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Book reviewed in this article:Community Service Orders: The Development and Use of a New Penal Measure by W. Young.Pressures and Change In the Probation Service (Cropwood Conference Series No. 11) edited by J. F. S. King.Barred from Prison: A Personal Account by C. Culhane.Life Sentence Prisoners (Home Office Research Study No. 51) edited by D. Smith.White Collar Bird by B. Breed.Inequality, Crime and Public Policy edited by J. Braithwaite.Legal Rights of Prisoners: An Analysis of Legal Aid by G. P. Alpert.The Care of Long Term Prisoners by R. Short.Justice for Children by A. Morris, H. Giller, E. Szwed and H. Geach.Reforming Corrections for Juvenile Offenders: Alternatives and Strategies by Y. Bakal and H. W. Polsky.Schooling the Smash Street Kids by P. Cor rig an.The Life‐style Violent Juvenile by A. H. Vachss and Y. Bakal.Crime, the Police and Criminal Statistics by R. A. Carr‐Hill and N. H. Stern.Policing the Inner City: A Study of Amsterdam's Warmoesstraat by M. Punch.Policing the City by R. Mawby.Policing Freedom by J. Alderson.J.P.: Magistrate, Court and Community by E. Burney.Legality, Morality and Ethics in Criminal Justice edited by N. N. Kittrie and J. Susman.Crime in Public View (Home Office Research Study No. 49) by P. MayhewSocial Inquiry Reports: A Survey (Home Office Research Study No. 48) by J. Thorpe.Sexual Offences, Consent and Sentencing (Home Office Research Study No. 54) by R. Walmsley and K. White.Radical Issues in Criminology, edited by P. Carlen and M. Collison.Dealing with Death: A Practical Guide, by W. M. Bowder.Angel Dust: An Ethnographic Study of PCP Users, edited by H. W. Feldman, M. H. Agar and G. M. Beschner.Criminology and Crime Policy, by D. Szabo.An Anatomy of Criminal Justice: A System Overview, by C. H. Foust and D. R. Webster.Research and Criminal Policy (Home Office Research Study No. 59), by J. Croft.The Labelling of Deviance: Evaluating a Perspective, 2nd ed., edited by W. R. Gove.Junior Attendance Centres (Home Office Research Study No. 60), by A. B. Dunlop.Community Service by Order, edited by K. G. Pease and W. McWilliams.Psychiatry, The Law and the Offender: Present Dilemmas and Future Prospects, by R. Bluglass.Crime and Justice: An Annual Review of Research, Vol. 1, edited by N. Morris and M. Tonry.Critical Issues in Juvenile Delinquency, edited by D. Shichor and D. H. Kelly.The American Prosecutor: A Search for Identity, by J. E. Jacoby.The Economics of Crime, edited by R. Andreano and J. J. Siegfried.Prison Crisis, by P. Evans.The Female Offender, edited by C. T. Griffiths and M. Nance.Learning to Care: The Training of Staff for Residential Social Work with Young People, by S. Mill ham, R. Bullock and K. Hosie.Juvenile Offenders: Care, Control, or Custody, by Howard League.Police Interrogation (Home Office Research Study No. 61), by P. Softley.Geographical Perspectives on Juvenile Delinquency, by D. J. Evans.Compulsory Admissions to Mental Hospitals, by P. Bean. Chichester. Wiley.Crime and Deviance: A Comparative Perspective, edited by G. R. Newmann.

This article revises the topic of treaty interpretation at the International Court of Justice and focuses on what judges at this Court do in terms of treaty interpretation. The main argument developed in the article, based on an extended analysis of case-law at the ICJ, prior to and after the adoption of the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, is that the ICJ's approaches to interpretation after the VCLT was adopted are consistent with the canons of treaty interpretation which this Court has greatly developed and applied with consistency since its inception. The case-law analysis reveals a preference of the PCIJ/ICJ for holistic interpretation, and thus for the use of more rules and methods of interpretation than initially declared by the Court as sufficient to solve the issue of interpretation before it, in an interpretative approach which could be termed 'overbuilding'.

Three main arguments may explain why few cases in international (and national) criminal law include charges for attacks against civilians or civilian objects. The law may be not sufficiently clear, there may be a lack of evidence or the selection of military targets may be based on mainly subjective considerations, which make it very hard to establish individual culpability. This article examines some legal and practical reasons for the difficulties the prosecutor faces when trying to charge individuals with such crimes. Although there are few examples, the ICTY has shown that it is generally possible to hold individuals responsible for such crimes. Adapted from the source document.

