Suchergebnisse

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Buragapalli-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 603 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 600 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils and 4 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 6 soil series and 8 soil phases (management units) and 4 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 30 per cent area are shallow (25 - 50 cm), 16 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep (75-100 cm) and 53 per cent area are deep to very deep (100 to >150 cm).  About 14 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy and 86 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  About 78 per cent area in the microwatershed is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 16 per cent area low (51-100 mm/m) and 30 per cent area very low (0.75%) in 83 per cent area.  22 per cent area is high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus, 56 per area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 22 per area is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium and 5 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha).  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in all the soils of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 228(38) Guava - 98(16) Maize 98(16) 130(22) Sapota - 98(16) Bajra 98(16) 130(22) Pomegranate - 228(38) Groundnut 98(16) - Musambi - 228(38) Sunflower - 228(38) Lime - 228(38) Redgram - 228(38) Amla 98(16) - Bengal gram - 130(22) Cashew - - Cotton - 130(22) Jackfruit - 98(16) Chilli 98(16) 130(22) Jamun - - Tomato 98(16) - Custard apple 98(16) 130(22) Brinjal 98(16) - Tamarind - - Onion 98(16) - Mulberry - 98(16) Bhendi 98(16) 130(22) Marigold 98(16) 130(22) Drumstick - 98(16) Chrysanthemum 98(16) 130(22) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserves soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 108 (69.23%) men and 48 (30.77%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 3.8, marginal farmers' was 4.5, small farmers' was 4.4 and semi medium farmers' was 4.6.  The data indicated that, 19 (12.18%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 74 (47.44%) were in 16-35 years of age, 53 (33.97%) were in 36-60 years of age and 10 (6.41%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Buragapalli-2 had 45.51 per cent illiterates, 16.3 per cent of them had primary school, 11.54 per cent of them had high school education, 8.97 per cent of them had PUC, 75 per cent of them had diploma, 5.77 per cent of them had ITI and 5.13 per cent of them had degree education.  The results indicate that, 71.43 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture, 25.71 per cent of the household heads were agricultural laborers and 2.86 per cent of the household's heads were government service.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 16.67 per cent of the household members, 55.13 per cent were agricultural laborers, 3.21 per cent were in household government services, 1.28 per cent were in private services, 23.8 per cent were student and 0.64 per cent were housewives.  The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 45.71 per cent of the households possess katcha and 91.18 per cent of the households possess pucca/RCC house.  The results show that 94.29 per cent of the households possess TV, 45.71 per cent of the households possess mixer/grinder, 28.57 per cent of the households possess refrigerator, 2.86 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 54.29 per cent of the households motor cycle and 68.57 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 6,878, mixer/grinder was Rs. 1,762, refrigerator was Rs. 8,600, bicycle motor cycle was Rs. 500, motor cycle was Rs. 40,789 and mobile phone was Rs. 4,638.  About 57.14 per cent each of the households possess bullock cart, 60 per cent of the households possess plough, 42.86 per cent of the households possess seed/fertilizer drill, 8.57 per cent of the households possess irrigation pump, 28.57 per cent of the households possess sprayer and 34.29 per cent of the households possess weeder.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 22,500, plough was Rs. 2,342, seed/ fertilizer drill was Rs. 7,200, sprayer was Rs. 4,200 and the average value of weeder was Rs. 36.  The results indicate that, 48.57 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 28.57 per cent of the households possess local cow, 5.71 per cent of the households possess 2 buffalo and sheep. 8.57 per cent of the households possess goat and 2.86 per cent of the households possess poultry birds.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.68, average own labour (women) available was 1.19, average hired labour (men) available was 6.81 and average hired labour (women) available was 7.35.  The results indicate that, 88.57 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Buragapalli-2 micro-watershed possess 17.94 ha (88.6%) of dry land and 2.43 ha (11.94%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 7.19 ha (96.68%) of dry land and 0.25 ha (3.32%). Small farmers possess 5.22 ha (85.66%) of dry land and 0.87 ha (14.34%). Semi medium farmers possess 5.54 ha (80.85%) of dry land and 1.31 ha (19.15%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 562,629.68 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 780,865.21. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 1,056,981.99 for dry land and average land value was Rs. 2,834,426.16. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 325,503.88 for dry and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 686,1118. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 144,444.45 for dry land and the average value was Rs.8457,407.41 irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 3 de-functioning and functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 8.57 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 5.66 meters.  The results indicate that, marginal, small and semi-medium farmers had an irrigated area of 0.31ha, 0.87 ha and 1.31 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown red gram (18.99 ha), paddy (1.12 ha), sorghum (0.2 ha) and groundnut (0.15 ha), Marginal farmers have grown red gram, paddy and groundnut. Small farmers have grown red gram and paddy. Semi medium farmers have grown red gram.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Buragapalli-2 micro-watershed was found to be 100 per cent.  