadtsatzung (1539). Damit erstreckt sich die Untersuchung um ein Jahrzehnt über die bernische Reformation (1528) hinaus. Die Untersuchung gliedert sich in fünf thematische Blöcke: Zuerst werden die Überlieferungssituation beleuchtet und die verschiedenen handschriftlichen Quellen einer ausführlichen Kritik unterzogen. Zentrale Quellen sind neben den erwähnten Testamentenbüchern die ebenfalls im Staatsarchiv des Kantons Bern aufbewahrten Spruchbücher des Oberen Gewölbes. Anschliessend zeichnet die Dissertation den Weg zum rechtsgültigen Testament nach, was unter Berücksichtigung der verschiedenen Akteure, der Verfahrensabläufe und des anfallenden Schriftguts geschieht. Der grösste Teil der Dissertation setzt schliesslich die Erforschung der Testierenden, der Legate und der Empfänger (geistliche/karitative Einrichtungen sowie Einzelpersonen) ins Zentrum. Diese drei Aspekte eines Testaments werden einerseits isoliert, andererseits ist deren Verbindung zueinander betrachtet. Die bernische Rechtspraxis und die in diesem Bereich während des Untersuchungszeitraums noch vergleichsweise schwach entwickelte Verwaltungsorganisation haben im Verhältnis zur Einwohnerzahl wenige Testamente hervorgebracht. Es errichtete hauptsächlich eine privilegierte Gruppe von Personen ein Testament, die innerhalb der städtischen Bevölkerung eine Minderheit bildete. Die Hälfte bis zwei Drittel der Testierenden lebte in einem Haushalt, dessen Vorstand der politischen, sozialen und/oder wirtschaftlichen Führungsschicht von Bern angehörte. Dabei waren Angehörige der obersten politischen und wirtschaftlichen Führungsgruppe (Mitglieder des Kleinen Rates) gemessen an der städtischen Bevölkerung überproportional stark vertreten. Es lassen sich Einflüsse von Geschlecht, Familienstand und sozialer Zugehörigkeit deutlich in der Vielfalt und Qualität der vermachten Güter, in der Wahl sowie Anzahl der berücksichtigten Institutionen und Einzelpersonen respektive in der Breite des bedachten Beziehungsnetzes ausmachen. Fromme Vergabungen, namentlich zwecks Totengedenkens, spielten vor der Reformation auch in den bernischen Testamenten eine zentrale Rolle. Verfügt wurde grösstenteils zugunsten kirchlicher und karitativer Einrichtungen in der Stadt, wobei die im Bau befindliche Pfarrkirche St. Vinzenz als Begünstigte besonders hervorsticht. Bereits vor der Einführung der Reformation gingen die Vergabungen an einzelne Institutionen und Gemeinschaften zurück oder versiegten bereits ganz. Als wichtigste Verwandtschaftseinheit tritt in den bernischen Testamenten die Kernfamilie (Witwe/r, Kinder, Enkel) in Erscheinung. Engere Beziehungen gab es zur Familie der Geschwister, die besonders bei fehlenden ehelichen Kindern das Erbe antraten. Testamente begünstigen aber auch Stiefkinder und illegitime Nachkommen ohne rechtliche Erbansprüche. Häufigere Zuwendungen richteten sich ferner an Pflegekinder; patenschaftlichen Beziehungen wurde ebenfalls testamentarisch Rechnung getragen. Wiederholt dokumentiert ist auch die persönliche Nähe und enge Beziehung von Dienstherren zu ihren Bediensteten. Bern zeichnete sich durch eine sehr weitgehende Testierfreiheit für beide Geschlechter aus. Die Obrigkeit brachte sich zudem erst bei Testamentseröffnung und konkreten Erbzwistigkeiten aktiv ein. Demnach sind die Berner Testamentenbücher nicht als Instrument obrigkeitlicher Kontrolle zu verstehen, sondern als Dienstleistung, welche die Nachfrage der Berner nach mehr Rechtssicherheit bediente. Die erforschten Testamente bieten einen einmaligen Fundus für die materielle Kultur bernischer Haushalte des ausgehenden Mittelalters. In der Verbreitung gewisser Kleidungsstücke und Hausratsobjekte über sozial unterschiedlich verortete Haushalte hinweg bestätigt sich ausserdem die für das Spätmittelalter charakteristische soziale Durchlässigkeit der bernischen Gesellschaft. Den modernen Menschen verbindet nicht nur die Unausweichlichkeit des Todes über die Jahrhunderte mit den Erblassern und Erblasserinnen des Spätmittalters. Auch heute noch werden Testamente nicht nur für die Lebenden, sondern auch für die Toten geschrieben. Die Auseinandersetzung mit der Weitergabe des eigenen Besitzes, des zu begünstigenden Kreises sowie Gedanken darüber, wie wir der Nachwelt in Erinnerung bleiben wollen, stellen ein zeitungebundenes Phänomen dar, das aufgrund seiner Vielschichtigkeit auch als totales Phänomen bezeichnet werden kann.

