Suchergebnisse

Over the course of the prolonged US war in Vietnam, the bloodiest one after World War II, it became obvious that there was no alternative to a negotiation process. Important reasons were the impossibility for Washington to win the battlefield and the rise of anti-war sentiment in the United States. The author tried to show how certain psychological characteristics of US leaders led to the war and then eventually to negotiations. When started negotiations were accompanied by military action. The course of the war and negotiations was influenced by Soviet military assistance to the DRV, as well as by relations in the triangle of the USSR - USA - China. The time of detente between the USSR and the USA coincided with war in Vietnam, which influenced the behavior of the Soviet leaders, as evidenced by the recollections of the USSR ambassador to the United States A. Dobrynin.The Politburo of the Central Committee had disagreements regarding Vietnam and detente with the United States. But the war weakened US international stance and contributed to the achievement of strategic agreements with the USSR.The main objectives of the DRV in the negotiations were to stop US bombings and then withdrawal of US troops. The United States sought to maintain the Saigon puppet regime for some time after the withdrawal of its troops from South Vietnam. Washington's main goal was to "save its face", declaring defeat a "victory". To achieve this goal the war and negotiations dragged on for years, and on the eve of the signing of the agreements, the most fierce bombing of the DRV was carried out.Thanks to the powerful air defense created with the help of the USSR, the DRV won the "air Dien Bien Fu".The United States was forced to sign a peace agreement, which provided for the complete cessation of all US military operations in Vietnam, the withdrawal of all American troops, but left the North Vietnamese forces in South Vietnam together with the armed forces of the National Liberation Front along with the decaying and doomed to death Saigon regime. In 1975 its army was defeated the regime capitulated, which ensured the subsequent reunification of South and North Vietnam.The Vietnamese people defeated the American colossus, having suffered terrible sacrifices themselves, but achieved the national goal - the withdrawal of the Americans and the unification of the country. The full support of Vietnam can be seen as a successes story of Soviet foreign policy.

PurposeThis paper establishes an association between income and the likelihood of seeking medical treatment for Covid-19 symptoms in some countries. We provide an explanation for this income effect based on the stringency of government response to the pandemic and the unequal distribution of agency among social classes.Design/methodology/approachThe paper makes use of data from the Six-Country Survey on Covid-19 to establish the existence of an income effect on health utilisation, and from the Oxford Covid-19 Government response tracker to show that this income effect is associated with the stringency of governmental response to the pandemic. Data from the 2011/12 "Health and Healthcare" round of the International Social Survey Programme is used to show that this income effect cannot be explained by pre-existing patterns. An explanation for the link between government stringency and the income effect is advanced on a theoretical basis.FindingsThe authors find in Britain, the US, and – with greater uncertainty – in Japan that individuals who experience potential Covid-19 symptoms are less likely to seek medical treatment if they have a lower income. The authors also show that governments in these countries adopted a less stringent response to the pandemic than the countries in our sample which do not exhibit an income effect – China, Italy and South Korea. The authors argue that laissez-faire policies place the burden of action upon the individual, activating underlying differences in agency between the social classes, and making (high) low-income individuals (more) less likely to seek medical attention.Research limitations/implicationsSince there was not a direct measure of agency in the data, it could not be empirically verified that agency mediates the effect of government stringency on health utilisation. Further research could make use of datasets which incorporate such a measure, if they become available. It could also extend the geographical scope of the findings, to see if the income effect manifests in other countries which adopted a laissez-faire response to the pandemic.Practical implicationsGovernments should intervene more stringently during pandemics to minimise inequality in health outcomes.Originality/valueThis paper establishes an association between the stringency of government response to the Covid-19 pandemic and income inequality in health utilisation. This contributes to scholarly and policy debates around health inequality in the area of social epidemiology, and the sociology of inequality more generally. It is also of relevance to the general public, in the context of a deadly pandemic.

