Suchergebnisse

El estudio del inicio de la veterinaria en España nos obliga a enfrentar la evolución seguida por la albeitería con la del resto de ciencias sanitarias durante la Ilustración, debiendo ser entendida como parte del conjunto de ciencias útiles que el gobierno pretende activar para modernizar el país. El primer contacto español con la moderna medicina veterinaria comienza a gestarse en 1774 desde la Real Caballeriza. Es el primer intento de instaurar en España una enseñanza metódica de la veterinaria, vinculada directamente a la monarquía absolutista a través del caballerizo mayor del rey. El fallecimiento en 1779 del duque de Medina Sidonia, caballerizo mayor y hombre de confianza de Carlos III, supone una paralización en los planes. El proyecto se retoma en 1783 con un claro protagonismo militar y un evidente apoyo político. La naciente Escuela de Veterinaria es un estamento militar, al contrario de lo que en ese momento sucede con las otras ciencias sanitarias, que evolucionan a un modelo civil vinculado estrechamente a la Real Casa a través del sumiller de corps del rey. Fijamos la función desempeñada por distintos personajes, y por instituciones como la Real Caballeriza y el Real Tribunal del Protoalbeitarato. De la primera convertimos en protagonistas a sus équidos a través de la medicina veterinaria y de los profesionales encargados de mantener su salud, y de la segunda documentamos su funcionamiento y ahondamos en su conocimiento, resultando una albeitería más profesional y estimada que la difundida por la historiografía veterinaria. ; To study the beginning of the veterinary science in Spain, force us to confront the evolution of the veterinary surgery with the evolution of the rest of the sanitary sciences during the Enlightenment period, understanding the veterinary science as part of the group of useful sciences which the government try to activate in order to modernize the country. The first Spanish contact with the modern veterinary medicine begins to be conceived in 1774 in the Royal Stable. It is the first attempt to establish a methodical education of the veterinary science in Spain, linking it directly to the absolutist monarchy through the equerry of the king. The demise of the duke of Medina Sidonia in 1779, equerry and right-hand man of the king Carlos III, means the standstill of those intentions. The project is taken up again in 1783 with a clear military influence and an obvious political support. The rising Veterinary Medicine School is a military institution, in contrast with the rest of the sanitary sciences at that moment, which evolve towards a civil model closely bound to the Royal House through the sumiller de corps of the king. We determine the role carried out by different characters, and also the role of institutions as the Royal Stable and the Royal Premier Veterinary Surgeon Court. Concerning the Royal Stable, we offer an unprecedented view, turning its horses into the main characters through the veterinary medicine and the professionals responsible for taking care of their health. In relation to the Royal Premier Veterinary Surgeon Court, we supply documentary evidence about its functioning system and we dig into its knowledge, resulting in a more professional and appreciated veterinary surgery than it was spread by the veterinary historiography.

Pedro Castillo was hired by UC Santa Cruz's history board in 1976, and affiliated with Merrill College. At UCSC, Castillo collaborated with professors in other disciplines in interdisciplinary team-teaching small seminars such asStudies in the American City, which in 1977 focused on Chicago and Los Angeles, and an oral history course documenting social, cultural, political organizations in the nearby working-class and primarily Latino city of Watsonville. These courses exemplified the intimate and creative learning atmosphere of UC Santa Cruz in the 1970s. Castillo was also an early affiliate of UCSC's American studies program and served as its chair in 1984. Castillo provides a detailed narration of the history of UCSC over the past four decades, particularly the development of the history and American studies departments and Merrill and Oakes College. He was one of the first Chicano/a professors hired at UC Santa Cruz and is now the one with the longest tenure and memory of the institution. He explores those memories in this oral history, describing the climate for Chicano/a and Latino/a faculty, staff, and students at UC Santa Cruz from the 1970s through the first decade of the twenty-first century. He discusses faculty appointments, changes in the curriculum, and student activism. In his long career at UCSC, Castillo served as a mentor and inspiration to many UCSC students, especially Chicano/Latino students, who found him accessible, attentive, and encouraging. In 1990, Professor Castillo and literature professor Norma Klahn cofounded and codirected UCSC's Chicano/Latino Research Center (CLRC), with funding from the Office of the President, among other sources. For many years, under a series of rotating directors, the CLRC has been a dynamic and creative research institution, supporting graduate student and faculty research with mini-grants, hosting lecture series and organizing conferences, and mentoring undergraduate students in learning to do research. The CLRC is closely connected with UCSC's Latin American and Latino Studies department, which Castillo also played a part in developing, and it is currently being revitalized after suffering recent budget cuts. From 2002 to 2008 Castillo served as provost of Oakes College. He and Shirley lived in the Oakes College provost's house and enjoyed the direct contact with students, where they hosted students, staff, and faculty. Castillo characterized his term as provost of Oakes as the "highlight of his tenure at UC Santa Cruz." More so than most UC professors, Castillo has stepped beyond the academy and become involved in the local communities of both Santa Cruz and Watsonville, where he has lived for many years. He served on the Parks and Recreation Commission in Santa Cruz, helping to implement the Heritage Tree Ordinance. Later he served on the Planning Commission, the Library Commission, the Pajaro Valley Community Health Trust in Watsonville; the Steinbeck Center in Salinas, and the Community Foundation of Santa Cruz. He has also worked to support candidates for city council and other offices in both Santa Cruz and Watsonville. He is now writing a comparative political history of electoral politics in Watsonville and Salinas, California. Castillo's political and cultural work extended beyond Santa Cruz County. In 1992 and again in 1996 he was chosen to be a Clinton delegate to the Democratic National Convention. He was a member of the National Council of the National Endowment for the Humanities from 1999 to 2004 and the California Council for the Humanities from 1999-2000.