Abstract A number of economists recently have applied tools of economics to analysis of crime. The resulting models of criminal activity typically postulate that crime is positively related to gains porn crime and inversely related to the probability of punishment. While empirical studies have confirmed this latter effect, the relation between gains from crime and criminal activity has not been satisfactorily examined. This paper specifically tests the empirical relation between criminal behavior and the gains from crime. The unsettling possibility that decreases in the gains from crime my lead to increases in the number of crimes is discussed.

The restoration of the independence of the Republic of Lithuania on 11 March 1990 ipso facto implies the beginning of buildup of the new legal system in Lithuania and succession of the best Western values legal traditions. At the same time it is considered to be the starting point for the legal system of the Republic of Lithuania from which it has been beginning to evolve and develop into the direction of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. This is clearly reflected in the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania adopted by citizens of the Republic of Lithuania in the Referendum of 25 October 1992. The preamble of the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania provides that one of the most significant aims of the Lithuanian nation is to strive for an open and harmonious civil society and law-based state. The social nature of human beings pushes them for social interaction and each human being has his own interests which may not always coincide with interest of other individuals. Therefore, a state's high priority task is to ensure that every human being and the whole society is protected by state from unlawful acts. The state is forced to take legal means to disclose the criminal acts committed by the individuals, and limitation of human rights and fundamental freedoms is inevitable. For this purpose, legislation has granted law enforcement authorities the right to use special investigative techniques in conducting the prosecution. It should be noted that the special investigation techniques such as controlled delivery, covert surveillance, electronic surveillance of all forms are legitimate and internationally recognized e.g., 1988 The United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic In Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances. That encourage national lawmakers transform special investigation methods from criminal surveillance law to criminal procedure law.

The restoration of the independence of the Republic of Lithuania on 11 March 1990 ipso facto implies the beginning of buildup of the new legal system in Lithuania and succession of the best Western values legal traditions. At the same time it is considered to be the starting point for the legal system of the Republic of Lithuania from which it has been beginning to evolve and develop into the direction of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. This is clearly reflected in the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania adopted by citizens of the Republic of Lithuania in the Referendum of 25 October 1992. The preamble of the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania provides that one of the most significant aims of the Lithuanian nation is to strive for an open and harmonious civil society and law-based state. The social nature of human beings pushes them for social interaction and each human being has his own interests which may not always coincide with interest of other individuals. Therefore, a state's high priority task is to ensure that every human being and the whole society is protected by state from unlawful acts. The state is forced to take legal means to disclose the criminal acts committed by the individuals, and limitation of human rights and fundamental freedoms is inevitable. For this purpose, legislation has granted law enforcement authorities the right to use special investigative techniques in conducting the prosecution. It should be noted that the special investigation techniques such as controlled delivery, covert surveillance, electronic surveillance of all forms are legitimate and internationally recognized e.g., 1988 The United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic In Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances. That encourage national lawmakers transform special investigation methods from criminal surveillance law to criminal procedure law.

The restoration of the independence of the Republic of Lithuania on 11 March 1990 ipso facto implies the beginning of buildup of the new legal system in Lithuania and succession of the best Western values legal traditions. At the same time it is considered to be the starting point for the legal system of the Republic of Lithuania from which it has been beginning to evolve and develop into the direction of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. This is clearly reflected in the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania adopted by citizens of the Republic of Lithuania in the Referendum of 25 October 1992. The preamble of the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania provides that one of the most significant aims of the Lithuanian nation is to strive for an open and harmonious civil society and law-based state. The social nature of human beings pushes them for social interaction and each human being has his own interests which may not always coincide with interest of other individuals. Therefore, a state's high priority task is to ensure that every human being and the whole society is protected by state from unlawful acts. The state is forced to take legal means to disclose the criminal acts committed by the individuals, and limitation of human rights and fundamental freedoms is inevitable. For this purpose, legislation has granted law enforcement authorities the right to use special investigative techniques in conducting the prosecution. It should be noted that the special investigation techniques such as controlled delivery, covert surveillance, electronic surveillance of all forms are legitimate and internationally recognized e.g., 1988 The United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic In Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances. That encourage national lawmakers transform special investigation methods from criminal surveillance law to criminal procedure law.