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Why did Britain come to play such a prominent role in the war on terror and why did the military instrument come to be the dominant theme in the British prosecution of what was an ideological and political struggle? This book is an analysis of Britain's war against Al Qaeda and the phenomenon of international terrorism which marked a paradigm shift in the nature and conduct of war in the twenty-first century. At the heart of the book is an attempt to understand why Britain, which possessed a wealth of experience in the conduct of counterterrorism, counterinsurgency and small wars, developed a strategic and operational design to defeat the Islamist threat which proved to be deeply flawed. In addressing this question the book explores the complex intellectual, doctrinal and geopolitical challenge posed by Al Qaeda and international terrorism and how and why the British response took the form that it did. In conducting this analysis the book raises important questions about the assumptions and perceptions of those in government who led the UK into this conflict, the nature of the civil military relationship in Britain and how well it functioned, and finally the competence of its security forces in being able to deal with this threat both domestically and overseas

This book is an analysis of Britain's war against Al Qaeda and the phenomenon of international terrorism which marked a paradigm shift in the nature and conduct of war in the twenty-first century. At the heart of the book is an attempt to understand why Britain, which possessed a wealth of experience in the conduct of counterterrorism, counterinsurgency and small wars, developed a strategic and operational design to defeat the Islamist threat which proved to be deeply flawed. In addressing this question the book explores the complex intellectual, doctrinal and geopolitical challenge posed by A.

"'Europa 2020' löst die bisherige Wirtschaftsstrategie der Union ab, die im März 2000 von den Staats- und Regierungschefs in Lissabon verabschiedet worden war. Ziel der 'Lissabon-Strategie' war es, die konkurrierenden Wirtschaftsräume USA und Japan bis zum Jahr 2010 zu überflügeln und die EU zum 'dynamischsten, wettbewerbsfähigsten wissensbasierten Wirtschaftsraum der Welt' zu machen." (Autorenreferat)

This book, first published in 1985, examines the Cold War risks of superpower confrontations, mainly in the Third World, resulting in war in Europe. European security is usually analysed in the context of East-West relations in Europe, where though tensions often ran high, actual war seemed remote. The risks of war were much greater in other parts of the world, where the United States and the Soviet Union confronted each other using proxies. This book analyses these proxy confrontations, and the risks that they posed to the security of Europe.

When focusing on Augustus as a commander in chief, a strategist, and a field commander – and especially the formative years of the civil war(s) –, there are numerous potential approaches. We know that he fought battles, campaigns, and wars. Sometimes he did well, sometimes less so. Traditionally, Augustus has not been viewed as a good general, but he was, or so this article claims, an excellent commander. We shall here discuss the actual fighting only when it has a direct bearing on what might be termed the 'command structure', in this case during the triumvirate and beyond, and its formulation of strategy. Rather, the main question is as follows: how did the learning curve followed by Young Caesar on his rise to power create a new, shared command structure as part of a monarchical system, with Augustus as commander in chief? If we look at political initiative in warfare and military campaigns, rather than just tactically, then leadership is always a learning curve. This is accordingly a question of how we, as scholars, approach ancient warfare, strategy, and the relationships between commanders: for example, the 'high command' or commander in chief in one theatre and the field commander in the other. This is thus an article on how we, as scholars, approach Roman military history in general.

The way how Russia ignores the EU's quest for liberalization and sustains a control over markets and supplies is directly related to her use of gas as leverage. Russia's strategy affects many European and non-European countries during all stages: demand, supply and transit. It is not, however, possible to generalize a common statement that the EU's position is based on a policy of market liberalization while Russia pursues an opposing strategy of increased state control. Russian energy strategy leads markets in Europe; sets tone for energy supplies at homeland and abroad, benefiting from a variety of means. This article shows how a symbiotic relationship between the Russian state and Russian energy companies emerge from a structure in which trade, markets and international politics have been embedded within the state interests and firm behavior. It identifies the economic and geopolitical trends with regard to recent developments of Russia's strategy.

