Suchergebnisse

Актуальність теми дослідження пояснюється тими завданнями, які сьогодні поставлено перед таким потужним засобом впливу на свідомість людей як засоби масової інформації. Новий етап еволюції людства спричиняє нові умови існування. І саме інформаційно-комунікативні технології є рушійною силою науково-соціального прогресу суспільства. ХХІ століття стає епохою значних змін у техніці, економічних галузях, гуманітарній сфері, соціальному житті людей. Інформація, знання, освіта дають поштовх суспільному розвитку. Мета статті – дослідити наукову думку щодо сутності нової – інформаційної – епохи, ролі ЗМІ у формуванні суспільної думки. Автор прагне визначити проблематику сучасних засобів масової комунікації на прикладі наукових та практичних напрацювань відомих вчених. Дослідження теорії комунікації перетинаються з іншими дисциплінами: історією, політологією, правознавством, економічними науками, соціологією, психологією, педагогікою, літературознавством та мовознавством, кіно та наукою про телебачення, медіа-інформатикою. У теорії комунікації та її часткових областях застосовуються такі методи та техніки досліджень: історичний метод, кількісні та якісні емпірично-аналітичні методи, герменевтично-інтерпретаційні методи досліджень. Методологія – системний, структурно-функціональний, історичного і логічного, порівняльний Сьогодні медіа перебувають в центрі уваги держави і суспільства, вони пронизують усі сфери суспільного життя та пропонують кожному стартовий майданчик для участі в соціальній комунікації від місцевого та світового масштабу. Результат. Таким чином спостерігаємо процес злиття, інтеграції інформаційних і комунікативних технологій в єдиний інформаційний ресурс. Відбувається конвергенція, тобто «взаємний вплив явищ, а й взаємопроникнення технологій, стирання меж між ними. Щоб захистити український інформаційний простір серед першочергових кроків є: експертне середовище, державна підтримка наукових розробок у сфері інформаційних технологій, інформаційної політики та інформаційної безпеки, зокрема, стимулювання меді-досліджень і моніторингу інформаційного простору; побудова нової комунікаційної стратегії влади, обов'язковими складовими якої мають бути комунікація з населенням, неконфліктна комунікація всередині влади; комунікація з зовнішнім світом; впровадження системи медіа-грамотності в школах і в ВНЗ; перехід від політики заборони до політики стимулювання суспільно-корисної діяльності в медіа-сфері ; Актуальность темы исследования объясняется теми заданиями, которые сегодня поставлены перед таким мощным способом влияния на сознание людей как средства массовой информации. Новый этап эволюции вызывает новые условия существования. И только информационно-коммуникативные технологии есть движущей силой научно-социального прогресса общества.ХХІ столетие становится эпохой значительных перемен в технике, экономических отраслях, гуманитарной сфере, социальной жизни людей. Информация, знания, образование дают толчок общественному развитию.Цель статьи – исследовать научное мнение относительно сущности новой –информационной эпохи, роли СМИ в формировании общественной мысли. Автор стремится определить проблематику современных средств массовой информации на примере научных и практических наработок известных ученых.Исследования теории коммуникации пересекаются с другими дисциплинами: историей, политологией, правоведением, экономическими науками, социологией, психологией, педагогикой, литературоведением и языкознанием, кино и наукой о телевидении, медиа-информатикой.В теории коммуникации и других ее областях применяются такие методы и техники исследований: исторический метод, количественные и качественные эмпирико-аналитические методы, герменевтико-интерпретационные методы исследований.Методология – системный, структурно-функциональный, исторического и логического, сравнительный. Сегодня медиа пребывают в центре внимания государства и общества, они пронизывают все сферы общественной жизни и предлагают каждому стартовую площадку для участия в социальной коммуникации местного и мирового масштаба. Результат. Таким образом, наблюдаем процесс соединения, интеграции информационных и коммуникационных технологий в единый информцаионный ресурс. Происходит конверегенция, то есть не только взаимное переплетение явлений, но и взаимопроникновение технологий, стирание границ между ними.Чтобы защитить украинское информационное пространство среди первоочередных шагов следует выделить: экспертную среду, государственную поддержку научных разработок в сфере информационных технологий, информационной политики и информационной безопасности, в частности, стимулирование медиа-исследований и мониторинга информационного пространства; формирование новой коммуникационной стратегии власти, обязательными составляющими которой должны быть: коммуникация с населением, неконфликтная коммуникация всредине структуры власти; коммуникация с внешним миром; внедрение системы медиа-грамотности в школах и высших учебных заведениях; переход от политики запрета к политике стимулирования общественно-полезной деятельности в медиа-сфере ; The urgency of the topic of research is explained by the tasks that today are faced with such a powerful means of influencing people's minds as the media. A new stage in the evolution of humanity leads to new conditions of existence. And the information and communication technologies themselves are the driving force behind the scientific and social progress of society.XXI century is the era of significant changes in technology, economic sectors, the humanitarian sphere, social life of people. Information, knowledge, education give impetus to social development The purpose of the article is to investigate the scientific idea about the essence of the new information era and the role of the media in shaping public opinion. The author seeks to identify the problems of modern media communication on the example of scientific and practical developments of well-known scholars.Research in the theory of communication intersect with other disciplines: history, political science, jurisprudence, economics, sociology, psychology, pedagogy, literary studies and linguistics, cinema and the science of television, media informatics.The following methods and techniques of research are used in the theory of communication and its partial fields: historical method, quantitative and qualitative empirical-analytical methods, hermeneutic-interpretation methods of research. Methodology - Systemic, Structural-Functional, Historical and Logical, Comparative Today, the media are at the center of state and society's attention, they penetrate all spheres of public life and offer each starting point for participation in social communication from the local and world scale Result. Thus, we observe the process of merger, integration of information and communication technologies into a single information resource.There is convergence, that is, "the mutual influence of phenomena, but also interpenetration of technologies, erasing the boundaries between them. Among the top steps to protect the Ukrainian information space are:: expert environment, state support for scientific developments in the field of information technologies, information policy and information security, in particular, promotion of copper research and monitoring of information space; the construction of a new communications strategy of power, the mandatory components of which should be communication with the population, non-conflict communication within the authorities; communication with the outside world; introduction of a system of media literacy in schools and universities; the transition from a policy of prohibition to a policy of stimulation of socially useful activity in the media sphere