The work consists in political and legal analysis of the preparation and inclusion of Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Ukraine by strengthening institutional and procedural mechanisms of formation of the Soviet political system. Initial theoretical and methodological basics of research include consideration of the concepts of «political system», «political regime», «totalitarianism», «Stalinism». The author reveals international political situation, which resulted in evacuation of Romanian troops from Northern Bukovina and entry of the Red Army in June 28, 1940, according to the Soviet leaders' military doctrine developed in the 30-s that was based on the indivisibility principles of the Soviet Union and «revolution exports».It is indicated that in June-August 1940 the Red Army carried out signifiant agitation and propaganda as well as ideological education work, especially in the initial period, substituting a party and offiial authorities. The author gives separate analyses of peculiarities of procedural practices of political activity in response to impulses emanating from the political system and its institutions; participation in activities related to delegation of authority; participation in political and socio-political organizations; performance of political functions within the institutions that are part of the political system or act against it; direct action; activity in non-institutional political movements against the existing political system, seeking its radical restructuring and form of political mobilization through mass events (meetings, demonstrations) as the basic elements of the implementation of the Soviet mass society model.The work includes the results of massive political mobilization in support of the totalitarian regime, manifested in the results of the electoral practice - elections of the Supreme Council of the USSR and Ukrainian SSR 12 January 1941. The main attention is paid to the political and legal analysis of the formation and staffig of the party and repressive-punitive organs in the region in general and involvement of local, mostly Ukrainian population into management bodies, almost exclusively at lower levels of administrative political leadership. The author points to a clear repressive and punitive nature of the Stalinist variety of totalitarian assertion that was deployed in arrests, extrajudicial persecution, deportation of the local population of Chernivtsi region, which did not show much loyalty to new government and its local representatives. ; На основе теоретико-методологической базы исследования сталинского тоталитаризма как фундамента советской политической системы конца 20-х начала 50-х годов раскрываются международно-политическая ситуация и политико-правовые механизмы включения Северной Буковины в состав Советской Украины, а также формирования институционно-процедурных принципов функционирования Черновицкой области в процессе первой «советизации» (июнь 1940 - июнь 1941). Основное внимание обращается к политико-правовому анализу процесса формирования и комплектации партийных и репрессивно-карательных органов в крае. Указывается на негативные последствия принудительной политической мобилизации и формирования массового общества как важных составляющих советской политической системы ; На основі теоретико-методологічної бази дослідження сталінського тоталітаризму як фундаменту радянської політичної системи кінця 20-х початку 50-х років років розкрито міжнародо-політичну ситуацію та політико-правові механізми включення Північної Буковини до складу Радянської України та формування інстутуційно-процедурних засад функціонування Чернівецької області в процесі першої «радянізації» (червень 1940 - червень 1941 рр.). Основна увага звертається на політико-правовий аналіз процесу формування й комплектування партійних та репресивно-каральних органів в краї.Вказано на негативні наслідки примусової політичної мобілізації та формування масового суспільства як важливих складових радянської політичної системи

Развитие политической, военной и экономической мощи Российской Федерации невозможно без развития государственного патриотизма как направления педагогической деятельности и патриотической работы, направленных на активизацию патриотического воспитания молодежи, в том числе и курсантов морских вузов. В этом плане некоторый позитивный опыт державно-патриотического воспитания учеников и гардемаринов эпохи Петра Великого, в целом Российской империи и периода Советского Союза представляет большой интерес для современной педагогической теории и практики, воспитания современной флотской молодежи в духе беззаветной любви к Отечеству, его истории и традициям. Автор исходит в данной статьи из понимания государственного патриотизма как высокого чувства любви граждан к своей стране, а также глубокого осознания ими своего гражданского, профессионального и воинского долга перед своим государством и своим народом. В статье, с опорой на отечественные исследования и научные публикации анализируется процесс становления морского образования в России, а также генезис идеи государственного патриотизма и системы государственно-патриотического воспитания учащихся морских учебных заведений. Установлено, что государственный патриотизм, государственно-патриотическое воспитание как педагогическая проблема во все времена предполагало формирование у учащейся молодежи на основе патриотического идеала государственно-патриотического сознания, мировоззрения, позиции, государственно-патриотического поведения базирующего на высоких патриотических чувствах и убеждениях. Это направление всегда занимало особое место в духовной жизни общества, в педагогической науке и практике. Выполненный анализ позволил установить конкретные этапы развития идеи