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This work examines the role of local stakeholders in managing transboundary and irrigation water in the Mexicali Valley. The analysis focuses on the impacts of institutions as they relate to two transboundary water conflicts, the salinity problem, and the All-American Canal lining divergence. The views of farmers and water managers show that farmers have lost social cohesion and economic and political power during the period in between these two episodes, which in turn reduced their role and influence in water management issues. During the salinity problem, unified and strong leadership and widespread participation were credited with influencing bene ficial outcomes. On the other hand, the existence of opposing views regarding the All-American Canal lining conflict and weak leadership seem responsible for ineff ective participation in solutions. The research illuminates the complexities of water management in transboundary se ings and the role that local actors may play in increasing cooperation and regional integration. Spanish
Este artículo revisa el papel de los actores locales en la gestión y manejo de recursos hídricos transfronterizos y el riego en el Valle de Mexicali. El análisis enfatiza los impactos de los arreglos institucionales relacionados con dos conflictos por aguas transfronterizas, el problema de la salinidad del río Colorado y el revestimiento del Canal Todo Americano. Las percepciones de los agricultores y los gestores del agua indican que los agricultores han ido perdiendo cohesión social y poder económico y político lo cual ha reducido su papel e influencia en aspectos relacionados a la gestión de aguas transfronterizas. Durante el episodio de la salinidad, fue notoria la unificación y fortaleza de liderazgos que indujeron una significativa participación social. En contraste, la prevalencia de opiniones diversas respecto al conflicto del revestimiento conjugado con el frágil liderazgo redundó en una inefectividad de los usuarios para lograr impactos positivos. El artículo muestra la complejidad de la gestión transfronteriza del agua así como el papel clave que los actores locales pudieran tener para alcanzar la cooperación e integración regional. French
Ce travail examine le rôle des acteurs locaux dans la gestion des eaux transfrontalières et d'irrigation dans la Vallée de Mexicali. Ce e analyse se concentre sur l'impact des institutions dans la mesure où elles ont pris part à deux conflits sur l'eau, et traitent du problème de la salinité et des divergences sur le tracé du canal All-American. Les opinions des fermiers et des gestionnaires de l'eau révèlent que les fermiers ont perdu toute cohésion sociale ainsi que tout pouvoir politique et économique durant la période entre ces deux épisodes. Il en a résulté qu'ils ont de fait perdu leur rôle et leur influence dans les domaines de la gestion de l'eau. Au cours du problème de salinité, un leadership unifié et fort et une vaste participation ont été récompensés par d'excellents résultats. Mais de l'autre côté, l'existence de vues opposées dans le cadre du conflit sur le tracé du Canal All-American ainsi qu'un pauvre leadership ont vraisemblablement entraîné une participation inefficace lors de la recherche de solutions. Ce e étude met en lumière les complexités de la gestion de l'eau dans des cadres transnationaux, et le rôle que peuvent jouer les acteurs locaux dans l'augmentation de la coopération et de l'intégration régionale.

This research focuses on how the public policy against domestic violence has been set up, how it has evolved, and how it is currently implemented. Using a sociohistorical approach, I did an ethnography of some of the feminist non-profit organizations which provide victims of domestic violence and their children with counseling and accommodation, and I did interviews with professionals of government institutions in order to understand how public action has been dealing with the issue of domestic violence. Framed as intolerable at the end of the second wave feminist movement, domestic violence became a feminist cause which is now supported by professional and institutional associations. Thanks to the production of a body of scientific knowledge and its practical translation by state feminism, this cause has become legitimate and was put on the political agenda. Analyzing the activist careers of the organizations' founders helps to understand the organizational decisions they made, as well as the reasons why they moved into the social work sector. A new group of professionals came into being, and it was made of three types of activist workers. Their professional training and socialization participate in shaping a feminist professional group, differing from social workers in their practice as well as in their framing of domestic violence. The way laws and judicial practice has evolved, professional controversies and the new public management of public policies are all elements which shed light on the dynamics of change in the public policy. As well as a contribution to the analysis of public policies, this research seeks to make feminist professional practice visible. ; La politique publique de lutte contre les violences conjugales constitue l'objet de cette thèse, qui en retrace les fondements, la mise en œuvre actuelle et les éléments au principe des processus de changement. A partir d'une approche sociohistorique et d'une enquête ethnographique dans les associations féministes accueillant et hébergeant des femmes victimes et leurs enfants, et par entretiens auprès des professionnels des institutions étatiques, cette recherche se propose d'étudier les ressorts de l'action publique luttant contre les violences conjugales. Constituées en intolérable à la fin du mouvement féministe de la seconde vague, les violences conjugales sont devenues une cause féministe, défendue par des associations aujourd'hui professionnalisées et institutionnalisées. Légitimée par la production de savoirs scientifiques, cette cause a également été l'objet d'un travail de retraduction par le féminisme d'Etat, pour être ensuite mise à l'agenda politique. Les carrières militantes des fondatrices des structures d'accueil permettent de comprendre le projet associatif qu'elles ont soutenu, et les raisons de leur choix d'investir le secteur du travail social. Un nouveau groupe professionnel émerge, auquel participent trois figures de travailleuses militantes. La spécificité de leurs pratiques, et du cadre d'interprétation des violences conjugales les distinguent dans l'espace du travail social : les formations et socialisations professionnelles contribuent au devenir d'un groupe professionnel féministe. L'analyse de la mise en œuvre de la politique publique conduit ensuite à rendre compte des dynamiques de changement. Les évolutions de la législation et des pratiques judiciaires, les controverses professionnelles ainsi que la nouvelle gestion publique comme mode d'administration des politiques publiques, constituent les principaux ressorts du changement de la politique publique. Contribuant à l'analyse des politiques publiques, cette thèse entend aussi rendre visibles des pratiques professionnelles féministes, trop rarement étudiées.