This thesis sets out to account for the construction and the development of technical training in France, at an intermediary level of schooling, between 1880 and 1919, through the study of three technical schools during this period: the Ecole Nationale Professionnelle of Voiron, the Ecole Nationale d'Horlogerie of Cluses and the Ecole Vaucanson of Grenoble. A methodology combining histoire totale, monographic analysis and sociology of curriculum guides this study. The methodology of histoire totale shows how the technical, economic, industrial, political, geopolitical and educative contexts feed into the construction of technical training and the debates regarding its construction This type of education arises in a period of democratization of education in a context of technical progress and industrialization of France and reflects these changes. The monographic and comparative analysis of the three schools shows the steps of the creation of these schools. It highlights the experimenting, the transformations and the evolutions of the schools as they are integrated in the local and national educational landscape, the construction of the educational offer, the definition of admission requirements, the establishment of diplomas, the construction of job opportunities and the development of partnerships with the local firms and territory. The analysis of the curricula of the three schools focuses on the nature of the education and its evolution in order to characterize the underlying educational models. The numerous forces at stake drew the outline of reflections, mostly around the distribution between general, scientific and technical education, and guided the creation of the curricula. The study focuses on the educational goals of the schools and the pedagogical organization including the selection, the differentiation in sections, the discipline and the evaluation of students. The analysis of the programs through subjects' schedules shows the different choices of schools, from vocational training for laborers to elite training designed for skilled workers and even engineers. We propose the notion of fabrique (the making), to account for the construction of technical training during this period. This notion underlines the multiplicity of factors contained in the construction of technical training institutions and the negotiations associated with the long, experimental and unpredefined dimension of such a process. It also highlights that it is destined to reproduce and spread its products: institutions, technical education and trained students. We characterize the concept of fabrique and propose a generic definition which could be used as a model to study other technical institutions, in other countries or other periods. Our analysis of three technical schools at the turn of the XXth century shows that for a time these intermediary technical schools provided a high level education, based on technical progress and enlightened by the advance of science. They also bore a true individual and collective ambition for their students. These prototypical institutions, that can be qualified as elite institutions, will nevertheless not be developed afterwards. The possibilities which arose during this period of changes are brought to an end with the war. In spreading technical training schools to the whole French territory, the choice of decision-makers will then be to favor less ambitious institutions. ; Cette thèse vise à rendre compte de la création et du développement de l'enseignement technique scolaire intermédiaire en France entre les années 1880 et 1919, à travers l'examen de trois écoles techniques : l'Ecole Nationale Professionnelle de Voiron, l'Ecole Nationale d'Horlogerie de Cluses et l'Ecole Professionnelle Vaucanson de Grenoble. Une triple méthodologie guide le travail, associant histoire totale, études monographiques et sociologie du curriculum. L'histoire totale montre comment les contextes technique, économique, industriel, politique, géopolitique et éducatif entrent dans la construction de l'enseignement technique et dans les débats à son égard. Cet enseignement prend naissance dans une période de démocratisation de l'enseignement, sur fond de progrès technique et d'industrialisation de la France et reflète ces bouleversements. L'étude monographique et comparative des trois écoles analyse les étapes de la création de ces établissements. Elle met en lumière les tâtonnements, les modifications et les évolutions des écoles dans leur installation au sein du paysage scolaire local et national, la construction de l'offre de formation, la délimitation du recrutement, l'instauration d'une certification, la détermination de débouchés pour les élèves et l'élaboration de partenariats avec les entreprises et territoires locaux. L'analyse des curricula focalise sur la nature de l'enseignement dispensé et son évolution, afin de définir les modèles d'éducation proposés par ces établissements. Les nombreuses forces en jeu vont dessiner le contour des réflexions, principalement autour de la répartition entre enseignement général, scientifique et technique, et vont guider l'élaboration des curricula. L'examen porte alors sur la détermination des objectifs d'éducation des écoles et sur la construction des composantes de l'organisation pédagogique telles que la sélection, la différenciation en section, la discipline et l'évaluation des élèves. L'analyse des programmes d'enseignement par l'intermédiaire des volumes horaires des matières montre les choix différents des écoles, allant d'un enseignement professionnel pour ouvrier à un enseignement d'élite destiné à des techniciens voire des ingénieurs. A la suite de ces analyses, nous proposons la notion de fabrique pour caractériser la mise en place de l'enseignement technique à cette période. Elle souligne la multiplicité des facteurs entrant dans la construction d'institutions d'enseignement technique et les négociations qui en découlent, la dimension longue, expérimentale et non prédéfinie d'un tel processus. Elle souligne également la vocation de reproduction et de diffusion de ses produits, constitués par des institutions, une formation technique et des élèves formés. La caractérisation et la définition générique du concept de fabrique de l'enseignement technique proposées pourraient alors servir de modèle à l'étude d'établissements dans d'autres pays ou à d'autres époques. Nos analyses de trois écoles techniques au tournant du XXe siècle montrent que pendant un temps, ces écoles techniques intermédiaires ont dispensé un enseignement de haut niveau, appuyé sur les progrès des techniques et éclairé des avancées de la science, tout en portant une vraie ambition individuelle et collective pour leurs élèves. Ces établissements prototypiques, qui peuvent être qualifiés d'élites, ne seront cependant pas développés par la suite. Les possibilités qui s'étaient ouvertes pendant ces quelques années de bouleversements se referment avec la guerre. Le choix des décideurs politiques, en étendant l'offre de formation technique intermédiaire à tout le territoire, sera de privilégier des établissements moins ambitieux.

