Suchergebnisse

Durante los años de boom inmobiliario la obtención de plusvalías a través del desarrollo de operaciones de obra nueva fue llevada hasta sus últimas consecuencias. Ya en los años previos al estallido de la burbuja inmobiliaria, y con mayor fuerza tras éste, las políticas de rehabilitación y regeneración urbana se han presentado como una salida para un sector en crisis. Pero no sólo ese puede ser el objetivo, es necesario considerar la rehabilitación en áreas urbanas como una herramienta para el reequilibrio de la ciudad fragmentada y la incorporación de sus habitantes y espacios al proyecto de construcción de la ciudad democrática. Teniendo en cuenta esta dualidad, debemos plantearnos diversas cuestiones: ¿Cuál ha sido hasta ahora la evolución de las políticas de fomento de la rehabilitación urbana? ¿Cómo es el procedimiento que articula y gestiona el trasvase de ayudas al sector privado? ¿Sobre qué áreas de la ciudad han recaído las ayudas? Para dar respuesta a estas preguntas hemos analizado los programas de rehabilitación en áreas desarrollados en las últimas décadas a través de la financiación de los Planes de Vivienda estatales. El trabajo por un lado se centra en desgranar los documentos que conforman el marco legal de los planes de vivienda, analizando los programas y los mecanismos disponibles para la rehabilitación en áreas. Por otro, se analizan las áreas declaradas en ciudades de más de 50.000 habitantes y capitales de provincia, con el objetivo de evaluar la magnitud de las ayudas estatales y la evolución de su impacto en la ciudad consolidada y en las promociones periféricas. ; Durant els anys de boom immobiliari l'obtenció de plusvàlues a través del desenvolupament d'operacions d'obra nova va ser portada fins a les seves últimes conseqüències. Ja en els anys previs a l'esclat de la bombolla immobiliària, i amb major força després d'aquest, les polítiques de rehabilitació i regeneració urbana s'han presentat com una sortida per a un sector en crisi. Però no només aquest pot ser l'objectiu, és necessari considerar la rehabilitació en àrees urbanes com una eina pel reequilibri de la ciutat fragmentada i la incorporació dels seus habitants i espais al projecte de construcció de la ciutat democràtica. Tenint en compte aquesta dualitat, hem de plantejar-nos diverses qüestions: Quina ha estat fins ara l'evolució de les polítiques de foment de la rehabilitació urbana? Com és el procediment que articula i gestiona el transvasament d'ajudes al sector privat? Sobre quines àrees de la ciutat han recaigut els ajuts? Per donar resposta a aquestes preguntes hem analitzat els programes de rehabilitació en àrees desenvolupats en les últimes dècades a través del finançament dels Plans d'Habitatge estatals. El treball d'una banda se centra a desgranar els documents que conformen el marc legal dels plans d'habitatge, analitzant els programes i els mecanismes disponibles per a la rehabilitació d'aquestes àrees àrees. Per una altra, s'analitzen les àrees declarades en ciutats de més de 50.000 habitants i capitals de província, amb l'objectiu d'avaluar la magnitud dels ajuts estatals i l'evolució del seu impacte a la ciutat consolidada i a les promocions perifèriques. ; During the real estate boom, obtaining surplus through the development of new construction operations was carried through the end. Already in the years before the bursting of the housing bubble, and even more thereafter, rehabilitation and urban regeneration policies have been presented as a solution for a sector in crisis. But this cannot be the only objective, it is necessary to consider rehabilitation in urban areas as a tool for rebalancing the fragmented city and the incorporation of its people and spaces to the project of building the democratic city. Considering this duality, we need to ask several questions: What has been until now the evolution of policies to promote urban regeneration? How is the process which articulates and manages the transfer of aid to the private sector? On what areas of the city have gone aid? To answer these questions we have analyzed the rehabilitation programs in developed areas in last decades through the funding of State Housing Plans. On the one hand the work focuses on examining the documents that make up the legal framework for housing plans, discussing programs and mechanisms available for the rehabilitation areas. On the other hand, are analyzed those declared areas in cities of over 50,000 inhabitants and provincial capitals, with the aim of assessing the extent of state aid and the evolution of its impact on the consolidated city and peripheral developments. ; Peer Reviewed

