Suchergebnisse

Initially, before the entry into force of the Maastricht Treaty, differences in integration between members of the European Communities (EC; later the European Union) were relatively few and usually temporary in nature. The Schengen Agreement, the Maastricht Treaty and the Treaty of Amsterdam, and the possibility of establishing enhanced cooperation meant that the problem was becoming more and more important in the functioning of the EU - both in theory and in practice. The objective of the paper is to show that for several years, along with the stagnation in the deepening of integration between all the EU Member States, differentiation of integration in the EU is progressing very rapidly. The progressing differentiation in the EU is a consequence of mainly two processes: the development of enhanced cooperation and reforms in the eurozone, which are strengthened by the widening of the EU. The article covers the issue of the categorization of differentiation of European Union integration, which constitutes the theoretical framework for further considerations. Specified processes which contribute to increasing the differentiation of the EU are discussed, showing the development of enhanced cooperation in the EU and presenting the reforms of the eurozone. The article concludes with the identification and the consequences of differentiated integration, both those that have already occurred and those that may occur in the future.

The partnership of CA and the EU concerning political, economical, energy, transport and educational issues should be continued. The partnership will contribute the maintenance and development of peace, stability, cooperation and modernizations in the region. The EU and CA are an important and strong bilateral and multilateral cooperation. This is necessary for economic reforms and for attracting foreign aid and direct investment. Therefore, the EU and CA need to develop a concrete long-range partnership strategy. Regional cooperation in CA and Eurasia will also maintain peace and security in the region. First of all, regional organizations need to concentrate on further regional integration in CA to adequately meet the increasing processes of globalization. It is important to study the experience of the EU and ASEAN and to develop bilateral and multilateral relations with them. A well developed regional transport system in CA is essential for regional prosperity. Regional and international transport networks and substantial trade relations will facilitate foreign investment from foreign countries. CA republics consider the development of alternative regional transport communications as important for the national, regional and international strategy. As a result, a new transport communication connection between Asia and Europe has been developed. The EU and the NATO partnership with CA countries is important for the promotion of stability and security in CA nations. They are also needed to assist the pursuit of sustainable economic development and poverty reduction in the region. At the same time, the stabilization and restoration of Afghanistan's economy are key objectives. Due to different approaches and understandings of the situation in Afghanistan, there are many problems among the different actors including the NATO, the EU, OSCE and other international organizations. In future, the cooperation between CA nations and the EU as well as other international and regional organizations should incorporate the following aspects: Firstly, the EU and CA nations should continue their partnership on alternative transport corridors and pipelines as well as their cooperation in solving a wide range of problems, including ecological ones. Secondly, Afghanistan is an international and regional factor of security and stabilization. Therefore, it is important for the future of CA. Thirdly, the EU, the NATO, and OSCE need to have a regular consultation and joint projects in CA and Afghanistan. Fourthly, international organizations are best to work together with CA republics, Pakistan, Iran, and other neighboring countries. Fifth, the EU, the NATO, and OSCE need to have strong relations and maybe join projects on Afghanistan with Commonwealth Independent States, Shanghai Cooperation Organization, Eurasian Economic Community, and Collective Treaty Security Organizations. Globalization and security challenges require a broader partnership and cooperation. It is necessary to enlarge the Central Asian - EU relations. A future strong partnership would promote stability and economic progress in CA and Europe.