Ciudadanos y organizaciones civiles juegan un rol más importante en los nuevos regímenes democráticos que bajo las experiencias previas. Los esfuerzos para promover la transparencia, la responsabilidad en la gestión y la participación han llevado a los ciudadanos, las organizaciones comunitarias, los movimientos sociales, etc., a demandar un rol más expansivo en los ámbitos de toma de decisiones. Este avance en la participación quedó demostrado en la proliferación de instituciones participativas que otorgan a los ciudadanos acceso a los espacios de toma de decisiones así como el derecho a involucrarse en actividades de control. Los ciudadanos interesados en la expansión de las instituciones participativas deben trabajar con las administraciones para asegurarse de que las reglas sean seguidas, y los proyectos de políticas públicas implementados. Desde ese enfoque, el presente trabajo realiza un estudio de alguna de las herramientas de participación y control ciudadano existentes actualmente en la Argentina -derecho de acceso a la información pública y audiencias públicas- tanto a nivel a nivel nacional como provincial, en el ámbito de la materia medioambiental. El compromiso efectivo con la democracia, es precisamente el de consolidar la institucionalidad, la cual se logra como construcción y aprendizaje social, a través del flujo de ideas, de debates públicos, de información veraz, para que las grandes cuestiones tiendan a consensos y proyectos. Será auspicioso, entonces, que la ciudadanía y el gobierno conciban así este proceso, y su proyección al futuro, bajo la mirada de la superación que capitaliza, y no de la aniquilación, que funda. En el presente trabajo, además de describir las situaciones antes señaladas, aportaremos algunas propuestas y recomendaciones, para la implementación de mecanismos que ayuden a fortalecer el funcionamiento de la participación ciudadana. ; Citizens and civil society organizations play a larger role in the new democratic regimes than under the previous experiences. Efforts to promote transparency, accountability in the management and participation have taken citizens, community organizations, social movements, etc., to demand a more extensive role in the areas of decision making. This progress in participation was reflected by the proliferation of participatory institutions that allows citizens access to decision-making spaces and the right to engage in control activities. Citizens interested in the expansion of participatory institutions must work with government to ensure that the rules are followed, and public policy projects implemented. From this approach, this paper makes aims at studying some of the tools of citizen participation and control currently in Argentina (right to public information access and public hearings) both at national and provincial level, (provinces of NOA ) in the environmental field. Real commitment to democracy, precisely aims at strengthening the institutional framework, which is achieved as social learning process, through the flow of ideas and knowledge, debates, accurate information so that the major issues and projects tend to consensus. It will be auspicious, then, that the citizens and government design this process, and its projection into the future, with the objective of achieving a social improvement. In this paper, besides describing the proposal outlined above, we will provide some suggestions and recommendations in order to unable mechanisms that help strengthen the civil participation. ; Asociación de Universidades Grupo Montevideo

International audience ; Jurors in criminal courts are rarely mentioned in judicial reports. The media most often only discuss the role they played in a judgment. Yet the experience of these "judges for a day" reveals the contradictions of a justice system which, calling on non-expert "citizens", forces them to assimilate legal practices and to take on a role for which they are ill-prepared. To jurors, this socialization process takes place against a backdrop of questions on their own legitimacy. In addition, jurors have to interact with magistrates whose status, reception strategies and debate organization, both in court and during deliberations, make them dominant professionals, with a power that can be perceived as excessive. The division of labor between jurors judging facts and magistrates judging according to the law introduces a subtle hierarchy, where "common sense" and "emotion" seem to be the basis for judgment by jurors, while magistrates rely on "law" and "reason". Challenging the power of judges, and some of their practices, is a way for jurors to argue that a human perspective should be an intrinsic part of any judgment, as revealed in the biographical history of the juror-citizen. This challenge illustrates the paradoxes of an institution which maintains the fiction of equality between citizens while in effect perpetuating certain forms of domination. This leads to questioning of the criminal courts (cour d'assises) as a "democratic" legacy, the "deliberative democracy" characterizing the court's modus operandi, and the social impact of this experience, with regard to the involvement of former jurors in the public space. ; Les jurés de cour d'assises se situent à l'arrière-plan des chroniques judiciaires et les médias n'en parlent souvent que pour en évoquer le rôle dans les arrêts prononcés. Pourtant, l'expérience de ces « juges d'un jour » révèle les contradictions d'une justice qui, en faisant appel à des « citoyens » issus du peuple, les oblige à se socialiser à des pratiques judiciaires et à un rôle auquel ils sont peu préparés. Cette socialisation s'opère sur fond d'interrogations quant à leur légitimité mais aussi d'interactions avec des magistrats dont le statut, les stratégies d'accueil et les manières d'organiser les débats à l'audience comme lors du délibéré, en font des professionnels dominants et au pouvoir susceptible d'être perçu comme démesuré. Le fait que les jurés sont censés juger des faits tandis que les magistrats jugent selon le droit introduit une hiérarchie subtile où, d'un côté, c'est le « bon sens » et « l'émotion » qui contribueraient à la formation du jugement, tandis que, de l'autre, c'est la « raison » et la « loi » qui seraient à l'œuvre. La contestation du pouvoir des juges et de certaines de leurs pratiques par les jurés est une manière de défendre l'idée que l'on ne peut juger sans un regard « humain » dont on découvre le lien avec l'histoire biographique du citoyen-juge. Cette contestation illustre les paradoxes d'une institution qui maintient la fiction d'une égalité entre citoyens tout en organisant en pratique la perpétuation de certaines formes de domination. Cela amène à s'interroger sur l'héritage « démocratique » que constitue la cour d'assises, sur la « démocratie délibérative » qui la caractérise, et sur les effets sociaux de cette expérience quant à l'engagement des anciens jurés dans l'espace public.