патриотизма, государственно-патриотического воспитания в морских учебных заведениях России, показать конкретную систему воспитательного воздействия характерную для каждого этапа ; The development of political, military and economic strength of the Russian Federation is impossible without the development of patriotism in the public areas of educational activities and patriotic work aimed at enhancing patriotic education of youth, including sea cadets' universities. In this regard, some positive experience of great-power patriotic education of students and midshipmen of the epoch of Peter the Great and the whole period of the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union is of great interest for modern educational theory and practice, education modern fleet of youth in the spirit of selfless love for the Fatherland, its history and traditions. The author of this article starts from considering of patriotism to the state as a high sense of citizens' love to their country, as well as awareness of their civil, professional and military duty in front of the government and its people. In the article, relying on domestic research and scientific publication we analyze the process of formation of sea education in Russia, as well as the genesis of the idea of patriotism and the state system of public-patriotic education of students of maritime educational institutions. It has been established that the state patriotism and state-patriotic education as a pedagogical problem at all times have presupposed the formation of the students on the basis of the patriotic ideal state-patriotic consciousness, outlook, position, state-patriotic behavior based on high patriotic feelings and beliefs. This area has always occupied a special place in the spiritual life of society, in pedagogical science and practice. The analysis allowed us setting specific stages of the development of the idea of patriotism, state-patriotism education in the maritime training institutions of Russia, as well as showing the real system of educational influence for each stage

Исследуется процесс политической трансформации Челябинской области в 1991-1993 гг. Рассматривается процесс борьбы за власть администрации Челябинской области во главе с В.П. Соловьевым и Областным советом народных депутатов Челябинской области под руководством П.И. Сумина. Обосновывается вывод, что сложившаяся обстановка была во многом уникальна. Конфронтация шла между политическими лидерами, возглавлявшими два противостоящих лагеря: коммунистический и демократический. Стартовые позиции были равны, и кто победит, не ясно было до последнего момента. Решающую роль в выявлении лидера сыграли не личные качества политиков и их властный ресурс, а развитие политических событий в стране по пути демонтажа советской системы и «демократизации». Следствием борьбы стали разрушение прежней политической системы и окончательная ликвидация институтов советской власти. При этом стоит отметить, что чаще происходила не смена конкретных персоналий, а переориентация субъектов политической сферы на иные векторы развития. ; Article is devoted to the study to the political transformation of the Chelyabinsk region in the conditions of political crisis in 1991-1993. The article considers the problem of the process of the struggle of the legislative and Executive branches of government. In Russian historiography this stage was widely covered. Of great interest are the works, which have comprehensive approach to the study. For example monograph by A.N. Medushevsky. The author analysed of the entire constitutional process in Russia and the role, place of the representative authorities in the political system of the country. Y. Igritsky was one of the first scientists who systematized views and concepts on the process of social and political transformation. V.V. Sogrin made significant contribution to the development of the problem. His researches filled with deep and objective historical analysis about taking place in the country change. Scientific research of by M. Kapustin, Y. I. Igritsky, K. Hajiyev H.A. Stankevich are devoted of the problems of the political system in the USSR. There are many works about this problems are many, but all of them poorly reflect political trends in the regions, despite the fact that it had a certain specificity. For example, A.D. Kirilova explores the political transformation in the Chelyabinsk region but only in the context of general developments in the Ural society. Meanwhile, the formation of a new state authorities in the Chelyabinsk region was depended on government crisis and confrontation between two mutually exclusive political institutions. An important article is to study this process at the regional level, as this aspect of the problem is poorly learning. Relying on extensive source base, the author has conducted an analysis of the political development of the southern Urals in the conditions of transformation of the Soviet nomenklatura system. It is concluded that the confrontation was between the two political leaders, who were leaders two opposing sides: the Communist party and their followers and democratic platform. Their starting positions were equal, and who wins was not clear until the last moment. A crucial role in identifying leader played political developments in the country on the path of dismantling the Soviet system and the democratization. The personal qualities of the politicians and their powerful resource were not had significance. The consequence of the struggle was the destruction of the former political system, and the final elimination of the institutions of Soviet power. It should be noted that often were transition of the subjects of the political sphere to the other vectors of development.