Durante los años de boom inmobiliario la obtención de plusvalías a través del desarrollo de operaciones de obra nueva fue llevada hasta sus últimas consecuencias. Ya en los años previos al estallido de la burbuja inmobiliaria, y con mayor fuerza tras éste, las políticas de rehabilitación y regeneración urbana se han presentado como una salida para un sector en crisis. Pero no sólo ese puede ser el objetivo, es necesario considerar la rehabilitación en áreas urbanas como una herramienta para el reequilibrio de la ciudad fragmentada y la incorporación de sus habitantes y espacios al proyecto de construcción de la ciudad democrática. Teniendo en cuenta esta dualidad, debemos plantearnos diversas cuestiones: ¿Cuál ha sido hasta ahora la evolución de las políticas de fomento de la rehabilitación urbana? ¿Cómo es el procedimiento que articula y gestiona el trasvase de ayudas al sector privado? ¿Sobre qué áreas de la ciudad han recaído las ayudas? Para dar respuesta a estas preguntas hemos analizado los programas de rehabilitación en áreas desarrollados en las últimas décadas a través de la financiación de los Planes de Vivienda estatales. El trabajo por un lado se centra en desgranar los documentos que conforman el marco legal de los planes de vivienda, analizando los programas y los mecanismos disponibles para la rehabilitación en áreas. Por otro, se analizan las áreas declaradas en ciudades de más de 50.000 habitantes y capitales de provincia, con el objetivo de evaluar la magnitud de las ayudas estatales y la evolución de su impacto en la ciudad consolidada y en las promociones periféricas. ; Durant els anys de boom immobiliari l'obtenció de plusvàlues a través del desenvolupament d'operacions d'obra nova va ser portada fins a les seves últimes conseqüències. Ja en els anys previs a l'esclat de la bombolla immobiliària, i amb major força després d'aquest, les polítiques de rehabilitació i regeneració urbana s'han presentat com una sortida per a un sector en crisi. Però no només aquest pot ser l'objectiu, és necessari considerar la rehabilitació en àrees urbanes com una eina pel reequilibri de la ciutat fragmentada i la incorporació dels seus habitants i espais al projecte de construcció de la ciutat democràtica. Tenint en compte aquesta dualitat, hem de plantejar-nos diverses qüestions: Quina ha estat fins ara l'evolució de les polítiques de foment de la rehabilitació urbana? Com és el procediment que articula i gestiona el transvasament d'ajudes al sector privat? Sobre quines àrees de la ciutat han recaigut els ajuts? Per donar resposta a aquestes preguntes hem analitzat els programes de rehabilitació en àrees desenvolupats en les últimes dècades a través del finançament dels Plans d'Habitatge estatals. El treball d'una banda se centra a desgranar els documents que conformen el marc legal dels plans d'habitatge, analitzant els programes i els mecanismes disponibles per a la rehabilitació d'aquestes àrees àrees. Per una altra, s'analitzen les àrees declarades en ciutats de més de 50.000 habitants i capitals de província, amb l'objectiu d'avaluar la magnitud dels ajuts estatals i l'evolució del seu impacte a la ciutat consolidada i a les promocions perifèriques. ; During the real estate boom, obtaining surplus through the development of new construction operations was carried through the end. Already in the years before the bursting of the housing bubble, and even more thereafter, rehabilitation and urban regeneration policies have been presented as a solution for a sector in crisis. But this cannot be the only objective, it is necessary to consider rehabilitation in urban areas as a tool for rebalancing the fragmented city and the incorporation of its people and spaces to the project of building the democratic city. Considering this duality, we need to ask several questions: What has been until now the evolution of policies to promote urban regeneration? How is the process which articulates and manages the transfer of aid to the private sector? On what areas of the city have gone aid? To answer these questions we have analyzed the rehabilitation programs in developed areas in last decades through the funding of State Housing Plans. On the one hand the work focuses on examining the documents that make up the legal framework for housing plans, discussing programs and mechanisms available for the rehabilitation areas. On the other hand, are analyzed those declared areas in cities of over 50,000 inhabitants and provincial capitals, with the aim of assessing the extent of state aid and the evolution of its impact on the consolidated city and peripheral developments. ; Peer Reviewed