As this Article goes to press, the European Union is embroiled in debates over the contours of a proposed new privacy regulation. These efforts, however, have lacked critical information necessary for reform. For, like privacy debates generally, they focus almost entirely on law "on the books"-legal texts enacted by legislatures or promulgated by agencies. By contrast, they largely ignore privacy "on the ground"-the ways in which corporations in different countries have operationalized privacy protection in the light of divergent formal laws, different approaches taken by local administrative agencies, and other jurisdiction-specific social, cultural, and legal forces. Indeed, despite the new regulation's central goal of harmonizing privacy across Europe by preempting today's enormous variation in national approaches, policymakers have been hobbled by an absence of evidence as to which national choices about privacy governance have proven more or less resilient in the face of radical technological and social change. Information about the relative strengths and benefits of the alternate regulatory approaches that have flourished in the "living laboratories" of the European member states is largely undeveloped. This Article begins to fill this gap-and at a critical juncture. Our "on the ground" project uses qualitative empirical inquiry-including interviews with, and questionnaires completed by, corporate privacy officers, regulators, and other actors within the privacy field in three European countries, France, Germany and Spain-to identify the ways in which privacy protection is implemented in different jurisdictions, and the combination of social, market, and regulatory forces that drive these choices. It thus offers a comparative "in-thewild" assessment of the effects of the different regulatory approaches adopted by these three countries. In the face of novel challenges to privacy, leveraging the adaptability of distinct regulatory approaches and institutions has never been more important. As technological and social change has altered the generation and use of data, the definition of privacy that has prevailed in the political sphere-individual control over the disclosure and use of personal information-has increasingly lost its salience. In particular, the common instruments of protection generated by this definition-procedural mechanisms to protect individual "choice"-have offered an inapt paradigm for privacy protection in the face of data ubiquity and computing capacity. In developing new metrics for protecting privacy, policymakers must take into account a far more granular and bottom-up analysis of both differences in national practice and the forces on the ground that result in the diffusion-or lack thereof-of corporate structures and institutions that research suggests are most adaptive in protecting privacy in the face of change. Through such comparative analysis, this Article upends the terms of the prevailing policy debate, revealing the ways in which different regulatory choices have shaped corporate behavior. This analysis offers important insights for policymakers considering reform not just in Europe, but also in United States, where Congress, the Federal Trade Commission, and the Obama administration have all expressed a willingness to reexamine deeply the current regulatory structure, and a desire for new models. And, more broadly, it underscores the importance of administrative agencies' choices about regulatory tools and approaches, relations with those that they regulate, and their own internal structures in shaping the mindset and behavior of the private firms they govern to maximize public values.

As this Article goes to press, the European Union is embroiled in debates over the contours of a proposed new privacy regulation. These efforts, however, have lacked critical information necessary for reform. For, like privacy debates generally, they focus almost entirely on law "on the books"-legal texts enacted by legislatures or promulgated by agencies. By contrast, they largely ignore privacy "on the ground"-the ways in which corporations in different countries have operationalized privacy protection in the light of divergent formal laws, different approaches taken by local administrative agencies, and other jurisdiction-specific social, cultural, and legal forces. Indeed, despite the new regulation's central goal of harmonizing privacy across Europe by preempting today's enormous variation in national approaches, policymakers have been hobbled by an absence of evidence as to which national choices about privacy governance have proven more or less resilient in the face of radical technological and social change. Information about the relative strengths and benefits of the alternate regulatory approaches that have flourished in the "living laboratories" of the European member states is largely undeveloped. This Article begins to fill this gap-and at a critical juncture. Our "on the ground" project uses qualitative empirical inquiry-including interviews with, and questionnaires completed by, corporate privacy officers, regulators, and other actors within the privacy field in three European countries, France, Germany and Spain-to identify the ways in which privacy protection is implemented in different jurisdictions, and the combination of social, market, and regulatory forces that drive these choices. It thus offers a comparative "in-thewild" assessment of the effects of the different regulatory approaches adopted by these three countries. In the face of novel challenges to privacy, leveraging the adaptability of distinct regulatory approaches and institutions has never been more important. As technological and social change has altered the generation and use of data, the definition of privacy that has prevailed in the political sphere-individual control over the disclosure and use of personal information-has increasingly lost its salience. In particular, the common instruments of protection generated by this definition-procedural mechanisms to protect individual "choice"-have offered an inapt paradigm for privacy protection in the face of data ubiquity and computing capacity. In developing new metrics for protecting privacy, policymakers must take into account a far more granular and bottom-up analysis of both differences in national practice and the forces on the ground that result in the diffusion-or lack thereof-of corporate structures and institutions that research suggests are most adaptive in protecting privacy in the face of change. Through such comparative analysis, this Article upends the terms of the prevailing policy debate, revealing the ways in which different regulatory choices have shaped corporate behavior. This analysis offers important insights for policymakers considering reform not just in Europe, but also in United States, where Congress, the Federal Trade Commission, and the Obama administration have all expressed a willingness to reexamine deeply the current regulatory structure, and a desire for new models. And, more broadly, it underscores the importance of administrative agencies' choices about regulatory tools and approaches, relations with those that they regulate, and their own internal structures in shaping the mindset and behavior of the private firms they govern to maximize public values.