В статье дается историко-ретроспективный анализ исторического опыта земской реформы 1864 г. в области развития местного самоуправления и выстраивания отношений между центральной и местной властью, а также предложен комплекс мер по укреплению системы местного самоуправления в контексте развития межбюджетных отношений и решения вопросов обеспечения их экономической самостоятельности. Выделены наиболее существенные аспекты земской реформы: формирование порядка выборов в земские учреждения, определение круга компетенций органов земского самоуправления и обеспечение экономической самостоятельности в деятельности земских учреждений. Прослежена актуальность этих аспектов в современных условиях для развития системы местного самоуправления. В частности, отмечено несоответствие доходной базы местных бюджетов - кругу компетенций органов местного самоуправления. Поставлен вопрос об актуализации опыта освещения деятельности земских учреждений в повышении гласности и прозрачности деятельности органов местного самоуправления на современном этапе. Отмечены существенные аспекты исторического опыта земской реформы: формирование порядка выборов в земские учреждения, определение круга компетенций земского самоуправления, обеспечение экономической самостоятельности земских учреждений. Внимание уделяется вопросам финансирования и самофинансирования крестьянских учреждений. Наиболее важными были: выявление суммы, которой располагает каждая крестьянская семья на покрытие своих потребностей, какую роль играет земледельческий и промысловый доход в бюджете отдельных групп и семей и другие. Были даны рекомендации источников финансирования местных бюджетов, обеспечения гласности и открытости органов местного самоуправления. Авторами статьи предложено практиковать публичный подход к освещению деятельности органов местного самоуправления, особенно в сельской местности, расширять его информационную базу в СМИ. ; This article offered the historical and retrospective analysis of historical experience of territorial reform of 1864 in the field of development of local self-government and forming of the relations between the central and local government, and also the package of measures on strengthening of system of local self-government in the context of development of the interbudgetary relations and the solution of questions of ensuring their economic independence. The most essential aspects of territorial reform are allocated: formation of an order of elections to territorial establishments, definition of a circle of competences of bodies of a territorial self-government and ensuring economic independence in activity of territorial establishments. Relevance of these aspects in modern conditions for development of system of local self-government is tracked. In particular, discrepancy of profitable base of local budgets a circle of competences of local government bodies is noted. The question of updating of experience of publicizing of activity of territorial establishments in increase of publicity and transparency of activity of local government bodies at the present stage is raised. We're noting the significant aspects of the historical experience of the County reform: the formation of the order of elections in local self-government, the definition range of competencies territorial self-government, to ensure the economic independence of zemstvo institutions. Authors focus on the financing and self-financing institutions peasant. The most important were: the identification of the amount held by each peasant family to meet its needs, the role played by the agricultural and fishing revenues in the budget of the individual groups and families and others. Recommendations were made sources of financing of local budgets, ensuring transparency and openness of local governments. The authors suggested a public practice approach to the coverage of local government, especially in rural areas, to expand its knowledge base in the media.