Morocco has had a succession of development policies since independence, including economic and social development plans and sectoral strategies. The new development model (NDM) was introduced in response to repeated observations of the inadequacy of previous policies, and tends to redefine a new global and sectoral development reference framework for Morocco. The new land-use planning doctrine is an illustration of these new development orientations, and is of considerable importance, as it is the bearer of various sectoral public policies. The overhaul of the social housing policy is one of the five pillars of this doctrine ; le Maroc a connu une succession de politiques de développement depuis son indépendance, notamment les plans de développement économique et social, puis les stratégies sectorielles. Le nouveau modèle de développement (NMD) est intervenu suite aux constats répétés de l'insuffisance des politiques précédentes, et tend à redéfinir un nouveau référentiel global et sectoriel de développement pour le Maroc. La nouvelle doctrine de l'aménagement du territoire est une illustration de ces nouvelles orientations de développement, et revêt une importance considérable, car elle est porteuse des différentes politiques publiques sectorielles. La refonte de la politique de l'habitat social constitue un des cinq piliers de cette doctrine.

In Bucharest, the urban problems inherited from the socialist period were suddenly magnified in the 90s by a tortuous process of property restitution, unbridled land liberalization, unfunded decentralization and lack of global planning. In a short time, the 2 million inhabitants' capital has lost roughly 10% of its population, experiencing the radical leap from the socialist model, based upon social and spatial justice, to the neo-liberal agenda promoting deregulation and competition. Extending the Romanian capital to the north thus led to the three-stage construction of closed residential complexes built in disregard of the basic rules of land use (lack of roads, etc.). Angered by congestion and inadequate housing, and longing for comfort similar to that enjoyed by the affluent in major Western cities, many inhabitants of Bucharest have taken up residence in the area between the brand new World Trade Center and the Baneasa Airport. Developers eager to take advantage of less restrictive zoning and the appetite for the unrestrained application of liberal precepts have invested in this area which is particularly attractive because of its preserved natural environment and its proximity to the Otopeni International Airport. These closed residential complexes aim at ensuring the winners of the transition and integration into the European Union a lifestyle described as "among our own" reflect both the new extreme social polarization and the breakdown of the urban fabric of the Romanian capital.

India is on the cusp of an urban transition. The country's urban population reached 420 million or 33% of its total population in 2015. It is expected to almost double to 800 million by 2050,2 when one in every two Indians is expected to reside in its towns and cities. By 2031, 75% of India's national income is expected to come from cities, an increase on the current 66%, and the majority of new jobs will be created in urban areas.3 Policy engagement on meeting India's urban challenge is also at a turning point. The Government of India has launched an array of initiatives to tackle issues of urban growth and liveability, including "100 Smart Cities", "Swachh Bharat Abhiyan" (Clean India Mission), "500 Cities Fund", "Urban Infrastructure", "Heritage Cities", and "Make in India" programmes. This urban focus is timely and appropriate, for several reasons.