Concluding this article, the importance of the rational discourse in modern classes and local forums in contemporary Central Asia should be mentioned again. The liberation of knowledge should be a permanent part of educational initiatives in this region, which is on its long journey from one party autocratic system to the democratic pluralistic one. During this transition some few things should be central. 1. All innovations on education, including the revising role of humanities should be based on the indigenous traditions and the long history of the region including Islamic, Jadid's tradition, but also soviet experiences in the last century (historically inherited German system). Furthermore, the modern international experiences on humanities should be not only superficially implemented from outside, but thoroughly integrated. The development of independent and creative thinking of the learners (students) should be always central for reform initiatives. 2. The revised concept of knowledge and cognitive system has to be based on new epistemology with broader perspective, including all the types of knowledge. These different types of knowledge include not just so called "rationalistic" one, which in fact often serves the interests of ruling classes, but also the experiences of all slices of societies, as well as the cross-civilization approaches, which open the way of dialog and communication with others. 3. It should be suggested to remove the dominating dichotomy type of thinking, escape Manichean dualistic concepts in order develop new bodies and research areas of humanities, based on pluralism (but not on secularism only). Communication and collaboration with the educational and research institutions of developed countries like EU and US would be essential for achievement of the desired goals and implementation of projects. During a conference on higher education in developing countries with focus on Muslim regions organised by the Institute for the Study of Muslim Civilization AKU ISMC in February - March 2005 in London one participant pointed out the importance of mentioning the indigenous Islamic educational heritage like memorization in Central Asian education. Regarding this remark, the questions arises, whether the memorization is the only real indigenous Islamic heritage in education. In this case what is the role of memorization in Muslim philosophy, arts, sciences, other creative professions? Was memorization essential for such Muslim scholars and encyclopaedists from the10th to the15th centuries like Avicenna, Abu Raikhan Biruni, Nasiriddin Tusi and Mirzo Ulughbek, artists like Kamaliddin Behzod or esoteric teachers such as Sufis like Jalaliddin Rumi etc.? Memorizing was not the only learning method in Muslim culture. According to his autobiography, Avicenna read Aristotle´s 'Metaphysics' time, but not only for the sake of memorization, but mostly to find its adequate meaning. Every time time, when he understood the meaning of this book with help of Abu Nasr Farabi´s comments, he celebrated this event by sending charity to the people in mosque. The memorization would be essential, if one accepts Islam only as religion, but not as culture and civilization. Of course, memorization has an important role in education, but only at the beginning, in elementary and secondary schools, but not at the universities. It is a useful tool for teaching and performing of religious rituals, for poetry and other humanities, as well as for medicine (for example, the formulation of the treatments in poetic form as in Urjuza fi-t-tib,Ibn Sina). Memorization in Muslim culture was the way to refer to the other sources, as scholars used to cite by memory, not by direct copying of the sources. It is well-known fact, that humanities have played an important role in Muslim civilisations (Goodman, 2003) and they had a strong impact on other cultures, especially, western European. Many scholars agree with the statement, that Muslim humanistic traditions was transformed by Europeans and served as one of the sources of humanism and renaissance. Recent scientific works on humanities have redefined the disciplinary organization of teaching and research and have introduced wider variety and new areas, such as gender or minoritie issues, studies of cultural diversities etc. However, many American scholars nowadays are worrying about the decline of humanistic research (Kernan, 1997) and about the shift of curriculum from university to "multiversity" and to "demoversity". It is necessary to analyse, rethink and spread the positive experiences of Jadids and AKHP, as well as to motivate and encourage humanities teachers for innovations. Central Asian scientists in humanities have wide field for new research area. There are so many unknown (unthought) slices of culture (formal, informal), which never have become the object of research because of the political correctness, ideology, religious, ethnics or gender superstitions. Central Asian universities need to develop new research programs in humanities, similar to the well-known works by Martha C. Nussbaum (2000, 2004), Peter N. Stearns (1993) and others in USA. However, these kinds of works depend on investments, which cannot be provided by the current central state budget due to corruption, turbulent financial crisis and economic stagnation. Regarding this issue, one should think about new projects for collaboration and integration with EU. The courses in humanities with new approaches in arts, literature, sociology, philosophy, religions, political sciences, research in gender, cultural, religious and minorities issues, as well as analysis of such human behaviour like disgust, shame or hatred are important for liberation of thinking process in order to develop new generation of leaders in the region. Only the modern values, based on indigenous roots can help to build new and good society. However, this should not be implemented artificially. Currently several educational programs organised by EU for Central Asian countries, like Tempus, Erasmus Mundus etc. are working in the region. Last years the majority of Central Asian countries joined Bologna-process of education. The dialog between higher education institutions is important and the communicative ethics (the notion of J. Habermas) play a central role in this exchange. More effective support in form of scholarships, research programs, training projects for teachers and the students will have a very positive influence on Central Asia with regard to the broader mutual understanding and democracy promotion.

