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In this paper, the author presents intellectual property law policies related to geodata. The sole purpose of this paper is to open up this problem for further investigation and discussion. The concepts of geodata and legal interoperability have not received as much scholarly attention as they merit. Drafting one single model for geodata access is especially hard, given that geodata is produced and maintained in multifold environments. This makes it important to confront and discuss the factors influencing the licensing of geodata. On this basis the author proposes a taxonomy of the extremely diverse licenses for geodata.

This paper explores current changes in German copyright legislation in two fields in which the digitalisation of creative works has changed the relationship between commercial and non-profit activities: the music industry and scientific publishing. For years the music industry has been facing a decreasing demand due to Internet distribution and filesharing networks and a lock-in of traditional business models. Scientific work is confronted with a supply crisis of information. The resources of libraries, which traditionally used to mediate commercial and non-profit activities, are dwindling while the role of commercial databases and meta -information systems for academic reputation is gaining importance. These processes are well known, but both the current public debate and theoretical analyses suffer from a certain essentialism: The problem of intellectual property is mostly seen as inherent to the characteristics of knowledge goods and knowledge production. Thus, the arena appears like a zero-sum game to both commercial actors and promoters of the public domain, in which commodified goods are subtracted from the public domain and vice versa. This paper applies a processoriented and interactionist sociological perspective to the shifting relationship of markets and public spheres. Knowledge goods and intellectual property institutions thus are mutually constitutive. In establishing them, situated flows of knowledge and meaning are bracketed institutionally and technologically for a time. However, current changes in copyright legislation tend to privilege commercial exploitation and thus may end up establishing the very zero-sum configuration that so far has been challenged theoretically.

"Intellectual Property Regulation under International Law" published on by Oxford University Press.

This brief article offers an overview of the issue of intellectual property and the ways in which this intersects with the practice and dissemination of action research. Particular attention is paid to various forms of co-authorship and to the impact of developing forms of information and communication technologies on the question of intellectual property.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction What Is Intellectual Property? -- One The Origins of Intellectual Property -- Two The Limits of Intellectual Property -- Three Intellectual Property and Industry -- Four Intellectual Property and Cultural Expression -- Five The Politics Behind Intellectual Property -- Six Intellectual Property in the Global Arena -- Seven Copyright Piracy -- Eight Copyleft and Copyfight -- Conclusion The Future of Intellectual Property -- Notes -- Further Reading -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- X -- Z.

ABSTRACT
An important question that has arisen under US intellectual property law and regulations is the possible legal and ethical issues higher education institutions may face when instituting anti-plagiarism software. Through an analysis of the history of intellectual property and copyright law, this paper addresses the ethical debates around university utilization of such software. The paper then raises and evaluates alternative approaches. After thorough consideration of the pros and cons of anti-plagiarism software, the paper concludes that such software violates certain intellectual property rights, and its use breaks the trust between universities and their students.

This review argues that the elastic space between intellectual property (IP) and unauthorized use (including piracy and counterfeiting) is an increasingly important feature of contemporary textual production and circulation. Within the context of digital textuality, circulatory legitimacy becomes integral to both contextualization and entextualization. The dynamic relationship between IP and piracy/counterfeiting appears as a means of organizing sense-perception and subjectivity, parsing geopolitical space, handling the surfeits and deficits that emerge in contemporary text circulation, distinguishing formality from informality, and deciding levels and forms of acceptable participation in the production and consumption of commodities. This becomes particularly fraught in the face of anxieties about the potential limitlessness of circulation.

We study the incentives that governments have to protect intellectual property in a trading world economy. We consider a world economy with ongoing innovation in two countries that differ in market size and in their capacity for innovation. After describing the determination of national patent policies in a noncooperative regime of patent protection, we ask, "Why is intellectual property better protected in the North than in the South?" We also study international patent agreements by deriving the properties of an efficient global regime of patent protection and asking whether harmonization of patent policies is necessary or sufficient for global efficiency.

THE URUGUAY ROUND OF GATT, FREE TRADE AGREEMENTS, AND TRADE DISPUTES HAVE EXPOSED VARIOUS NON-TARIFF TRADE RESTRICTIONS WHICH ARE LIKELY TO BECOME MORE IMPORTANT INFLUENCES ON COMMODITY FLOWS AND THE DIFFERENTIATION OF RURAL SPACE. GLOBALIZATION OF LEGISLATION AFFECTING AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS AND INTELLECTUAL PRPOERTY IS ALSO OCCURRING OUTSIDE GATT. TWO MAIN PROCESSES ARE APPARENT. FIRST, UNDER FREE TRADE AGREEMENT NATIONS ARE QUESTIONING THE COMMERCIAL LEGISLATION GOVERNING PRODUCTION OF THEIR PARTNERS. SECONDLY, FOR SPECIFIC COMMODITIES, GROUPS OF PRODUCERS AND COUNTRIES ARE BRINGING LITIGATION AGAINST OTHER TRADING PARTNERS OVER THE USE OF PLACE-NAMES BY SUCCESSFULLY CLAIMING THAT THEY ARE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY. THE PAPER USES THE INTERNATIONAL IMPACTS OF THE EC RULES FOR THE NAMING AND LABELLING OF WINES TO EXPLORE THE WIDER PROCESSES. AGGRESSIVE LITIGATION BY FRENCH COMPANIES AND GROUPS OF PRODUCERS IS GRADUALLY ELIMINATING THE USE OF FRENCH AND EC NAMES BY OTHER COUNTRIES. CONTEMPORANEOUSLY, OTHER NATIONS ARE ADOPTING APPELLATION SYSTEMS THAT IMITATE THE EC IN ORDER TO BE ASSURED OF ACCESS TO THE EC MARKETS AFTER 1992. BOTH PROCESSES ARE PART OF THE GLOBALIZATION OF PRODUCTION UNDER CAPITALISM BUT THEIR EFFECTS MAY BE CONTRADICTORY. INCREASED SIMILARITY IN THE COMMERCIAL LEGISLATION OF COUNTRIES WILL ENHANCE THE ADVANTAGE OF THE MOST COMPETITIVE REGIONS AND NATIONS LEADING TO GREATER REGIONAL SPECIALIZATION IN RURAL PRODUCTION. A GLOBALIZATION OF PRINCIPLES FOR THE NPY: 1993