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Southern Ocean ecosystems are globally important. Processes in the Antarctic atmosphere, cryosphere, and the Southern Ocean directly influence global atmospheric and oceanic systems. Southern Ocean biogeochemistry has also been shown to have global importance. In contrast, ocean ecological processes are often seen as largely separate from the rest of the global system. In this paper, we consider the degree of ecological connectivity at different trophic levels, linking Southern Ocean ecosystems with the global ocean, and their importance not only for the regional ecosystem but also the wider Earth system. We also consider the human system connections, including the role of Southern Ocean ecosystems in supporting society, culture, and economy in many nations, influencing public and political views and hence policy. Rather than Southern Ocean ecosystems being defined by barriers at particular oceanic fronts, ecological changes are gradual due to cross-front exchanges involving oceanographic processes and organism movement. Millions of seabirds and hundreds of thousands of cetaceans move north out of polar waters in the austral autumn interacting in food webs across the Southern Hemisphere, and a few species cross the equator. A number of species migrate into the east and west ocean-basin boundary current and continental shelf regions of the major southern continents. Human travel in and out of the Southern Ocean region includes fisheries, tourism, and scientific vessels in all ocean sectors. These operations arise from many nations, particularly in the Northern Hemisphere, and are important in local communities as well as national economic, scientific, and political activities. As a result of the extensive connectivity, future changes in Southern Ocean ecosystems will have consequences throughout the Earth system, affecting ecosystem services with socio-economic impacts throughout the world. The high level of connectivity also means that changes and policy decisions in marine ecosystems outside the Southern Ocean ...

This article surveys and analyzes the composition and stability of the cabinet ministers of Argentine presidents from the assumption of Bartolomé Mitre in 1862 until the country's first military coup in 1930. The initial objective is to account for the ministers who were appointed in the various departments and their permanence in them. The source to be used is the Books of Acts of Oaths of the Members of the Government of the Argentine Nation, belonging to the General Notary Office of the Nation. Second, the stability/instability of the cabinets is analyzed, measured using a specific tool proposed here, the Cabinet Stability Index, which seeks to become a useful instrument to apply to future analyzes of other periods and presidential regimes. Finally, the results obtained are interpreted from a political perspective that in turn articulates the historical consideration of the time. ; Este artículo revela y analiza la composición y estabilidad de los gabinetes de ministros de los presidentes argentinos desde la asunción de Bartolomé Mitre en 1862 hasta el primer golpe militar del país en 1930. El objetivo inicial es dar cuenta de los ministros que fueron designados en los diversos departamentos y su permanencia en ellos. La fuente para emplear son los libros de actas de juramentos de los miembros del gobierno de la nación argentina, pertenecientes a la Escribanía General de la Nación. Además, se analiza la estabilidad/inestabilidad de los gabinetes, medida a partir de una herramienta específica aquí propuesta, el Índice de Estabilidad de Gabinetes (IEG), que procura convertirse en un instrumento útil para aplicar a futuros análisis sobre otros períodos y regímenes presidencialistas. Finalmente, se interpretan los resultados obtenidos bajo una perspectiva politológica que a su vez articula la consideración histórica de la época.

Sustainable development is recognized by the United Nations as a challenge for social and economic policy Hughes&Johnston (2005), an urgent call for action by all countries addressing all groups of stakeholders (Mio et al., 2020) and one of the main priorities for business community all over the world (Tsalis et al., 2020). Successful implementation and achievement of these goals should be a result of joint efforts of all countries and nations. And while a general success is observed in case of certain SDGs, others still require joint efforts and cooperation on both national and international level. A vital role is assigned to businesses which can also contribute to achievement of SDGs by integrating them into everyday processes. Purpose: The aim of the research was to reveal the customers opinion on the importance of embedding SDGs by businesses into everyday process in Estonia. The telecommunication operating companies were chosen due to their central role in the modern business world and huge impact on nearly every aspect of society. There was conducted a survey in a form of questionnaire among customers of these companies and 512 responses were collected in a period of September 2020 –February 2021. Results of the study demonstrate stakeholders concern on the achievement of the SDGs and revealed that the embedding of several SDGs: number 3 (good health and well-being), 4 (quality education), 6 (clean water and sanitation), 12 (responsible consumption and production), 15 (life on land) into business process is considered by customers to be the of the highest priority. Authors believe that the study with its findings intends to benefit SDG implementation by business companies in Estonia and provides a pattern for further developments of sustainable policies and strategies. This work provides one of the first studies in Estonia contributing towards understanding of whether businesses are supposed to embed the SDGs into their activities as seen by customers.