"Citizenship is the right to have rights" was famously claimed by Hannah Arendt. Te case of the 'erased' of Slovenia sheds new light on this assumption that was supposedly put to rest afer World War II. We lack a comprehensive paradigm for grasping what citizenship means today in and to our societies. My thesis is that there are currently three ways to understand the notion. These different views tend to merge and overlap in the today's debate, furthering misunderstandings. I will account for different conceptions of the citizenship by looking at the opposite of citizenry. Te political model holds the subject (sujet) in opposition to the citizen (citoyen), entailing problems related to the democratic quality of institutions. Law and jurisprudence look at the citizenship by trying to limit the numerous hard cases arising in the world of migration where the opposite of the citizen is the alien and the stateless. While in social sciences the citizenship is the opposite of the exclusion and represents social membership. Therefore, my aim is to distinguish and clear out these three different semantic areas. This essay is presented in four sections: First, I briefly recall the case of the 'erased' of Slovenia, which presents us with one of the more poignant examples of statelessness in the today's world, so their status can be easily related to the problems that the aforementioned theoretical shortcomings entail. The 'erased' had their residency permits and by extension, civil rights as well, revoked by the Slovene government in the aftermath of the break-up of Yugoslavia. This erasure was ruled to be unconstitutional by the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Slovenia but so far it has by and large remained only at that ruling, with little additional legal action, which has prompted complaints from the Ombudsman's Office and Amnesty International. Tis issue is tied to some of the findings of Hannah Arendt, who claimed that human rights often proved to be ineffective when faced with significant numbers of people who were not citizens of any specific country. Although in the aftermath of WW2 measures to end this situation of statelessness were progressively taken by the international community, there are still cases of a legal vacuum where people could be deprived of their fundamental rights. And as long as human rights remain largely declarative and as long as there is a glaring lack of international agencies of judicial enforcement, we can claim that Arendt's paradox of human rights has not been yet fully overcome. The second section focuses on discourse analysis of the citizenship. There is no doubt that the citizenship nowadays represents a much broader subject than it did only a couple of decades ago, however, if anything, this has only caused its meaning to become more vague. Since the late 1990's scholars have increasingly directed attention towards interdisciplinary perspectives covering the fields of politics, sociology, history and cultural studies that move beyond conventional notions of the citizenship, but the understanding of the citizenship itself often lingers on traditional assessments, characterised by clear-cut disciplinary divides. This disciplinary entrenchment has led to the effect of deepening misunderstandings, and attempts to bridge the divide between various perspectives facing increasing difficulties. So it becomes clear that we lack a comprehensive model for understanding the notion of the 'citizenship', and to remedy that, rather than simply asking "what is citizenship?" as that would give no clear answer, we shall ask what is opposed to the citizenship. I will provide the answer to that question in the third section, where attention is directed to the composition of the three separate semantic areas that are connected to the term "citizenship." These areas correspond to three separate figures of opposition: Te subject, the alien and the excluded, which form the foundation of three basic dichotomies (citizenship/subjecthood; citizenship/being a foreigner; citizenship/exclusion). And from this we can extract various meanings of the citizenship: in the realm of political science, 'citizenship' means the 'non-subject'; in legal science, 'citizenship' means the 'non-alien'; and in social science, 'citizenship' means 'non-exclusion' from participation in the social network of a group. I shall focus on the structure, content and origin of these dichotomies, and also on the kind of problems they are trying to resolve. Finally, I will point to an array of questions that the citizenship raises in the today's complex society. Some of them deal with political rights of the Poles living in the UK, citizenship issues of the Russians in Estonia and the status of the Hungarian ethnic minorities in Romania, Slovakia and Serbia. Furthermore, we may notice an alarming surge of perverse effects that the customary legal perspective has on citizenship such as the increase of cases of statelessness and multiple nationalities, besides new phenomena such as the so-called "legal tourism." On top of that, Europe is facing an increasing wave of nationalism and social integration issues, which come in wake of the general economic downturn, activism against the Bolkenstein directive and recent jurisprudence of the ECJ in the cases Rüfert, Viking Line and Laval. In light of all this we can conclude that citizenship studies require less ambiguous tools than those prevailing in literature. Te first step towards achieving this is to give up hoping for any understanding of "citizenship" that encompasses all the different meanings mentioned above. Te only way to take them all in is to use a very vague idea of "citizenship" that promotes unsuitable policies and no real solutions. So I suggest that we should rather focus on the tripartition scheme and discourse analysis discussed above, as they can be useful tools for decision makers so as to design as consistent policies as possible, and also for our shedding new light on transnational citizenship building and cross-state handling of status-related issues. ; Slovenian version transl. by Jernej Ogrin.