Исследованием установлено, что нормативная база по вопросам диспансеризации в системе СБ Украины не в полной мере регламентировала ее проведение, что потребовало разработки и обоснования новой организационной модели для повышения ее эффективности. В ходе исследования были обоснованы и подготовлены предложения по внедрению современной модели проведения углубленных медицинских осмотров личного состава СБ Украины, основными элементами которой стали: впервые разработанная и внедренная модель формирования мотивированной личной ответственности военнослужащих СБ Украины за состояние собственного здоровья, его сохранения и склонности к лечению выявленных патологических состояний; разработка и внедрение паспорта здоровья военнослужащего, паспорта здоровья руководящего состава, паспорта здоровья органа, подразделения, заведения СБ Украины; определение различных объемов ежегодного медицинского обследования военнослужащих в зависимости от возраста (с расширением объемов скрининговых исследований в зависимости от возрастной группы); введение персональной ответственности за своевременное прохождение углубленных медицинских осмотров подчиненным личным составом на начальников (руководителей) органов (подразделений и учреждений) СБ Украины; четкого определения обязанностей руководства учреждений здравоохранения (врачебного и медицинского состава) СБ Украины при проведении углубленных медицинских осмотров; разработка и внедрение унифицированной системы анализа результатов работы лечебно – профилактических учреждений СБ Украины по проведению диспансеризации с определением ее эффективности, внедрение оптимизированной системы контроля за состоянием прохождения диспансеризации; составления отчетности по подчиненности при проведении углубленных медицинских осмотров личного состав органов, подразделений, заведений СБ Украины. Это позволило не только обосновать организационную модель повышения эффективности диспансеризации личного состава СБУ и внедрить ее в работу всех учреждений здравоохранения СБУ, но и позволило существенно оптимизировать проведение диспансеризации и повысить ее показатели эффективности. ; The study found that the regulatory framework for prophylactic medical examination in the Security Service of Ukraine (SSU) is not fully regulated, this required the development and validation of a new organizational model to improve its efficiency. In the coursw of study proposals for the introduction of a modern model of profound medical examinations of the personnel of the SSU were prepared, their main elements are: first developed and implemented model of a motivated individual responsibility of SSU serviceman for their own health, its conservation, inclination to treatment of identified pathological conditions; development and implementation of military health passport, health passport of managers, health passport of agency, division, institution of the SSU; the definition of the various bulks of the annual medical examination of personnel, depending on age (with expansion of screening tests, depending on the age group); introduction of personal responsibility of heads (managers) of bodies (departments and agencies) of the SSU for the timely undergoing of profound medical examinations by subordinate personnel a clear definition of heads' responsibilities of health care organs (doctors and medical staff) of the SSU in the profound medical examinations; the development and implementation of a unified system of analysis of the results of medical care facilities of SSU for carrying out of medical examination and definition of its efficiency, the introduction of optimized system for monitoring of undergoing medical examination, reporting on undergoing of profound medical examinations by personnel of agencies, departments, institutions of the SSU. This allowed not only to justify organizational model on improvement of clinical examination of the SSU personnel but to introduce it into the work of all health facilities of the SSU, to significantly optimize conducting clinical examination and improve its performance indicators.

Постсоветское российское общество переживает системный кризис, затронувший в наибольшей степени духовную сферу и прежде всего различные аспекты политического сознания. Складывающееся в стране на сегодняшний день положение в духовном воспитании молодежи и студенчества в целом ни в какой степени нельзя охарактеризовать как благополучное. Продолжается процесс вымывания национальных духовных традиций. Именно поэтому был издан Указ Президента В. В. Путина «О совершенствовании государственной политики в области патриотического воспитания» и создано Управление Президента Российской Федерации. Задача заключается в том, чтобы совершенствовать государственную политику в области патриотического воспитания. Целью нашего исследования является изучение духовности студенчества, факторов, влияющих на формирование мировоззрения молодого поколения в современных условиях, преемственность поколений. При решении поставленных в работе задач использовался комплекс теоретических и эм­пирических методов. Ведущими теоретическими методами являлись: историко-библиографический, системный, обобщение опыта. Эмпирические методы включали педагогическое исследование, тестирование, экспертную оценку (социолого-педагогическое исследование). Опытно-экспериментальное исследование проводилось в высших учебных заведениях г. Ульяновска и показало, что студенты в вузах, к сожалению, не знают многих национальных героев и их подвигов, заслуг перед Отечеством. Вместе с тем современное студенчество вносит вклад в становление гражданского общества, участвуя в различных региональных проектах, изучая историю малой Родины. Сделаны выводы о том, что образование и воспитание современного человека не должно быть оторванным от исторических корней, религиозных и культурных традиций своего народа. Изучение героического прошлого воспитывает у студентов причастность к делам предков, заставляет задуматься о защитниках Веры и Отечества, об их патриотических делах. ; Relevance and research objectives Post-Soviet Russian society endures the system crisis which has most effected the spiritual sphere and, first of all, various aspects of political consciousness. The developing situation in spiritual education of youth and students in the country today as a whole in any degree can not be characterized as safe. Process of washing away of national spiritual traditions proceeds. For this reason President Putin issued a decree «About improvement of the state po­licy in the field of patriotic education» and established the Administration of the President of the Russian Federation. The task consists in improving the state policy in the field of patriotic education. The purpose of our research is to study spirituality of students, the factors influencing formation of the outlook of young generation in modern conditions, continuity of generations. Materials and methods For solution of the tasks set in the work the author used a complex of theoretical and empirical methods. Leading theoretical methods were historical and bibliographic, system, synthesis of experience. Empirical methods included pedagogical research, testing, expert assessment (sociological-pedagogical research). The skilled pilot study was carried out in higher educational institutions of Ulyanovsk. Results Research showed that the students in higher education institutions, unfortunately, don't know many national heroes and their feats, their merits for the sake of the Fatherland. At the same time, the modern students make a contribution to formation of civil society, participating in various regional projects, studying history of the Homeland. Conclusions Instruction and education of a modern person shouldn't be torn off from historical roots, religious and cultural traditions of people. Studying the heroic past cultivates participation in affairs of our ancestors in students, makes them think about the defenders of Faith and Fatherland, about their patriotic affairs.