Chinese demand for the world's commodities has the capacity to shape agricultural frontiers in many parts of the world, including the Amazon. This article is a preliminary report on findings concerning the expansion of the agricultural frontier in the Brazilian Amazon driven by increases in soybean production, extension of cropped area, cross-referenced with satellite data on deforestation rates at the smallest possible scale: the municipal level. The study identifies 21 municipalities forming fours axes of frontier expansion in the Amazon, where soycrops may be the cause for displacement deforestation, as it is the case of cattle ranching. Despite the Soy Moratorium, frontiers in the Amazon keep shifting. The article advocates that further research in those four axes is needed to better understand the relationship between those two industries in terms of land use as well as the socio-environmental on the ground impacts. Furthermore, the connections between those areas with present and future infrastructure development in the Amazon, many counting with direct Chinese investment, will be key to the expansion of the soy value chain, bypassing the initial goal of zero-deforestation.***Expansão de fronteira impulsionada pela China na Amazônia: quatro eixos de pressão causados pela crescente demanda pelo comércio de soja***A demanda chinesa por commodities tem capacidade para moldar fronteiras agrícolas em muitas partes do mundo, incluindo a Amazônia. Este artigo é um relatório preliminar sobre a expansão da fronteira agrícola na Amazônia brasileira, impulsionada por aumentos na produção de soja, extensão da área cultivada, cruzadas com dados de satélite sobre as taxas de desmatamento na menor escala possível: o nível municipal. O estudo identifica 21 municípios formando quatro eixos de expansão de fronteira na Amazônia, onde a lavoura de soja pode ser a causa do desmatamento indireto por deslocamento de outras atividades, como é o caso da pecuária. Apesar da Moratória da Soja, as fronteiras na Amazônia continuam mudando. O artigo defende que mais pesquisas nesses quatro eixos são necessárias para entender melhor a relação entre essas duas indústrias em termos de uso da terra, bem como os impactos socioambientais in loco. Além disso, é fundamental traçar as conexões entre esses eixos com o desenvolvimento presente e futuro de obras de infraestrutura na Amazônia, muitas delas com investimento direto chinês, para antever a expansão da cadeia de valor da soja, que pode estar ignorando de fato a intenção inicial de uma cadeia de valor de desmatamento zero.Palavras-chave: Amazônia. Fronteiras agrícolas. Desmatamento. Soja. Demandachinesa.

PurposeThis study aims to investigate how market orientation (MO) motivates firms to develop business model innovation and how such effects are moderated by strategic flexibility.Design/methodology/approachIn this study, a questionnaire-based survey was undertaken to test the proposed hypotheses. The empirical study was conducted on a sample of 204 firms using two key informants (408 respondents) in China. The regression model is used to test the proposed model.FindingsThis research finds that both responsive market orientation (RMO) and proactive market orientation (PMO) have a positive effect on business model innovation. The effects of RMO and PMO on business model innovation are contingent on resource (coordination) flexibility in different ways. More importantly, this study finds that resource flexibility enhances the positive effect of RMO and weakens the positive effect of PMO. The study also finds that coordination flexibility enhances the positive effect of PMO.Research limitations/implicationsFuture research can explore the internal mechanisms through which RMO and PMO promote business model innovations. Although the study finds that both the MOs promote business model innovation, they may promote business model innovation through different mediating effects. Future research can explore the role of external dynamic capabilities. This research mainly focuses on the internal dynamic capability of focal firms. However, as a focal firm-centered boundary spanning activity system, to transform into a new business model, firms not only need to reconfigure internal resource base, but also need to realign external collaboration network.Practical implicationsThis research also bears important managerial implications. First, firms should be aware of the positive effect of MO on business model innovation. Firms with higher level of RMO or PMO can promote business model innovation. Second, when firms implement RMO for business model innovation, managers should focus on resource flexibility. Where MO is responsive, marketing managers need to be concerned with ensuring various applications of existing resource so as to understand effectively the current customers and market domain. Third, to leverage PMO for business model innovation, firms should adopt coordination flexibility. For firms with higher level PMO, firms should try to find the new internal coordination process for customer latent needs.Originality/valueThe conclusion extends the business model innovation research from the view of dynamic capabilities. As one of types of dynamic capabilities, MO is also the important antecedent of business model innovation. Further, this research also discusses the role strategic flexibility plays in business model innovation.