Suchergebnisse

Résumé Sardon Jean-Paul. - Le remplacement des générations en Europe depuis le -début du siècle. La baisse de la mortalité a été telle au cours de ce siècle que la descendance finale nécessaire au remplacement, mesuré par la reproduction à la naissance, est passée d'environ 3 enfants par femme pour les générations formées au début du siècle à 2,2 enfants par femme pour celles nées au début des années cinquante. Ce n'est qu'exceptionnellement que les générations du xxc siècle ont, en Europe, assuré leur remplacement. Ce fut notamment le cas pour celles nées des années vingt au début des années quarante. Depuis, la situation va se dégrader progressivement d'une génération à l'autre, sans toutefois atteindre encore les très faibles niveaux de reproduction enregistrés chez les femmes nées au début du siècle. Mais si, par le passé, la réduction de la mortalité avait pu gommer largement les effets négatifs de la basse fécondité et améliorer les conditions du remplacement des générations, les gains à attendre dans le futur sont très réduits, car la mortalité des jeunes se situe déjà à un niveau très faible.

The Role of the Market in the New Hungarian Economic System.
The extension of market relationships to all sectors of the economy is one of the specific features of the 1968 Hungarian reform. The market was intended to help correct the shortcomings of the former system of centralized management, and to revivify the economy, thereby enabling it to respond more efficiently to internal and external incentives.
The fundamental principles of the socialist structure have not been affected, either in theory or in practice, by the extension of the market.
The classical economic means, such as price policy, investment policy, fiscal and customs policies, etc., which are applied in order to allow the market system to function, also represent the main economic controls by which the State steers and corrects the reactions of the market. The State endeavours thereby to bring into harmony the objectives of the society as a whole wich are set in the Plan, and the decentralized decisions taken at the micro-economic level and sanctioned by the market.
As a result of the reform, individual companies enjoy more feedom in practical matters:
— they may at will contact partners inside and outside the country;
— they may set their production levels so as to get the highest profit from their sales;
— they are free in deciding upon the composition and size of their labour force;
— autonomous means of investment are broadened by the setting up of the company's own investment fund and by the possibility of applying for bank credit.
Certain restrictions limit however every step of the company's activity.
— the company is bound to abide by central rules on the repartition of profits;
— wage increases stay under government control;
— increase of production capacity, creation of subsidiary companies, conditions of bank credit, are defined in detail by the central power for each branch of the economy, sometimes even set forth specifically for larger companies.
As a consequence, the care taken by the government to let the market play again its role toward bringing into harmony and setting the aims of the economy is nullified by the politico-economic situation which prevents the «spontaneity» of the system from acting, except within strict limits.