ABSTRACTThe objectives of this study were (1) to analyze the gambir-based-industry development potential in Lima Puluh Kota regencies and to understand the added value received by developing gambir products, (2) to compose the internal and external factors which effects the gambir agroindustry development's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats, and (3) to devise a strategies to develop an export oriented strong gambir processing industry. The analysis were used internal factor evaluation-external factors evaluation matrices which were used to sum up and evaluate the main strength and weakness in certain functions which can also be used as the base to identify strength and weakness conditions, SWOT analysis and quantitative strategic planning matrix. To illustrate the added value of gambir processing, the Hayami method was used. From the analysis, the increases in added values were obtained from processing gambir into catechine and Tannin. Three kilograms of gambir can produce a 91,67% added value ratio of catechine and a 83,81% added value ratio of Tannin. Based on the SWOT matrix, four alternative sets of strategies were derived, which are (1) reinvigorating the ATP (agrotechnopark) in an effort to establish technological innovation of processing gambir into various processed products that have assured qualities and addequate ammounts, (2) creating a comfortable policy to regulate permits for domestic and foreign investors to enter, (3) raising the role of regional governments, plantation agencies, academia, financial institutions, and other related institutions in an effort to develop the agroindustry and to increase the added value in Lima Puluh Kota regencies, and (4) forming a gambir Marketing Support Organization (BPPG).Keywords: gambir, IFE and EFE matrix, hayami method, SWOT analysis, QSPM analysisABSTRAKTujuan penelitian ini adalah (1) menganalisis potensi pengembangan berbasis gambir-industri di Kabupaten Lima Puluh Kota dan memahami nilai tambah yang diterima dari mengembangkan produk gambir, (2) menyusun faktor internal dan eksternal yang efek pengembangan industri gambir dan implikasinya terhadap kekuatan, kelemahan, peluang, dan ancaman pengembangan agroindustri gambir, dan 3) menyusun strategi untuk mengembangkan industri pengolahan gambir kuat berorientasi ekspor studi markets. Analisis yang digunakan adalah matriks internal factor evaluation-external factors evaluation yang digunakan untuk sum-up dan untuk mengevaluasi kekuatan dan kelemahan utama dalam fungsi tertentu dan juga digunakan sebagai dasar untuk mengidentifikasi kekuatan dan kelemahan kondisi, analisis SWOT, dan quantitative strategic planning matrix. Metode Hayami juga digunakan dalam penelitian ini untuk menggambarkan nilai tambah pengelolahan gambir. Penelitian menghasilkan peningkatan nilai tambah diperoleh dari pengolahan gambir ke catechine dan Tannin. Tiga kilogram gambir dapat menghasilkan 91,67% nilai tambah rasio catechine dan 83,81% ditambahkan nilai rasio Tannin. Strategi yang diperoleh dari matriks SWOT, empat set alternatif strategi yang dibuat, meliputi: (1) reenvigorating ATP (agrotechnopark) dalam upaya untuk membangun inovasi teknologi pengolahan gambir menjadi berbagai produk olahan yang telah meyakinkan kualitas dan addequate ammounts, (2) menciptakan kebijakan nyaman untuk mengatur izin bagi investor untuk masuk yang mencakup investasi domestik dan asing, (3) meningkatkan peran pemerintah daerah, instansi perkebunan, akademisi, Lembaga Keuangan, dan instansi terkait lainnya dalam upaya untuk mengembangkan agroindustri dan untuk meningkatkan nilai tambah dari gambir di Kabupaten Lima Puluh Kota, dan (4) membentuk gambir Marketing Support Organisation (BPPG).Kata kunci: gambir, matriks IFE dan EFE, metode hayami, analisis SWOT, analisis QSPM

Varios estudios demuestran que la corrupción no es únicamente un problema de negociación en el que un agente busca un objetivo en particular y un oficial exige un soborno para realizar su trabajo. Otras líneas de investigación analizan como las estructuras sociales pueden originar una sociedad corrupta. En este trabajo, combino la aproximación individualista de la teoría económica con el enfoque más social de otras ciencias sociales como la sociología, las ciencias políticas y la administración de empresas. Esto me permite estudiar la corrupción y el papel de las agencias de monitoreo cuando los actos corruptos se desarrollan bajo una estructura de redes sociales. El objetivo es comprobar que si la red es completa (i.e. no exhibe ninguna brecha), la coordinación entre agentes es más fluída y es más sencillo alcanzar objetivos corruptos. Además, cuando se incluye a las agencias de monitoreo, es fundamental que las instituciones y estas agencias complementen sus labores para prevenir el acto de corrupción de una manera más efectiva. Para ello, combino dos teorías sobre el comportamiento humano: la teoría de redes sociales y la teoría de juegos. Después de estudiar cuatro posibles escenarios, dos sin incluir las agencias de monitoreo y dos incluyéndolas, demuestro que la hipótesis planteada no puede ser descartada. Inclusive, si la penalidad que castiga el comportamiento corrupto es baja (o el costo administrativo de la justicia es alto) entonces los agentes preferirán involucrarse en actividades corruptas, sobre todo cuando la red es completa. Por el contrario, si la honestidad es altamente recompensada, los agentes tienen incentivos suficientes para no aceptar propuestas corruptas. La existencia de agencias de monitoreo, representadas como medios de comunicación libres, pueden desmotivar la corrupción desde el inicio. ; Many studies show that corruption is not only a bargaining problem between an agent that has an specific objective and an official that demand a bribe to do her job. Other lines of research analyzes how social structures are the origin of a corrupt society. In this work I combine the individualistic approach of economic theory with the social view of other social sciences such as sociology, political sciences and business administration to study corruption and the role of monitoring agencies when corruption takes place in a network structure. I will try to prove that if the social network is complete (i.e. it exhibits no gaps) then the coordination among agents is more fluent and it is easier to achieve corrupt objectives. On the other hand, institutions can generate incentives even if the network is complete. When monitoring agencies are included, it is important for institutions and monitoring agencies to complement each other to prevent more effectively the act of corruption. For this, I combine two theories on human behavior: social network theory and game theory. After studying four possible settings, two without monitoring agencies and two including them, I find that the hypothesis cannot be ruled out. Moreover, if the penalty for corrupt behavior is low (or the administrative cost of justice is high) then agents will prefer to get involved in corrupt activities, specially if the network is complete. On the other hand, if honesty is highly rewarded, agents have enough incentives to reject corrupt proposals. The existence of monitoring agencies represented as free press can discourage corruption from the beginning.