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to address the research question of how human actors and technology interact together in practices in the context of a sharing economy. The theoretical foundation of this paper is based on the existing literature about the sharing economy and studies that have been carried out examining value co-creation and sociomateriality.Design/methodology/approachThis paper adopts a qualitative case study method for the empirical investigation. Using theoretical sampling, Xbed, an internet, unmanned and self-service hotel platform based in Guangzhou, China, was chosen for the empirical investigation. The case was built on multiple sources of data, including archival materials, on-site fieldwork and in-depth interviews. Then, the case was interpreted based on a number of theoretical concepts, with a particular emphasis on the sociomaterial perspective.FindingsThis paper shows how human actors and technology interact with one another in a number of interrelated ways, which collectively result in the value co-creation necessary for creating a sharing economy. The authors have found that various forms of sociomateriality (the intersection between technology, work and organization) play a key role in co-creation and that interactions between these sociomaterial assemblages (assemblage-to-assemblage (A2A)) drive the development of a sharing economy. These sociomaterial assemblages have dynamic and evolving characteristics.Practical implicationsThe authors argue that the key to the success of a sharing economy lies in how to engage participating actors with material entities (e.g. technology applications) to form action-enabling sociomaterial assemblages, as well as in determining how these assemblages can be systematically arranged to collectively form a larger assemblage. We suggest that managers need to conceive how relations between the social and the material realms can be structured by adopting a service logic that aims to help the beneficiary function better. The authors also suggest that managers have to consider what assemblages are necessary and how they are connected, to construct a full access-based service.Originality/valueThis paper conceptualizes the sharing economy as a system of value co-creation practices and empirically examines such practices from a sociomaterial perspective. This paper adopts the concept of sociomaterial assemblages to investigate sharing practices, through which the knowledge of the role of technology in the development of a sharing economy is enhanced. This paper also expands the knowledge of service-dominant logic by using a microfoundation perspective to look at the value co-creation that emerges as a result of the interaction between sociomaterial assemblages. These assemblages also act as constitutive elements of a service ecosystem.

This paper aims to demonstrate that using a plurilingual and ecological approach to English language teaching can achieve better results in primary school independently of the mother tongue of the student. This article is based on the initial results of our international research carried out in three very different countries (Norway, China and Spain). While the author´s research project involves 328 participants, we will present the results of the first phase of the experiment, including 133 students. In this paper, we propose a plurilingual communicative approach to English teaching as a foreign language, making a distinction between languages for communication and languages for identification. This research examines the current teaching policies in the participating countries, and analyses cross-cultural and cross-linguistic perspectives in English language teaching while promoting the positive use of the mother tongue as a connecting tool in the students' communication system. The subjects of this study were divided in control and experimental groups, in which they received traditional and plurilingual approach respectively. After the classes they completed a test and were then supplied with a Likert scale questionnaire focused on understanding their attitude and motivation towards mother tongue and English language learning. Based on observation and results obtained, we can conclude that a plurilingual approach that uses L1 as a tool in English teaching improves English learning, as well as develops an ecological understanding of languages. ; Šiame straipsnyje nagrinėjama, kaip daugiakalbis ir ekologinis anglų kalbos mokymo metodas padeda pasiekti geresnius rezultatus pradinėje mokykloje, nepriklausomai nuo mokinio gimtosios kalbos. Straipsnis paremtas pirminiais tarptautinio tyrimo, atlikto trijose labai skirtingose šalyse (Norvegijoje, Kinijoje ir Ispanijoje), rezultatais. Nors tyrimo projekte dalyvavo 328 dalyviai, straipsnyje aptariami 133 mokinių pirmojo eksperimento etapo rezultatai. Straipsnyje aprašomas daugiakalbis komunikacinis anglų kaip užsienio kalbos mokymo metodas, atskiriant kalbą komunikacijai ir kalbą identitetui išreikšti. Tyrime nagrinėjama dabartinė mokymo politika tiriamose šalyse ir analizuojamos tarpkultūrinės ir lingvistinės perspektyvos anglų kalbos mokyme, kartu skatinant teigiamą gimtosios kalbos vartojimą kaip jungiamąją priemonę komunikacinėje sistemoje. Tyrimo dalyviai buvo suskirstyti į kontrolinę ir eksperimentinę grupes, kuriose buvo taikomi tiek tradiciniai, tiek daugiakalbiai mokymo metodai. Po kursų buvo laikomas testas ir pildomas Likerto skalės klausimynas, kurio tikslas buvo atskleisti dalyvių požiūrį į gimtąją ir anglų kalbas bei motyvaciją jas mokytis. Remiantis stebėjimais ir gautais rezultatais galima teigti, jog daugiakalbis metodas, kuriame gimtoji kalba yra naudojama kaip įrankis anglų kalbos mokyme, pagerina anglų kalbos žinias ir išvysto ekologinį kalbų supratimą.