The policy document – National Climate-Smart Agriculture and Food Security Action Plan of Ghana (2016-2020) – provides the implementation framework for an effective development of climate-smart agriculture in the ground. It formulates specific strategies that will contribute developing climate-resilient agriculture and food systems for all agro-ecological zones, as well as the human resource capacity required for a climate-resilient agriculture promotion in Ghana. The action plan is therefore an effort to translate to the ground level the broad national goals and objectives in climate-smart agriculture. Its development has been made possible through the active engagement of various public and private institutions and organizations in Ghana. The methodology comprised desk research, data collection through interviews and participatory workshops and small group meetings. A review of relevant agricultural policy documents such as the Food and Agriculture Sector Development Policy (FASDEP), the METASIP and the Agriculture Sustainable Land Management Strategy and Action Plan was done to analyse the current national agricultural policy environment. Participatory workshops were organized to bring representatives of stakeholder organizations together to discuss various components of the action plans and prepare inputs. These stakeholder consultation workshops were used to carry out prioritization of the action areas by the agro-ecological groupings. The stakeholders included farmers, small-scale agro-entrepreneurs, women groups and local government authorities. In addition, a validation workshop was held to provide a platform for a final discussion of the draft Action Plan with key stakeholders. It brought together representatives from the relevant ministries and public institutions including MoFA, MESTI, NDPC, private sector entities and farmer-based organizations. The Action Plan defined implementation programmes in the respective agro- ecological zones and in the various districts. Activities defined in the action plan have been developed on the premise that the eight programme areas of the Agriculture and Food Security focus area of the NCCP, provide a useful framework for detailing the specific activities and their corresponding implementing agencies. Other key components discussed the cross-cutting issues in the implementation of the plan and the monitoring and evaluation system. What remains crucial now is the allocation of resources to effectively implement the plan. In this regards, the lessons from the prioritization of the action areas by the stakeholders are instructive. Each of the three agro-ecological zones has action areas of emphasis. However, the development and promotion of climate-resilient cropping systems is important for all three zones and national efforts to focus on this since it is at the foundation of food security. More specifically, for the Savannah Zone, water conservation and irrigation systems are critical. For the Transition Zone, the development of livestock production system is important whilst for the Forest Zone, capacity development is a priority. The key message from the prioritization is that, it guides the formulation of the location-specific activities to address climate change and therefore engenders effective allocation of national resources. What needs to be underscored is the fact that, it is not the formulation of plans that creates impact. It is the dedicated implementation and commitment to the ideals and principles undergirding the plans that bring results. The earnest hope is to have commitment manifested with this national action plan.

В статье анализируются преобразования, которые претерпел правовой институт административной ответственности в период перестройки и первого постсоветского десятилетия. Автор анализирует Таможенный кодекс СССР 1964 г., основы законодательства Союза ССР и союзных республик об административных правонарушениях 1980 г., КоАП РСФСР 1984 г., Таможенный кодекс РФ 1993 г., Уголовный кодекс РФ 1996 г., КоАП РФ 2001 и другие нормативно-правовые акты, принятые в рассматриваемый период. Статья описывает основные направления, по которым происходило реформирование административно-деликтного и смежного с ним законодательства, а также причины изменений, их последствия и влияние на современный уровень развития института административной ответственности. В работе показаны: трансформация объектов посягательства, за которое устанавливается административная ответственность (при этом повышенное внимание уделено таможенной сфере, имеющей особое значение для территории российского Дальнего Востока); изменение социальной роли и финансово-экономического значения административной ответственности юридических лиц; роль правовых позиций Конституционного суда в развитии административно-деликтного законодательства. В качестве общего вывода отмечено, что постепенно, более чем за 20 лет, прошедших с момента принятия КоАП РСФСР, существенно изменилась роль административной ответственности как рычага государственного воздействия на общество с целью защиты общественного порядка, здоровья, прав и свобод граждан, а также обеспечения их безопасности. Если применение мер административной ответственности в советский период служило в основном для противодействия различным «мелким