Начиная с 1990-х гг. в экономике Вьетнама ведутся реформы, до недавнего времени характеризовавшиеся быстрыми темпами модернизации и значительным увеличением ВВП. Осознавая необходимость перехода к инновационной модели развития, правительство предприняло ряд инициатив по формированию соответствующих институтов. В статье оценивается процесс трансформации научно-технической и инновационной политики во Вьетнаме за последнее десятилетие. Особое внимание уделено вопросам согласованности и рациональности применяемых мер. Анализ показывает, что, несмотря на значительный прогресс в развитии нормативно-правовой и институциональной базы национальной инновационной системы, особенности смешанной экономики Вьетнама (сочетание рыночных институтов с сильным государственным регулированием и значительной долей госсобственности в экономике), характеризуемые непоследовательностью и нерациональным сочетанием инструментов, отрицательно влияют на инновационную среду и синергию проводимых реформ. Наблюдается огромный разрыв между разработкой мер и их имплементацией. Процесс стратегического целеполагания и отбора приоритетов пока не отработан: перечень задач политики слишком обширен, а поставленные цели зачастую дублируются. Отсутствует межведомственное агентство, способное обеспечить горизонтальную и вертикальную координацию государственных инициатив. Отмечается явный перекос в пользу стимулирования предложения инноваций и сохранения доминирующих позиций государственных игроков в сфере науки и реальном секторе. Механизмы поддержки спроса не получили развития. Новый комплекс мероприятий, предусмотренный стратегией научно-технологического и инновационного развития на 2011-2020 гг., дает возможность корректировки политики. В первую очередь, необходимо пересмотреть рамочные условия, ограничивающие развитие конкуренции, внедрить инструменты, ориентированные на спрос и инклюзивное развитие, разработать адресные и взаимодополняющие механизмы регулирования. Качественное улучшение институтов потребует пересмотра монополии экономических элит, что снова сделает критичным вопрос сосуществования экономического плюрализма и политической монополии. ; Since the beginning of 1990s the Vietnamese economy has been undergone structural changes that until recently have resulted in fast modernization and GDP growth. Recognizing the need to point economic development towards innovation, the government has undertaken institutional reform. This paper assesses the evolution of science, technology and innovation policy for the last decade in Vietnam, with emphasis on the coherence and efficiency of policy instruments. The study shows that despite major steps forward in the formation of a legislative and institutional framework for the national innovation system, there are factors working against it. The mixed character of the Vietnamese economy (combining market institutions with tight public regulation and a significant share of public property) fostered by inconsistent and ineffective policies, discourages the innovation environment and synergy of reforms. There is also a huge gap between policy and implementation. Another factor is difficulties with setting strategic goals and defining policy priorities: policy tasks are overwhelming in number, but also there is overlap. There is no interdepartmental agency able to provide horizontal and vertical co-ordination of governmental initiatives. The bias towards fostering «technology push» as well as preserving dominance of state actors in science and industry is the most important inconsistency; «market pull» based tools remain underdeveloped. A new set of measures envisaged by the Strategy of Scientific, Technological and Innovation Development for 2011-2020 provides some opportunity for new policies. The government will need to revise the framework conditions restricting the development of competition, introduce demand-driven and inclusive development oriented tools as well as develop targeted and complementary regulation. Qualitative improvement of institutions requires introducin competitiveness where now economic elites dominate, and this, again, forces into the open the tension between economic pluralism and political monopoly.

El proyecto se apoyará principalmente de los marcos de trabajo de VALIT y COBIT 5.0. El marco de trabajo VAL IT, permite gestionar y realizar mediciones apropiadas para poder valorar las TI en conjunto y poder tomar decisiones respecto a sus inversiones en las IES del sector privado. Adicionalmente COBIT es un marco de trabajo que tiene un conjunto de herramientas de Gobierno de Tecnología de Información (TI) que cubre las necesidades de las partes, permitiendo la alineación de las tendencias actuales de las administración de TI y las técnicas de gobierno. Aunque existen otro tipo de herramientas y marcos de gobierno que permiten evaluar o realizar cierto seguimiento a las inversiones. En el presente trabajo se estudiarán dichas herramientas y marcos de gobierno que servirán de apoyo a la metodología a realizar. El objetivo del proyecto es desarrollar una metodología basada en las mejores prácticas y los modelos de VAL IT y COBIT 5 que permita determinar un adecuado uso de las inversiones en TI. Se determinará el estado actual de las Instituciones de Educación Superior en el sector privado de la Ciudad de Cali a través de encuestas y entrevistas. Con el fin de determinar el tipo, uso, modelos, herramientas o metodologías utilizadas por las Universidades a la hora de realizar inversiones en TI. Es necesario que las IES dispongan de una herramienta metodológica que les permita gestionar de forma apropiada las Inversiones de tecnología, la cual, debe ser evaluada por un grupo de expertos. ; The investments made by the Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) in information technology (IT) are increasing, as are affected by various internal or external factors such as: the requirements of law, critical processes or new products or services. According to studies that have been conducted at the Universities of Higher Education is evidence that lack of investment plans, perform limited monitoring of investments and are not aligned IT objectives with business objectives. This generates that HEIs can not make a proper assessment of their IT investments. The project will rely primarily on valit frameworks and COBIT 5.0. The Val IT framework, to manage and perform appropriate measurements to assess IT together and make decisions about their investments in private HEIs. Additionally COBIT is a framework that has a set of tools for Government Information Technology (IT) that meets the needs of the parties, allowing the alignment of the current trends in IT management and governance techniques. Although there are other types of tools and frameworks that enable government rate or perform some monitoring investments. In this paper we examine these tools and governance frameworks that will support the methodology to perform. The project objective is to develop a methodology based on best practices and models of VAL IT and COBIT 5 in order to establish an appropriate use of IT investments. Determine the current status of the Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) in the private sector of the City of Cali through surveys and interviews. In order to determine the type, use, models, tools and methodologies used by HEIs when making IT investments. HEIs need to have a methodological tool that enables them to properly manage technology investments, which should be evaluated by a panel of experts.