Destiny is an inescapable theme not only in Greek tragedy, but also in Chinese classical tragedy. However, due to the social, political and cultural differences between Greece and China in ancient times, the expressions of destiny in the classical tragedy of the two countries are definitely not identical. The objective of this thesis is to compare the conception of destiny in Greek tragedy with that in Chinese classical tragedy. After a brief introduction of the definitions of tragedy and destiny, we summarize the characteristics of several related aspects about the representation of destiny in the two tragedies, in terms of the corpus, the main conflict, the protagonist and the ending of the play. Then, by investigating three Greek plays and three Chinese plays respectively, we discover the evolution peculiarities of the conception of destiny in each play, namely the decline of the importance of destiny and the growth of rebellious spirit of the protagonists against destiny. Finally, through the analysis from various perspectives such as societal mutations, ideological changes and personal experiences of playwrights, it can be deduced that it is the development of the spirit of humanism which mainly contributes to the similar evolution of the conception of destiny in Greek and Chinese tragedies. ; Le destin est une notion incontournable non seulement dans la tragédie grecque, mais également dans la tragédie classique chinoise. Néanmoins, étant donné les différences sociales, politiques et culturelles entre la Grèce et la Chine dans l'Antiquité, les expressions de la destinée dans la tragédie classique de chacun de ces deux pays ne sont certes pas identiques. L'objectif de cette thèse consiste à comparer la conception du destin tant dans la tragédie grecque que dans la tragédie classique chinoise. Après avoir présente brièvement les définitions de la tragédie et du destin, nous résumons des éléments relatifs à la représentation du destin dans des tragédies grecques et chinoises, sur les plans du corpus, du conflit principal, du protagoniste et de l'issue de la pièce. Ensuite, en analysant respectivement trois pièces grecques et trois pièces chinoises représentatives, nous découvrons les particularités de l'évolution de leurs conceptions du destin, à savoir l'affaiblissement de l'importance de la destinée et le progrès de l'esprit de résistance des personnages contre le destin. Finalement, à travers l'analyse de perspectives telles que les mutations sociétales, les changements idéologiques et les expériences personnelles des dramaturges, nous pouvons déduire que c'est le développement de l'esprit humaniste qui contribue principalement à une évolution semblable de la conception du destin dans la tragédie grecque et dans la tragédie chinoise.