The results indicate that, 62.86 per cent of the households have bank account and savings.  The results indicate that, 62.86 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, 13.64 per cent of the households have borrowed from grameena bank.  The results indicate that, the average credit amount borrowed by households in micro-watershed was Rs, 8,090.91. 3  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households borrowed from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production.  The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households not repay their loan borrowed from institutional sources.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent opined that the loan amount borrowed from helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 191967.95. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 195000. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 30325. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:12.  The total cost of cultivation for Red gram was Rs. 107900.48. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 142388.14. The net income from Red gram cultivation was Rs. 34487.67. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.32.  The total cost of cultivation for Sorghum was Rs. 254442.82. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 175472.91. The net income from Sorghum cultivation was Rs. -78969.90. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.69.  The total cost of cultivation for Paddy was Rs. 152568.14. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 115522.59. The net income from Paddy cultivation was Rs. - 37045.54. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.76.  The results indicate that, 17.14 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate, 11.43 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was inadequate, 20 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate and 5.71 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was inadequate.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 66,800 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 246,954.55, for small farmers it was Rs. 416,400 and semi medium farmers it was Rs. 295,000.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 27,070.84. For landless households it was Rs. 22,550, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 11,957.40, for small farmers it was Rs. 59,000 and for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 92,222.22.  The results indicate that, households have planted 63 custard apple, 2 guava and 1 jackfruit and mango trees in their field and also 1 mango trees in their backyard.  The results indicate that, households have planted 9 neem trees in their field and 1 teak and 3 neem trees in their backyard.  The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 6,557.14 for land development.  The results indicated that Soft loan was the source of additional investment for 45.71per cent for land development.  The results indicated that, groundnut was sold to the extent of 50 per cent, paddy was sold to the extent of 65.52 per cent, red gram was sold to the extent of 81.13 per cent and sorghum was sold to the extent of 23.8 per cent. 4  The results indicated that, about 48.57 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchant and 37.14 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated markets.  The results indicated that, 82.86 per cent of the households have used tractor and 2.86 per cent of the households used truck as a mode of transportation.  The results indicated that, 85.71 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 82.86 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 97.14 per cent of the households used firewood and 5.71 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 68.57 per cent of the households in the micro watershed and bore well was the source of drinking water for 31.43 per cent of the households in the micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 97.14 per cent of the households and kerosene lamp was the major source of light for 2.86 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 22.86 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL cards.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 97.14 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 91.43 per cent, oilseed were adequate for 14.29 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 31.43 per cent, fruits were adequate for 45.71 per cent, milk were adequate for 28.57 per cent, egg and meat were adequate for 20 per cent.  The results indicated that, cereals were inadequate for 2.86 per cent, pulses were inadequate for 8.57 per cent, oilseeds and milk were inadequate for 85.71 per cent of the households, vegetables were inadequate for 68.57 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 45.71 per cent, milk were inadequate for 51.43 per cent, egg were inadequate were inadequate for 77.14 per cent and meat were inadequate for 74.29 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the was the constraint experienced by 91.43 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (82.86%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (42.86%), Inadequacy of irrigation water (17.14%), high cost of fertilizer and plant protection chemicals (31.43%), high rate of interest on credit (2.86%), low price for the agricultural commodities (17.14%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (14.29%), inadequate extension service (11.43%), Lack of transport for safe transport of the Agril produce to the market and less rainfall (25.71%) and Source of Agri-technology information(37.14%) ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kanakapur-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 433 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 98 per cent is covered by soil, one per cent by rock out crops and one per cent by water bodies, settlements and others and 150cm) soils.  About 10 per cent is sandy (loamy sand), 62 per cent loamy (sandy loam and sandy clay loam) and 27 per cent has clayey (sandy clay) soils at the surface.  About 55 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 4 per cent has nearly level (0-1%), 90 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands and 4 per cent has gently sloping lands (3-5%).  An area of about 51 per cent is slightly eroded (e1), 44 per cent is moderately eroded (e2) and 3 per cent is severely eroded.  