Intro -- Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data -- Contents -- Preface -- National Strategy for Child Exploitation Prevention and Interdiction (Edited and Abridged) -- I. Executive Summary -- Background -- The Threat Assessment -- Brief Overview of the Nation's Efforts to Combat Child Exploitation -- The Continuing Fight against Child Exploitation -- II. A Grave Threat to a Precious Resource: An Assessment of Current Child Exploitation Threats -- A. Child Pornography- Images of Child Sexual Abuse -- 1. Child Pornography Offenses Present A Real Threat To Children -- A Mother's Story of Child Pornography Victimization -- A.Available Indicators Suggest Child Pornography Is Increasing -- i. Indicators relating to the volume of child pornography. -- ii. Research relating to the number of computers or computer users engaging in Peer-to-Peer file sharing of child pornography. -- B. The Thriving Market For Child Pornography Promotes The Fresh Abuse Of Children -- C. Child Pornography Offenses Often Are Linked To Contact Offenses -- D. The Children Most Vulnerable And At Risk Are Those The Offenders Can Easily Access And Manipulate -- E. Law Enforcement Officers Are Seeing More Prepubescent Children And Infants In Child Pornography Images And More Images Depicting Violent, Sadistic Acts -- 2. Child Pornographers Are Increasing Their Efforts To Avoid Being Identified -- Illicit Use of a Legitimate IP Address to Distribute Child Pornography -- Identification of a Child Pornography Victim -- 3. Organized Criminal Groups Are Involved In The Production And Distribution Of Child Pornography -- A. Many Organized Commercial Enterprises That Advertise And Distribute Child Pornography Do So For Profit -- B. Some Organized Criminal Groups Seek Child Exploitation Material For Reasons Other Than Profit

PurposeDespite that a transformational shift has occurred in many organisations towards data-driven management, many organisations struggle to harness and translate new technology, such as "big data" into a competitive advantage. This study aims to undertake an empirical investigation into the enabling factors which lead to the practice of formulating an effective data-led strategy (EDLS). Leveraging the theoretical lenses of the resource-based view, absorptive capacity and attention-focus view, a range of various factors are hypothesised to influence EDLS.Design/methodology/approachThe study takes place in South Africa and is based on primary survey data focused on the Fin-tech industry sector where the need to formulate and implement an EDLS has become urgent considering the move to technology enabled banking solutions. Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) is used to test the hypotheses.FindingsResults highlight that several factors are related to EDLS as significant predictors, which include the data platform, technical skills, knowledge management, transformation and focus-alignment. This latter factor has the largest influence on EDLS, which suggests that the alignment of focus across multiple firm divisions both vertically and horizontally significantly enables an EDLS.Practical implicationsManagers need to appreciate the intricacy of the range of factors involved in enabling an EDLS. Managers are advised to grow their organisational knowledge regarding which enablers offer the best pathway towards the development of a more robust framework when putting an EDLS into practice.Originality/valueThe article offers new insights into better understanding the relevant antecedents which enable the successful practice of an EDLS from an African emerging market perspective.

This work examines the main directions of the Japanese Arctic policy, its impact on the development of Russian-Japanese cooperation in the region.Aim. The study aims to analyze the formation of the Japanese Arctic strategy, to define promising areas and problems of Russian-Japanese relations.Tasks. The authors identify the main stages of the Japanese Arctic policy, determine the significance of the Northern Sea Route (NSR) for Tokyo, study the areas of Russian-Japanese cooperation, assess the problems and prospects of bilateral cooperation in the Arctic.Methods. Using the method of comparative analysis, content analysis, event analysis, we have identified areas that contribute to the strengthening of Russian-Japanese relations in the Arctic and factors that can weaken this cooperation.Results. The study shows that Japan seeks to be an active actor in the Arctic processes, since this region will play a significant role in the development of the Japanese economy through the energy supplies diversification. Japan's key partner here is Russia, and they are implementing a major energy project — Arctic LNG-2. The modernization of the NSR's infrastructure is another promising area for the development of Russian-Japanese relations. However, there are contradictions that may affect their cooperation — this is the differences in definition the NSR status and the international legal status of the Arctic.Conclusion. Despite Japan's interest in using the NSR and participation in energy projects in the Russian Arctic, there are some issues that make it difficult to strengthen their Arctic cooperation. There are the problem of the Kuril Islands and the difference in determining the status of the Arctic region.

Why does a customer choose one brand over another? What are the factors which would make an individual more inclined to choose your brand? This book offers a way to predict which brand a buyer will purchase. It looks at brand performance within a product category and tests it in different countries with very different cultures. Following the Predictive Brand Choice (PBC) model, this book seeks to predict a consumer's loyalty and choice. Results have shown that PBC can achieve a high level of predictive accuracy, in excess of 70% in mature markets. This accuracy holds even in the face of price competition from a less preferred brand. PBC uses a prospective predicting method which does not have to rely on a brand's past performance or a customer's purchase history for prediction. Choice data is gathered in the retail setting - at the point of sale. The Strategy of Global Branding and Brand Equity presents survey data and quantitative analyses that prove the method described to be practical, useful and implementable for both researchers and practitioners of commercial brand strategies.