The present report aims to provide a comprehensive picture of the pandemic situation of COVID-19 in the EU countries, and to be able to foresee the situation in the next coming days. We employ an empirical model, verified with the evolution of the number of confirmed cases in previous countries where the epidemic is close to conclude, including all provinces of China. The model does not pretend to interpret the causes of the evolution of the cases but to permit the evaluation of the quality of control measures made in each state and a short-term prediction of tendencies. Note, however, that the effects of the measures' control that start on a given day are not observed until approximately 5-7 days later. The model and predictions are based on two parameters that are daily fitted to available data: a: the velocity at which spreading specific rate slows down; the higher the value, the better the control. K: the final number of expected cumulated cases, which cannot be evaluated at the initial stages because growth is still exponential. Next, we show a report with 8 graphs and a table with the short-term predictions for (1) European Union and its countries, (2) other countries, (3) Spain and its autonomous communities. We are currently adjusting the model to countries and regions with at least 4 days with more than 100 confirmed cases and a current load over 200 cases. The predicted period of a country depends on the number of datapoints over this 100 cases threshold: Group A: countries that have reported more than 100 cumulated cases for 10 consecutive days or more ¿ 3-5 days prediction; Group B: countries that have reported more than 100 cumulated cases for 7 to 9 consecutive days ¿ 2 days prediction; Group C: countries that have reported more than 100 cumulated cases for 4 to 6 days ¿ 1 d ay prediction. We have introduced a change in fittings, that are now weighted at some points. The whole methodology employed in the inform is explained in the last pages of this document. ; These reports are funded by the European Commission (DG CONNECT, LC-01485746) PJC and MC received funding from "la Caixa" Foundation (ID 100010434), under agreement LCF/PR/GN17/50300003; CP, DL, SA, MC, received funding from Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades and FEDER, with the project PGC2018-095456-B-I00 ; Postprint (published version)

The present report aims to provide a comprehensive picture of the pandemic situation of COVID-19 in the EU countries, and to be able to foresee the situation in the next coming days. We employ an empirical model, verified with the evolution of the number of confirmed cases in previous countries where the epidemic is close to conclude, including all provinces of China. The model does not pretend to interpret the causes of the evolution of the cases but to permit the evaluation of the quality of control measures made in each state and a short-term prediction of tendencies. Note, however, that the effects of the measures' control that start on a given day are not observed until approximately 5-7 days later. The model and predictions are based on two parameters that are daily fitted to available data: a: the velocity at which spreading specific rate slows down; the higher the value, the better the control. K: the final number of expected cumulated cases, which cannot be evaluated at the initial stages because growth is still exponential. Next, we show a report with 8 graphs and a table with the short-term predictions for (1) European Union and its countries, (2) other countries, (3) Spain and its autonomous communities. We are currently adjusting the model to countries and regions with at least 4 days with more than 100 confirmed cases and a current load over 200 cases. The predicted period of a country depends on the number of datapoints over this 100 cases threshold: Group A: countries that have reported more than 100 cumulated cases for 10 consecutive days or more ¿ 3-5 days prediction; Group B: countries that have reported more than 100 cumulated cases for 7 to 9 consecutive days ¿ 2 days prediction; Group C: countries that have reported more than 100 cumulated cases for 4 to 6 days ¿ 1 d ay prediction. We have introduced a change in fittings, that are now weighted at some points. The whole methodology employed in the inform is explained in the last pages of this document. ; These reports are funded by the European Commission (DG CONNECT, LC-01485746) PJC and MC received funding from "la Caixa" Foundation (ID 100010434), under agreement LCF/PR/GN17/50300003; CP, DL, SA, MC, received funding from Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades and FEDER, with the project PGC2018-095456-B-I00 ; Postprint (published version)