Este artículo se encuentra disponible en la siguiente URL: https://ojs.uv.es/index.php/cuadernosconstitucionales/article/view/22177/19741 ; El estudio de la soberanía política ha sido objeto de investigación entre los clásicos del pensamiento del derecho público europeo, fuertemente vinculado con la noción de la personalidad jurídica del Estado entorno a la doctrina francesa de "nación-persona" y la doctrina alemana de "naciónórgano", configurando en el constitucionalismo español la fórmula jurídicopolítica de la personalidad y la titularidad del poder del Estado en torno a los partidarios bien de la Soberanía Nacional bien de la Soberanía compartida en la Corona y las Cortes. Bajo la influencia krausista resulta de interés aproximarnos al concepto de soberanía como función del Estado que nos ofrece Adolfo Posada; destacado iuspublicista europeo que, ante la crisis del liberalismo doctrinario y la incipiente cuestión social, supo compaginar la teoría y la acción desde una posición éticopolítica hacia un Estado constitucional para garantizar el orden social. ; The study of political sovereignty has been the subject of research among the classics of European public law thought, strongly linked to the notion of the legal personality of the state around the French doctrine of "nation-person" and the German doctrine of"nation organ", configuring in Spanish constitutionalism the juridicalpolitical legal formula of the personality and ownership of the power of the State around the supporters of either National Sovereignty or shared Sovereignty in the Crown and the Courts. Under the Krausist influence it is of interest to approach the concept of sovereignty as a function of the state offered by Adolfo Posada; outstanding European publicist who, in the face of the crisis of doctrinaire liberalism and the incipient social question, knew how to combine theory and action from an ethicalpolitical position towards a constitucional State to guarantee the social order.

The mode of corruption and crime from time to time has undergone a significant change. This can be seen from the various corruption cases managed by law enforcers, both by the Corruption Eradication Commission, the Police and the Attorney General's Office. Influence trading in reality in the United Nation Convention Against Corruption (UNCAC) has been categorized as a form of corruption. This is regulated in article 18 of the convention. As a country that has ratified the UNCAC, Indonesia still has not regulated this trade of influence. However, if we examine a number of cases handled by law enforcers such as the KPK (Anti-Corruption Comission), it clearly has this dimension of influence. Such as the chairman of a political party and the family of a public official who takes advantage of their position and closeness to public officials. From this influence there is an undue advantage (undue advantage). In the view of Islam, this is one of the deviant behaviors that will result in a poor work ethic because it tends to give an affair or case that is not the expert. The authorship uses the method of research in a normative juridical manner, where the author uses laws, journal articles, books and documents that support in analyzing the interpretation of fiqh siyasah dusturiyah in the formation of regulations on Trading in Influence (trading influence) in positive law, its formation or by updating existing laws by accommodating the delik trading in influence contained in the UNCAC into Law No.31 of 1999 jo Law No.20 of 2001 on Corruption Crimes , with Ijtihad (ra'yu) from the role of Ahlu al halliwal Aqdhi he has the right to form and revise the rule of law in force, Consequently ratified united nation convention against corruption (UNCAC) by Indonesia through Law No. 7 of 2006 on Ratification of UNCAC is a necessity to adopt norms that are considered important into positive law in Indonesia.

Problem setting. Although modern humanity has proclaimed the universality of human dignity and desperately upholds this value, which is fully in harmony with freedom, equality andfraternity, the truth is that in reality it has not yet been able to go beyond the status of a citizen of the nation state in its legal and political conventions. . In this sense, a very important issue is the representation of the real situation around the categories of «universal citizenship», «human rights» and «globalization» in the midst of the geopolitical conflict in Latin America caused by the persecution of 21st century socialism. Paper objective. This critical essay aims to discuss the real significance of such political and legal categories as «universal citizenship», «human rights» and «globalization» in the midst of the geopolitical conflict that led to the persecution of 21st century socialism in Latin America. Methodology. The methodologicalfield of the research uses documentary observation and dialectical hermeneutics, which help to compare and reconcile categories with different semantic contexts to reconstruct their true meaning. The technique of writing this research was the methodological procedure of the hermeneutic circle, which is a sequential analysis of numerous written documentary sources, combined in a kind of dialogic context with hidden messages that can be read between the lines, as well as interpretive theories and critical thinking. Paper main body. There is much in common between the contemporary political and philosophical programs of the Western cultural space, ofwhich Latin Americans are a part, and the ideas of universal citizenship, globalization, and human rights in a spirit of deep militant universalism that function fully today not only as abstract theories at the disposal of peoples and nations who continue to work to improve their living conditions and strengthen their freedom to exist and act in a better world. As for the tradition of human rights as a modern expression of natural law, it ...

