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The Anthropocene is an era in which humans have become the primary driver of planetary systems, not least the global hydrological cycle. This is posing significant challenges for managing the globe's water resources, and is catalyzing a shift in the focus of water law, governance and policy research. One important feature of this shift is a burgeoning focus on groundwater resources and their exploitation, particularly in developing countries. As surface water succumbs to climate pressures, groundwater use has increased rapidly as a source of food production and economic development. A fundamental question for modern water law and governance research is: what are the key challenges and opportunities for effective design and implementation of groundwater law to achieve sus-tainable and inclusive development. This article provides insights into this question through an empirical examination of Costa Rica. Drawing on an empirical analysis of 40 semi-structured interviews with public andprivate stakeholders in Costa Rica, the findings identify the following challenges and opportunities for ground-water governance: (i) recognition of water as a public good and clear ownership; (ii) insufficient definition of groundwater and embedding within the concepts of sustainable and inclusive development and participation; (iii) inadequate organization and toolbox, including implementation.

Since 1980, many economies around the world have experienced two trends: rising aggregate private wealth-income ratio and increasing income inequality (Piketty and Zucman 2014; Piketty 2014). These trends have been particularly spectacular in China and Russia since their transitions from communism to more capitalist orientated economic systems (Piketty, Yang, and Zucman 2017; Novokmet, Piketty, and Zucman 2017). The transition to a mixedeconomy has taken different economic and political forms in China and Russia—with different privatization strategies for public assets, in particular. These different strategies have had a large impact on inequality and wealth ownership. In China, the transition has involved gradual but nevertheless wideranging reforms. The reforms were implemented progressively, from special economic zones in coastal cities towards inland provincial regions, and in sectoral waves. By contrast, Russia opted for a "bigbang" transition after the fall of the Soviet Union in 1990-1991, with a rapid transfer of public assets to the private sector and the hasty introduction of free market economic principles.In this paper, we compare our recent findings on private and public wealth accumulation in China and Russia, and discuss the impact of the different privatization strategies followed in the two countries on income inequality.

The purposes of this study was to identify the condition of agricultural labor; know the causes, impacts and strategies to reduce the shift of the youth labor from agricultural to non-agricultural sector. This research was conducted in Bantul, Gunungkidul, Kulon Progo and Sleman regency in 2015. The results showed that the number of households and agricultural enterprises in DIY decrease. The participation of youth in agricultural sector had been decline and the age of agricultural labor DIY was dominated by the farmers over 60 years. Factors which push the shift of the youth from agricultural to non-agricultural was the bigger income on non-agricultural sector, negative image of agriculture, increase of education, narrow land ownership and ease of rural accessibility. While the factors of pull the youth was financial, parental inheritance and government incentives. The impacts of this condition was decrease of the effectiveness and efficiency of agriculture; the scarcity of agricultural labor and increase of the wage. To overcome this, it is necessary to increase the role of youth in the farmers' institutions; introduction of agriculture through early childhood education; improve the quality of agricultural actors; develope integrated agriculture; strengthen cooperative farming; agricultural insurance and marketing guarantees.

This report provides an overview of the legal framework and legal developments regarding Artificial Intelligence and robotics (AI&R) in Germany. The most challenging issues from a legal perspective are right now safety and liability, privacy and ownership issues which might occur during the use of robots or AI systems. These issues, and the question if new regulations or a revision of existing laws and guidelines is necessary are discussed in the German mainstream press and in some academic articles (however, the focus is more on the robot rules currently discussed on EU level, than on regulations for Germany). There were two important actions from the government regarding AI&R legislation in the last few years: The German Road Traffic Act was changed to create a legal framework for the use of self- driving vehicles. Furthermore, special rules for the use of drones have been implemented to regulate privacy and safety issues. In 2018, the German government established a permanent working group on AI at the German Bundestag and a Data Ethics Committee. Together they have developed a strategy on AI for Germany, which was published in November 2018 and includes an action point on "revising the legal framework".

Source at https://www.hca.westernsydney.edu.au/gmjau. ; The aim of this article is to explore how the political, technological and economic development of recent decades has influenced the identity construction of Sami people with disabilities. While Sami identity work is described as a continuous process carried out in everyday life, the subject is addressed through a presentation and discussion of three narratives. The analysis demonstrates how different types of development have expanded access for Samis with disabilities to participate in traditional Sami activities in many ways and, as such, have increased their opportunities to identify themselves as Sami. At the same time, however, changes in laws and regulations concerning ownership and use of land and sea resources seem to constitute political barriers that hinder disabled Samis from pursuing traditional Sami occupations and activities such as fishing and reindeer herding. Furthermore, 'cultural blindness' among professionals within the welfare system seems to block opportunities for Samis with disabilities to access their own culture through language and traditional Sami way of life. This lack of connection to traditional Sami activities is problematic as it may lead to the perception among both disabled Sami individuals and other Samis that these individuals are not entitled to define themselves as Sami.