Bu çalışma BRICS'in henüz uluslararası politikada belirleyici bir aktör olmadığını iddia etmektedir. Bu ana iddia, aktör ve belirleyici aktör arasında bazı farklılıklar olduğu ön kabulüne dayanmaktadır. Bu çalışmada belirleyici aktör kavramına yüklenen anlam en azından belli bir bölgede dominant veya hegemon güç olma durumudur. BRICS; genel anlamda batı üstünlüğü ve özelde de Amerikan üstünlüğüne karşıymış gibi görünen beş gücün yani Brezilya, Rusya, Hindistan, Çin ve Güney Afrika ülkelerinin baş harflerinden oluşan nevi şahsına münhasır bir kulüptür. Ekonomilerinden almış oldukları güçle yola çıkan BRICS ülkeleri, kulübün sunduğu işbirliği ve diyalog sayesinde daha etkili küresel yönetişim, daha dengeli küresel ekonomi ve daha demokratik uluslararası ilişkileri hedeflemektedirler. Mevcut uluslararası düzenin herkes için kabul edilebilir ve kapsayıcı olması için küresel yönetişim araçlarının yeterince bağımsız, tarafsız, çoğulcu, şeffaf, adil ve memnun edebilir bir seviyede olması gerektiğini vurgulamaktadırlar. Üç bölümden oluşan bu çalışmanın ilk bölümünde kavramsal çerçeve ve tarihsel arka plana yer verilmiştir. İkinci bölümde BRICS'in uluslararası politikadaki rolü ortaya koyulmuştur. Son bölümde ise BRICS'in sorunları ele alınmıştır. BRICS analiz edilmiştir. Çünkü bir aktör hâlini alan BRICS, günümüz uluslararası politikasını etkilemeye çalışmaktadır. Ancak belirleyici bir aktör olmak için ciddi sorunları vardır. ; The thesis claims that BRICS is not yet a determinative actor in international politics. The main claim is based on the pre-acceptance that there are some differences between actor and determative actor. The meaning attributed to the determinative actor concept in the thesis is being a dominant or hegemonic power in a certain region at least. BRICS is an sui generis club that contains five powers that Brazil, Russia, India, China and South African countries that appear to oppose western superiority in general and American superiority in particular. BRICS countries which set out with the power they received from their economies aim for more effective global governance, a more balanced global economy and more democratic international relations thanks to the cooperation and dialogue offered by the club. They emphasize that the global governance tools must be sufficiently independent, impartial, pluralistic, transparent, fair and satisfactory in order for the current international order to be acceptable and inclusive for all. The thesis consists of three chapters. The conceptual framework and historical background were included in the first part. The role of BRICS in international politics were revealed in the second part. The problems of BRICS were discussed in the last part. BRICS were analyzed. Because BRICS which has become an actor tries to influence the international policy of today. However it has serious problems to be a determinative actor.

Ethnocultural conflicts in the world to-day are rooted in the increasingly in-cendiary globalization in the course of which certain regions cannot cope with migrant flows (EU member countries are a pertinent example) while others (the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region in the People's Republic of China, Tatarstan, Chechnia, Bashkortostan, the Stavropol Territory, Tyumen Region, Adygea, and Ingushetia in the Russian Federation) are living in the complicated context of ethnic patchwork. Societies are moving towards blending different ethnocultural elements, causing havoc in human minds, unexpected ethnocultural situations and social and ethnic deviations which, as could be expected, consolidates the positions of the Islamic State.1 It is difficult to study different aspects of the problem in depth in the age of the contemporary digital information society and various brainwashing strategies used by ISIS agents: they present ISIS as the best place for the development of genuine human qualities, which has already brought together members of several ethnic communities. The transnational extremist groups, Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Islami among them, have spread their influence to Central Asia and are gradually moving into Russian territory. Strongholds of extremism are not limited to the Northern Caucasus; they are present in the historically peaceful Volga area where Islamists have their own mosques and training courses and work hard to lure as many young people as possible to their side. Post-Soviet Islamism is a mixture of classic universalist Islamism and xenophobic fundamentalism. In Soviet times local Muslims treated the so-called Muslim world as something abstract, while Afghan mujahideen caused a lot of irritation in the Soviet Central Asian countries: Uzbeks or Tajiks, for instance, found it hard to associate the mujahideen persistent opposition with the defense of Islam. Today, the situation in the Muslim world is different. Former Soviet republics accept the universalist model of Islam as an endogenous phenomenon rooted in economic, political and ideological prerequisites. Fundamentalism/Wahhabism is seen as an exogenous phenomenon that forced some adherents of classic Islam out and drew the rest into its ranks. Political religions are never neutral. The difference between "us" and "others" is ontological. "Others" are a product of evil (ideologists of political religions do not hesitate to state that their enemies are "soulless"), therefore destruction is the only method to be employed against them. This paradoxical combination of cruelty and flexibility is typical of the post-modernist phenomena. © 2018, CA and CC Press AB. All rights reserved.

