Suchergebnisse

AbstractIncome‐based studies of child poverty treat children and young people as effectively invisible and determine the poverty status of families or households on the basis of information that is provided by, and is primarily about, adults. In contrast, the consensual deprivation approach provides a way of developing measures that reflect the views of children about what constitutes poverty and can be applied to data that children themselves provide. This paper extends earlier Australian studies of adult deprivation by applying a similar approach to children aged 11–17 attending a NSW government high school. Focus groups were conducted with children to help identify items regarded as essential for all children, and the results informed the development of a survey that was completed by over 2,600 students. The survey asked about 24 items, 18 of which were retained after statistical testing, and these items form the basis of the deprivation analysis. The findings indicate that a substantial proportion of survey respondents experience either or both of material deprivation and social exclusion. A new Child Deprivation Index (CDI) is developed and used to compare the circumstances of different groups, highlighting some of the factors that are associated with higher levels of deprivation and providing some initial pointers to possible underlying causes.

Die Auswirkungen der Besteuerung auf Arbeitsleistung, Arbeitseinsatz, Sparen und Investieren steht im Mittelpunkt des Interesses von Politikern. Der Artikel gibt einen Überblick über die Grenzsteuersätze auf Kapital und Arbeit in den meisten OECD-Ländern und geht der Frage nach, wie sich die Steuersätze auf das Angebot von und die Nachfrage nach Arbeit und auf das Angebot und die Nachfrage von Kapital auswirken. Die Auswirkungen sind nach Meinung der Verfasser schwierig abzuschätzen. Sie verweisen darauf, daß die Besteuerung des Faktors Arbeit die Produktionskosten von Kapital und damit auch dessen Preis direkt beeinflußen. (IAB)

Die Auswirkungen der Besteuerung auf Arbeitsleistung, Arbeitseinsatz, Sparen und Investieren steht im Mittelpunkt des Interesses von Politikern. Der Artikel gibt einen Überblick über die Grenzsteuersätze auf Kapital und Arbeit in den meisten OECD-Ländern und geht der Frage nach, wie sich die Steuersätze auf das Angebot von und die Nachfrage nach Arbeit und auf das Angebot und die Nachfrage von Kapital auswirken. Die Auswirkungen sind nach Meinung der Verfasser schwierig abzuschätzen. Sie verweisen darauf, daß die Besteuerung des Faktors Arbeit die Produktionskosten von Kapital und damit auch dessen Preis direkt beeinflußen. (IAB)

ABSTRACTObjectivesHandling missing information is an important methodological challenge in electronic health records research, with the reasons for missingness dictating how missing data should be handled. While there is extensive literature on methodological approaches to handling missing data, there is relatively little research with patients or clinicians investigating why information may be unrecorded in the medical records. A patient and public involvement event was held, embedded with a wider EHR event (UCL Festival of Digital Science - March 2016), to explore unrecorded information from a patient and researcher point of view with a view to developing further research in this area.
ApproachCo-chaired by an academic and lay chair, members of the Farr Patient and Public Involvement Forum, academics, students and the general public attended workshop held during the Festival of Digital Health. A brief exercise was used to demonstrate the impact of missing data. Participants then worked in small facilitated groups to discuss situations where information about them (or people they knew) had not been recorded, the reasons why this information was not recorded and what the impact (or potential impact) was on the patient. A standardised data form was used by facilitators to record participants' conversations. The data forms were summarised into Excel and a brief thematic analysis was conducted. A written evaluation of the workshop was also completed by participants and included in the analysis.
ResultsThe evaluation was overwhelming positive about embedding PPI workshop within an event with a wider remit, from both researchers and patient and public representatives. Preliminary findings on reasons for missingness included change of address or provider (both general practice and secondary care), individual clinician approaches to recording data, process of computerisation of medical notes, early stages of disease not reported to GP and unwillingness to disclose more sensitive information such as sexually transmitted disease. Discussion also included reasons for misrepresented or other errors with data. Further findings from the framework analysis will be presented.
ConclusionThis exploratory workshop showed that patient and public involvement events can be embedded successfully within events aimed at professionals. Preliminary findings suggest that reasons for missingness often related to features of the provider or clinician as well as the patient.

Noncash income is defined in this paper to include the net value to individuals and families of education, health and housing benefits provided to them on a subsidised basis. These benefits may be provided by government, by employers or - in the case of imputed rental income on owner-occupied housing - by the household itself. This study estimates the value of these noncash benefits for seven countries (including Australia) using identical methods, and as far as practical, the same data sources. The estimates are then added to comparative measures of cash income produced as part of the Luxembourg Income Study (US) data base. Analysis is undertaken of the impact of noncash income on the relative living standards of different family types in each country, on the distribution of income and on the size and structure of relative poverty in each country. Sensitivity analysis is also undertaken in which the level of the poverty line is varied and its impact on poverty rates across families and across countries is ascertained. The main results of the study are summarised in a series of tables which detail its main finding that the impact of noncash income is best viewed in a life-cycle context, being greatest for families with children and for the elderly. The main groups whose relative position is worsened by the inclusion of noncash income are nonelderly single people and non-aged families without children.

Volume 1. Essays on housing policy : the British scene / J.B. Cullingworth -- Volume 2. Housing and local government : in England and Wales / J.B. Cullingworth -- Volume 3. Rural housing: competition and choice / Michael Dunn, Marilyn Rawson and Alan Rogers -- Volume 4. The future of council housing / edited by John English -- Volume 5. Home ownership : differentiation and fragmentation / Ray Forrest, Alan Murie and Peter Williams -- Volume 6. Public housing in Europe and America / edited by J.S. Fuerst -- Volume 7. Cities, housing and profits : flat break-up and the decline of private renting / Chris Hamnett and Bill Randolph -- Volume 8. Private rented housing in the United States and Europe / Michael Harloe -- Volume 9. Housing policy in the developed economy : the United Kingdom, Sweden and the United States / Bruce Headey -- Volume 10. Housing policy in Britain : a history / A.E. Holmans -- Volume 11. The right to a decent house / Sidney Jacobs -- Volume 12. Building by local authorities : the report of an inquiry by the Royal Institute of Public Administration / Elizabeth Layton -- Volume 13. The housing crisis / edited by Peter Malpass -- Volume 14. State housing in Britain / Stephen Merrett -- Volume 15. Owner occupation in Britain / Stephen Merrett with Fred Gray -- Volume 16. Property before people : the management of twentieth-century council housing / Anne Power -- Volume 17. Hovels to high rise : state housing in Europe since 1850 / Anne Power -- Volume 18. A nation of home owners / Peter Saunders -- Volume 19. Housing and urban renewal : residential decay and revitalization in the private sector / Andrew D. Thomas -- Volume 20. The radical homeowner : housing tenure and social change / Ian C. Winter.

Recent social trends and policy developments have called into question the divide between the provision of income support and social care services. This book examines this in light of key trends.The book presents new evidence on the links between cash - whether from earnings from paid work, social security benefits, and payments for disabled people and carers - and social disadvantage, care and disability. It presents theoretical perspectives on the need for and provision of care, which some commentators have described as a 'new social risk' and offers new insights into traditional forms of risk, such as poverty, disability, access to credit and money management.It provides an analysis of childcare and informal support for sick, disabled or elderly people in the context of increasing female labour market participation and the introduction of cash allowances to pay for care and posits a new look at both disabled people and older people in their roles as active citizens, whose views and experiences should help shape both policy and practice.Cash and care is essential reading for students, lecturers and researchers in social policy, applied social science, social work, and health and social care