An area of about 47 per cent is slightly acid (pH6.0-6.5) 41 per cent has neutral (pH 6.5 to 7.3) soils, 10 per cent slightly alkaline (pH 7.3 to 7.8) and 0.75%) in 2 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available phosphorus is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in 76 per cent and high (>57 kg/ha) in 23 per cent of the soils.  Available potassium is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in an entire area of the soils.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in 49 per cent of the area.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 9 per cent of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area.  The land suitability for 28 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 95(22) 82 (19) Pomegranate 32(7) 187(20) Maize 42 (10) 135 (31) Guava 1(<1) 163(38) Bajra 77(18) 190(44) Jackfruit 32(7) 131(30) Redgram 30(7) 103 (24) Jamun 29(7) 167(39) Bengal gram 53(12) 112(26) Musambi 85(20) 134(31) Groundnut 19(4) 316 (73) Lime 85(20) 134(31) Sunflower 83 (19) 61 (14) Cashew 13(3) 153(35) Cotton 82(19) 84(19) Custard apple 130(30) 296(68) Chilli 56(13) 47(11) Amla 77(18) 349 (81) Tomato 56(13) 47(11) Tamarind 29(7) 59(14) Drumstick 32(7) 268(62) Marigold 41(9) 136(32) Mulberry 32(7) 347(80) Chrysanthemum 41(9) 136 (32) Mango 29(7) 6(2) Jasmine 41(9) 80(19) Sapota 32(7) 131(30) Crossandra 41(9) 104(24) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 6 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plans have been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 91 (55.15%) men and 74 (44.85%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 6.5, marginal farmers' was 4.2, small farmers' was 5.45, semi medium farmers' was 6.29 and medium farmers' was 6.  The data indicated that, 28 (16.97%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 72 (43.64%) were in 16-35 years of age, 47 (28.48%) were in 36-60 years of age and 18 (10.91 %) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Kanakapur-1 had 30.30 per cent illiterates, 35.15 per cent of them had primary school education, 2.42 per cent of them had middle school education, 10.30 per cent of them had high school education, 11.52 per cent of them had PUC education, 1.21 per cent of them did ITI, 4.85 per cent of them had degree education and 2 persons were doing masters.  The results indicate that, 87.10 per cent of households practicing agriculture, 9.68 per cent of the households were agricultural laborers and 3.23 per cent were in government service.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 18.18 per cent of the household members, 46.67 per cent were agricultural laborers, 0.61 per cent were in government service, 1.82 per cent were in private service, 27.88 per cent were students, 3.03 per cent were housewives and 1.82 per cent were children.  The results show that 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 38.71 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 48.39 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 16.13 per cent of them possess pucca house.  The results shows that 96.77 per cent of the households possess TV, 83.87 per cent of the households possess mixer grinder, 25.81 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 38.71 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 3.23 per cent of the households possess refrigerator and 97.14 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results shows that the average value of television was Rs.4300, mixer grinder was Rs.1800, motor cycle was Rs.28214, mobile phone was Rs.1435, bicycle was Rs.1222 and refrigerator was Rs.15000.  About 22.58 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 29.03 per cent of them possess plough, 6.45 per cent of them possess tractor, 38.71 per cent of them posses sprayer, 93.55 per cent of them possess weeder, 3.23 per cent of them possess harvester and 3.23 per cent of them possess thresher. 2  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs.15400, plough was Rs.1900, the average value of tractor was Rs. 250000, the average value of sprayer was Rs.1064, the average value of harvester was Rs.3500, thresher was Rs.50000 and the average value of weeder Rs.40.  The results indicate that, 29.03 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 12.90 per cent of the households possess local cow and 3.23 per cent of the households possess buffalo.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.71, average own labour (women) available was 1.65, average hired labour (men) available was 6.74 and average hired labour (women) available was 7.39.  The results indicate that, 96.77 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Kanakapur-1 micro watershed possess 22.29 ha (38.40%) of dry land and 35.76 ha (61.60%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 273633 and average value of irrigated was Rs. 392264.  The results indicate that, there were 9 functioning and 11 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 29.03 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 22.71 meters.  The results indicate that, semi medium and medium farmers had irrigated area of 7.50 ha and 2.02 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown maize (16.5 ha), bajra (9.5 ha), cotton (2.63 ha), groundnut (4.63 ha), navane (0.81 ha), sesamum (0.81 ha), sorghum (0.81 ha), sunflower (0.88 ha), tomato (2.11 ha) and Bengal gram (0.73 ha).  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Kanakapur-1 micro watershed was found to be 86.25 per cent.  The results indicate that, 93.55 per cent of the households have bank account and 38.71 per cent of the households have savings.  The results indicate that, 90.32 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 23916. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 26575.54. The net income from Maize cultivation was Rs. 2659.54, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.11. 3  The total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 24282.12. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 23280.87. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. -1001.25. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.96.  The total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 36079.54. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 35197.50. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. -882.04. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.98.  The total cost of cultivation for bengalgram was Rs. 24352.79. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 70110. The net income from bengalgram cultivation was Rs. 45757.21. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.88.  The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 36632.92. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 45304.12. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 8671.21. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.24.  The total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 35183.37. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 67306.06. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. 32122.69. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.91.  The total cost of cultivation for tomato was Rs. 36338.34. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 111921.87. The net income from tomato cultivation was Rs. 75583.53. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:3.08.  The total cost of cultivation for navane was Rs. 18748.01. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 36309. The net income from navane cultivation was Rs. 17560.99. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.94.  The total cost of cultivation for sesamum was Rs. 27478.47. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 24700. The net income from sesamum cultivation was Rs. -2778.47. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.9.  The results indicate that, 6.45 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 9.68 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate. Around 12.90 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was inadequate.  The results indicate that the average annual gross income was Rs.30000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs.60810, for small farmers it was Rs.100354, for semi medium farmers it was Rs.98328, and for medium farmers it was Rs.105000.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 7730. For landless households it was Rs.7500, for marginal farmers it was Rs 2405, for small farmers it was Rs. 8834, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 7632, and for medium farmers it was Rs. 50000.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 18 coconut and 3 mango trees in their field.  The results indicate that, households have planted 3 teak trees, 71 neem trees and 3 tamarind trees in their field and 3 neem trees in their backyard. 4  The results indicated that, bajra, chilly, groundnut, ladies finger, mango, paddy, tomato were sold to the extent of 100 per cent. Maize was sold to the extent of 93.38 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 100 per cent of the famers have sold their produce in regulated markets. But some farmers also sold their produce in cooperative marketing society.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce, but 12.90 per cent have also used cart.  The results indicated that, 51.61 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 90.32 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 16.13 per cent of the households adopted field bunding and 3.23 per cent have adopted summer ploughing.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households who have adopted field bunding opined that they require full replacement of the structure.  The results indicated that, government was the main agency that was involved in constructing soil conservation structures in the micro watershed.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 38.71 per cent of the households and bore well was the source of drinking water for 61.29 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, 87.10 per cent used fire wood and 12.90 per cent of the households used LPG.  The results indicated that, Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 32.26 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 100 per cent of the landless, 30 per cent of the marginal, 18.18 per cent of the small, 28.57 per cent of the semi medium and 100 per cent of the medium farmers.  The results indicated that, 87.10 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card, 3.23 per cent of the households possessed APL card and 9.68 per cent did not possess PDS card.  The results indicated that, 51.43 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 38.71 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 6.45 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 12.90 per cent, fruits were adequate for 22.58 per cent, milk was adequate for 16.13 per cent, eggs were adequate for 16.13 per cent and meat was adequate for 9.68 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, cereals were inadequate for 3.23 per cent of the households, pulses were inadequate for 54.84 per cent, oilseeds were inadequate 5 for 77.42 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 58.06 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 35.48 per cent, milk was inadequate for 35.48 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 61.29 per cent and meat was inadequate for 3.23 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 83.87 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (48.39%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (41.94%), inadequacy of irrigation water (12.90%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (25.81%), high rate of interest on credit (3.23%), low price for the agricultural commodities (25.81%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (22.58%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (45.16%), less rainfall (29.03%) inadequate extension services (16.13%) and source of agri technology information (12.90). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Ashanal-3 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 513 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 384 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 49 ha by rock outcrops and about 20 ha by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 10 soil series and 15 soil phases (management units) and 9 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 19 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep to deep (75 - 150 cm), 64 per cent soils are shallow to moderately shallow (25-75 cm) and 4 per cent soils are very shallow (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 1 per cent area medium (101-150 mm/m), 15 per cent area low (51-100 mm/m) and 70 per cent area very low (0.75).  About 45 per cent area is low (57 kg/ha).  About 49 per cent is low (145 kg/ha) is low in available potassium and 37 per cent medium (145-337 kg/ha).  