The promise that ecosystem service assessments will contribute to better decision-making is not yet proven. We analyse how knowledge on ecosystem services is actually used to inform land and water management in 22 case studies covering different social-ecological systems in European and Latin American countries. None of the case studies reported instrumental use of knowledge in a sense that ecosystem service knowledge would have served as an impartial arbiter between policy options. Yet, in most cases, there was some evidence of conceptual learning as a result of close interaction between researchers, practitioners and stakeholders. We observed several factors that constrained knowledge uptake, including competing interests and political agendas, scientific disputes, professional norms and competencies, and lack of vertical and horizontal integration. Ecosystem knowledge played a small role particularly in those planning and policy-making situations where it challenged established interests and the current distribution of benefits from ecosystems. The factors that facilitated knowledge use included application of transparent participatory methods, social capital, policy champions and clear synergies between ecosystem services and human well-being. The results are aligned with previous studies which have emphasized the importance of building local capacity, ownership and trust for the long-term success of ecosystem service research. ; publishedVersion

Since 1980, many economies around the world have experienced two trends: rising aggregate private wealth-income ratio and increasing income inequality (Piketty and Zucman 2014; Piketty 2014). These trends have been particularly spectacular in China and Russia since their transitions from communism to more capitalist orientated economic systems (Piketty, Yang, and Zucman 2017; Novokmet, Piketty, and Zucman 2017). The transition to a mixedeconomy has taken different economic and political forms in China and Russia—with different privatization strategies for public assets, in particular. These different strategies have had a large impact on inequality and wealth ownership. In China, the transition has involved gradual but nevertheless wideranging reforms. The reforms were implemented progressively, from special economic zones in coastal cities towards inland provincial regions, and in sectoral waves. By contrast, Russia opted for a "bigbang" transition after the fall of the Soviet Union in 1990-1991, with a rapid transfer of public assets to the private sector and the hasty introduction of free market economic principles.In this paper, we compare our recent findings on private and public wealth accumulation in China and Russia, and discuss the impact of the different privatization strategies followed in the two countries on income inequality.

This paper compiles twelve Notes exploring copyright issues commonly encountered in digitisation projects, and are designed for use by cultural heritage institutions. Written by specialists in copyright and archives, they should be regarded as guidance and not legal advice. They are designed for users in the UK. The Notes should be accessible for those without a law background, but contain legal references to give them enough weight to be of use at all levels of decision making. Each document provides a legislative context and outlines practical implications, including examples from the Edwin Morgan Scrapbooks. Copyright in titles and newspaper headlines Copyright in the typographical arrangement of published editions Copyright in pseudonymous and anonymous works Copyright in newspaper articles Copyright in photographs: Duration Copyright in photographs: Ownership Using insubstantial parts of a copyright protected work Copyright across borders Moral Rights: Attribution Moral Rights: False attribution Moral rights: Integrity Moral rights: The right to privacy in certain photographs and films These notes were created as part of the 'Digitising the Edwin Morgan Scrapbooks' project, available at www.digitisingmorgan.org. This edition has been edited by K. Patterson; the first version is available as R. Deazley, K. Patterson & P. Torremans, Copyright Guidance Notes (1st Edition) (2017): www.digitisingmorgan.org/resources

Since 1980, many economies around the world have experienced two trends: rising aggregate private wealth-income ratio and increasing income inequality (Piketty and Zucman 2014; Piketty 2014). These trends have been particularly spectacular in China and Russia since their transitions from communism to more capitalist orientated economic systems (Piketty, Yang, and Zucman 2017; Novokmet, Piketty, and Zucman 2017). The transition to a mixedeconomy has taken different economic and political forms in China and Russia—with different privatization strategies for public assets, in particular. These different strategies have had a large impact on inequality and wealth ownership. In China, the transition has involved gradual but nevertheless wideranging reforms. The reforms were implemented progressively, from special economic zones in coastal cities towards inland provincial regions, and in sectoral waves. By contrast, Russia opted for a "bigbang" transition after the fall of the Soviet Union in 1990-1991, with a rapid transfer of public assets to the private sector and the hasty introduction of free market economic principles.In this paper, we compare our recent findings on private and public wealth accumulation in China and Russia, and discuss the impact of the different privatization strategies followed in the two countries on income inequality.

This study examines the extent of environmental and social disclosures in annual reports made by Chinese mining, utility and chemical industries. It also investigates the key drivers of the companies' environmental and social disclosures (CESD), thereby determining the motivations of the sample organisations towards corporate environmental and social responsibility. The study adopted dichotomous index to measure the extent of CESD among the three industries in their annual reports. Additionally, Ordinary Least Square was adopted to examine the determinants of CESD. By drawing on legitimacy theory, the results depict positive associations between the extent of CESD and firm size, profitability, and firm age. Engagement from industry association showed strong significance in environmental disclosure, whereas leverage was significant in social disclosures. Government ownership was found insignificant in the analysis. The study contributes with direct evidence to the extent of environmental disclosure and social disclosure made by three high-profile industries based on G3. The results showed that overall there is no significant difference between the extents of CESD of the three industries, indicating that high-profile industries behave similarly in terms of the content of information in disclosure. This study has also practical implications particularly for the regulatory body and the industry association when developing regulations and guidelines on environmental and social reports.