Maģistra darba tēma ir "Kvalitātes vadības sistēmas ieviešana VAS "Ceļu satiksmes drošības direkcija". Darbā tiek aplūkoti un analizēti jautājumi, kas saistīti ar kvalitātes vadības sistēmas ieviešanu valsts iestādē. Mūsdienās kvalitātes vadībai piešķir aiz vien būtiskāku nozīmi, ne tikai privātajā sektorā, bet arī valsts iestādēs. Kvalitātes vadības sistēmas ieviešana organizācijas darbībā ir jebkuras uz attīstību orientētas organizācijas vadības procesa pamats. Maģistra darbs ir izstrādāts latviešu valodā uz 63 lapām, kas satur 23 attēlu un 3 pielikumus. Darbā tiek izmantota zinātniskā un metodiskā literatūra, izmantoti 43 literatūras un informācijas avoti. Darba teorētiskajā daļā tiek apskatīts kvalitātes vadības teorētiskais pamatojums, kvalitātes vadības sistēmas rašanās vēsture un sistēmu iedalījums, lielāku uzmanību veltot ISO standartiem un izcilības modeļiem. Tiek izpētīti standartu izveidošanas un ieviešanas posmi, kā arī kvalitātes audita nozīme pēc sistēmas ieviešanas. Teorētiskās daļas informācijas izpētei tika izmantota zinātniskā literatūra un interneta avoti. Pētījumu daļā tiek aprakstīta CSDD nozīme tautsaimniecībā. Organizācijas darbība un rašanās vēsture, pētīta, analizēta un novērtēta izstrādātā politika un pakalpojumu kvalitāte, darbinieku apmierinātība ar darba procesu un dokumentācijas organizāciju, kā arī klientu apmierinātība ar CSDD sniegto pakalpojumu kvalitāti. Pētījumu daļas analīzes veidošanai tika izmantoti organizācijas darbinieku un klientu aptaujas anketu rezultāti. Izpētes rezultāti tiek atspoguļoti darba secinājumos un priekšlikumos, tiek izklāstīti nepieciešamie pasākumi klientu apmierinātības paaugstināšanai, organizācijas tēla nostiprināšanai un kvalitātes vadības sistēmas ieviešanai, un tās ietekmi uz organizācijas procesu darbību kopumā. ; Theme of the Master's degree paper is" Introduction of the quality management system in JSC Road Traffic Safety Directorate". The paper contains description and analysis of issues connected with the introduction of the quality system in the State institution. Nowadays the quality management becomes more important not only in the private sector but also in State institutions. Introduction of the quality management system in an organization's activities is the base of management of any development-oriented organization. Master's degree paper is written in Latvian and it consists of 63 pages, it contains 23 picture and 3 appendixes. Scientific and methodical literature, 43 literature and informative sources and have been used to develop this paper. The theoretical part of the paper describes the theoretical base of the quality management, the history of the quality management system and the classification of systems by paying more attention to ISO standards and models of excellence. Phases of standard creation and implementation have been researched, as well as the role of the quality audit after the introduction of the system. Scientific literature and the Internet sources were used to research the information of the theoretical part. The research part speaks about the role of Road Traffic Safety Directorate (RTSD) in the economy. It tells about the organization's activities, its history; it gives analysis and evaluation of its developed policy and service quality, employees' satisfaction with work process and document organization, as well as clients' satisfaction with the service quality provided by RTSD. To do the research part analysis the results of RTSD employees' and clients' questionnaires were used. Research results are revealed in the section of conclusions and suggestions; the necessary measures to increase customers' satisfaction, to strengthen the image of the organization and to implement the quality management system are explained; the impact of the implementation of the quality management system on the process of the organization as a whole is described.

Статья посвящена периоду 451-466 гг. в истории вестготов и Римской империи. Рассматривается проблема сотрудничества и вражды вестготов и римлян через призму взаимной социальной и этнической адаптации. Эта адаптация диалектически противоречивая, превращающая войну в знак дружбы и дружбу в причину войны и при этом следующая логике естественных реакций на изменения в имперской политике и приоритетах. Анализируются данные письменных источников, освещающих обозначенный период в истории вестготов, а также рассматриваются и сопоставляются точки зрения различных отечественных и зарубежных историков-специалистов. Проблема взаимоотношений римлян и вестготов рассматривается в исторической, социологической и источниковедческой перспективе. На основе данных источников и историографии объясняется логика изменения методов и приоритетов вестготов во взаимодействии с римскими институтами. ; The article is devoted to the period of 451-466 in the history of the Visigoths and the Roman Empire. This period was marked by rapid changes in the relationship between the Visigoths and the Roman state and society, the transition from a friendly mutual support to an open military confrontation and vice versa. Several researchers explained this by growing expansionist ambitions of the Visigoths. It seems that such an explanation simplified and schematized the multifaceted situation of interaction of the Roman and barbarian elements in the twilight years of the Western Empire. The problem of cooperation and hostility between the Visigoths and Romans are viewed through the prism of social and ethnic mutual adaptation in the given article. The research is based on the data sources and historiography and explains the logic of changing the methods and priorities of the Visigoths in their relations with the Roman institutions. Primary shock migration and the clash of cultures were reflected directly on the generation of immigrants. However, the next generations of both the barbarians and the Romans were experiencing the same difficulties with mutual adaptation. Despite the co-developed mechanisms of ethno-social and ethno-psychological integration, partly by artificial, partly by natural way, the integration was not actually achieved throughout the empire. Attempts to find common ground as a variety of behavioral strategies determined contradictions and seeming incoherence in relations between barbarian chieftains and Roman officials. An example of such contradictory policies was the policy of both Torismund and Theodoric II, Visigoth leaders of the 5th c. AD. In a short period of 451-466, within one generation, the Visigoths tried two strategies of interaction with the Roman society and state. These strategies clearly differed in their methods, in the tactical implementations, but were aimed at the same goal successful adaptation of the Visigoths to the conditions of the Roman Empire. You cannot say that this goal was not achieved at all, but stable and full integration into the Roman social, political, economic, religious institutions was not observed. A state close to the equilibrium optimum in the relationships between the barbarians and the Romans was reached only at certain moments, but it was short-lived, collapsing because of miscommunication. This was aided by the unstable situation in the structure of the empire associated with the decay of the system of administration because of the power crisis and factional strife. Adaptation of the crisis required high dynamics strategies from the Visigoths, which, in turn, were the cause of frequent change of leaders and sharp turns in the relations with the Romans.