In the latter part of the 20th century ICT has been broadly employed in an effort to enhance the quality of service provision to the public. In the light of this, both public and private sectors have recognised the necessity of adopting technology and its applications in their potential. However, using ICT facilities for development facing various factors such as; establishing technical infrastructures, users and employees' awareness, legal framework for interactions with public authorities, security, privacy, trust, digital divide, along with organizational issues should be taken into consideration. Therefore, all these challenges should be considered and discussed if continuing progress is to be maintained because missing a few issues and only discussing some of them will lead to a waste of resources. Currently, most of the developing countries suffer from the lack of transparency, accountability, and increasing corruption in government administration. E-government has appeared as a potential solution to reduce the level of corruption by enhancing the services to its citizens effectively and efficiently. Furthermore, e-government has the potential to enhance and organise the relationships between stakeholders which include; citizens, government, and business. So, thriving implementation of e-government will improve accountability, efficiency, and effectiveness of government institutions and also may decrease corruption at both federal and regional levels. This research proposes a novel e-government stage model based on the citizen's participation of improvements in the delivery of governmental services. In other words, find the importance of putting citizens' insights and their requirements in the context of e-government development along with the potential use of a multi-channel delivery of services. It is expected that the model will enable more transparent and effective communications with businesses. Thereby, reducing bureaucracy and by implication, may result in a reduction in corruption. To accomplish this, the researcher investigates in the literature to find out the existing models and experiences in the area of e-government in order to identify the drawbacks reasons and limitations of the failure. The researcher also set out to investigate and analyse iii one of the well established e-government stage models, to identify possible opportunities to adopt for use in regional government in developing countries. The proposed model has been evaluated by adapting the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) decision making method and integrating it with the SWOT analysis method. SWOT factors were identified through interviews with experts from various ministries in the KRG. The proposed model were evaluated by adopting a qualitative case study strategy such as IT projects, taking the expert's opinion of the proposed model by using qualitative method. Moreover the researcher, by using a qualitative case study strategy such as the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI), observes the proposed model in various government institutions in the KRI. The analysis of pragmatic data leads to a narrative inclusive model for e-government initiatives in the public sector that can be assisted in different ways. The advantage of this model is to decrease the uncertainty of e-government implementation in the public sector by recognising the consequence of the institutional readiness, adoption processes, the needs of ICT tools, and the factors that influence the implementation process. The model might also assist policy makers in government to offer a clear vision for e-government. Ultimately, any conclusions could be useful to other researchers in the developing world who are seeking to explore the potential of similar initiatives.

Research aimed at helping to solve pressing societal problems must meet specific quality requirements: The knowledge it produces must not only be sound but also useable. This is particularly true of research that aims at bringing specific knowledge to bear on policy issues relating to sustainable development. This guide provides detailed actor-specific requirements profiles for this type of "policy relevant sustainability research." This guide is aimed at research funding agencies and contracting entities, researchers themselves and policymakers1 who participate directly in the research process. It can be used both for cases where the research funding agency/contracting entity and the policymaker are different institutions or where they are identical. However, policy consulting by specialized agencies that do not perform original research is not addressed. The requirements profiles serve two functions. First of all, they should function as a guide for the three stakeholder groups, aiding them in their efforts to increase and ensure the quality of research processes and research outcomes. And, secondly, they should improve the reflexive communication among stakeholders regarding the means and the goals of research. The results presented here are part of a research and development project (Research Code Number: 3711 11 701) funded by the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU) and the German Federal Environment Agency (UBA). The project was carried out by the Institute for Social-Ecological Research (ISOE, project management), the Institute for Ecological Economy Research and the Environmental Policy Research Center for of the Freie Universität Berlin (FFU) (project duration: 09/2011-01/2013). The aim of the project was to develop concepts that can be used to increase the relevance of sustainability research for the design of environmental policy in Germany. In addition to the requirements profiles for a policy relevant sustainability research presented in this guide, recommendations, based on empirical studies, have been developed regarding how the coordination between different government departments with respect to funding such research can be optimized. The project's final report will be available starting March 2013 from the UBA. ; orschung, die einen unmittelbaren Beitrag zur Lösung drängender gesellschaft-licher Probleme leisten will, muss sich besonderen Qualitätsanforderungen stellen: Sie soll nicht nur gesichertes, sondern auch anwendbares Wissen bereithalten. Dies gilt besonders für Forschung, die darauf zielt, Politik in Fragen nachhaltiger Ent-wicklung mit spezifischem Wissen zu unterstützen. Für diesen Typ einer "politik-relevanten Nachhaltigkeitsforschung" präsentiert der vorliegende Wegweiser ein detailliertes Anforderungsprofil. Der Wegweiser richtet sich an Förderer oder Auftraggeber einer solchen Forschung, an die Forschenden selbst und an Akteure aus der Politik1, die sich direkt an For-schungsprozessen beteiligen. Er kann dabei sowohl für den Fall genutzt werden, dass Forschungsförderer oder Auftraggeber und politische Praxispartner verschie-dene Institutionen sind, als auch für den Fall, dass sie identisch sind. Politische Beratung durch spezialisierte Agenturen, die keine eigene Forschung leisten, wird dagegen nicht adressiert. Die im Detail ausgearbeiteten Anforderungen haben zwei Funktionen. Sie sollen zum einen den drei genannten Akteursgruppen als Orientierung dienen, wie sie dazu beitragen können, die Qualität von Forschungsprozessen und Forschungs-ergebnissen zu erhöhen und zu sichern. Zum anderen sollen sie die reflexive Kommunikation zwischen den Akteuren über Mittel und Zwecke der Forschung verbessern. Die hier vorgestellten Ergebnisse wurden im Rahmen eines vom Bundesministe-rium für Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit (BMU) und dem Umwelt-bundesamt (UBA) finanzierten Forschungs- und Entwicklungsvorhabens erarbeitet (Forschungskennzahl 3711 11 701). Das Vorhaben wurde vom Institut für sozial-ökologische Forschung (ISOE, Vorhabenleitung), dem Institut für ökologische Wirt-schaftsforschung (IÖW) und dem Forschungszentrum für Umweltpolitik der Freien Universität Berlin (FFU) durchgeführt (Laufzeit: 09/2011–01/2013). Ziel des Vorhabens war es, Konzepte zu entwickeln, mit deren Hilfe die Relevanz der Nachhaltigkeitsforschung für die Gestaltung von Umweltpolitik in Deutschland erhöht werden kann. Neben dem hier vorgestellten Anforderungsprofil für eine politikrelevante Nachhaltigkeitsforschung wurden auf Basis empirischer Erhebun-gen auch Empfehlungen erarbeitet, wie die Abstimmung zwischen verschiedenen Bundesressorts bei der Förderung von Nachhaltigkeitsforschung optimiert werden kann. Der Abschlussbericht des Vorhabens kann ab März 2013 über das UBA bezo-gen werden.

