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This paper reviews the economics approach to conflict and national borders. The paper (a) provides a summary of ideas and concepts from the economics literature on the size of nations; (b) illustrates them within a simple analytical framework where populations fight over borders and resources, and may form non-aggression pacts, military alliances, and political unions; and (c) discusses extensions and directions for further research.

The year 2011 was in many respects a year of contradiction for peacekeeping. On the one hand, after nearly a decade of record expansion in the numbers of operations and personnel deployed and the costs of financing these operations, peacekeeping showed initial signs of slowing down in 2010 and there were further indications in 2011 that military-heavy, multidimensional peace operations have reached a plateau. On the other hand, 2011 saw the possible beginnings of an actionable commitment by the international community to the concepts of the responsibility to protect (R2P) and protection of civilians (POC) in relation to the conflicts in Cote d'Ivoire, Libya and Syria. Several factors explain the consolidation trend of recent years. First and foremost is the global military overstretch: during the years of expansion the United Nations and other organizations had difficulty in persuading countries to contribute sufficient troops and force enablers such as helicopters. The emergence of new contributors such as Brazil, China and Indonesia, while a positive development, did not significantly fill the demand gap. A second factor is the ongoing global financial downturn, which had a more discernible impact on peacekeeping in 2011 as governments outlined budget cuts for their militaries and advocated leaner operations and quicker exits in multilateral frameworks such as the UN. Third, over the past decade contemporary peace operations have faced 'mission creep' in terms of the explosion of mandated tasks, which often require civilian expertise and open-ended time frames. This has led to a questioning of whether a heavy (and long-term) military footprint in peace operations is necessary. Adapted from the source document.

This volume will improve our collective understanding of how to fight humanity's persistent and tragic problems with conflicts, climate shocks and disasters. The authors of this volume will offer deep insights, from their research, into the nature of evolving challenges to both global and local sustainability.

Developments in mathematics and social theory and in techniques of communication and computation have brought network analysis to a state where it can be practically applied over a broad spectrum. Surprisingly, this mode of analysis has not been adopted by practitioners and scholars of peace and conflict studies to the extent that it ought to be. Examples of types of analysis that could have important applications are given, using network concepts such centrality, structural equivalence, and regular equivalence.

El presente artículo busca contribuir a la comprensión de los procesos de toma de decisiones en la gestión de las políticas públicas sobre atención a víctimas de violencia por conflicto armado y construcción de paz en el Cauca (Colombia). Corresponde a un estudio de caso cualitativo (por lo que podrían no generalizarse los hallazgos) en el cual se recolectó información de dos escenarios mediante observación, entrevistas individuales y revisión documental. Estos escenarios se vieron influenciados por el entorno, permitieron el desarrollo de confianza que se constituyeron en medios de aprendizaje, interacción, relacionamiento, intercambio y gobernanza. No obstante, persisten liderazgos hegemónicos fuertes, predomina la lógica centro-periferia y el saber normativo supera otros saberes. Se requieren sinergias y apoyo de las investigaciones para fortalecer la gestión pública local

The keynote of Jewish history is not unity. The keynote of Jewish history is fragmentation, dispersion, and diversity. And to achieve a consensus out of this disruptive tradition is not the easiest of tasks.Our starting point in recent days has been the certainty that there will be a peace treaty between Israel and Egypt. I've had talks recently with the heads of the Israeli and Egyptian delegations and emerged convinced that a peace treaty will emerge despite some complex issues that remain to be solved. And thus we stand in the revolutionary era that begins, not in November, 1978, but in November, 1977, with Anwar el-Sadat's voyage to Jerusalem. What he achieved was to make a breach in the wall both of Arab rejection and of Israeli suspicion.Now let us be frank with each other. Underneath the outer surface of Israeli life there has ilways been something choked and strangled, something cut off from expression, a terrible sense of insolubility, deadlock without end. The sense of being totally excluded from any affirmative contact with the neighboring world has been much more deeply at work on the morale and consciousness of the Israeli people than we might have wished to admit. And now all of a sudden the windows are open and the air comes rushing in.

Proliferation of work in peace research requires that the field clarify its research object & dissociate itself from other approaches. The international system, with its threat of partial or total destruction, which provides the general framework of peace research, must be recognized as a phenomenon of recent history. It is the product of the Industrial Revolution & the capitalist mode of production. Retracing the system to its historical genesis enables us to expose the roots from which the decisive conflict potential of modern times has developed. Unless we reduce conflicts of the moment to their recent contemporary structure which is rooted in the capitalist evolution, peace research will only be able to cure symptoms. The capitalist revolution must be transcended to create conditions in which conflicts are no longer war-like, ie mediated by states, but are articulated & carried out by the agents directly concerned as social conflicts. Modified Author's Summary.

A total of 101 armed conflicts have been recorded for the eight post-Cold War years 1989-96. Only six were interstate conflicts. In 1996 there were two such conflicts. For most regions there was a decline in the number of conflicts, with the exception of Africa. Nineteen peace agreements were in place by the end of 1996, historically a high number. Most of these agreements were concluded over conflicts in Africa. Asia and the Middle East showed the lowest propensity to terminate conflicts.

"Gender, Conflict and Peace-keeping Operations" published on by Oxford University Press.

This book presents more than 1,000 entries organized in twenty-six major categories in the fields of conflict and peace studies. It focuses on global systems and covers the structures and processes of conflict and peacemaking as they apply at every level from interpersonal to international.

While politics has always been linked to geography, the Earth itself has largely been seen as playing a backstage role, the mere window-dressing for human intention and interest. With the advent of the epoch known as the 'An-thropocene', the Earth is no longer in the background, but very much in the fore-ground, in constant rivalry with human intentionality. In the meantime, human ac-tion has taken on a dimension that matches that of nature itself, and consequently the definition of geo-politics has been transformed. Appeals to nature, therefore, do not seem to have the same pacifying and unifying effect that they did in earlier ecological movements. By drawing on anthropological and philosophical literature, this lecture will discuss this new geo-political framework and show how the exten-sion of politics into nature must modify our views on war and peace in the future. ; Guerre et paix dans une ère de conflits écologiques. Tandis que la politique a toujours un lien avec la géographie, la Terre elle-même a surtout été considérée comme une toile de fond, une simple vitrine pour le projet et l'intérêt humains. Avec l'avènement de la période dite « anthropocène », le Terre n'est plus seulement en arrière plan mais bien davantage en première ligne, en rivalité constante avec le projet humain. Pendant ce temps, l'action humaine a pris une dimension qui égale celle de la nature, d'où la transformation du géopolitique. Les appels à la nature ne semblent donc plus avoir l'effet apaisant et unificateur qu'ils avaient dans les anciens mouvements écologiques. En s'appuyant sur des études anthropologiques et philosophiques, cette étude discutera ce nouveau cadre géo-politique et montrera comment l'expansion du politique dans la nature doit modifier pour l'avenir notre vision de la guerre et de la paix.