В статье рассматриваются вопросы теоретико-правовой разработки проблем медицинского права (МП) как учебной дисциплины и отрасли науки. В работе даются ответы на такие вопросы: какова правовая природа медицинского права, что является его предметом и методом, какие аспекты должны входить в учебный курс, каковы требования к преподавателям дисциплины «Медицинское право»? Авторами определяется цель, содержание курса медицинского права, взаимосвязь МП с другими отраслями права, а также знания и умения, которыми студенты должны овладеть по окончании изучения курса. Особое значение в последние годы приобретает профессиональное медицинское экспертное знание и юридический опыт правовой регламентации медицинской деятельности и досудебной и судебной практики решения конкретных вопросов между потребителями медицинских услуг и организациями, их оказывающими. Большую роль для будущих юристов и врачей играет преподавание медицинского права. Медицинское право как отрасль права находится на этапе становления и не сложилось в качестве учебной дисциплины, обязательной для изучения во всех юридических и медицинских вузах. Отношения в области медицинского права разнообразны и разнородны, включают элементы гражданско-правовых, финансовых, административных и конституционных (от управления здравоохранением до конкретных отношений между лечебными учреждениями и гражданами), что находит свое отражение в комплексе правовых норм, составляющих межотраслевой правовой институт и образование комплексного законодательства об охране здоровья. Медицинское (врачебное, здравоохранительное) право, или право об охране здоровья граждан, представляет собой комплексную отрасль права, систему нормативных актов или норм, регулирующих организационные, имущественные, личные отношения, возникающие в связи с проведением санитарно-эпидемиологических мероприятий и оказанием лечебно-профилактической помощи гражданам. Предлагается для студентов гражданско-правовой специализации ввести спецкурс «Гражданско-правовые вопросы медицинского права в Российской Федерации». ; The article examines the theoretical and legal problems of development of medical law as an academic discipline and field of science. This work provides answers to questions such as what is the legal nature of the medical law, what is its subject and method, which aspects should be included in the curriculum requirements for teachers of «Medical law», etc. The authors have determined the purpose, content of the course of medical law, the relationships with other branches of Medical law as well as knowledge and skills that students must master at the end of the study course. Special significance in recent years is taken on by professional medical expertise and legal experience of legal regulation of medical practice, and pretrial and judicial practice of dealing with specific issues between the consumers of health care services and the organizations providing thereof. Teaching medical law is significant for future lawyers and doctors. Medical law as a branch of law is evolving and is not developed as an academic discipline, obligatory for all legal and medical schools. Relations in the field of medical law are diverse and heterogeneous, include elements of civil, financial, administrative and constitutional (from health care management to specific relationships between medical institutions and citizens), which is reflected in the complex legal rules that make up the interdisciplinary legal institution and education complex legislation on health protection. Medical (medical, health care) law or the law on health care is a complex body of law, a system of regulations or standards governing the organizational, property, personal relations arising in connection with the sanitary-epidemiological measures and the provision of preventive and curative care to citizens. It is suggested to introduce a special course «Civil legal issues of medical law in the Russian Federation» for civil-law students.

Son kırk yıllık süreçteki endüstrileşme ve çevre kirliliği ile artan nüfusa bağlı olarak ihtiyaçların çeşitlenmesi doğal kaynaklardan özelHk_le de orman kaynaklarmdançok amaçlı yararlanmayı . gerektirirken, orman ekosistemlerinin canlılığı ve. .hayatiyetinin• yanında Biyolojik Çeşitliliğin (BÇ) sürekliHğini degündeme getirmiştir. Rio BÇsözleşmesinde ele alınan sorunlar;çözüm sürecini bu bağlamda oluşturulan uluslararası kıtasal süreçlerde bulmuş ve devam ettirmiştir. Bu süreçlerde yeniden tanımı.anan Sürdürülebilir. Orman Yönetimi (SOY) kavramı ul usal, kıtasal ve uluslar rası ölçekte _ölçüt ve göstergelerle sayısal olarak da ortaya konulmuştur. SOY kriterleri aslında ülkelerin orman kaynaklarmı nasıl kullandığını ortaya koymasının yanında ormancılık faaliyetlerine bazı standartlar da. getirmiştir. Temel amacı ormancılıkta kaliteyi, reka beti artırmak, ormancıhk faaliyeti gösteren kurum ve _kuruluşlara itibar kazandırmak ve en önemlisi ormancılıkta .denetimi ve orman k.aynaklarının izlenmesini sağlamak ol.an sertifikalandırma kavrarnı SOY krit_erlerini_n ortaya konulmasıyla anlam ve önem kazanmıştır. Dünya genelinde orman sertifikalandırması yapan birçok ul usal ve ul uslararası kurum olmakl.a birlikte Forest Stewardshi p Council (FSC) ve Programme fcır the End_orsemen_t of ForestCertification (PEFC) en çoktanınan vedünya genelindeki birçok orman alanına sertifika veren ku rumlardır. Ülkemizde ormancılık alanında faaliyet gösteren ul usal bir sertifika kurumu bulunmamakla birlikte FSC tarafından akredite edilmiş özel kurul uşlar sistem içinde yer almakta ve FSC adın_a sertifika vermektedirler. Ülkemizdeki ormancılık faaliyetlerine ilişkin sertifikalandırma sürecinin ele alındığı bu bildiride; öncelikle ormanc_ılıkta sertifikalandırma süreci kavramsal olarak ortaya konulmuştur, Dünyada .gelinen• nokta ve ül_kemizdeki durum karşılaştırılmış, özellikle ülkemizde Ornıarı işletme. Müd ürlükleri'ne sertifika veren FSC sertifikalandırma kurumu prensi p, ölçüt ve göstergeleri tanıtılmış, bu sete göre Artvin Orman işletme Müd ürlüğü'nün sertifikalandırma sürecindeki durumu değerlendirilmiştir. ; in the !ast 40 years proc:ess, diverse need( as a .result of irid ustrialization and environmental pollutionand increasing populatioıueq uire utilizing from natura! resources, especially theforest . resources rnmprehensively; however,. it . alsa brings forward the sustaina bility of Biological Diversity (BD) togetherwith the saturation and vitality offorest ecosystems. The problems in Rio BD agreement finds and maintains the solution process in international contin.ental processesformed within thls context.The concept of Sustainable Forest Management (SFM), which was redefined.in these processes has beenput forward numericaHy wi.th national, continental and international criteria and indicators. SFM criteria proveshow the countries use forestresources together with bringing seme standards tç forestry activities'. Certification process, who.se.main objectives are.to enhance the quality and rival ry in forestry,giving reputation of agency and institutes that are active inforestry andthe mest importantly, providing supervision inforestry and monitoringforest resources, has gained significance and importance after the conservation of SFM criteria. . Although there are many national and international institutions that executes forest certification, Forest Stewardshlp Cou.ncil (FSC) and ProgramrrıeJor the Endorsement of Forest Certification (PEFC) are the mest recognized in.stitutions that give certificates to many forestareas worldwide. There are. not any national certification institutions inJurkey that are active in forestry field but there areprlvate foundations that are accreditedby FSC an.d that give certificate in the name of FSC. This paper, which studies certification process based on forestry activities in Turkey, presents the çertification process in forestry as aconcept. The study evaluates.the state of Turkey within the wodd, introd uces the principles, criteriaand indicators of especially FSCCertification lnstitution thatcertificates two Forestry Enterprises in Turkey and evaluates .the state of Artvin Forestry Enterprlse in certification process according to this set. •