The deterioration of the living environment, urban segregation, the lack of community and local identity, homelessness and lack of living spaces or the impossibility of a collective construction of the habitat have aroused social dynamics, resistance movements and civic altemative proposals of great importance, still poorly understood and even less assimilated by urbanism. Opposite to the conventional urban theory and practice, these social movements seek to respond to the real needs through emerging urban practices directly related to the processes of social production within the urban environment. In this sense, we have seen throughout recent history the emergence of this type of experience. This is the case of both the current urban social practices and those that took place in the sixties and seventies. The protagonists of both experiences, made visible in contexts of crisis and change, claim to participate in the construction of the environment in order to improve urban conditions for the development of everyday life. In this research, we will take as case study the experiences of the citizen movement that took place in Barcelona during the seventies. In a historic moment of transition and change, this movement claimed a collective construction of the city and to be taken into account by urbanism. The context meant an opportunity for the emergence of new institutions and in this sense the citizen movement generated some areas of freedom that we will call "inclusion spaces", and from which it participated in the formation of another urban model. From direct action to the proposed alternatives, these spaces include: competitions, exhibitions, occupations, meetings, popular urban plans or control groups, these spaces were new forms of democratic action towards the construction of the inclusive city. The object, therefore, of this research, is to analyse urban social practice of the citizen movement in Barcelona in the seventies, which contributed to the orientation of an alternative city model, understanding the social reality and everyday experiences as key elements of any scientific approach and understanding the urban development and planning in a holistic sense as the ensemble of knowledge and practices that are aimed at the city and that, therefore, build the city. lt is also visible in this research that other urban model oriented by social practice, in order to show its features and the need for active citizens to participate in the construction of the same urban model. The aim is, in short, to visualize and retrieve certain guidelines to guide the rethinking of the current urban model. Perhaps as a premonition of the turn of the century, this type of experiences that have developed since at least the late twentieth century, have shaped another way to build the town, have introduced other concepts and implemented other tools that have allowed the participation of the people, improving the quality of life and enhancing everyday lite. This research aims at recovering and analysing these experiences in order to transform urban conflict indicators into resources and tools that can be incorporated into the construction of the city and therefore further advance towards the inclusive city. ; El deterioro del entorno habitable, la segregación urbana, la falta de comunidad y de identidad territorial, la falta de vivienda y de espacios vitales o la imposibilidad de una construcción colectiva del hábitat, han provocado dinámicas sociales, movimientos de resistencia y propuesta de alternativas ciudadanas de mucha importancia, todavía hoy mal comprendidas y menos aún, asimiladas por el urbanismo. Frente a la teoría y la práctica convencional urbanística, estos movimientos sociales tratan de dar respuesta a las necesidades reales a través de prácticas urbanas emergentes, directamente relacionadas con los procesos de producción social del entorno urbano. En este sentido, a lo largo de la historia reciente hemos asistido a la emergencia de este tipo de experiencias. Es el caso tanto de las prácticas sociales urbanas actuales como de aquellas que tuvieron lugar en los años sesenta y setenta. Los protagonistas de ambas experiencias, visibilizadas en contextos de crisis y cambios, reivindican participar en la construcción del entorno con el objetivo de mejorar las condiciones urbanas para el desarrollo de la vida cotidiana. Tomaremos en esta investigación como caso de estudio las experiencias del movimiento ciudadano que tuvo lugar en Barcelona durante los años setenta. En un momento histórico de transición y cambios, este movimiento reivindicó una construcción colectiva de ciudad y un urbanismo que le tuviera en cuenta. El contexto signifi có una oportunidad para la emergencia de nuevas instituciones y en este sentido, el movimiento ciudadano generó ciertas zonas de libertad a las que llamaremos espacios de inclusión desde donde participó en la conformación de otro modelo urbano. Desde la acción directa a la propuesta de alternativas, estos espacios de inclusión: concursos, exposiciones, ocupaciones, encuentros, planes populares o comisiones de control, constituyeron nuevas formas de acción democrática directa hacia la construcción de la ciudad inclusiva. Es objeto, por lo tanto, de esta investigación analizar la práctica social urbana del movimiento ciudadano en Barcelona en los años setenta, la cual contribuyó a la orientación de un modelo de ciudad alternativo, entendiendo la realidad social y la experiencia cotidiana como elementos fundamentales de todo enfoque científico del desarrollo urbano y entendiendo el urbanismo en un sentido holístico como el conjunto de conocimientos y prácticas que tienen como objeto la ciudad y que por lo tanto, construyen ciudad. Se trata también en esta investigación de visibilizar ese otro modelo urbano orientado por la práctica social, con el objetivo de mostrar sus características y la necesidad de una ciudadanía activa que participe en la construcción de las mismas. Se trata, en definitiva, de visibilizar y recuperar ciertas pautas que orienten un replanteamiento del modelo urbano actual ; Postprint (published version)

International audience ; The international milieu of town planning is an exciting web of people, books, exhibits, congresses or ideas. Its exploration is a tool to complete our national-oriented understandings of the ways in which the urban scene was conceived in the 20th century. This article sets its exploration in the wider context of the "Urban Internationale", this sphere dedicated to the declensions of "urban issues" such as town planning, housing and urban government. It is proposed that the IU is structured around three poles: volontary associations, international institutions and the big US philantropic Foundations. The evolution of those poles, and the relations amongst them, shaped the way in which the 'urban issues' were defined and treated.