The book 'International Relations and the European Union: Values before Power' treats the role, status, and nature of the European Union in contemporary international relations, with special emphasis on the value corpus and potential of the European Union in relation to other actors on the global political stage. In this context, the operationalization and rationalization of the nature of the European Union, i.e. its postmodern determination and the deeply planted modern core, composed of 27 sovereign member states, is being established. The book also analyzes the institutional and political architecture of the Lisbon Treaty, especially in the area of EU's Common Foreign and Security Policy, as well as the legal implications of this Treaty for the further development and transformation of the EU into a political union. Consequently, elitism and parochialism are identified as the key obstacles for further development of the European Union as a coherent and effective political union. Furthermore, the possible development perspectives of the European integration process in the future are presented, with special emphasis on the concept of an 'avant-garde Europe'. The book also discusses the status and role of the EU in relation to the BRICS grouping and their external and internal value capacity, in the context of the contemporary international liberal order, taking into account the new global deviations, such as the rise of populism and illiberalism in Europe and the world. Immediately after that, the EU's relations with China are analyzed, taking into account the Chinese 'project of the century', embodied in the 'Belt and Road Initiative', considered as a process of expansion of Chinese influence in the global context. In the context of the EU's establishment as an actor in international relations, special attention is paid to the imperial past of its member states, especially since out of 27 EU member states, 10 of them are former colonial empires. Hence, conclusions are drawn about the possibilities for deepening the cooperation between the EU member states with their former colonies (today sovereign states), but this time in the favor of the European Union global goals and interests. Finally, the book analyzes the EU's projections on the creation of a new, post-American international context, according to its 'ideological baggage' composed of the values of multilateralism, regionalism, and institutional creativity, as a 'community of values', firmly constituted on the power of law, instead of on the right of force.

This research is located at Wisata Agro Salak Pondoh Organik Ledoknongko (WASPOL), Bangunkerto Village that is one of the agritourism in Sleman District, Yogyakarta. The background of the research includes a variety of activity options in WASPOL, Salak Pondoh as a profitable commodity, and there is government support to preserve organic Salak Pondoh varieties. The tourist activities options in WASPOL is about cultivation, enjoy picking the salak and also processing the fruits into any other product in traditional way. Salak Pondoh is a profitable commodity because it can export in large quantities. The objective of this research is to identify the profile of tourists and marketing mix of WASPOL. The data is collected through interviews and observation. The informants are determined by purposive sampling technique. The data is analyzed qualitatively through the process of data reduction, display, and drawing/verification. The results of the study show that, the profile of tourists visiting WASPOL have the same purpose which is to conduct research, this is because there are researchers from various Universities and Schools in Indonesia. Tourists will also be taught how to cultivate Salak Pondoh by Farmers and can immediately pick and eat Salak fruit. The rate of tourists visits has decreased, from 2015 amounted to 3,493 visitors dropped to 2,523 visitors in 2016 with a percentage decrease of 72%, while in 2017 there were 1,278 visitors with a percentage decrease of 50%. The decline in tourist arrivals from 2015-2017 because WASPOL is more focused on the export of Salak Pondoh fruit. The results of the marketing mix analysis at WASPOL are where WASPOL exports Salak Pondoh to various countries such as China, Australia and Cambodia while salak processed products are only sale in souvenir shops in Yogyakarta. The price of salak exported is Rp. 50,000/Kg, while for salak fruit for sale in plantation areas for Rp. 20,000/basket. Salak Pondoh production process is carried out at the home of the farmers' groups and all who carry out cultivation activities and salak marketing are people who come from Sub Ledoknongko. Salak plantations are neatly arranged and clean from rubbish. WASPOL is promoted through their official blog, sicantikledoknongko.blogspot.com. There are several recommendation to the management of WASPOL as follow: to add the facilities like toilet and signboard, promoting on social media, and if possible make a website that explains about WASPOL and existing tour packages. Keywords: Tourist Profile, Marketing Mix, Agritourism, Salak Pondoh, Ledoknongko Village