Although Chinese economy has been growing remarkably, the development of the institutional, legal infrastructure and financial system remains a numbers of distinctive characteristics (Allen et al., 2004). One of the unique features is the dominance role of the government as shareholder of corporations, even for those listed on the stock exchange. This paper investigates empirically the impact of this significant characteristic on company performance. In particular, this dissertation presents an empirical study of the relationship between ownership structure and the company performance of listed property companies in China. Previous theoretical and empirical studies suggest government ownership is detrimental to company performance. Estrin and Perotin (1991) propose that corporations with the government as ultimate owner and/or with a large stake of government shareholding may not pursue profit maximization objective since the government tends to focus on its political objectives rather than the economic ones. Consequently, the firm performance in such government-related publicly listed firms will be inferior. Moreover, Shleifer and Vishny (1998) show that private ownership is preferable to state ownership because the government has a 'grabbing hand' that expropriates firm assets for the benefit of politicians and bureaucrats. However, the impact of state ownership on property company performance in China is more complicated and may not be always be negative due to (1) state owned company usually have better access to cheaper credit offered by major state banks; (2) state owned companies may be able to acquire development rights and can go through the development approval process more smoothly; (3) weaker institutions for protecting small investors in Mainland China's as it is still a less developed equity market; (4) the government may have motive to demonstrate the efficiency of companies that the government has a major stake. By separating property companies into two groups according to the place of listing, namely Mainland listed group and Hong Kong listed group, based on a more recent panel data including 170 real estate firms between 2006 and 2011, this dissertation generates several distinctive results. Firstly, tradable ownership concentration has a significant positive effect on firm performance. Secondly, by separating the property companies into two groups, I found an initial positive but non-linear impact of state ownership on firm performance in Mainland listed property companies; whereas an initial negative but non-linear impact is found in those listed in Hong Kong. However, when the state's stake of shares is relative large, the positive impact outweighs the negative impact in Mainland China. This is because the investor protection rules and regulations and their enforcement are relatively weak in Mainland China, the government shareholder can act as private block-holder and provide effective monitor on management in solving the traditional agency problems. This is not the case in Hong Kong where the market is more transparent and the interests of small investors are better protected. When the state owns a sufficiently large percentage of the shares, the relationship between state ownership and firm performance becomes positive for both groups. This empirical result suggests that the positive impact of state ownership on firm performance is always positive irrespective of the institutions for protecting the rights of minority shareholder when the state's shareholding is sufficiently large. ; published_or_final_version ; Real Estate and Construction ; Doctoral ; Doctor of Philosophy