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in the whole area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 14 per cent area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be  noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 21(4) 63(12) Guava - 79(15) Maize 19(4) 64(13) Sapota - 79(15) Bajra 19(4) 79(16) Pomegranate - 80(16) Groundnut - 94(18) Musambi - 80(16) Sunflower 01(<1) 79(15) Lime - 80(16) Redgram - 80(16) Amla 19(4) 79(15) Bengal gram 01(<1) 22(4) Cashew - 19(4) Cotton 01(<1) 23(4) Jackfruit - 79(15) Chilli - 83(16) Jamun - 1 (<1) Tomato 19(4) 63(12) Custard apple 80(16) 18(4) Brinjal 21(4) 78(15) Tamarind - 1(<1) Onion 61(12) 37(7) Mulberry - 94(17) Bhendi 61(12) 37(7) Marigold - 83(16) Drumstick - 95(19) Chrysanthemum - 83(16) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and sub marginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 84 (60.43%) men and 55 (39.57%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 3.5, marginal farmers' was 4.4, small farmers' was 3.5, semi medium farmers' was 3.1 and medium farmers' was 4.  The data indicated that, 14 (10.07 %) people were in 0-15 years of age, 54 (38.85%) were in 16-35 years of age, 60 (43.17%) were in 36-60 years of age and 11 (7.91%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Ashanal-3 had 68.35 per cent illiterates, 0.72 per cent of them had functional literate, 10.79 per cent of them had primary school, 2.16 per cent of them had middle school, 9.35 per cent of them had high school education, 4.32 per cent of them had PUC and 2.88 per cent of them had degree education.  The results indicate that, 59.46 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture, 29.73 per cent of the household heads were agricultural laborers and 5.41 cent of the household heads were General Labour and housewives.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 56.83 per cent of the household members, 14.39 per cent were agricultural laborers, 2.16 per cent were in general labour, 0.72 per cent were private service, 12.23 per cent were students and housewives, 1.44 per cent were children.  The results show that, 0.72 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has participated in Raitha Sangha and 99.28 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 2.70 per cent of the households possess thatched and pucca/RCC house and 94.59 per cent of the households possess katcha house.  The results show that 81.08 per cent of the households possess TV, 56.76 per cent of the households possess mixer/grinder, 21.62 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 97.3 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 6,666, mixer/grinder was Rs. 1,938, motor cycle was Rs. 43,375 and mobile phone was Rs. 1,467.  About 13.51 per cent each of the households possess bullock cart and sprayer, 10.81 per cent each of the households possess Plough, 2.7 per cent each of the households possess Sprinkler, 27.03 per cent each of the households possess weeder, 24.32 per cent each of the households possess harvester and 5.41 per cent each of the households possess chaff cutter.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 20,800, plough was Rs. 1,400, sprayer was Rs.4,400, sprinkler was Rs. 200, weeder was Rs. 462, Harvester was Rs. 254, and the average value of chaff cutter was Rs. 150. 2  The results indicate that, 32.43 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 8.11 per cent of the households possess local cow and Buffalo and 2.70 per cent of the households possess sheep and goat.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.7, average own labour (women) available was 1.39, average hired labour (men) available was 6.21 and average hired labour (women) available was 6.09.  The results indicate that, 89.19 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Ashanal-3 micro-watershed possess 37.14 ha (80.62%) of dry land and 8.93 ha (19.38%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 9.25 ha (100 %) of dry land. Small farmers possess 14.47 ha (88.75%) of dry land and 1.83 ha (11.25%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 9.22 ha (68.87%) of dry land and 4.16 ha (31.13%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 4.21 ha (58.96%) and 2.93 ha (41.04%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 542,280.46 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 503,853.13. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 842,782.16 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 504,363.63 for dry land the average land value was Rs. 708,830.03 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 412,209.06 for dry land and Rs. 600,097.18 for irrigated land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 296,875 for dry land and Rs. 238,812.16 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 6 functioning and 4 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 6.22 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 8.07 meters.  The results indicate that, marginal, small, semi medium and medium farmers had an irrigated area of 0.89 ha, 2.11 ha, 2.95 ha and 2.93 ha respectively. The results indicate that, farmers have grown cotton (10.51 ha), red gram (9.16 ha), groundnut (8.64 ha), green gram (6.38 ha), sorghum (2.02 ha) and paddy (3.44 ha). Marginal farmers have grown cotton, red gram, groundnut, green gram and sorghum. Small farmers have grown cotton, red gram, groundnut, green gram, sorghum and paddy. Semi medium farmers have grown cotton, red gram, groundnut and paddy. Medium farmers have grown groundnut and green gram.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Ashanal-3 micro-watershed was found to be 97.17 per cent.  The results indicate that, 78.38 per cent of the households have bank account. The results indicate that, 78.38 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources. 3  The results indicate that, 6.90 per cent of the households have borrowed from grameena bank.  The results indicate that, the average credit amount borrowed by households in micro-watershed was Rs, 6,206.90.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households borrowed from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production.  The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households not repay their loan borrowed from institutional sources.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Cotton was Rs. 33381.76. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 81397.81. The net income from Cotton cultivation was Rs. 48016.05. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.44.  