Suchergebnisse

In the article the modern methods of public policy of Ukraine are described in relation to sponsorship of agriculture and authorial vision of directions of such politics is offered on the modern stage. Public policy, state insurance, indirect support, direct support, agriculture, sponsorship.

Dieses Arbeitspapier befasst sich mit den Mechanismen, die gemäß institutionellen Wohlfahrtstaatstheorien die Reformresistenz des deutschen Sozialstaats erklären sollen. Es richtet sich dabei auf Reformhindernisse, die auf der institutionellen Struktur des Wohlfahrtsstaats beruhen, sowohl auf Makroniveau (sozialstaatliche Prinzipien) als auch auf Mesoniveau (Teilbereiche). Dabei legt es systematisch dar, wo sich tatsächlich Pfadabhängigkeiten und andere Ursachen von Veränderungsresistenz verbergen. Darüber hinaus wird auf die politisch-institutionellen Quellen der Reformresistenz eingegangen. Die Analyse wird ergänzt durch eine Besprechung der Ursachen des wachsenden Reformdrucks und einer Übersicht der Policy-Entwicklung der letzten 30 Jahre in den Teilbereichen Rente, Arbeitslosenversicherung und Gesundheitspolitik. Das Papier kommt zu dem Schluss, dass trotz des erheblichen Reformdrucks die zahlreichen Resistenzmechanismen ein Muster inkrementeller Veränderungen zur Folge hatten und dieses erst in den letzten Jahren durch eine Reihe von Strukturreformen unterbrochen wurde. [Autorenreferat]

European Integration and the Communist Dilemma assesses the response of communist parties to European integration using three contrasting and comparatively significant case studies from Greece, Cyprus and Italy. These parties, in common with other radical parties in Europe, face a continuing strategic dilemma with regard to Europe through which larger questions about communist ideology and identity can be illuminated.

Introduction: Radiographers can elect to work within many different modalities, one being ultrasound. Within Europe there are differing opinions about how much of a role radiographers should take in relation to the ultrasound examination, particularly report writing. This paper provides findings exploring the radiographer's views on working within sonography. Methods: In 2019 an electronic survey was disseminated to radiographer members by European Federation of Radiographer Societies (EFRS) national radiographer societies, following a pilot study. A mix of closed questions, free text, and scale responses aimed to investigate radiographers' practice, legal responsibilities, report writing, educational level and experiences of support and mentoring. Results: Of 561 radiographers participating, most (92%) reported performing ultrasound scans. Challenges with legislation, medical protectionism and lack of high-quality education restricted other radiographers. On average, the respondents have practiced ultrasound for 13.5 years. A total of 60% had postgraduate education and carried out a wide range of examinations. A full interpretative report, including advice on further investigations is performed by 52%, whilst 22% provide a checklist or descriptive report. Over 55% of radiographers took legal responsibility for the examination and the majority had clear protocols, good mentoring and support in the workplace. Peer review of their work was less common. Conclusion: The result shows that in 21 (n = 25) countries radiographers perform ultrasound, however not without challenges. Educational levels range from no formal education or short courses to an MSc in ultrasound. Report writing practice differs across the EFRS countries responding to the survey, as does peer review to enhance skills and clinical practice. Implications for practice: National Radiographer societies could review findings to support campaigning for a change in legislation and improvements to educational offerings in ultrasound.

The authors give an analytical overview of major studies on the effects on public health made by air pollutants in the WHO European Region. In the recent decade, most countries of the WHO European Region have shown a positive trend in the atmospheric air quality, which is associated with a number of preventive steps aimed at reducing harmful emissions, including various protocols to the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution. However, there is strong evidence that current levels of air pollution continue to pose a significant threat to the environment and public health. WHO experts suggest that the annual death rate associated with polluted air will reach 100,000 cases, with transport being the major source of pollution in the next decade. ; "Interaction of Environment and Human Health: Experience of the European Union", with the reference number 2016-2592 / 001-001, 574826-EPP-1-2016-1-RU-EPPJMO-MODULE Содержание данного материала отражает мнение авторов, Европейская Комиссия не несет ответственности за использование содержащейся в нем информации

Issue evolution is a well-established theoretical perspective in the analysis of long-term party competition and partisanship in the US. However, this perspective has rarely been used to analyze political elite effects on partisan polarization in European multiparty systems. Consequently, I apply the issue evolution perspective to polarization in a European multiparty system. I find an emergence of cultural issues in Denmark, where mass level polarization on cultural issues followed elite level polarization. Unlike two-party systems, niche parties drive issue evolution on the elite level, which is then followed by niche partisan polarization and, finally, mainstream party adaption. The findings illustrate the mechanisms of issue evolution in a European-style multiparty system and the role of niche parties.