Objetive: Consolidate the figure of the Preventive Annotation (Registration Law), as a protective institution Predial property. Method: In essence, was treated in a social research since the field work was to the company and human events (professionals, user registration, public servants, etc.) And specialized, as was done from the particular perspective Registration Law. Data collection was conducted by thesis student, supported by advisers (books, documents and guidance) and made the necessary arrangements with the reality that provided the information: Registry Office of Arequipa (File and Registry Area Sections). Results: figure consolidates notation as a protective institution built property. Upon completion of the investigation, it was observed that it was developed under the study parameters, but made after the analysis of the collected data could be obtained two proposals to amend national legislation, which were not provided for in the draft research. I'm referring to - just - to the notation for contradictory title, which involves modification of the General Regulations of the Public Records, and the requirement to request annotation injunction demand (as demand admisorio requirement) in all processes where registered rights is discussed, which involves modifying the Civil Procedure Code. These two aspects (proposed changes) arise from the research itself, but it was not provided for in Thesis Project. Conclusion: That notation is an effective and protective of property title (high grade), but knowledge of this legal is minimal, not only by users but also by operators right (public records, lawyers of Public Records, Public Notaries lawyers and independent lawyers). ; Objetivos: Consolidar la figura de la Anotación Preventiva (Derecho Registral), como una institución protectora de la propiedad predial. Método: En esencia, se trató de una investigación social, puesto que el campo de trabajo fue la sociedad y los hechos humanos (profesionales del derecho, usuario registral, servidores públicos, etc.); y especializada, puesto que se realizó desde la óptica particular del Derecho Registral. La recolección de datos estuvo a cargo del tesista, con apoyo de los asesores (libros, documentos y orientación) y se realizó las coordinaciones necesarias con la realidad que proporcionó la información: Oficina Registral de Arequipa (Archivo y Secciones del Área Registral). Resultados: Se consolida la figura de la anotación preventiva como una institución protectora de la propiedad predial. Al culminar la investigación, se pudo verificar que ésta se desarrolló bajo los parámetros planteados; sin embargo, luego de efectuado el análisis de la información recolectada se pudieron obtener dos propuestas de modificación en la legislación nacional, las cuales no fueron previstas en el proyecto de investigación. Me estoy refiriendo – precisamente – a la anotación preventiva por título contradictorio, que implica la modificación del Reglamento General de los Registros Públicos; y a la exigencia de solicitar medida cautelar de anotación de demanda (como requisito admisorio de la demanda) en todos aquellos procesos donde se discuta derechos inscritos, que implica la modificación del Código Procesal Civil. Estos dos aspectos (propuestas de modificación) surgen de la investigación misma, mas no fue previsto en el Proyecto de Tesis. Conclusión: Que la anotación preventiva es una herramienta eficaz y protectora de la propiedad predial (en alto grado); sin embargo, el conocimiento de esta figura jurídica es mínimo, no sólo por parte de los usuarios, sino también por parte de los operadores del derecho (Registradores Públicos, abogados de los Registros Públicos, abogados de Notarías Públicas, y abogados independientes).

De la edición de la Política Indiana de SOLÓRZANO y PEREIRA a la actualidad han transcurrido 365 años, a través de los cuales se han analizado con rigurosidad problemas jurídicos, políticos y sociales sobre la encomienda americana; sin embargo, a la fecha es patente la ausencia de estudios que reconstruyan con precisión las formas concretas sobre la generación de su riqueza. Lo cual es desconcertante, en la medida en que las encomiendas conformaron ante todo instituciones económicas que subsecuentemente generaron sus correlativos problemas jurídicos, políticos o sociales. Por tanto, la presente investigación constituye el primer caso de estudio rigurosamente documentado, sobre el análisis específico de las formas de generación de riqueza de una encomienda dentro del sistema colonial americano. Así, con base en lo postulados de SEMPAT (1974), dentro de la investigación se analiza de manera monográfica y detallada (microscópica) la naturaleza, composición y comportamiento de la renta de la encomienda Real de Opiramá, dentro de la Provincia de Popayán (del Nuevo Reino de Granada), para los años 1625 – 1627. Finalmente, a través del análisis microscópico de los ingresos (Cargo) y egresos (Data) de la unidad productiva se concluye por una parte que: 1) alrededor del 50% de la producción de la Renta Neta de la encomienda de Opiramá se generó a través de procesos indirectos no registrados dentro de sus libros de administración; 2) que en buena medida la producción de esta ganancia (Cargo) se realizó por medio de la transferencia de egresos (Data) a la comunidad indígena tributaria y no tributaria; y 3) que el planteamiento analítico particular utilizado para la realización de la investigación, conlleva indefectiblemente a cuestionar los modelos investigativos actuales de la historiografía económica, sobre el estudio y comprensión de las encomiendas dentro del sistema colonial americano. ; Abstract. 365 years have passed from the first edition of Política Indiana of SOLÓRZANO y PEREIRA, through has been analyzed legal, political and social problems of American-Spaniard Encomienda. But to date there is an obvious lack of research that reconstructs exactly the specific ways of generating wealth of this institution. This is baffling; in both the Encomiendas were primarily institution of economic character which then generated their correlative legal, political or social problems. Therefore, the research is the first case of rigorously documented study on the specific analysis, of the ways of producing wealth of Encomienda within the American-Spanish colonial system. Based on of SEMPAT principles (1974), the study analyzes and detailed (microscopically) the nature, composition and behavior of Rent to Encomienda Real de Opiramá (Province of Popayan in New Kingdom of Granada), between 1625 and 1627. Finally, based on the microscopic analysis of incomes (Cargo) and expenses (Data) of the Encomienda the following items are concluded: 1) about 50% of the production of Net Income of Opiramá's encomienda was generated through indirect processes not registered in their management books, 2) this gain (Cargo) was primarily obtained through shifting costs (Data) to the Opirama's Indian community (tax and non-tax), and 3) the analytical approach used to direct the conduct of the investigation, leads inevitably to question current research models of economic historiography on the study and understanding of the American-Spaniard Encomienda. Incomes ; Doctorado