The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 23752.68. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 60035.34. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 36282.66. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.53.  The total cost of cultivation for Red gram was Rs. 16907.43. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 46958.85. The net income from Red gram cultivation was Rs. 30051.42. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.78.  The total cost of cultivation for Sorghum was Rs. 28471.79. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 84979.76. The net income from Sorghum cultivation was Rs. 56507.97. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.98.  The total cost of cultivation for Paddy was Rs. 31715.06. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 110018.21. The net income from Paddy cultivation was Rs. 78303.15. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:3.47.  The total cost of cultivation for Green gram was Rs. 18827.26. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 51709.54. The net income from Green gram cultivation was Rs. 32882.28. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.75.  The results indicate that, 27.03 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 10.81 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 75,000, for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 103,750, for small farmers it was Rs. 143,416.67, semi medium farmers it was Rs. 156,428.57 and medium farmers it was Rs. 181,250.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 5,459.18. For landless households it was Rs. 11,250, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 5,618.69, for small farmers it was Rs. 3,349.49, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 6,195.92 and medium farmers it was Rs. 3,000.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 9 coconut, 4 lemon and 11 mango tree in their field and 2 coconut and 1 mango trees in backyard. 4  The results indicate that, households have planted 26 teak, 63 neem, 7 tamarind and 1 banyan trees in their field and also 2 teak and 3 neem trees in their backyard.  The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 3,810.81 for land development and households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 405.41for improved livestock management, households have an average investment capacity of Rs.54.05 for orchard development/maintenance and households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 135.14 for Subsidiary enterprises.  The results indicated that loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 35.14 per cent for land development, 8.11 per cent for improved livestock management and 2.7 per cent for orchard development/maintenance. Own funds was the source of additional investment for 2.7 per cent for land development and subsidiary enterprises. Soft loan was the source of additional investment for 2.7 per cent for land development.  The results indicated that, cotton was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, green gram was sold to the extent of 91.3 per cent, groundnut was sold to the extent of 83.49 per cent, paddy was sold to the extent of 65.71 per cent, Red gram was sold to the extent of 86.76 per cent and sorghum to the extent of 92.73 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 72.97 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchant, 13.51 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated markets and 2.70 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to contract marketing arrangement.  The results indicated that, 89.19 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation.  The results indicated that, 83.78 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 83.78 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 8.11 per cent of the households used LPG and 94.59 per cent of the households used firewood as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 91.89 per cent of the households in the micro watershed and bore well was the source of drinking water for 8.11 per cent of the households in the micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 25.71 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL cards.  The results indicated that, 75.68 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme. 5  The results indicated that, cereals, pulses and oilseed were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, vegetables were adequate for 78.38 per cent, fruits were adequate for 8.11 per cent, milk were adequate for 86.49 per cent and Egg were adequate for 10.81 per cent.  The results indicated that, vegetables were inadequate for 5.71 per cent of the households, fruits were inadequate for 89.19 per cent, milk were inadequate for 13.51 per cent, egg were inadequate for 86.49 per cent and meat were inadequate for 100 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil, wild animal menace on farm field and frequent incidence of pest and diseases was the constraint experienced by 89.19 per cent of the households, Inadequacy of irrigation water (16.22%), high cost of fertilizer and plant protection chemicals (86.49%), high rate of interest on credit (70.27%), low price for the agricultural commodities and lack of marketing facilities in the area (83.78%), inadequacy extension service and source of Agritechnology information (8.11%) and Lack of transport for safe transport of the Agril produce to the market (81.08%), less rainfall (13.51%) ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Chukkanakallu-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 574 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 70 per cent is covered by soils, 18 per cent by rock outcrops and 11 per cent by habitation and water bodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 12 soil series and 24 soil phases (management units) and 7 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm) soils.  An area of about 17 per cent has loamy soils and 53 per cent has clayey soils at the surface.  About 49 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 77 ha (13%) area has nearly level (0-1%) and 327 ha (57%) is very gently sloping (1-3%) lands in the microwatershed.  An area of about 36 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 35 per cent moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about 14 per cent are slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8), 10 per cent are moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4), 40 per cent are strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) and 7 per cent are very strongly alkaline (pH>9.0) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils is 337 kg/ha) in available potassium content.