The paper covers the question of the place and role of "Nebuchadnezzar's Eurasian archetype" and "holy foolishness" as a part of this archetype, in the Eurasian concept of the Russian writer Nikolay Semenovich Leskov (1831–1895). The writer demonstrates a direct connection between the visual symbolism of the Tower of Babel as well as Nebuchadnezzar's idol (embodiments of "holy foolishness for own sake") and the politics of the Russian Empire in the mid-nineteenth century. In contrast, Leskov believed that the "holy foolishness for the Christ's sake" was a "natural" constituent of the Russian mentality. The "holy foolishness for the Christ's sake" was found by him in sincere Eurasian aspirations of the Russian nation. In his concept, that was symbolically reflected in Nebuchadnezzar's repentance, when his mind returned to him (Dan. 4: 31-34). Leskov's schematics is as follows. After the Russian nation witnessed the devastating results of the Russian government politics in Crimean war and Russo-Turkish war of 1877-1878, it turned to its Eurasian cultural and archetypal roots (reclaimed the "Nebuchadnezzar's legacy") that were in opposition to the hostile Europe. This conclusion is made by the writer within his heterodox Christian literary sermon. The two types of "holy foolishness" are studied: 1) ordinary foolishness, which is also called by the author foolishness for one's own sake, or dark foolishness, and 2) foolishness for the Christ's sake. Ordinary fools are portrayed by the writer as the people fallen from the God's grace, people of the dark world of cast-off angels, while the fools for Christ's sake as people of God, the inhabitants of the Kingdom of Heaven. These Leskov's characters are placed in the Eurasian archetypal context by the author. With the first ones the writer connects the symbols of the Tower of Babel and related symbols of the Babylonian Nebuchadnezzar's idol. Holy foolishness is a signified associated with the visual and acoustic measurements of the signs of Tower of Babel and ...

On the Lookout for a Free Market Solution When do self-correcting markets cease to exist? The article traces the evolution of economic theory, from laissez-faire to free market economies in the contemporary era. Long ago, economics' founders laid the groundwork for what became known as the free market economy. It all began with Adam Smith's seminal work, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, which established the concepts of liberty and efficiency. This eighteenth-century masterpiece altered how we view economies today and served as the inspiration for university economics curricula. Without government intervention, free market economics, guided by the iconic invisible hand, stimulates manufacturing processes inside an economy. Consumer demand for goods and producer supply determine the market equilibrium price and quantity at which trade occurs. Smith coined the term laissez-faire to refer to this economic system, which is derived from the French and meaning 'leave alone.' Thus, the market should be left alone, uninhibited by government intervention. Data input is a briskly growing sector in Pakistan. Information Transformation Services can meet a variety of data entry services competently and professionally. ITS will not only provide various data entry services to customers, but will also offer some creative and customized solutions to meet your needs Despite this, Adam Smith addressed the lack of motivation among private players to give education in The Wealth of Nations and recommends that the state should be responsible for providing education to its inhabitants. Nonetheless, contrary to what Smith recommended at the time, other characteristics of the free market render the economy unsustainable. One of his book's primary themes runs throughout the opening section. It is, for example, the division of labour in a pin manufacturing. The concept is straightforward yet intuitive. On the one hand, it will take an enormous amount of time for a single worker to complete the production of ...

Education is the true alchemy that can bring a nation its next golden age. It is a dynamic process that begins one child birth. The UNESCO General Conference (1964) recognized that "illiteracy is a serious obstacle to social and economic development". Provide quality basic education is fundamental for all types of country transformation in several aspects of its economic activities. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of government financial measures on improving the quality of basic education in DR Congo (2010-2020), i.e. to assess the strength of the links between the various state financial policies and to determine how improving the basic education sector can strengthen the macroeconomic framework and guide development choices. Furthermore, the study also attempted to find the correlation between all the resulting components of the respondents' responses and to analyze the inter-correlation between them, in order to determine the effectiveness and significance of the existing relationships between them. Indeed, the economy of the Democratic Republic of Congo, a nation with a vast wealth of natural resources, continues to struggle. The process of structural transformation remains particularly difficult for the country. Mixed methods were used to identify quantitative and qualitative methods for data collection and the office review method was also used to collect data. The data was collected and imported into SPSS for data analysis. Descriptive and deductive statistics (Rho Spearman correlation and binomial regression or binary logistic regression) were compiled to provide answers to research questions/hypotheses established for this study. As a result, the various financial measures taken by the DRC government have made little progress in the national economy. This is the case of the lack of political will in the recovery and sectorial transformation, such as the education sector, of national activities. Statistical results consist of N= 300 subjects or respondents, six independent variables ...

