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This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from SAGE Publications via the DOI in this record ; Critical commentaries have often treated the smart city as a potentially problematic 'top down' tendency within policy-making and urban planning, which appears to serve the interests of already powerful corporate and political actors. This article, however, positions the smart city as significant in its implicit rejection of the strong normativity of traditional technologies of planning, in favour of an ontology of efficiency and emergence. It explores a series of prominent UK smart city initiatives (in Bristol, Manchester and Milton Keynes) as bundles of experimental local practices, drawing on the literature pointing to a growing valorisation of the 'experimental' over strong policy commitments in urban governance. It departs from this literature, however, by reading contemporary 'smart experiments' through Shapin and Schafer's work on the emergence of 17th-century science, to advance a transhistorical understanding of experimentation as oriented towards societal reordering. From this perspective, the UK smart city merits attention primarily as an indicator of a wider set of shifts in approaches to governance. Its pragmatic orientation sits uneasily alongside ambitions to 'standardise' smart and sustainable urban development; and raises questions about the conscious overlap between the stated practical ambitions of smart city initiatives and pre-existing environmental and social policies. ; This paper was supported by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) [grant number ES/L015978/1] "Smart eco-cities for a green economy: a comparative study of Europe and China".

Power reserves such as money, information, support, knowledge, and time are essential in handling conflicts. These power reserves are, as a rule, limited in that they are insufficient in handling existing multi‐conflicting relationships. This paper presents an episodic model for the rational planning of power reserves that can aid in effective power use. How much and to what extent this power should be used depends on the following: (1) determining the significance of the various activity fields (i.e., arenas) in which conflict arises; (2) calculating the decision maker's conflict intensity with the other party(ies) in the attainment of each goal; (3) identifying the facilitating or inhibitory factors in power use; and (4) estimating the likely consequences of using power to resolve any conflict.

Limitations exist on the naive application of the growth share and growth gain matrices as resource allocation techniques. This, the last in a series of three articles, points out some considerations essential for successful application of the Boston Consulting Group's approach to setting strategy. Thirteen caveats ranging from the breakdown of the implicit correlations between cash flows and market share and market growth rate through motivational and political problems must condition a competent analysis. Practical problems in implementing portfolio planning are highlighted.

BACKGROUND: In Nigeria, contraceptive use has remained low, 12% for any modern method, despite the huge resources committed to family planning programs by stakeholders. This study was carried out to assess the knowledge and utilization of family planning and determine predictors of utilization of family planning among postpartum women attending primary health care centers (PHCs) in a selected rural area of Lagos State, southwest Nigeria. METHODS: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted among 325 postpartum women attending PHCs in Ibeju-Lekki local government area of Lagos State selected using a multi-stage sampling technique. A pretested, interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collate data which was analyzed using the IBM SPSS Statistics version 23. RESULT: The mean age was 29.94 ± 5.14 years. All the respondents (100%) had heard of contraceptive methods, however only 38 (11.7%) had good knowledge of family planning. About 38.5% of the respondents used modern family planning methods during the postpartum period. The most commonly used methods were male condoms (26.3%) and implants (17.0%). The significant predictors of postpartum family planning (PPFP) were non-intention to have more children [AOR = 1.88 (95% CI: 1.14–3.11)], and good knowledge of family [AOR = 2.31 (95% CI: 1.11–4.81)]. CONCLUSION: It is recommended that interventions be designed to educate and advocate for the use of family planning methods not only to stop childbearing but also to space pregnancies. Education about family planning should also be intensified to improve knowledge of family planning, and thus practice.