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) area of the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 32 per cent and medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in 38 per cent and 1.0 ppm) area.  Available iron is deficient (0.6 ppm) in about 24 per cent area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 38 (7) 202 (35) Sapota 62 (11) 4 (1) Maize - 241 (42) Pomegranate 62 (11) 142 (25) Bajra 62 (11) 206 (36) Musambi 76 (13) 128 (22) Groundnut - 95 (16) Lime 76 (13) 128 (22) Sunflower 47 (8) 154 (27) Amla 62 (11) 218 (38) Red gram 33 (6) 118 (20) Cashew - 66 (11) Bengalgram 38 (7) 228 (40) Jackfruit 62 (11) 4 (1) Cotton 71 (12) 170 (30) Jamun - 114 (20) Chilli 33 (6) 30 (5) Custard apple 100 (17) 180 (31) Tomato 33 (6) 30 (5) Tamarind - 120 (21) Brinjal 31 (5) 221 (39) Mulberry 62 (11) 154 (27) Onion 1 (<1) 74 (13) Marigold - 240 (42) Bhendi 1 (<1) 250 (44) Chrysanthemum - 240 (42) Drumstick 62 (11) 151 (26) Jasmine - 102 (18) Mango - 63 (11) Crossandra - 114 (20) Guava - 66 (11)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 7 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops that helps in maintaining productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 80 (55.56%) men and 64 (44.44%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 4.2, marginal farmers' was 4.5, small farmers' was 3.9, and semi medium farmers' was 4.6.  The data indicated that, 33 (22.92%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 60 (41.67%) were in 16-35 years of age, 40 (27.78%) were in 36-60 years of age and 11 (7.64%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Chukkanakallu-1 had 29.86 per cent illiterates, 33.33 per cent of them had primary school education, 10.42 per cent of them had middle school education, 12.50 per cent of them had high school education and 0.69 per cent of them did ITI education.  The results indicate that, 91.18 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture and 8.82 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labour.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 31.25 per cent of the household members, 40.28 per cent were agricultural labourers, 23.61 per cent were students, 1.39 per cent were housewives and 3.47 per cent were children.  The results show that, 0.69 per cent were in NGOs and 99.31per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 2.94 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 82.35 per cent of the households possess katcha house, 11.76 per cent of the households possess pucca/RCC and 5.88 per cent of the households possess semi pacca house.  The results show that 76.47 per cent of the households possess TV and mixer/grinder, 11.76 per cent of them possess bicycle, 35.29 per cent of them possess motor cycle and 73.53 per cent of them possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 4,807, mixer grinder was Rs. 1,794, bicycle was 1,750, motor cycle was Rs. 42,083 and mobile phones was 2,015.  About 17.65 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 41.18 per cent of them possess plough, 2.94 per cent of them possess seed/fertilizer drill and thresher, 5.88 per cent of them possess irrigation pump, 23.53 per cent of them possess sprayer and 41.18 per cent of them possess weeder.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 20,500, plough was Rs. 2,364, seed/fertilizer drill was Rs. 2,500, irrigation pump was Rs. 10,000, sprayer was Rs. 2,956, weeder was Rs. 285 and thresher was Rs.80.  The results indicate that, 20.59 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 11.76 per cent of the households possess local cow and 2.94 per cent of them possess buffalo and sheep. 2  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.44, average own labour (women) available was 1.09, average hired labour (men) available was 10.32 and average hired labour (women) available was 10.44.  The results indicate that 17.65 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate and 82.35 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Chukkanakallu-1 micro-watershed possess 21.54 ha (71.72%) of dry land, 6.59 ha (21.95 %) of irrigated land and 1.90 ha (6.33 %). Marginal farmers possess 5.45 ha (90.83%) of dry land, 0.43 ha (7.15%) and 0.12 ha (2.02%) permanent fallow land. Small farmers possess 11.90 ha (65.80%) of dry land, 4.40 ha (24.35%) of irrigated land and 1.78 ha (9.85%). Semi medium farmers possess 4.19 ha (70.41%) of dry land and 1.76 (29.59%) for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 368,968.43, the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 636,832.41 and permanent fallow land was Rs. 394,148.93. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 669,302.16 for dry land, Rs. 1,165,094.40 for irrigated land and Rs.2,058,333.25 for permanent fallow land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 285,646.26 for dry land and Rs. 726,470.58 for irrigated land and Rs. 280,681.81 for permanent fallow land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 214,782.61 for dry land and Rs. 283,908.05 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 7 functioning and 5 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 20.59 per cent of the farmers and tank was the irrigation source for 2.94 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 19.80 meters.  The results indicate that marginal, small and semi medium farmers had an irrigated area of 0.43 ha, 4.40 ha, and 1.62 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown bajra (1.21 ha), maize (24.17 ha), sajje (1.30 ha), tomato (0.4 ha), watermelon (0.4 ha) and groundnut (0.81 ha). Marginal farmers had grown maize, sajje, tomato and groundnut. Small farmers had bajra, maize, sajje and watermelon. Semi medium farmers had grown maize.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Chukkanakallu-1 micro-watershed was found to be 99.83 per cent.  The results indicate that, 50 per cent of the households have bank account and savings.  The results indicate that, 26.47 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, 11.76 per cent of the households have borrowed from commercial bank. 3  The results indicate that, the average credit amount borrowed by households in micro-watershed was Rs, 23,529.41.