правонарушениям», обнаруживаемым в ходе выполнения органами государственного управления своих функций, то в настоящее время роль административной ответственности во многом гипертрофирована, что обусловлено и объективными причинами, и отсутствием в государстве комплексной административно-деликтной политики. ; The paper analyzes the transformations the legal administrative liability institution suffered during perestroika and the first post-Soviet decade. The author analyzes the USSR Customs Code of 1964, basic legislation principles of the USSR and the Union's republics on administrative offences of 1980, Code of Administrative Offences of 1984, Customs Code of the Russian Federation of 1993, Criminal Code of the Russian Federation of 1996, Code of Administrative Offences of the Russian Federation of 2001 and other regulatory acts adopted during the period reviewed. The paper describes the main fields in which the administrative, tort and adjacent legislation was reformed, the reasons and consequences of changes and their influence on the modern development level of administrative liability institution. The following is shown in the paper: transformation of offence objects for which administrative liability shall be imposed (in this aspect, the greater attention is paid at customs field which is of particular concern for the Russian Far East's territory); change of social role and financial and economic significance of administrative liability of legal persons; the role of legal positions of the Constitutional Court in development of administrative and tort legislation. The author draws a general conclusion that gradually, over the period of more than 20 years lapsing since adoption of the Code of Administrative Offences of RSFSR, the role of administrative liability as a state's leverage in society control with the purpose of protecting public peace, health, civil rights and liberties and providing for their security significantly changed. Whereas applying administrative liability measures during the Soviet period served mostly for fighting diverse "minor offences" found in course of state authorities fulfilling their functions, today's role of administrative liability is in many regards exaggerated which has both objective reasons and absence of an integral administrative and tort policy in the state.

Im letzten Jahrhundert haben die Ingenieure signifikante Beiträge für die chinesische Gesellschaft geleistet. Doch abgesehen von den Lebensgeschichten einer Handvoll anerkannter Ingenieure wurde dem von den Historikern sehr wenig Aufmerksamkeit geschenkt. Die Dissertation verfolgt das Ziel, durch eine Übersicht zur Entwicklung des Berufes in China zwischen 1949 und 1989 die vorhandenen Defizite zu beseitigen. Es wird nach Zusammenhängen zwischen der Entwicklungsgeschichte der chinesischen Ingenieure sowie Technik, Kultur und Gesellschaft im sozialistischen China gesucht. Die empirische Basis der Arbeit besteht in der Sekundärliteratur sowie biographischen und bibliographischen Daten. Thematische Schwerpunkte bilden die Ausbildung, Karrieren sowie der soziale Status der Ingenieure. Die Ergebnisse lassen sich wie folgt zusammenfassen: Die Entwicklung der Ingenieure in China wird in drei Phasen unterteilt, welche mit der politischen Entwicklung korrespondieren. In den 1950er Jahren orientierten sich die Ingenieure zunächst am sowjetischen Vorbild, ehe sie nach dem Bruch mit der Sowjetunion nach einem eigenen Weg zu suchen begannen. In den 1960er und 1970er Jahren litten die Ingenieure unter den Wirren der Kulturrevolution. In der Reformperiode seit den 1980er Jahren lernten sie nicht zuletzt von den westlichen Nationen. Weitere Ergebnisse betreffen die Charakteristika des Ingenieurberufs. Die Ingenieure entstammten vorwiegend Arbeiter- und Bauernfamilien, absolvierten das System der chinesischen Ingenieursausbildung und nahmen schließlich verantwortliche Positionen in der Industrie und Verwaltung ein. Im Einzelnen geht es in diesem Bereich um die verschiedenen Spielarten der Ingenieurausbildung, der Karrieren, des beruflichen Status, der Ingenieur- und Wissenschaftsorganisationen sowie der Interaktion mit der Gesellschaft. Die Arbeit untersucht die Ingenieure als Berufsgruppe. Einzelne Ingenieure, Projekte und Institutionen werden in Form von Fallbeispielen behandelt. Die Studie erhebt den Anspruch, über die historische Aufarbeitung hinaus einen Beitrag zur Gegenwart und Zukunft des Ingenieursberufs in China zu leisten. ; The engineering profession has made a significant and distinguished contribution to Chinese society over the past century. It is a contribution, however, which has received little attention from historians apart from the lives of a handful of the most notable engineers. This paper intends to remedy the deficiency by providing an overview of engineers' origins and development in China from 1949 to 1989. In this paper, the author attempts to analyze the developmental history of Chinese engineers by combining technology, culture and society to explore the factors affecting the development of engineers in socialist China. By reviewing the literature and empirically investigating biographical and bibliometric data, this dissertation not only demonstrates the development of the Chinese engineering