Türkiye'nin Avrupa Birliği'ne (AB) katılım müzakereleri üç temel başlık kapsamında yürütülmektedir. Bunlardan birincisi Kopenhag siyasi kriterlerinin istisnasız olarak uygulanması ve siyasi reformların derinleştirilerek içselleştirilmesi, ikincisi AB Müktesebatının kabul edilerek uygulanması, üçüncüsü sivil toplum diyaloğunun güçlendirilmesi ve bu kapsamda AB ve Türkiye kamuoylarına yönelik bir iletişim stratejisinin yürütülmesidir. Türkiye AB tarafından aday ve potansiyel aday ülkelere sağlanmakta olan fonlardan yararlanmaktadır. AB, sosyal, ekonomik, politik reformlar aracılığıyla Türkiye'yi etkilemektedir. Bu çalışma kapsamında Türkiye've AB arasındaki mali işbirliği, Katılım Öncesi Yardım Aracı ve özellikle bu araç altında oluşturulan sivil toplum sektörü incelenmiştir. Bu çalışma özellikle Katılım Öncesi Yardım Aracı altında tasarlanan sivil toplum sektörü hakkında net bir çerçeve çizerek ve Avrupalılaşmayı sosyal kurumsalcılık yaklaşımı ile ele alarak mali işbirliğini incelemektedir. Bu açıdan tez, Katılım Öncesi Yardım Aracı sivil toplum sektörü kapsamında yürütülen çalışmaların ilgili aktörlere ve Türkiye'nin Avrupalılaşma sürecine artan bir etkisi olduğunu belirtmektedir. Çalışma, mali işbirliği kapsamında Türkiye'nin sivil toplum sektörünü desteklemesinin maddi beklentinin ötesinde, bu alandaki çalışmaların ülkenin demokrasi anlayışının gelişmesine ve ülkenin faydasına olacağına yönelik inancın bir sonucu olarak gerçekleştirildiğini söylemektedir. iv Çalışma kapsamında bilgi, derinlemesine mülakatlar yoluyla toplanmıştır. Çalışmanın sonuçları, Katılım Öncesi Yardım Aracı sivil toplum sektörünün kurallar, kurumlar ve aktörlerin çalışma süreçleri üzerinde belirli değişikliklere yol açtığını göstermektedir. AB'nin aday ülkeler üzerinde, fonların kullanılmasına yönelik şartlar koşulması yoluyla yukarıdan aşağıya doğru ve doğrudan zorlayıcı bir etkisi olmasına rağmen, mali işbirliği Türkiye'de özellikle sivil toplum sektöründe değişimi hızlandırmaktadır. Türkiye'nin Avrupalılaşması sürecinde, mali işbirliği mekanizması yoluyla sağlanan finansal teşviklerin ötesinde, tutumlar, tercihler ve uygulamalar temel olarak uygunluk mantığı ile uyumlu bir şekilde şekillenmektedir. Bu çalışma kapsamındaki araştırma, Merkezi Olmayan Yapılanma çerçevesinde yürütülen Katılım Öncesi Yardım Aracı altından seçilen bir sektörle sınırlandırılmıştır. --- Turkey's European Union (EU) accession negotiations are conducted on three pillars. The first one is about the fulfilling the Copenhagen political criteria with no exceptions and assimilating and speeding up the political reforms, the second one is the adoption and implementation of the EU Acquis Communautaire and the third is about strengthening dialogue with civil society and implementation of a communication strategy towards the societies of EU and Turkey. In line with the accession framework, Turkey benefits from the EU funds provided to the candidate and potential candidate countries. The EU has effect on Turkey through social, economic and political reforms. In this study, financial cooperation between Turkey and the EU, Instrument for Pre- Accession (IPA) and specifically civil society sector designed under IPA are analysed. This study deals with the financial cooperation, giving a clear framework on IPA civil society sector and explains the associated Europeanisation process from a sociological institutionalism perspective. From this standpoint, the thesis argues that works conducted under IPA civil society sector have increasing impact on actors and Turkey's Europeanisation process. The thesis says that for Turkey, civil society sector is supported under financial cooperation not for receiving financial benefits, but as a result ii of a belief towards these efforts are for development of democracy in Turkey and for the country's own good. In this study, data has been collected via in-dept interviews. The findings of the study show that IPA civil society sector has created certain changes on norms, institutions and on working processes of actors. Although the EU has a top-down effect for candidate countries and creates coercive-direct influence by putting conditionality for funds, financial cooperation has also stimulated change in Turkey, especially in the civil society sector. Attitudes, preferences and implementations are shaped through financial cooperation mechanism in line with logic of appropriateness, beyond the material incentives, and this accelerates the Europeanisation process of Turkey. The scope of the study will be restricted to the selected sector designed under IPA Decentralised Implementation System.

This article deals with crucial political aspects of the cooperation betweenthe EU and China in the field of energy, focusing not only on theinstitutionalized forms of cooperation, but also on the larger context of theSino-European energy cooperation, including the issues of climate change,China's internal political dynamics and the PRC's investments in the EU. ForChina, the EU member states are not sources of energy resourcesthemselves, but they possess important and valuable technologies andknow-how; they also present business opportunities for Chinese energyenterprises. There is no automatic convergence of interests between thesethe two political entities; however, energy presents a potentially fruitful areaof cooperation for both the EU and China, including in terms of fightingclimate change and building a low-carbon economy, and this is even moreso the case with the Trump administration in charge in the U.S.

Cooperation for innovation is understood as an essential element in the innovation process of European firms. The aim is to compare how the different sources of information (external and internal) and cooperation for innovation are used in manufacturing and services in Europe using Community Innovation Survey (CIS) data for 15 European countries. The empirical study uses a sample of firms included in the CIS (2008), which covers 15 European countries and applies multivarious data analysis techniques to extract results. The results of this research suggest that firms use simultaneously different sources of information for cooperation, revealing different patterns of cooperation according to the activity sector in Europe. This paper brings some important insights about cooperation for innovation and suggests some patterns in Europe useful to design public policies, due de similar behavior of some countries grouped according with geography, development status or other economic features. Thus, this article seeks to frame the subject based on a literature review that raises a set of study hypotheses and presents an empirical study applied to cooperation for innovation in Europe using the CIS for 15 European countries. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Emphasis on intra-EEC regional equalization and development assistance to neighboring regions, such as Eastern Europe and Africa; 8 articles.