In the history of constitutional changes in Europe, the making of a new constitution is often linked to violent incidents like a revolution, a coup d'état or a war. That is why the change of the constitution was mostly preceded by a change of the holder of the constituent power. The Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, however, is currently engaged in a process of constitution making in compliance with the revision procedure established by the existent document. The Constitution of the Grand Duchy, one of the oldest constitutional documents in Europe still in force, is undergoing a far-reaching revision aiming at a general overhaul.1 According to the parliamentary committee in charge, this revision shall finally give birth to a 'new' constitution, meaning that a modified and updated edition of the constitution shall be published in the national official journal (Mémorial). The revised text will then be considered as the Constitution of 2013 or, more likely, of 2014. The Constitution of 1868 is to be repealed. After the previous charters from 1841, 1848 and 1856 and the present text from 1868, it would thus become the fifth constitution of the Grand Duchy. As constitutional history also shows, this would not be the first time that Luxembourg adopts a new constitution following the formal amendment procedure foreseen by the previous document.2 Local politicians and lawyers seem to consider that the academic distinction between 'constitution making' by the will of an original pouvoir constituant and 'constitutional revision' through a parliamentary procedure prescribed by the constitution itself represents rather a gradual difference than a fundamental one. A number of good reasons convinced the Committee on Institutions and Constitutional Affairs of the Chamber of Deputies to introduce on 21 April 2009 a revision proposal aiming to modify and re-arrange the out-dated Constitution of 1868. While several initiatives for a general revision of the Constitution have been undertaken since the 1970s, none has been successful. Only fractional revisions were adopted in a century and a half. Between 1919 and 2009, no less than thirty-four amendments are listed, the last dating from 12 March 2009. Having occurred at different times and on various aspects, they have certainly undermined the coherence of the initial text. Nonetheless, the Constitution still includes a majority of provisions dating back to its origins. The main reasons put forward by the drafters of the revision proposal are: first, to modernize a terminology somewhat out-dated; second, to adapt the legal text to the political reality by re-writing the constitution and make it coincide with the 'living constitution' as reflected in the functioning of institutions, and third, to incorporate into the written constitution provisions relating to succession to the throne currently contained in a legal document of uncertain value, namely the Family Compact of the House of Nassau (Nassauischer Erbfolgeverein) of 1783. Almost four years after its launch, this amendment procedure, still far from being accomplished, is now, in February 2013, in a sufficiently advanced stage to allow some general commentaries. Given the limited format of this country report, the following remarks will focus on a brief presentation of the applicable revision procedure and a provisional scrutiny of some of the most substantial amendments under discussion.

Die schlesischen Bausandsteine sind neben denen aus Sachsen für die Berliner und Potsdamer Architektur von großer Bedeutung. Einer ihrer wichtigsten Vertreter ist der Wünschelburger Sandstein aus Schlesien. Seine Hauptverwendung findet er im Kaiserzeitlichen Berlin an zahlreichen Bauwerken zwischen 1870 und 1935, wie beispielsweise an der Siegessäule, der Technischen Universität, der Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gedächtnis-Kirche oder der Staatsbibliothek Unter den Linden. In den 1990er Jahren wurden Materialkartierungen für kommende Restaurierungsmaßnahmen an der Kolonnade am Neuen Palais in Potsdam Sanssouci erstellt. Es stellte sich überraschenderweise heraus, dass die Kolonnade zu über 70% aus Wünschelburger Sandstein erbaut wurde. König Friedrich II. ließ das Bauensemble nach seinem Triumph in den Schlesischen Kriegen 1763 bis 1769 errichten – also weit vor der Industrialisierung. Dieses, für die preussische Architektur so wichtige Baumaterial, erfuhr hier somit seine Erstverwendung. Der Transport von über 6000 Tonnen Wünschelburger Sandstein ohne Eisenbahn oder sonstigen industriell entwickelten Techniken über eine Stecke von über 500 Kilometern stellt eine enorme logistische und kraftaufwändige Herausforderung dar und provoziert die Frage nach dem Warum und Wie. Die vorliegende Magisterarbeit geht diesen bauhistorisch wertvollen Tatsachen nach. Der erste Teil der Arbeit untersucht und beschreibt das Bauensemble eingehend kunsthistorisch in seiner Entwurfsplanung (G. W. v. Knobelsdorff, J. L. Le Geay, C. P. C. v. Gontard) und geht seiner Stilgeschichte nach. Der zweite Part nimmt eine technikhistorische Position ein. Er beschäftigt sich zuerst mit den Bausandsteinen in Preussen unter König Friedrich II.,ihrer Herkunft und den politischen, wirtschaftlichen Hintergründen im Allgemeinen. Nachfolgend wird der Wünschelburger Sandstein, sein rekonstruierter, vorindustrieller Transport und seine konkrete Verwendung an der Kolonnade Potsdam eruiert. Die Arbeit erläutert den Prozess der Bauwerkserrichtung mit allen beteiligten und nachhaltig prägenden Institutionen des Königs, des Architekten, des Baumeisters (H. L. Manger) und der ausführenden Bayreuther Steinmetzmeistern (Leithold und Mader). Sie entwickelt daraus eine Erklärung über die allein logistisch sonst nicht deutbare Erstverwendung des Wünschelburger Sandsteins. ; Besides the ones in Saxony, the sandstones from Silesia have major importance to the architecture of Berlin and Potsdam. One of the most important representatives is the "Wünschelburger" sandstone from Silesia. It was mainly used for buildings of the Imperial Era in Berlin (1870 to 1935), such as the Victory Column, the Technical University, the Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church and the State Library Unter den Linden. In the 1990s, future restoration work on the colonnade at the New Place in Potsdam Sanssouci was recorded on the Material Mapping. Surprisingly, it turned out that the colonnade was built with approximately 70 percent of Wünschelburger sandstone. After his triumph in the Silesian Wars (1763 to 1769), and long before the industrial era began, King Frederick II. established this ensemble of buildings. This essential building material for Prussian architecture was used here for the first time. The transport of over 6000 tons of Wünschelburger sandstone without a railway or other industrially developed techniques, managing a distance of more than 500 kilometers, is a huge logistical and energy-sapping challenge and provokes the question of why and how. The present master's thesis investigates these architecturally-historically valuable facts. The first part of the thesis considers and describes the ensemble of buildings art historically during its architects planning (GW v. Knobelsdorff, JL Le Geay, von Gontard CPC) and traces its history of style. The second part adopts a technical and historical position. At first it deals with the structure sandstones in Prussia in the time of King Frederick II, their origins and the political, economic backgrounds in general. The following section explains the reconstructed and pre-industrial transport of the Wünschelberger sandstone, including its specific use on the colonnade Potsdam The paper explains the process of building construction work with all participating and formative institutions of the King, the architect, the master builder (H. L. Manger) and the executing master stonemasons of Bayreuth (Leithold and Mader). The thesis develops an explanation for the only logistically, otherwise not interpretable first use of the Wünschelburger sandstone.