International audience ; The international milieu of town planning is an exciting web of people, books, exhibits, congresses or ideas. Its exploration is a tool to complete our national-oriented understandings of the ways in which the urban scene was conceived in the 20th century. This article sets its exploration in the wider context of the "Urban Internationale", this sphere dedicated to the declensions of "urban issues" such as town planning, housing and urban government. It is proposed that the IU is structured around three poles: volontary associations, international institutions and the big US philantropic Foundations. The evolution of those poles, and the relations amongst them, shaped the way in which the 'urban issues' were defined and treated.

International audience ; The international milieu of town planning is an exciting web of people, books, exhibits, congresses or ideas. Its exploration is a tool to complete our national-oriented understandings of the ways in which the urban scene was conceived in the 20th century. This article sets its exploration in the wider context of the "Urban Internationale", this sphere dedicated to the declensions of "urban issues" such as town planning, housing and urban government. It is proposed that the IU is structured around three poles: volontary associations, international institutions and the big US philantropic Foundations. The evolution of those poles, and the relations amongst them, shaped the way in which the 'urban issues' were defined and treated.

International audience ; The international milieu of town planning is an exciting web of people, books, exhibits, congresses or ideas. Its exploration is a tool to complete our national-oriented understandings of the ways in which the urban scene was conceived in the 20th century. This article sets its exploration in the wider context of the "Urban Internationale", this sphere dedicated to the declensions of "urban issues" such as town planning, housing and urban government. It is proposed that the IU is structured around three poles: volontary associations, international institutions and the big US philantropic Foundations. The evolution of those poles, and the relations amongst them, shaped the way in which the 'urban issues' were defined and treated.

International audience ; The international milieu of town planning is an exciting web of people, books, exhibits, congresses or ideas. Its exploration is a tool to complete our national-oriented understandings of the ways in which the urban scene was conceived in the 20th century. This article sets its exploration in the wider context of the "Urban Internationale", this sphere dedicated to the declensions of "urban issues" such as town planning, housing and urban government. It is proposed that the IU is structured around three poles: volontary associations, international institutions and the big US philantropic Foundations. The evolution of those poles, and the relations amongst them, shaped the way in which the 'urban issues' were defined and treated.