The 1970 AAPOR Conference was held May 21-24 at the Hotel Sagamore, Lake George, NY. It was chaired by Irving Crespi. An introductory note is presented by Ronald Gatty & John P. Robinson, Proceedings Ed's. The AAPOR Award for Exceptionally Distinguished Achievement was given to Archibald M. Crossley. The Presidential Address was given by Robert T. Bower (Bur of Soc Sci Res, Inc, Washington, DC), & entitled CAVEAT VENDITOR: SOME OBSERVATIONS ON RESEARCH SPONSORS AND PROFESSIONAL STANDARDS. It discusses 3 variants of client perspective in PO res & their relationship to professional norms-the adversary, with his interest in manipulative potentials & lack of interest in high technical standards; the soc action program official, who raises problems for res'ers in protecting the interests of their R's; & the proprietor who inhibits the full & free exchange of survey results. It is held that further attempts must be made to gain some consensus on standards in PO res. In THE IM- PACT OF THE SURVEY METHOD ON THEORY, abstracts of the following papers are given: Robin M. Williams, Jr (Cornell U, Ithaca, NY), 'Sociology and the Survey Method'; Albert G. Hart (Columbia U, New York, NY), 'Impact of Survey Research on Economic Theory'; Norman Bradburn (Nat'l Opinion Res Center, Chicago, Ill), 'Survey Research and Psychological Theory.' In COMMUNICATIONS THEORY REVISITED, the following are presented: Herbert E. Krugman, 'Electroencephalographic Aspects of Low Involvements: Implications for the McLuhan Hypothesis'; Clark Leavitt, 'Classic Models of Communications Effects and Innovations in these Models'; Bruce H. Westley (U of Kentucky, Lexington), 'Communications Theory and General Systems Theory: Implications for Planned Change.' In PUBLIC OPINION DATA AND OTHER REALITIES: A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE, the following are presented: Alfred O. Hero, Jr, 'American Public Opinion Versus Official US Foreign Policy: 1936-68'; Michael A. Rappoport, 'Trends in American Political Behavior'; Daniel Yankelovich, 'The Wrong Enemy.' In OPINION AND MARKET RESEARCH IN DEVELOPING NATIONS (WAPOR SESSION), papers are given by: Fred G. Burke (State U of New York, Buffalo), 'Some Grass Roots Attitudes Affecting Political and Social Integration in East Africa'; George M. Gaither, 'Research into Attitudes Toward the Free Enterprise System in Latin America'; Michel Hoffmann (Marcomer S. A., Paris, France), 'Recent Research in Western Africa.' In TOWARD RESPONSIBILITY IN THE REPORTING OF OPINION SUR- VEYS, the following presentations are made: Lucien Nedzi (Congressman, 14th District, Mich), 'Will Legislation Help?'; Philip Meyer (Russell Sage Foundation, New York, NY), 'The Journalist: Friend or Foe?'; Mervin D. Field, 'Response: The Researcher's View.' In TOWARD A THEORY OF PUBLIC OPINION, papers are presented by M. Brewster Smith (U of Chicago, Ill), 'Some Psychological Perspectives on the Theory of Public Opinion'; Sidney Verba (U of Chicago, 111), 'The Impact of Public on Policy'; TRACKING SOCIAL CHANGE: Richard Maisel (New York U, NY), 'Subjective Social Indicators: The Measurement of Well-Being'; Victor D. Beardsley, 'Monitoring the Environment through Community Leaders'; Lawrence Bloomberg (US Bur of the Budget, Washington, DC), 'Social Indicators: Their Past, Present, and Future'; Howard Baumgartel (U of Kansas, Lawrence), 'A Survey Approach to Measuring the Penetration of Modern Management Practices in India.' In CONSUMER ATTITUDES AND