Jean Baudrillard through Simulation (1983) made a thoughtful approach that predicted that reality would eventually die. The 'new world' which Baudrillard calls the 'Simulacra Galaxy', has in fact engulfed all aspects of life, including democracy. Dialectics on democracy, which provides an opportunity for every child of the nation to freely express opinions, actually leads to freedom that crosses the boundaries of the human rights of fellow citizens of the nation. Quietly, primordialism of religion, class, ethnicity, regionalism, and all exclusive social groupings has risen again, which is compounded with the liberal political process which since the reformation has been transformed into new shackles that limit national life. Regional autonomy which is increasingly liberal with the aroma of federation has strengthened the barriers of the new primordial revitalism. The predictions of the threat of "independence" and "referendum" which erupted in one or two regions when the 2019 election process tended to harden, shows how short the reasoning of some of the nation's children in this country is. Democracy has finally experienced silting which at this stage is nothing more than a textual narrative. and separated from the context. Democracy actually raises simplifications that reduce the details of the various things that surround the complexity of the post truth reality in it. Various debates are presented via television, mass media and even the rise of hoaxes through digital technology-based social media which in Baudrillard's view is a field that conditions the general public to be drawn all their attention and concentration into a mandala like a black hole. He called it Simulacra, namely the existing reality is virtual reality, pseudo reality, artificial reality (hyper-reality). Finally, the democratic contestation that upholds the values of civility and human values is drowned in the joy of the digital world which is full of superficial truths (post truth) due to the simplification of monofacet democracy.

The historical study of translation policies is certainly in its infancy, but historical research has not even dealt in-depth with the development of cultural policies in important institutional settings such as the League of Nations (henceforth the LN). We can count on a large literature on the history and the political organization of the LN, an international organization created as a result of the Paris Peace Conference after the First World War, but there are very few studies on the cultural activities of the LN; despite the fact that ¿cultural diplomacy¿ and ¿soft power¿ were among the LN¿s most important goals (Grandjean 2018, Carbó Catalan forthcoming). Within the framework of three distinct levels of diplomatic communication (unilateral, bilateral and multilateral) (Vimr 2018: 42), this chapter aims to offer an historical view of the role of the League of Nations in the interwar period (Lacqua 2011) from the perspective of translation. Specifically, I will explore the translation activities of the International Institute of Intellectual Cooperation (1925-1946) (henceforth IIIC), and the impact of its translation policies (Meylaerts 2011), both in Europe and beyond. This chapter is divided into three parts: first, I will begin with a brief introduction to the history of the IIIC; then, I will provide an overview of its translation policies and its translation activities, suggesting some reflections on the concept and forms of ¿translation policy¿ in the interwar period. Finally, I will focus on the history and role of a literary series on Latin American literature and the Buenos Aires meeting in 1936 (Giuliani 2020), revealing the close and fruitful collaboration between the IIIC and the PEN Club. When the IIIC¿s role was taken over by UNESCO, in 1946, its translation policies and main activities were maintained ¿ a confirmation of the long-term effectiveness of its initiatives (Vimr 2018).

Ethnographic and storytelling methodology is crucial in the representation of Indigenous veterans and their experiences because these narratives reside at the intersection where military and Indigenous cultures meet. There are a multitude of political movements that veterans involve themselves in to benefit their fellow veterans, with stories and ethnographic details helping to solidify the teaching inherent within their shared experience. For many non-Indigenous veterans, military culture embodies connection and is a central reason they find meaning in service. For Indigenous veterans however, it is their Indigenous cultures that forges and connects them with other veterans, creating community and meaning in service itself. The ways in which Indigenous veterans use their shared experiences in the military – and the differences past and present – is one of the main interests presented in this thesis. It explains the importance of peer-to-peer relationships within Indigenous veteran's communities, it informs us of their time in service from the particular lens of Indigenous peoples, and the roles they take now within their communities. To provide further context, it is crucial to add the history of World War 1 and 2, along with the Korean Conflict, as there are shifts from those years into what indigenous veterans experience today. Changes to the Indian Act in 1951 allowed Indigenous veterans to provide the necessary peer-to-peer support fundamental for cultural survivance, transmission and experiential understanding. Including a breakdown of Indigenous involvement within the Korean Conflict and beyond, the pool of interviewees for this thesis was drawn from United Nations Peacekeeping and conflict operations of the 1970s, 80s and 90s. It gathers testimonies and narratives from interviewees who span across the various trades, ranks, genders, divisions, and in most cases, Nations. This thesis includes the author's own experiences with discovering the roles veterans play within the broader community, Veterans ...