China has experienced rapid urbanization and rapid development of economy in the past decades, resulting in severe damage to the urban ecological environment, causing changes in the urban thermal environment and triggering the urban heat island effect. Moreover, the heat island effect has become a hot topic for scholars. The urban heat island effect refers to the phenomenon that the urban surface temperature is significantly higher than that of surrounding suburbs due to the interaction of man-made and natural. The city is considered to be the largest man-made ecosystem. Its heat island effect will not only change the growth habit of urban vegetation, but also affect the outer environment of urban buildings, it further influences human life and has a great negative impact on human health. Therefore, the study of the spatial-temporal variation characteristics of urban heat island effect and its influencing factors can provide data support for the environmental quality control and urban planning of local government departments. Based on the surface temperature remote sensing product data, we studied the spatial distribution characteristics of urban heat island effect in Wuhan from 2001 to 2013, by calculating the temperature difference between the highest and lowest temperatures and the average interval method for heat island classification. We conducted a trend analysis of vegetation cover from 2001 to 2013 initially explore the effects of vegetation cover n heat island effect. The results showed that: (1) From 2001 to 2013, the intensity of heat island in Wuhan was strong in the city center, weaker surrounding city center and the weakest in the suburbs; From 2001 to 2011, the intensity of heat island in Wuhan city was significantly weaken, among which Huangpi, Xinzhou, Jiangxia, Hannan and Caidian district were weaken, and the urban heat island effect of the city center was enhanced; From 2011 to 2013, the intensity of heat island in Wuhan city presented an increasing trend, among which Huangpi district, Xinzhou district and Caidian district were the most obvious, and the urban heat island effect was slightly weaken. (2) Between 2001 and 2013, the vegetation cover in Huangpi district and Xinzhou district increased significantly, and the vegetation cover in the downtown, Jiangxia district and Dongxihu district decreased significantly, corresponding to the urban heat island effect of Wuhan increased volatility. Our results showed that the spatial distribution of urban heat island effect in Wuhan city fluctuated with time during the study period, and the vegetation cover had a significant influence on it.

Destiny is an inescapable theme not only in Greek tragedy, but also in Chinese classical tragedy. However, due to the social, political and cultural differences between Greece and China in ancient times, the expressions of destiny in the classical tragedy of the two countries are definitely not identical. The objective of this thesis is to compare the conception of destiny in Greek tragedy with that in Chinese classical tragedy. After a brief introduction of the definitions of tragedy and destiny, we summarize the characteristics of several related aspects about the representation of destiny in the two tragedies, in terms of the corpus, the main conflict, the protagonist and the ending of the play. Then, by investigating three Greek plays and three Chinese plays respectively, we discover the evolution peculiarities of the conception of destiny in each play, namely the decline of the importance of destiny and the growth of rebellious spirit of the protagonists against destiny. Finally, through the analysis from various perspectives such as societal mutations, ideological changes and personal experiences of playwrights, it can be deduced that it is the development of the spirit of humanism which mainly contributes to the similar evolution of the conception of destiny in Greek and Chinese tragedies. ; Le destin est une notion incontournable non seulement dans la tragédie grecque, mais également dans la tragédie classique chinoise. Néanmoins, étant donné les différences sociales, politiques et culturelles entre la Grèce et la Chine dans l'Antiquité, les expressions de la destinée dans la tragédie classique de chacun de ces deux pays ne sont certes pas identiques. L'objectif de cette thèse consiste à comparer la conception du destin tant dans la tragédie grecque que dans la tragédie classique chinoise. Après avoir présente brièvement les définitions de la tragédie et du destin, nous résumons des éléments relatifs à la représentation du destin dans des tragédies grecques et chinoises, sur les plans du corpus, du conflit principal, du protagoniste et de l'issue de la pièce. Ensuite, en analysant respectivement trois pièces grecques et trois pièces chinoises représentatives, nous découvrons les particularités de l'évolution de leurs conceptions du destin, à savoir l'affaiblissement de l'importance de la destinée et le progrès de l'esprit de résistance des personnages contre le destin. Finalement, à travers l'analyse de perspectives telles que les mutations sociétales, les changements idéologiques et les expériences personnelles des dramaturges, nous pouvons déduire que c'est le développement de l'esprit humaniste qui contribue principalement à une évolution semblable de la conception du destin dans la tragédie grecque et dans la tragédie chinoise.