BUYING INTEN- TIONS AS AIDS TO MARKETING FORECASTING AND GOV- ERNMENT POLICIES (WAPOR SESSION), the following are included: Gordon Heald (London Business Sch, England), 'The Use of Consumer Attitude and Buying-Intentions Data as an Aid to Government Policymaking'; Wim de Jonge, 'Price Expectations and Time to Buy'; Jay Schmiedeskamp (U of Michigan, Ann Arbor), 'Understanding Why Consumer Attitudes and Expectations Change.' NEW DIRECTIONS IN ELECTION RE- SEARCH, includes: Robert C. Sorensen, 'Social Invention in Political Polling: An Urban Case History'; Samuel Lubell, 'The Hidden Crisis in American Politics'; William R. Klecka (Northwestern U, Evanston, Ill), 'The Use of Political Generations in Studying Political Change'; Derek W. Urwin (Yale U, New Haven, Conn), 'Persistence and Change in Western Party Systems, 1945-1968.' A section entitled, STUDENT AWARD PAPERS presents: Charles K. Atkin (U of Wisconsin, Madison), 'Reassessing Two Alternative Explanations of De Facto Selective Exposure'; Gary A. Mauser (U of California, Irvine), 'A Structural Approach to Predicting Patterns of Electoral Substitution'; Philip Palmgreen (U of Kentucky, Lexington), 'A Daydream Model of Communication: The Effect of Daydreaming on Message Reception and Comprehension.' NEW DIRECTIONS IN ANALYTICAL MODELS, ineludes: Russel Haley, 'Marketing Implications of the Perceptual Screen'; F. Gerald Kline, Marshall J. Graney, & Dennis K. Davis (U of Minnesota, Minneapolis), 'Mass Communication Theory and Nonmetric Models'; Leonard S. Kogan (City U of New York, NY), 'Multivariate Methods and Attitude Research.' BLACKS IN AMERICA TODAY: POLITICS, EDUCA- TION, AND CONSUMER BEHAVIOR, contains: Edith Arlen, 'Social Psychological Themes in Negro Life Styles'; Walter Reichman & Marguerite Levy (City U of New York, NY), 'Academic Motivation of College Discovery Program Students and Regular Matriculants in Community Colleges of the City University of New York'; Robert T. Riley & Thomas F. Pettigrew (Harvard U, Cambridge, Mass), 'Sources of White Support for Hatcher, Stokes, and Bradley.' RECENT RESEARCH IN IN- TERVIEWING, presents: Regina Loewenstein & Andre A. O. Varma (Columbia U, New York, NY), 'Effect of Interaction of Interviewers and Respondents in Health Surveys'; Fansayde Calloway (Nat'l Opinion Res Center, Chicago, Ill), 'Interviewers Wanted: No Experience Necessary'; Andre Laurent (U of Michigan, Ann Arbor), 'Memory and Information Retrieval in the Interview.' In NEW PERSPECTIVES IN CROSS- CULTURAL RESEARCH, the following are included: D. F. Haythorne, et al (U of Alberta, Calgary), 'Cross-National Differences in Reported Health Behavior'; Richard W. Brislin (Western Washington State Coll, Bellingham), 'Cross Cultural Attitude Measurement'; Alexander Szalai, 'The Timing of Everyday Activities in Twelve Countries'; F. B. Waisanen & Hideya Kumata (Michigan State U, East Lansing), 'Functional Literacy in Comparative Perspective.' YOUTH IN AMERICA TODAY: POLITICS, CIGARETTES, AND DRUGS, contains: Michael Maidenberg & Philip Meyer (Russell Sage Foundation, New York, NY), 'The Berkeley Rebels: Five Years Later'; Seymour Lieberman, 'Cigarette Smoking and the Teenager'; Eric Josephson (Columbia U, New York, NY), 'Adult Perceptions of Youthful Drug Behavior'; Ann F. Brunswick (Columbia U, New York, NY), 'Black Adolescents: Some of Their Self-Attitudes and Expectations of Life.' A brief report of the Annual Advisory AAPOR Business Meeting concludes the Proceedings. M. Maxfield.

