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This article confronts the problem of private authorities engaging in rule-making activities for public purposes. This form of rule-making raises questions about the justice, authority and, most importantly, legitimacy of these institutional arrangements. The private authority that creates rules in the international financial system relies on claims of efficiency and expertise. These claims focus on the rules created rather than the institutions that create them, institutions that are private and thus self-interested in a different way from public authorities. The article explores these issues through a review of the role of banks that engage in rule-making at the global level.

Status-seeking behavior, the pursuit of a higher position on an international social hierarchy as perceived and defined by members of a community, has received considerable attention in recent years. Yet, much of what this recent literature calls status-seeking is difficult to distinguish from something else: the pursuit of fairness. We disentangle status-seeking from fairness-seeking by identifying where a pure status-seeking and a fairness-seeking argument diverge—in the degree to which state actors demand exclusive rights and privileges. Survey experiments of the Russian public concerning the country's membership in the G8 as well as a case study of Germany's behavior in the first Moroccan crisis provide strong support for our "biased fairness" account. Derived from the behavioral economics and psychology literature, it maintains that leaders demand entitlements that match their status and find any such denial as less fair than an equivalent discrepancy for other countries. However, once assured of what they deserve, they do not demonstrate any tendency to exclude others, the hallmark of the status motivation. Convergent evidence at multiple levels of analysis, country contexts, and widely different time periods gives strong indications that fairness concerns are driving much of what is attributed to status-seeking.

Aus polnischer Sicht

Aus sowjetischer Sicht

Global trade flows : old structures, new issues, empirical evidence / Richard J. Grant, Maria C. Papadakis, and J. David Richardson -- The Uruguay Round and the GATT : whither the global system ? / John Whalley -- Globalism and regionalism : complements or competitors? / Soogil Young -- The existing bloc expanded? The European Community, EFTA, and Eastern Europe / Per Magnus Wijkman -- NAFTA and Pacific partnership : advancing multilateralism? / H. Edward English and Murray Smith -- The Pacific : an application of a general theory of economic integration / Peter Druysdale and Ross Garnaut -- Subregional economic zones : a new motive force in Asia-Pacific development / Chia Siow Yue and Lee Tsao Yuan -- Changing patterns of direct investment and the implications for trade and development / Shujiro Urata -- The yen and the International Monetary System / Takatoshi Ito -- Human capital flows / Glenn A. Withers -- Economic growth, environmental issues, and trade / Kym Anderson -- Implications of the post-cold war politico-security environment on the Pacific economy / Hadi Soesastro

Ist die sich nach dem Ende des Kalten Krieges wandelnde Vorstellung von Rolle und Funktion des Völkerrechts Ausdruck eines qualitativen Sprungs in der Entwicklung dieses Rechts, d.h. ist es ein Sprung von einer zwischenstaatlichen Ordnung zu einem "Weltinnenrecht" als der Grundlage einer künftigen "Weltinnenpolitik"? Oder sind die beobachtbaren Wandlungen nur die überfällige Effektuierung des geltenden Völkerrechts als rechtsförmige Friedensordnung? Ausgehend von diesen Fragen zeigt der Autor an drei exemplarischen Topoi die mit dem Ende des Kalten Krieges eingetretenen völkerrechtlichen Entwicklungen auf. Er analysiert diese am Beispiel von Gewaltverbot, den Problemen internationaler Menschenrechte und Umweltschutzregelungen und Durchsetzung des Völkerrechts. Daran anknüpfend entwickelt er Perspektiven der künftigen Bedeutung des Völkerrechts als eines normativen Rahmens internationalen und nationalen Handelns. Es wird Aufgabe der Völkerrechtswissenschaft sein, das neue "Weltinnenrecht" als Rechtsordnung einer globalen Weltgesellschaft näher zu bestimmen und in seinem Verhältnis zu dem auf lange Zeit sicher noch weiterbestehenden modernen Völkerrecht konzeptuell zu fassen, lautet ein Fazit. (rk)

Since 1958, international economists have been greatly
concerned with the problem of international monetary reform. Research
and writing on this problem has taken one or other of two broad forms.
Those economists most concerned with policy have concerned themselves
with emphasizing the need for inter¬national monetary reform and
propounding workable (negotiable) schemes for achieving it.
International monetary theorists, on the other hand, have been concerned
with the theoretical policy problems of achieving and maintaining
balance-of-payments equilibrium in the present internaticnal monetary
system of fixed exchange rates. They have also become concerned with the
problems of the system as a monetary system. This paper belongs to the
latter category. It seeks to outline the main propositions of the
analysis of international economic policy and policy problems that have
been developed by economists working in this field in recent years. Part
I is concerned with the economic policy problems of maintaining both
full employ¬ment and balance-of-payments equilibrium, first for a single
country on a fixed exchange rate, then for two or more countries linked
in a multi-country inter¬national monetary system. Part II is concerned
with certain features of the present international monetary system,
viewed as a monetary system. The analysis of Part I is Keynesian, that
of Part II classical, in approach. Both parts draw heavily on papers
presented at the University of Chicago Conference on Inter¬national
Monetary Problems organized by R. A. Mundell, held at Chicago in
September 1966.

Introduction -- Classical international law and early philosophy theory on peoples' rights -- Political theory that underpins the law -- International law on international legal sources -- Indigenous peoples' legal status under contemporary international law -- The content and scope of the right to self-determination when applied to indigenous peoples -- The right to equality -- Indigenous communities' property rights over lands and natural resources traditionally used -- The content and scope of indigenous communities' property rights over lands and natural resources traditionally used -- Summary