Problem setting. The Ukrainian diaspora in Brazil is one of the most remoted ethnic entity. Having a difficult history of emigration, Ukrainians have integrated quite well into the life of this country, but still managed to preserve its culture, language and traditions. The study of this phenomenon will help to clarify the conditions and factors that allowed Brazilian Ukrainians not to lose its mental connection with their homeland and to represent its nation with dignity outside Ukraine. Recent research and publications analysis. Various aspects of the phenomenon of the diaspora, as well as its history, place and significance in socio-economic, cultural and political life are studied by the following researchers: M. Astvartatsurova, V. Yevtukh, W. Safran, G. Sheffer and others. Issues of the Brazilian diaspora are considered by: O. Borushenko, I. Zakrevs'ka, I. Sushinska and others. Problems of national (ethnic) identity are the subject of search of such scientists as L. Bielovetska, M. Voronina, S. Sidorenko, E. Smith and others. Paper object. The aim of the article is to study the conditions and factors of preserving the ethnic identity of the Ukrainian diaspora in Brazil, as well as to clarify the role of religion, education, language in its provision. Paper main body. Today, the diaspora can be defined as an ethnic community that arises outside their homeland due to various migrations, and, due to unwillingness (or impossibility) to fully assimilate in non-ethnic societies, retains its ethnic identity (culture, language, traditions, etc.). In order to preserve, reproduce and develop, the diaspora creates certain institutions that consolidate its position and ensure interaction with the country of residence and the country of origin. One of the key features in understanding the diaspora is ethnic identity, which is defined as an individual's identification with a particular nation, awareness of their belonging to a national community based on a set of characteristics (territory, citizenship, language, ...

In the preamble to the Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, it is stated that one of the objectives of the establishment of the Government of the State of Indonesia is to educate the life of the nation. Educating the nation's life through the education of people's sovereignty is one of the demands of a state of law. Realizing people's sovereignty in the Indonesian constitutional system is implemented through the branches of state power regulated in the Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. The House Of Representatives (DPR), the Regional Representative Board (DPD), and the President hold the sovereign power of the people respectively. The DPR has the power to make laws. As a branch of state power that has the power to form laws, the DPR must pay attention to the sovereignty of the people which is reflected in the participation of the community or the public in forming laws and regulations, under any conditions, including during the Covid-19 pandemic. The involvement of public participation in legislation is intended so that the legislative products formed by the DPR are in accordance with the principles of people's sovereignty, aspirations and legal needs of the people and carry out the constitutional mandate, namely to educate the life of the nation. The implementation of public participation is not only carried out in the formation of laws and regulations, but also to the supervision of laws, as part of public political education efforts. Thus, one of the objectives of the formation of laws and regulations is to maintain the sovereignty of the people by educating the nation's life, even during the Covid 19 pandemic. This study aims to describe the implementation and objectives of public participation in the formation of legislation in the future. Covid-19 pandemic.

The concept of 3D cadastre is widespread internationally and part of many nations' legal infrastructure. Since the publication of a literature survey on 3D cadastre research by Paulsson and Paasch in 2013, there has been a considerable amount of research output and activities in regard to 3D cadastre, which led us to believe that a new investigation of 3D cadastre publications could be of interest. The aim of this study is to analyze the development in 3D cadastre research during the years 2012–2020, focusing on the legal perspective of 3D property. A classification was made into main groups, legal, technical, registration and organizational, also investigating the occurrence of sub-themes such as visualization, BIM and standardization. The results of other literature studies on 3D cadastre research were compared with the outcome of this study. The number of identified publications during the analyzed years was 530. The study showed that the number of publications on legal topics has increased, but in relation to the other groups is still rather low. The 3D cadastre research community could benefit from the inclusion of the legal perspective in publications from other main groups, along with an increased focus on international comparative studies. ; The concept of 3D cadastre is widespread internationally and part of many nations' legal infrastructure. Since the publication of a literature survey on 3D cadastre research by Paulsson and Paasch in 2013, there has been a considerable amount of research output and activities in regard to 3D cadastre, which led us to believe that a new investigation of 3D cadastre publications could be of interest. The aim of this study is to analyze the development in 3D cadastre research during the years 2012–2020, focusing on the legal perspective of 3D property. A classification was made into main groups, legal, technical, registration and organizational, also investigating the occurrence of sub-themes such as visualization, BIM and standardization. The results of other ...