Исследовательские работы в области гражданской безопасности и безопасности являются относительно новой задачей для немецкой пожарной службы и служб кризисного управления. На протяжении долгого времени данная область была сконцентрирована на потребностях армии и её результатах. Изменения ситуации глобальной безопасности, которые произошли в течение прошлого десятилетия, принесли значительный рост финансовой поддержки для гражданских исследовательских работ, например в рамках 7. Европейской Рамковой Программы или отдельных краевых программ. В большинстве этих программ необходимо сотрудничество между исследовательскими центрами, промышленными партнерами и конечными потребителями. В Германии пожарная служба организована на уровне гмин. Гмины отвечают за предотвращение и тушение пожаров, а повяты и повятовые гмины отвечают за кризисное управление. Нет централизованной пожарной службы на уровне Земель (Länder) или даже на государственном уровне: Земли (Länder) отвечают за правовые рамки и некоторые главные средства поддержки, такие как обучение офицеров. Краевой уровень играет важную роль в области защиты населения только в напряжённых ситуациях или обороны. В связи с этим децентрализованные исследовательские институты, работающие в области пожарной охраны и служб спасения, существуют именно на данном уровне административного разделения, а законодательские правила не ограничивают исследований до уровня гмины. Однако много немецких организационных единиц пожарной службы очень активны и участвуют в разных программах. Данная статья рассказывает, какие положительные эффекты для пожарной службы имеют действия такого рода. Пытается также рассмотреть, каким образом сильно децентрализованные структуры пожарной службы представляют общие требования конечных потребителей. Их активность в области исследований позволит им существенно повлиять; на развитие технологии, которая будет применяться в течение следующего десятилетия.Research activities within the field of civil safety and security are comparatively new tasks for German fire brigades and disaster management authorities. For a long time, the field has been dominated by military demands and aimed strongly towards military results. The changes in the global safety situation have over the last decade brought a significant increase in financial support for civil research activities, e. g. within the 7th European Framework Programme or several national programmes. Most of these programmes require the co-operation of research institutions, industrial partners and endusers. In Germany, fire brigades are organised on a municipal level. The municipalities are responsible for fire prevention and suppression, counties and county boroughs are responsible for disaster management. There is no centralised fire brigade on the level of the states (Länder) or even the national level: The Länder are responsible for the legal framework and certain central support measures such as officer's training. The national level plays a role in civil protection only in case of tension or defence. Therefore, no central research institutions for fire and rescue tasks exist on these levels, and the legal framework does not address the necessity of research on the municipal level. Nevertheless, several German fire brigades show own activities and participate in various programmes. The presentation will discuss which positive effects these activities have on the fire brigades. Also, it will deal with the questions how the strongly decentralised structures of the fire brigades can despite be used to obtain a common picture of the demands the end-users have regarding topics to be addressed: Only showing activities in the area of research today will enable the end-users to have a strong impact on the development of the technology which will be in use ten years from now.

These three papers represent the first panel of papers from SSI's annual Russia conference that took place in September 2011. They assess the nature of Russia's political system, economy, and armed forces and draw conclusions, even sharp and provocative ones, concerning the nature and trajectory of these institutions. The three papers presented here offer attempts to characterize first of all, the nature of the state; second, the prospects for economic reform within that state -- perhaps the most pressing domestic issue and one with considerable spillover into defense and security agendas as well -- in contemporary Russia; and third, the nature and lasting effects of the defense reform that began in 2008. The papers are forthright and pull no punches, though we certainly do not claim that they provide the last or definitive word on these subjects. The papers go straight to the heart of the most important questions concerning the nature of the state and the possibilities for its economic and military reform. As such, we hope that the papers presented here, and in subsequent volumes, provide insight and understanding to several critical questions pertaining to and/or affecting Russia, a country that deliberately tries to remain opaque to foreign observers despite its many changes. These papers aim to be a resource, to enlighten, to edify readers, and to stimulate the effort to understand and deal with one of the most important actors in international affairs today. ; "June 2012." ; Format not distributed to depository libraries. ; Includes bibliographical references. ; Foreword -- Introduction -- Russia's choice : change or degradation? / Lilia Shevtsova -- The impossibility of Russian economic reform : waiting for Godot / Steven Rosefielde -- Reform of the Russian military and security apparatus : an investigator's perspective / Mark Galeotti. ; These three papers represent the first panel of papers from SSI's annual Russia conference that took place in September 2011. They assess the nature of Russia's political system, economy, and armed forces and draw conclusions, even sharp and provocative ones, concerning the nature and trajectory of these institutions. The three papers presented here offer attempts to characterize first of all, the nature of the state; second, the prospects for economic reform within that state -- perhaps the most pressing domestic issue and one with considerable spillover into defense and security agendas as well -- in contemporary Russia; and third, the nature and lasting effects of the defense reform that began in 2008. The papers are forthright and pull no punches, though we certainly do not claim that they provide the last or definitive word on these subjects. The papers go straight to the heart of the most important questions concerning the nature of the state and the possibilities for its economic and military reform. As such, we hope that the papers presented here, and in subsequent volumes, provide insight and understanding to several critical questions pertaining to and/or affecting Russia, a country that deliberately tries to remain opaque to foreign observers despite its many changes. These papers aim to be a resource, to enlighten, to edify readers, and to stimulate the effort to understand and deal with one of the most important actors in international affairs today. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Die Themenschwerpunkte sind:

1. EU-Politik und EU-Erweiterung,

2. Lebenslanges Lernen,

3. Gesundheit,

4. Sicherheit,

5. Partnerschaft und Familie.

Themen: 1. EU-Politik und EU-Erweiterung: Postmaterialismus (Skala:
Inglehart-Index); SPLIT A: Einstellungen zur gemeinsamen Währung (Euro),
zu einer gemeinsamen EU-Außenpolitik und Verteidigungspolitik, zur
EU-Erweiterung, zur Konzentration von Verantwortlichkeiten auf EU-Ebene,
die auf nationaler Ebene nicht effizient gehandhabt werden können, zur
Abdankung von EU-Regierungsmitgliedern, wenn sie nicht die Mehrheit im
Parlament haben sowie zur politischen Schulausbildung über
Eu-Institutionen; SPLIT B: Kenntnis der EU-Erweiterung; Zustimmung zur
EU-Erweiterung.