profession, but also reveals characteristics of engineers' education, career patterns and social status from 1949-1989. This research leads to the following findings, the first being the stages of Chinese engineers' development. In the process of development, Chinese engineers were faced with various difficulties, including systemic factors that hindered innovation, alongside political factors. China witnessed several revolutions and reforms from 1949 to 1989, and Chinese engineers also went through ups and downs in the wave of history. Engineers have been through three stages from 1949-1989: They learned from the Soviet Union in the 1950s, and then started to explore their way out of the predicament through the construction of the Third Line, while suffering the eruption of ideological conflict of the 1960s-1970s, and then renewing and adjusting themselves in terms of engineering knowledge by learning from Western countries in the 1980s. The second finding is the characteristics of Chinese engineers' occupational patterns. Engineers came from working class and peasant origins and rose through the systems of Chinese engineering education and industrial workplaces into positions of responsibility. The occupational characteristics of Chinese engineers will reveal aspects of engineers' education, their career and vocational status, and their organizations and interaction with society. The work pursues the notion of engineers as a cohesive occupational group, treats individuals and institutions in so far as they contribute to the elaboration of this concept and tries to relate this to the wider context of the PRC in the 20th Century. This study has implications for the contemporary Chinese engineering profession, as it reasseses itself for its future development.

OUR CLAIM: "The Botanical Gardens are, par excellence, responsible for carrying out the important mission of the conservation of our flora, through specific actions on live plants and their seeds, along with education and outreach aimed at spreading a new environmental culture, more careful and respectful of the essential needs of life, more sensible to the aesthetic and scientific value of the national flora" To overcome the isolation and strengthen their role in our society, the University Botanical Gardens have become promoters of national and European consortiums: examples are the working group "Botanical and Historic Gardens" of the Italian Botanical Society (1) and, on the global level, the Botanic Garden Conservation International (2). Aims and tasks of the Botanical Gardens in the second millennium have been the topic of a thorough debate, with specific references to the provisions of the United Nations Programme for a sustainable development. In particular, the Action Plan for Botanic Gardens in the European Union (3) identifies the following major assets: scientific research, conservation of plant diversity, public advisory services on it, environmental education related to it. To pursue these objectives, initiatives are constantly needed to enhance the visibility of the institutions involved and help them to perform their functions. in this contest was born FLORINTESA FLORINTESA is a program agreement, funded by the Italian Ministry of Education (MIUR) with identification code ACPR12_00201, involving as partners ENEA, Plinianum Forum and the Italian Botanical Society, which contributes to bridge the still existing gap between the scientific research, the technical action of conservation and preservation of plant diversity and the public awareness on such themes. The main objectives of the FLORINTESA can be summarized as follows: - Establishing an institutional network service for information and dissemination on the flora of Italy, with reference to the role of Botanical Gardens as centers of research and knowledge on the national flora, as well as on the assessment and conservation of its rarest species,; - Disseminating and publicizing the activities of the University Botanical Gardens for the flora of Italy; - Increasing the visibility of the Italian Botanical Society and of its working group on "Botanical and Historic Gardens"; - Disseminating the achievements and helpful assistance offered by the Botanical Gardens in the implementation of the National Strategy for Biodiversity (4) and the Natura 2000 Network (5), through initiatives such as the Italian Germplasm Banks Network (6), the International Foundation pro Herbario Mediterraneo (7), the pan-Mediterranean Genmeda network (8), the Horti Mediterranei Educational Network (9). The flora of Italy will be the leitmotif of the actions envisaged in FLORINTESA, highlighting the unique role of the University Botanical Gardens and their respective institutions as "engines of knowledge" on the national flora heritage, as "engines of awareness" on the important issue of conservation of flora and habitats, as "engines of passion" for the grateful acknowledgement of the role of plants as primary producers not only of resources in the natural ecosystems, but also of inspiring beauty in the human cultures. The kick-off meeting, open to all members of the Italian Botanical Society, will take place in Rome, at the Auditorium of the Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, on January 23, 2014.