The Urban planning needs a cyclical disciplinary renewal to respond adequately to the transformations of the society within which it operates. The last twenty years have been characterized by substantial changes in relationship to new urban and territorial issues. In particular, the new urban question, analysed by Bernardo Secchi, focuses on three aspects that are as critical as they are fundamental for the city of the new millennium, namely climate change, accessibility and urban safety. Moreover, there are also procedural and operational changes, as well as the evolution of stakeholders: this leads to the need for more flexible training courses and more effective teaching methodologies.In the professional field, the planner has always encountered obstacles in his work, also in relation to an operational rivalry with engineers and architects. The official recognition of the urban planner's work took place only in 2001, renaming the Order of Architects into "Order of Architects, Planners, Landscape Architects and Conservators". A few months ago, the CNAPPC defined a reform plan that once again places the architect in a generalist perspective, as an expert in all spatial issues at any scale and in any field, effectively making urban planning, like other disciplinary sectors, a post-graduate specialization to be entrusted to work experience in the field.In foreign countries, on the other hand, although there is still a certain overlap of skills with traditional architects and engineers, the figure of the urban planner appears to be widely recognized, in the professional sphere, within public bodies and in specialist and private consultancy. The skills of this figure range from site planning to urban design, from territorial analysis to the application of programs and policies that include social participation and the use of information technology and the treatment of big data.This issue of the TRIA magazine aims to explore the theoretical ideas of the XII INU Study Day dedicated to teaching urbanism and planning, through reflections and suggestions for the training of urban planners. ; L'urbanistica ha bisogno di un ciclico rinnovamento disciplinare per rispondere adeguatamente al rinnovarsi della società entro cui agisce. L'ultimo ventennio è stato caratterizzato da modificazioni sostanziali rispetto a nuove questioni di scala urbana e territoriale. In particolare, la nuova questione urbana, analizzata da Bernardo Secchi, si focalizza su tre aspetti tanto critici quanto fondamentali per la città del nuovo millennio, ovvero il climate change, la tematica dell'accessibilità e la sicurezza urbana. A questi avanzamenti teorici, si sommano i cambiamenti procedurali e operativi, nonché l'evoluzione degli stakeholders: ciò porta alla necessità di flessibili percorsi formativi e di più efficaci metodologie didattiche.In ambito professionale, il pianificatore ha da sempre riscontrato ostacoli nel suo operato, anche in relazione ad una presunta rivalità operativa con ingegneri ed architetti. Il riconoscimento ufficiale dell'esercizio lavorativo dell'urbanista è avvenuto sono nel 2001, rinominando l'Ordine degli Architetti in Ordine degli Architetti, Pianificatori, Paesaggisti e Conservatori. Pochi mesi fa, il CNAPPC ha definito un disegno di riforma che pone nuovamente l'architetto in un'ottica generalista, come esperto di tutte le questioni spaziali a qualsiasi scala e in qualsiasi ambito, rendendo di fatto la pianificazione, come altri settori, una specializzazione post laurea da affidarsi agli ordini o all'esperienza sul campo. In paesi esteri, invece, pur esistendo ancora una certa sovrapposizione di abilità con i tradizionali architetti e ingegneri, la figura dell'urbanista e del planner appare essere largamente riconosciuta, sia in ambito professionale, sia all'interno di enti pubblici sia in ottica di consulenze specialistiche anche private. Le competenze di questa figura spaziano dalla pianificazione dei luoghi alla progettazione urbana, dall'analisi territoriale all'applicazione di programmi e politiche che includano la partecipazione sociale e l'impiego dell'information technology e il trattamento dei big data.Questo numero della rivista TRIA punta ad esplorare gli spunti teorici della XII Giornata di Studi INU dedicata all'insegnamento dell'urbanistica e della pianificazione, attraverso riflessioni e suggerimenti per la formazione degli urbanisti.

The abandonment of the campaigns in the modern rural areas to the plural aspects, our world is changing and the dichotomy between urban and rural entities weakens the benefit of a growing dialectic. The attracting new populations, the hyper mobility, the development of material and immaterial networks, the social demand nature, the modernization of agriculture is accompanied by the rural population decline and the end of the rural exodus are just some of the factors that led to the modernization of today's campaign. At the heart of these dynamic changes, the phenomenon of urban sprawl affects a large majority of rural municipalities whose French territory is composed of 78%, which represents two thirds of the population. It is causing a growing complementarity between urban and rural entitites that were once diametrically opposed. It's a creative process of new urban forms that require a lot of space. It is set up in the context of sustainable development concerned about the over-consumption, soil sealing and environmental and climate concerns. Born of a series of public policy and not dependent on any development strategies, this phenomenon is now at the heart of debates. The new rurality arising from these changes imply a change of view on these territories which have a future and will serve as areas of experimentation. These rural municipalities affected by urban sprawl are becoming the territories of sustainable development projects in order to preserve it without sanctuaries. Currently, many rural communities are turning into a municipalities described as "dormitories" and their centralities disappear. In this context, this thesis will therefore focus its reflection on this issue: "What kind of future do development strategies of revitalization in the area known as "rural" for the sustainable planning have? The adaptation of methods depending on the type of location and the concept described as "think local", can these proposals be applied as solutions to rural problems nowadays (abandonment of rural town centers, urban sprawl)? And should we think about the revaluation of our tools and our ways of doing things as a player in the development? What are the best practices of territorial projects?" ; De la déprise des campagnes au monde rural moderne aux aspects pluriels, notre monde change et la dichotomie entre entités urbaines et rurales s'affaiblit au profit d'une dialectique croissante. L'accueil de populations nouvelles, l'hyper mobilité, le développement des réseaux matériels et immatériels, la demande sociale de nature, la modernisation de l'agriculture accompagnée du déclin de la population paysanne et la fin de l'exode rural sont tout autant de facteurs qui ont conduit à la modernisation de la campagne d'aujourd'hui. Au cœur de ces dynamiques de changements, le phénomène d'étalement urbain touche une grande majorité des communes rurales dont le territoire français est composé à 78%, soit de deux tiers de la population. Il est à l'origine d'une complémentarité croissante entre entités urbaines et rurales qui autrefois étaient diamétralement opposées. C'est un processus créateur de nouvelles formes urbaines qui sont consommatrices d'espace. Il est mis en place dans un contexte de développement durable soucieux de la surconsommation, de l'artificialisation des sols et des préoccupations environnementales et climatiques. Né d'une succession de politiques publiques et ne dépendant d'aucunes stratégies de développement, ce phénomène est aujourd'hui au cœur des débats. Les nouvelles ruralités qui découlent de ces bouleversements impliquent un changement de regard sur ces territoires d'avenir et d'expérimentation. Ces communes rurales touchées par l'étalement urbain deviennent des territoires de projets d'aménagement durable afin de préserver sans pour cela sanctuariser. Actuellement, de nombreuses communes rurales se transforment en communes « dortoirs » et leurs centralités disparaissent. Dans ce contexte, ce mémoire portera donc sa réflexion autour de cette problématique : « Quel avenir pour les stratégies de développement de revitalisation au sein de l'espace dit « rural » pour un urbanisme durable ? L'adaptation des méthodes selon la typologie du lieu et le concept « penser local » sont-ils des solutions aux problèmes ruraux d'aujourd'hui (déprise des centres-bourgs ruraux, étalement urbain) ? Et doit-on penser à la réévaluation de nos outils et de nos manières de faire en tant qu'acteur de l'aménagement ? Quelles sont les bonnes pratiques de projets de territoire ? »