2. Lebenslanges Lernen: Veränderungen im persönlichen Berufsleben in
den letzten 2 Jahren (Skala: ehrenamtliche Tätigkeit, Wechsel in
Selbstständigkeit, Arbeitslosigkeit oder Rente, Fortbildung,
Karrierebruch, Karrieresprung, Militärdienst oder freiwilliges soziales
Jahr sowie Arbeitgeberwechsel); präferierte Lernmethode (Modelllernen;
zielorientiertes Lernen, Bewährung durch Herausforderungen, Arbeiten im
Team, Vermeiden von wiederholten Fehlern); Tätigkeiten und Situationen,
in denen in den letzten zwölf Monaten etwas gelernt wurde (Schule,
berufliche Weiterbildung, Learning on the Job, Gespräche mit Kollegen,
soziale und politische Organisationen, Auslandsaufenthalte,
Bibliotheken, Freizeitaktivitäten, Militärdienst und ehrenamtliche
Tätigkeiten); Lernmotive; Personen oder Institutionen, die Initiator der
Ausbildung waren; Gewinn von neuen Kenntnissen und Fähigkeiten durch
diese Kurse; Motive für zukünftiges Lernen in Kursen oder Seminaren;
präferierte Lernart zur Verbesserung der beruflichen Fähigkeiten;
Lernhindernisse, die eine Teilnahme an Lernkursen verhindern;
motivierende Faktoren für eine Teilnahme an Lernkursen; präferierte
Informationsquellen zum Thema Lernen; Zahlungsbereitschaft für Lernkurse
im beruflichen und privaten Bereich; Nützlichkeit ausgewählter
Kenntnisse und Fähigkeiten für den privaten Bereich und außerhalb des
privaten Bereichs (Schreiben und Lesen, Rechnen, Umgang mit Computern,
sich ausdrücken können, Fremdsprachen, Problemlösungsfähigkeit,
Organisationstalent, Umgang mit Menschen aus anderen Kulturen,
Kooperationsbereitschaft, Führungsfähigkeiten, Allgemeinwissen und
Lernbereitschaft); Besitz dieser Kenntnisse und Fähigkeiten; Besitz
entsprechender Zertifikate; Einschätzung, welche Lernmöglichkeiten in
den letzten 5 Jahren am wichtigsten waren; Einstellungen zum
lebenslangen Lernen (Skala).

3. Gesundheit: Angabe eigener chronischer Krankheiten; Arztbesuche in
den letzten zwölf Monaten; derzeitige Behandlung von
Langzeiterkrankungen; Anzahl fehlender natürlicher Zähne; Zufriedenheit
mit der Zahngesundheit (auch Zahnersatz) in den letzten zwölf Monaten;
Teilnahme an gesundheitlichen Tests (oder ´check ups´) in den letzten
zwölf Monaten auf eigene Initiative, auf ärztliches Anraten oder als
Teil eines Diagnose- bzw. Vorsorgeprogramms (Zahnuntersuchungen,
Röntgen, Ultraschall, Augenuntersuchungen, Cholesterin, Herztest,
Hörtest, Blutdruckmessung, Krebsuntersuchung und Diabetistest);
Körpergröße und Körpergewicht; Einschätzung des eigenen Körpergewichts
als zu hoch, zu niedrig oder richtig; Selbsteinschätzung
gesundheitsbewusster Ernährung; Änderungen der Ernährung in den letzten
drei Jahren in Bezug auf den Konsum von Kalorien, Obst und Gemüse, Fett,
Fleisch, Salz, Zucker, Alkohol und Wasser; Gründe für diese
Verhaltensänderungen; Alkoholkonsum in den letzten vier Wochen: Anzahl
der Tage, an denen Bier, Wein, Spirituosen oder andere alkoholische
Getränke konsumiert wurden, Alkoholkonsum in Verbindung mit Mahlzeiten,
Höhe des Alkoholkonsums an einem Tag, Anzahl der Fälle intensiven und
exzessiven Alkoholkonsums; Alter beim ersten Alkoholkonsum.

Nur Frauen wurden gefragt: Informiertheit über die Hormonersatztherapie
in der Menopause (Wechseljahre); Teilnahme an einer
Hormonersatztherapie; Teilnahme an Vorsorgeuntersuchungen in den letzten
zwölf Monaten und Art dieser Untersuchungen; Stillen von Kindern;
Stillzeit beim letzten Kind.

4. Sicherheit: Einstellung zu Sicherheitsmaßnahmen bei Produkten und
Einrichtungen (Skala: kindersichere Produkte, Kennzeichnung
sicherheitsgeprüfter Produkte, Produkthaftung, einheitliche
Sicherheitsstandards in der EU, Vermeidbarkeit von Unfällen mit
Kindern); eigene Sicherheitsmaßnahmen im Alltag (Anschnallen im Auto,
Besitz von Rauchmeldern, Rettungswesten auf dem Wasser,
Temperaturregulierung bei Heißwassergeräten, Fahrradhelm,
Erste-Hilfe-Kurse); eigene Sicherheitsmaßnahmen im Umgang mit
Kleinkindern (0-10 Jahre).

5. Partnerschaft und Familie: Wichtigkeit von Lebenspartnern und
Kindern; präferiertes Elternteil für ausgesuchte Tätigkeiten mit Kindern
(Sport, das Kind zu sozialen Veranstaltungen bringen, Windeln wechseln,
Ankleiden, Arztbesuche, Unterstützung bei Hausaufgaben, Teilnahme an
Elterntreffen in der Schule, Vorlesen, Spielzeug kaufen, Bestrafen, ins
Bett bringen, auf wichtige Fragen des Kindes eine Antwort geben);
Einstellung zu traditionellen Geschlechterrollen (Skala); Anzahl eigener
Kinder; Aufgabenteilung im Haushalt (Putzen, Frühstück und Abendbrot
zubereiten, Einkaufen, Geschirr spülen, Gartenarbeit und Handwerkliches,
Bügeln, bürokratische Verwaltung wie z.B. Rechnungen zahlen);
Kinderbetreuung; Unzufriedenheiten in der Aufgabenteilung zwischen dem
Befragten und dem Partner; Kinderwunsch und gewünschte Kinderzahl;
eigene Kenntnis über Kinderwünsche des Partners; Unterschiede beim
präferierten Zeitpunkt für den Kinderwunsch; Gespräche mit dem Partner
über einen gemeinsamen Kinderwunsch und Zufriedenheit mit diesen
Gesprächen; Einschätzung, wer den größeren Wunsch zum ersten, zum
zweiten sowie dem letzten Kind hatte; Unterschiede beim präferierten
Zeitpunkt für das erste, zweite sowie das letzte Kind.

Demographie: Nationalität; Selbsteinschätzung auf einem
Links-Rechts-Kontinuum; Familienstand; Alter bei Ende der Ausbildung;
Geschlecht; Alter; berufliche Position; Stellung im Haushalt; Beruf des
Haushaltsvorstandes; Urbanisierungsgrad; monatliches Haushaltseinkommen.