Over the last decade, there has been an ongoing revolution in the exploration, manipulation and synthesis of biological systems, through the development of new technologies that generate, analyse and exploit big data. Users of Plant Genetic Resources (PGR) can potentially leverage these capacities to significantly increase the efficiency and effectiveness of their efforts to conserve, discover and utilize novel qualities in PGR, and help achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This review advances the discussion on these emerging opportunities and discusses how taking advantage of them will require data integration and synthesis across disciplinary, organisational and international boundaries, and the formation of multi-disciplinary, international partnerships. We explore some of the institutional and policy challenges that these efforts will face, particularly how these new technologies may influence the structure and role of research for sustainable development, ownership of resources, and access and benefit sharing. We discuss potential responses to political and institutional challenges, ranging from options for enhanced structure and governance of research discovery platforms to internationally brokered benefit-sharing agreements, and identify a set of broad principles that could guide the global community as it seeks or considers solutions. ; Peer Review

Bob Crow was an outstanding leader of British trade unionism in the early 21st century. As general secretary of the Rail, Maritime and Transport Union, Crow championed industrial militancy. He maximised his position as a public figure to proselytise for public ownership of the railways and criticise the Conservatives, New Labour and the European Union. He opposed austerity and fostered initiatives to regroup the left and create an alternative to the Labour Party. This article develops a critique of a recent biography of Crow written from a Marxist perspective to appraise his career through the prism of Marxist approaches to trade unionism. It analyses Crow's role as a union leader and explores his political projects such as No2EU and the Trade Union and Socialist Coalition. His contribution is assessed in relation to contemporary issues such as Brexit and the resurgence of the Labour Party under Jeremy Corbyn. The article concludes that measured against a Marxist template, Crow was closer to Lenin's 'trade union leader' than his 'tribune of the people'. Despite his industrial achievements, he remained within the framework of the militant trade unionism and left reformism he absorbed during his formative years, rather than an advocate of class politics and revolutionary socialism.

The promise that ecosystem service assessments will contribute to better decision-making is not yet proven. We analyse how knowledge on ecosystem services is actually used to inform land and water management in 22 case studies covering different social-ecological systems in European and Latin American countries. None of the case studies reported instrumental use of knowledge in a sense that ecosystem service knowledge would have served as an impartial arbiter between policy options. Yet, in most cases, there was some evidence of conceptual learning as a result of close interaction between researchers, practitioners and stakeholders. We observed several factors that constrained knowledge uptake, including competing interests and political agendas, scientific disputes, professional norms and competencies, and lack of vertical and horizontal integration. Ecosystem knowledge played a small role particularly in those planning and policy-making situations where it challenged established interests and the current distribution of benefits from ecosystems. The factors that facilitated knowledge use included application of transparent participatory methods, social capital, policy champions and clear synergies between ecosystem services and human well-being. The results are aligned with previous studies which have emphasized the importance of building local capacity, ownership and trust for the long-term success of ecosystem service research.

Rabies is a vaccine-preventable fatal disease in man and most mammals. Although rabies is recorded in 150 territories and is responsible for at least 60,000 human deaths every year worldwide, it is a neglected tropical problem. Most of the rabies free countries are considered to be fragile free as the disease may re-emerge easily through wild mammals. For the performance of effective rabies eradication programs, a complex set of strategies and activities is required. At the time, a joint project of WHO–OIE–FAO which was announced in 2015, plans to control animal–human–ecosystems rabies interface. For effective rabies control, prophylactic policies must be applied. These include various educational outreaches for farmers and people living in endemic areas, enforced legislation for responsible dog ownership, control programs for the free-ranging stray dog and cat populations, field large-scale vaccination campaigns, and the development of new vaccine delivery strategies for both humans and animals. The present work presents the advances in the development of new safe, effective and economic vaccines for domestic dogs, and oral vaccines for the control of the disease in wild animals. It presents also some therapeutic protocols used for the treatment of patients.

This paper uses phenomenon based research to examine why all western internet firms (WIFs) have failed in China. In contrast to western firms from other sectors which have all achieved different levels of success, no WIFs, from search engines, internet content providers, social networks, to e-commerce and sharing economy platforms, have been able to beat their Chinese competitors and achieve sustainable operational success in China. Government censorship and control and cultural differences between China and the West are often cited as main reasons for such failures, but similar conditions existed in other countries, such as Indonesia or Saudi Arabia, which did not prevent WIFs such as Google from dominating over 90% of their search markets. Existing international business theory, the Ownership-Location-Internalisation (OLI) Eclectic Paradigm, failed to offer plausible explanations. Using comprehensive empirical evidence gathered from two rounds of elite interviewing, this paper identifies the key factors and the prevailing narratives from both the inside view and outside view to explain why all WIFs have failed in China. The theoretical and managerial implications are discussed. Future research should examine the key factors that led to the systematic failure of WIFs in China, particularly by testing propositions and developing new theoretical frameworks.