The module was administered as a post-election interview. The resulting data are provided along with voting, demographic, district and macro variables in a single dataset. CSES Variable List The list of variables is being provided on the CSES Website to help in understanding what content is available from CSES, and to compare the content available in each module. Themes: MICRO-LEVEL DATA: Identification and study administration variables: weighting factors;election type; date of election 1st and 2nd round; study timing (post election study, pre-election and post-election study, between rounds of majoritarian election); mode of interview; gender of interviewer; date questionnaire administered; primary electoral district of respondent; number of days the interview was conducted after the election Demography: age; gender; education; marital status; union membership; union membership of others in household; current employment status; main occupation; employment type - public or private; industrial sector; occupation of chief wage earner and of spouse; household income; number of persons in household; number of children in household under the age of 18; attendance at religious services; religiosity; religious denomination; language usually spoken at home; race; ethnicity; region of residence; rural or urban residence Survey variables: respondent cast a ballot at the current and the previous election; respondent cast candidate preference vote at the previous election; satisfaction with the democratic process in the country; last election was conducted fairly; form of questionnaire (long or short); party identification; intensity of party identification; political parties care what people think; political parties are necessary; recall of candidates from the last election (name, gender and party); number of candidates correctly named; sympathy scale for selected parties and political leaders; assessment of the state of the economy in the country; assessment of economic development in the country; degree of improvement or deterioration of economy; politicians know what people think; contact with a member of parliament or congress during the past twelve months; attitude towards selected statements: it makes a difference who is in power and who people vote for; people express their political opinion; self-assessment on a left-right-scale; assessment of parties and political leaders on a left-right-scale; political information items DISTRICT-LEVEL DATA: number of seats contested in electoral district; number of candidates; number of party lists; percent vote of different parties; official voter turnout in electoral district MACRO-LEVEL DATA: founding year of parties; ideological families of parties; international organization the parties belong to; left-right position of parties assigned by experts; election outcomes by parties in current (lower house/upper house) legislative election; percent of seats in lower house received by parties in current lower house/upper house election; percent of seats in upper house received by parties in current lower house/upper house election; percent of votes received by presidential candidate of parties in current elections; electoral turnout; electoral alliances permitted during the election campaign; existing electoral alliances; most salient factors in the election; head of state (regime type); if multiple rounds: selection of head of state; direct election of head of state and process of direct election; threshold for first-round victory; procedure for candidate selection at final round; simple majority or absolute majority for 2nd round victory; year of presidential election (before or after this legislative election); process if indirect election of head of state; head of government (president or prime minister); selection of prime minister; number of elected legislative chambers; for lower and upper houses was coded: number of electoral segments; number of primary districts; number of seats; district magnitude (number of members elected from each district); number of secondary and tertiary electoral districts; compulsory voting; votes cast; voting procedure; electoral formula; party threshold; parties can run joint lists; requirements for joint party lists; possibility of apparentement; types of apparentement agreements; multi-party endorsements; multi-party endorsements on ballot; ally party support; constitutional prerogatives of the head of state; constitutional powers of prime minister; methods of cabinet dismissal; dissolution of legislature

Das Ehemaligentreffen des EUMEF, das vom 15.-17. November 2012 in Berlin stattfand, vereinigte 79 Nachwuchskräfte wie Erfahrungsträger aus der MENA-Region und der Europäischen Union, allesamt Alumni der Internationalen Sommerschulen und New Faces-Konferenzen der letzten 15 Jahre. Mit Ausnahme des Hauptredners war die Konferenz gänzlich aus Alumni-Redner, -Referenten und -Teilnehmern zusammengesetzt.

'Die neuralgischen Punkte der ethnopolitischen Situation im Nordkaukasus sind nach Meinung ausländischer und rußländischer Politologen Tschetschenien, Dagestan und der Konflikt zwischen Osseten und Inguschen. Dabei bleiben die Turkvölker im Schatten. Die ungelösten Probleme, die wir im karatschaisch-balkarischen Epizentrum der kaukasischen Turkvölker vorfinden, bilden nicht einfach einen aktuellen 'Brennpunkt', sondern sind geeignet, die Perspektiven rußländischer Politik und russischer Präsenz im Kaukasus grundlegend zu ändern. Durch die Schaffung fast unerträglicher Bedingungen für das karatschaische und balkarische Volk gerät Rußland zwangsläufig in einen Konflikt mit der gesamttürkischen Solidarität, die ihre Stützpunkte in den unabhängigen Staaten Eurasiens und ihre ideologische Unterstützung in der Theorie des Turkismus findet, der am Ende des 20. Jahrhunderts eine Erneuerung erfährt. Auch ist zu berücksichtigen, daß die verletzten Interessen der Karatschaler und Balkaren eine Kettenreaktion bei allen 'repressierten Völkern' auslösen. Die lokalen karatschaisch-balkarischen Probleme nehmen im Kontext jener Fragen, die alle 'Deportierten' betreffen, eine zusätzliche Dimension an. Es zeigen sich hier in konzentrierter Form die nichtabgeschlossene 'Rehabilitierung', die Krise der rußländischen Politik in dieser Richtung und die Unwirksamkeit des 'Gesetzes über die Rehabilitierung der repressierten Völker' (1991). Der vorliegende Bericht stützt sich auf wissenschaftliche Literatur sowie Tagespresse, auf Archivquellen, Dokumente aus Beständen staatlicher Institutionen und gesellschaftlicher Organisationen sowie auf Materialien, die während einer umfassenden Forschungsreise im Sommer/ Herbst 1998 in die Kabardino-Balkarische und Karatschaisch-Tscherkessische Republik zusammengetragen wurden.' (Autorenreferat)