The abandonment of the campaigns in the modern rural areas to the plural aspects, our world is changing and the dichotomy between urban and rural entities weakens the benefit of a growing dialectic. The attracting new populations, the hyper mobility, the development of material and immaterial networks, the social demand nature, the modernization of agriculture is accompanied by the rural population decline and the end of the rural exodus are just some of the factors that led to the modernization of today's campaign. At the heart of these dynamic changes, the phenomenon of urban sprawl affects a large majority of rural municipalities whose French territory is composed of 78%, which represents two thirds of the population. It is causing a growing complementarity between urban and rural entitites that were once diametrically opposed. It's a creative process of new urban forms that require a lot of space. It is set up in the context of sustainable development concerned about the over-consumption, soil sealing and environmental and climate concerns. Born of a series of public policy and not dependent on any development strategies, this phenomenon is now at the heart of debates. The new rurality arising from these changes imply a change of view on these territories which have a future and will serve as areas of experimentation. These rural municipalities affected by urban sprawl are becoming the territories of sustainable development projects in order to preserve it without sanctuaries. Currently, many rural communities are turning into a municipalities described as "dormitories" and their centralities disappear. In this context, this thesis will therefore focus its reflection on this issue: "What kind of future do development strategies of revitalization in the area known as "rural" for the sustainable planning have? The adaptation of methods depending on the type of location and the concept described as "think local", can these proposals be applied as solutions to rural problems nowadays (abandonment of rural town centers, urban sprawl)? And should we think about the revaluation of our tools and our ways of doing things as a player in the development? What are the best practices of territorial projects?" ; De la déprise des campagnes au monde rural moderne aux aspects pluriels, notre monde change et la dichotomie entre entités urbaines et rurales s'affaiblit au profit d'une dialectique croissante. L'accueil de populations nouvelles, l'hyper mobilité, le développement des réseaux matériels et immatériels, la demande sociale de nature, la modernisation de l'agriculture accompagnée du déclin de la population paysanne et la fin de l'exode rural sont tout autant de facteurs qui ont conduit à la modernisation de la campagne d'aujourd'hui. Au cœur de ces dynamiques de changements, le phénomène d'étalement urbain touche une grande majorité des communes rurales dont le territoire français est composé à 78%, soit de deux tiers de la population. Il est à l'origine d'une complémentarité croissante entre entités urbaines et rurales qui autrefois étaient diamétralement opposées. C'est un processus créateur de nouvelles formes urbaines qui sont consommatrices d'espace. Il est mis en place dans un contexte de développement durable soucieux de la surconsommation, de l'artificialisation des sols et des préoccupations environnementales et climatiques. Né d'une succession de politiques publiques et ne dépendant d'aucunes stratégies de développement, ce phénomène est aujourd'hui au cœur des débats. Les nouvelles ruralités qui découlent de ces bouleversements impliquent un changement de regard sur ces territoires d'avenir et d'expérimentation. Ces communes rurales touchées par l'étalement urbain deviennent des territoires de projets d'aménagement durable afin de préserver sans pour cela sanctuariser. Actuellement, de nombreuses communes rurales se transforment en communes « dortoirs » et leurs centralités disparaissent. Dans ce contexte, ce mémoire portera donc sa réflexion autour de cette problématique : « Quel avenir pour les stratégies de développement de revitalisation au sein de l'espace dit « rural » pour un urbanisme durable ? L'adaptation des méthodes selon la typologie du lieu et le concept « penser local » sont-ils des solutions aux problèmes ruraux d'aujourd'hui (déprise des centres-bourgs ruraux, étalement urbain) ? Et doit-on penser à la réévaluation de nos outils et de nos manières de faire en tant qu'acteur de l'aménagement ? Quelles sont les bonnes pratiques de projets de territoire ? »