AbstractPolicy responses to the tumult of the global financial crisis of 2007–9 prompt a consideration of the critical dimensions in specifying policy change. UK monetary policy between 2007 and 2009 is characterised by a remarkable degree of innovation yet counts as a 'normal' period of policy making under the Hall (1993) framework of policy change, the enduring workhorse of the comparative public policy field. This exposes its lack of conceptual refinement in describing significant but within paradigm policy change. This paper traces this failing to the notion of a policy paradigm, both its scale and the ideational mechanisms which bind policy change. The paper develops the UK monetary policy case to consider the potential of the recently-minted concept of a thermostatic policy institution for the development of Hall's framework; but finds analytical limitations in coping with significant policy spillovers. Suggestions are made to meet this important challenge for future research in policy studies on the specification of policy change.

This article looks at the evolution of European identification during the Great Recession in four Southern European "debtor" countries and in Germany. Although the crisis initially had a negative effect on European identification in the five countries, its medium-term impact was more severe in the Southern European countries than in Germany. While we find that microeconomic variables shed little light to account for these changes, we combine multilevel institutional and identitarian approaches to explain changes in European Identification. Following the multilevel institutional argument, attitudes might depend not only on citizens perceptions of institutional performance at the European level, but also on their perceptions of institutional performance at the national level; and they can operate through two mechanisms: citizens might transfer their positive (or negative) evaluations from the national to the European level, or, alternatively, they may substitute or compensate their negative national evaluations with positive evaluations of the European level. Our results indicate that both mechanisms were at work: at the peak of the Eurozone crisis, substitution effects—especially in the countries of the South—helped sustain European identification when it was at its weakest. However, transfer effects were also relevant to explain the recovery of European identification in two of the three countries in which the latter was greatest: Germany and Portugal. Following the identitarian argument, we find that the positive effect that national identification had on European identification previous to the Great Recession, had disappeared or weakened in four of the five cases by 2014. Nonetheless, this positive relationship had been fully restored in Germany and Portugal after the Great Recession, in 2017, signalling that the fading link between the two identifications might have been only temporary, at least in these two countries.

Das Werk bringt die Europarats-Charta zur politischen Bildung zusammen mit dem EU-Recht. Es steckt den rechtlichen Gestaltungsrahmen der Mitgliedstaaten im Hinblick demokratische Bildung und Erziehung ab.Auf der Basis konkreter Methoden werden Maßnahmen vorgeschlagen, mit denen die Mitgliedstaaten eine qualitativ höherwertige demokratische Bildung sicherstellen können. Dies ist ohne eine genuin europäische Dimension in verschiedenen Schlüsselkompetenzen nicht mehr denkbar.

This article sheds light on the Greek trigger of the eurozone's fiscal crisis. Using Ostrom's institutional theory of collective action it argues that Europe's predicament is rooted in the failings of political leadership and institutional design at both the European Union and Greek levels. The findings have implications for Ostrom's framework, Europeanization and the future of European integration.

The huge popularity of Korean pop culture overseas, labeled Hallyu, otherwise known as the Korean Wave, is an unprecedented event in the cultural history of Korea. Many foreign observers tend to see it as the result of the Korean government`s policy efforts. This paper claims that Hallyu in essence is an unintended ???success without design.??? No one, including the Korean government, intentionally planned it. There were five key factors that made it possible: the competitiveness of Korean culture industries, political economic changes in East Asian countries, entrepreneurs in show business, fragmentary governmental support, and global digital networks. Each of these factors has independently contributed in its own way to the success of Hallyu. The fact that Hallyu is not a product of any deliberate plan has some important implications for cultural policy and culture industries.