'Der vorliegende Bericht untersucht die Zusammenarbeit zwischen Macht und Geschäftswelt auf föderaler und regionaler Ebene. Er analysiert die verschiedenen Modelle dieser Zusammenarbeit und untersucht die Allianzen, die sich zwischen den politischen und wirtschaftlichen Akteuren herausbilden. Das Studium wissenschaftlicher Literatur, die Analyse von unabhängigen Experteninformationen, die Content-Analyse der Presse, die Verfolgung wichtiger Ereignisse des politischen und wirtschaftlichen Lebens der Gesellschaft ermöglichen der Autorin, die politischen Strategien der großen Korporationen und die Formen ihrer Zusammenarbeit mit der Macht zu rekonstruieren. Ferner wendet die Autorin die von ihr mitentwickelte Methode der 'multidimensionalen Analyse' an, die es ihr erlaubt, das Problem der Zusammenarbeit zwischen Business und Macht gleichzeitig in zwei Ebenen zu sehen - von außen und von innen. Zu diesem Zweck führte sie eine Serie von Interviews mit Vertretern des kleinen und mittleren Business in den drei Regionen Moskau, Twer und Nowgorod.' (Textauszug)

'Der Sturz der Regierung Kirienko hat den Gerüchten Nahrung gegeben, die russische Politik werde von einigen Finanzmagnaten - von den 'Oligarchen' - dominiert. Tatsächlich hat die Transformation des politischen und des Wirtschaftssystems zu einem tiefgreifenden gesellschaftlichen Wandel geführt, in dessen Verlauf eine neue wirtschaftliche Führungsschicht entstand, die aktiv in die Umgestaltung des politischen Systems und die Gestaltung der Marktbedingungen eingriff. Der vorliegende Bericht, der durch einen Materialienband (Sonderveröffentlichung des BIOst 1998) ergänzt wird, untersucht die Rolle der russischen Finanzmagnaten und ihren Einfluß auf die Gestaltung des politischen Systems.' (Textauszug)

'Der Aufbau eigenständiger und durchsetzungsfähiger Gewerkschaften ist für den Aufbau einer effektiven, sozial gerechten und demokratischen Gesellschaft unerläßlich. ob die russischen Gewerkschaften diese Herausforderung bewältigen, ist angesichts der sowjetischen Erblast trotz erheblicher Veränderungen in den letzten Jahren eine offene Frage. Ausgehend von der Gewerkschaftssituation in der Endphase der Sowjetunion werden in diesem Papier folgende Fragen behandelt: 1. Wie haben die politischen, wirtschaftlichen, sozialen und kulturellen Umbrüche die Entwicklung der Gewerkschaften in Rußland beeinflußt? 2. In welchem Maße konnten die Gewerkschaften selbst den Umbruchprozeß mitgestalten? 3. Welche Aussichten haben die Gewerkschaften in der näheren Zukunft?' (Autorenreferat)

This paper is the fifth and final contribution to the interdisciplinary scientific project carried out by Marie Rota, aimed at enhancing the role of plants through the writing process. It explores a way of designing the writing of invasive plants in economics from a critical perspective of standard approaches, based on an approach which lies at the crossroads between the philosophy of human development theorised by Amartya Sen and the permacultural ethics initiated by Bill Mollison and David Holmgren. It will constitute an annex to Chapter 5 of the work to be published in Le Bord de l'eau: Marie Rota (Ed.) (2021), Written plants. An interdisciplinary approach. ; Ce papier est la cinquième et dernière contribution au projet scientifique interdisciplinaire porté par Marie Rota, visant à valoriser le rôle des plantes au travers du procédé de l'écriture. Il explore une façon de concevoir l'écriture des plantes invasives en économie depuis une perspective critique des approches standards, à partir d'une approche qui se situe au croisement de la philosophie du développement humain théorisé par Amartya Sen et de l'éthique permaculturelle initiée par Bill Mollison et David Holmgren. Il constituera une annexe du chapitre 5 de l'ouvrage à paraître aux éditions Le Bord de l'eau : Marie Rota (Ed.) (2021), Ecrire les plantes. Une approche interdisciplinaire.

Product evaluation is often a prerequisite for placing them on the market. In the context of health and environmental policies, it relies on regulatory expertise which is regularly accused of prioritising the interests of obliged industries because of their influence over the political economy of science. Building on the history of a chemical assessment method promoted by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) from the 1980s onwards, the modelling of structure-activity relationships, this article examines the respective role of industries and administrations in the design, use and standardisation of scientific expertise in products. The progressive structuring of the EPA's evaluation work around structure-activity relationships, an approach hitherto rather mobilised by industry for the development of new molecules, shows that this expertise is the result of a series of cross-expectations by the industry and the administration responsible for its regulation, concerning the market in the process of being formed and the amount of property, which is uncertain, which constitutes it. Far from showing industry capture of agencies, the present case shows how the interactions between an administration, scientists and businesses have contributed to the development of market expertise. ; Risk assessment of products is often a prerequisite to authorize their placing on the market. This assessment is based on expert scientific evaluation, and is more and more frequently accused of putting industry interests first given the hold of the latter over the political economy of science. Building on the history of a risk assessment method for chemicals promoted by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) from as early as the 1980s¼the modeling of structure-activity relationships¼this article examines the respective roles of industry and government agencies in the design, use, and standardization of the scientific evaluation of products. The fact that the EPA's assessment work was progressively organized around structure-activity ...

It is a valuable academic work that contains extended abstracts of the academic studies presented within the scope of Innovation and Global Issues Congress 2 in Antalya by InGlobe Academy and includes multidisciplinary studies. Turkish Innovation and Global Issues Congress 2 kapsamında sunulan akademik çalışmaların geniş özet metinlerinin bulunduğu, multidisipliner çalışmalar içeren değerli akademik bir eserdir.