Zusätzlich verkodet wurden: Interviewdatum und Interviewbeginn;
Interviewdauer; Anzahl der beim Interview anwesenden Personen;
Kooperationsbereitschaft des Befragten; Ortsgröße; Region;
Intervieweridentifikation; Telefonbesitz (Mobiltelefon und Festnetz).

In Luxemburg, Belgien und Finnland: Interviewsprache.

This article uses ethnographic material collected around Lake Mutirikwi in southern Zimbabwe, to explore how the affective presence of graves and ruins, which materialize past and present occupations and engagements with/in the landscape (by different clans, colonial and postcolonial state institutions, war veterans, chiefs, and spirit mediums, as well as white commercial farmers), are entangled in complex, localized contests over autochthony and belonging, even as they are finely implicated in wider reconfigurations of authority and state‐craft. Situating these highly contested assertions, discourses, and practices in the context of national redefinitions of citizenship and belonging articulated by ZANU PF's rhetoric of 'patriotic history', this article explores how these contests are made real through the consequential materiality of milieu. Although the central hook will be the prominent role that graves, both ancestral 'mapa' and recent burials, have played in ongoing claims to land and authority, its main perspective will be on how different, overlapping, and intertwined notions of belonging are enabled, constrained, and structured through the materiality of place, thereby emphasizing the proximity of discourses and practices of belonging that derives from the shared nature of material landscapes. In this vein, the ruins and graves of past white occupation and interventions in the landscape comingle and coexist with the resurgent appeals of local clans to ancestral territories on occupied lands. The broader theoretical purpose of the article is to engage with recent debates over materiality and anthropology's so‐called 'ontological turn' to make a case for focusing less on 'radical ontological difference' and more on material, historical, and conceptual proximities.RésuméA partir de matériaux ethnographiques recueillis autour du Lac Mutirikwi, dans le sud du Zimbabwe, cet article explore la façon dont la présence affective de tombes et de ruines, matérialisant les occupations et interactions présentes et passées avec le paysage (institutions coloniales et postcoloniales, anciens combattants, chefs, spirites et fermiers blancs), s'intrique dans une complexe concurrence locale autour de l'autochtonie et de l'appartenance, tout en relevant d'une reconfiguration plus large de l'autorité et de la force de l'État. Pour situer ces affirmations, discours et pratiques très contestés dans le contexte de la redéfinition nationale de la citoyenneté et de l'appartenance formulé par la rhétorique de « l'histoire patriotique » du ZANU‐PF, l'auteur explore comment ces rivalités se manifestent à travers la matérialité du milieu. Bien que l'argument central soit le rôle éminent des tombes,« mapa »ancestrales aussi bien qu'inhumations récentes, dans les revendications de la terre et de l'autorité, l'article sera principalement consacréà la façon dont des notions différentes de l'appartenance, se chevauchant et s'interpénétrant, sont éveillées, contraintes et structurées par la matérialité des lieux, mettant ainsi l'accent sur la proximité entre discours et pratiques découlant de la nature partagée des paysages matériels. Dans cette veine, les ruines et tombes datant de l'occupation passée par les Blancs et de leurs interventions dans le paysage coexistent avec les appels renouvelés des clans locaux à se réapproprier les territoires ancestraux dans les terres occupées, et se mêlent à ceux‐ci. Plus largement, le but théorique de cet article est de contribuer aux récents débats sur la matérialité et sur le prétendu « virage ontologique » de l'anthropologie, afin de plaider pour que l'on s'intéresse moins à une « différence ontologique radicale » et davantage aux rapprochements matériels, historiques et conceptuels

RESUMEN: El caso de estudio de la Institución Educativa Técnico Industrial Pedro Antonio Molina, eje de desarrollo y bienestar para la comunidad, analiza cómo una institución educativa oficial genera oportunidades de cambio social en su entorno, en un marco de renovación de políticas educativas que se gestan a nivel nacional y local. El rector es el encargado de elegir y mantener el rumbo de la institución, en la cual, a pesar de la falta de recursos y las difíciles condiciones sociales, motiva a sus colaboradores para brindar una educación de calidad, aprovechando el conocimiento y la colaboración de instituciones privadas y públicas para ofrecer a sus estudiantes más y mejores oportunidades de aprendizaje, que les permitan afrontar con mejor preparación, la vida laboral o universitaria. La Institución Educativa Técnico Industrial Pedro Antonio Molina, se rige por las políticas del Ministerio de Educación Nacional y de la Secretaría de Educación Municipal, para avanzar en el esfuerzo de mejorar la calidad de la educación de sus estudiantes, buscando impactar positivamente en la comunidad y preparar a los jóvenes para que puedan tener un mejor vivir en el mañana, igualmente mejorar la puntuación de los estudiantes en las pruebas nacionales, que de la mano de inversión en ciencia y tecnología, ayudarán a reducir el atraso científico y garantizar que la educación conduzca a nuestra sociedad hacia la equidad, generando igualdad de oportunidades para los jóvenes, y que inculque en ellos valores como justicia, solidaridad y honestidad, para que sean ciudadanos de bien y participativos de la democracia y que prepare a los niños y a los jóvenes para que sean parte de una economía global competitiva, que genere riqueza y bienestar. ; The case of study Pedro Antonio Molina School, axis of development and welfare for the community, analyses how a public school, creates opportunities for social change in its surroundings, within a framework of educational policy renewal that are developing national and local . The director is responsible for choosing and maintaining the course of the institution, in which despite the lack of resources and the difficult social conditions, encourages its employees to provide education of good quality, taking advantage of the knowledge and collaboration from private and public institutions to offer their students more and better learning opportunities that enable them to manage with better training, working life or the university studies period. The Institución Educativa Técnico Industrial Pedro Antonio Molina is ruled by the policies of the Ministry of Education and the Municipal Secretary of Education, to advance in the effort to improve the quality of education of its students, looking to have a positive impact in the community and prepare youth to live a better future and to improve Colombian students' scores on national tests, which in addition of government investment in science and technology, will help to reduce the scientific backwardness and ensure that education leads our society towards equity, creating equal opportunities for young people, and instill in them values such as justice, solidarity and honesty, to be good citizens and participants of democracy, and that prepares children and young people to be part of a competitive global economy, that provides them of wealth and prosperity.