"If you ask people what they think about cities they are more likely to talk about buildings and cars than streets and squares. If you ask them about city life they are more likely to talk about alienation, isolation, fear of crime or congestion and pollution than about community, participation, animation, beauty and pleasure." (Rogers, 1997) The picturesque quoted here, illustrates the void that most of the modern cities are facing; unable to meet the demand of socio-cultural, ecological and communal characters of humankind for dwelling. The economic and political competency in the practice of urbanism makes an astonishing indifference towards vitality of urban spaces, which otherwise should have addressed the dynamics of urban life, people and community. To some extent, historic cities still express sense of place and identity of community at this juncture, though such elements in a few only remain authentic. Even though these cities went across century's long political, socio-economic transformation, they have retained the legacy of sustained urban life and environment. And of course, the same is the socio-cultural manifesto and charm into cityscape and built forms. For such occurrence, reconciliation of conservation and current trends of development and changes need to prove one of the substantial means of transiting from traditional city planning approaches. In this aspect, urban conservation added new hopes, bringing even the ruins of such historic cities for preservation and made them an agendum for further researches in city planning and development. However, most of the conservation efforts in historic cities are focused on individual public monuments as a piecemeal trade to enhance international tourism and market forces. Consequently, as a dark side remnant of overall city planning and conservation practices, the image of city and its identity remained overshadowed. As one of such instances; Bhaktapur, the city known to be "Cultural Capital of Nepal" stands right into this dilemma of urban development and conservation. The living heritage of this city resembles the bonds of urban spaces, built environment, and life endowed with cultural activities enthralled entirely. This paradise perhaps will no longer remain if its urban development trends at the edge are freed. Urban growth however, inevitable currently as globalization; in no longer should influence the urban tranquility of this historical city. The outdated planning traditions are responsible for such hiatus to long for ages. Due to this fragility, it concurrently faces vigorous peripheral development at Kamalvinayak, Libali and Tumacho and a rapid transformation in historic fabrics demising traditional values. An approach of integration in historic city especially, cultural heritage area with emerging new development is believed to arrest the problem when it is unripe. Further investigation on amorphous relationships between the two urban typologies and development contexts is crucial to explore potentialities for integration. The synergy between urban conservation and urban development in order to retain the historic image of a cultural city is explored through an integrated approach. This study explores to seek integrity aspects of historic urban landscape of the traditional town with planning interventions to meet the demands of urban development at the edge. The study area is mainly focused on clusters of neighbourhood in cultural heritage area of this town incorporating new development area at the edge and an urban design research approach with random household survey is adopted in comparing the neighbourhoods for integrity aspects. Finally with thorough review on related concerns in conservation and development in Bhaktapur this study identified the need of integrated urban conservation taking into consideration of integrity aspects idealized during analysis. Integrated urban conservation is one that reconciles development aspects with overall structure of conservation process and this study finalizes the need of strategies of broadening heritage context, strategies for conservation oriented development, urban spatial continuity and strategies for capacity building with participatory mechanism. ; published_or_final_version ; Urban Planning and Design ; Master ; Master of Science in Urban Planning