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households borrowed from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production.  The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan borrowed from institutional sources.  The results indicate that, around 100 per cent opined that the loan amount borrowed from institutional sources helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 110600.11. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 58420.07. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. -52180.04. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.53.  The total cost of cultivation for Maize was Rs. 41066.23. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 37805.61. The net income from Maize cultivation was Rs. - 3260.62. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.92.  The total cost of cultivation for tomato was Rs. 74688.94. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 79040.00. The net income from tomato cultivation was Rs. 4351.06. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.06.  The total cost of cultivation for watermelon was Rs. 26445.91. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 296400.00. The net income from watermelon cultivation was Rs. 269954.09. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:11.21.  The total cost of cultivation for Groundnut was Rs. 59468.30. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 79534.00. The net income from Groundnut cultivation was Rs. 20065.70. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.34.  The results indicate that, 20.59 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate, 5.88 per cent was green fodder was adequate and 2.94 per cent dry fodder was inadequate of the households.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 41,000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 43,363.64, for small farmers it was Rs. 52,866.67 and for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 68,333.33.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 2,692.72. For landless households it was Rs. 3,600, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 2,012.99, for small farmers it was Rs. 1,549.52 and for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 9,388.89.  The results indicate that, households have planted 1 mango trees in their field.  The results indicate that, households have planted 2 teak, 30 neem, 3 tamarind, 4 acacia and 7 banyan trees in their field.  The results indicated that, bajra, groundnut, navane, tomato and water melon was sold to the extent of 100 per cent and maize was sold to the extent of 99.53 percent.  The results indicated that, about 29.41 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants, 52.94 per cent of the sold their produce to regulated market. 4  The results indicated that, 5.88 per cent of the households used cart, 73.53 per cent of the households used tractor and 2.94 per cent of them used truck as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce.  The results indicated that, 35.29 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 61.76 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households used firewood as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, bore well was the major source of drinking water for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 32.35 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility. The results indicated that, 97.06 per cent of the sample households possessed BPL card and 2.94 per cent of the households did not possess any PDS card. The results indicated that, 61.76 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 82.35 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 64.71 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 11.76 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 14.71 per cent, fruits were adequate for 35.29 per cent, milk were adequate for 26.47 per cent and egg and meat were adequate for 23.53 per cent.  The results indicated that, cereal were inadequate for 17.65 per cent, pulses were inadequate for 35.29 per cent, oilseeds and vegetables were inadequate for 76.47 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 41.18 per cent, milk were inadequate for 52.94 per cent, egg were inadequate were 67.65 per cent and meat were inadequate were 55.88 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, oilseeds were market surplus for 11.76 per cent, vegetables were market surplus for 2.94 per cent of egg and meat were market surplus of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil and wild animal menace on farm field was the constraint experienced by 61.76 per cent of the households, frequent incidence of pest and diseases and low price for the agricultural commodities (20.59 %), inadequacy of irrigation water (35.29%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (11.76%), high rate of interest on credit (23.53 %), lack of marketing facilities in the area (8.82%), inadequate extension services (5.88%), less rainfall (50 %) and Source of Agri-technology information (26.47%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Hosahalli-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 564 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 92 per cent is covered by soils and 8 per cent by rock outcrops, habitation and water bodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 10 soil series and 25 soil phases (management units) and 7 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm) soils.  About 6 per cent has loamy soils at the surface and 86 per cent has clayey soils at the surface.  About 68 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 11 per cent has nearly level (0-1%) and 81 per cent area has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 37 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 55 per cent moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about 46 per cent are strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) and 45 per cent are very strongly alkaline (pH >9.0) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils is 337 kg/ha) in available potassium content.  Available sulphur is low (320 ppm) in the area of about 1 per cent soils.  Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 47 per cent, medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in 40 per cent and high (>1.0 ppm) in 5 per cent area.  Available iron is deficient (0.6 ppm) in about 9 per cent area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 1 (<1) 330 (59) Sapota 55 (10) - Maize - 352 (62) Pomegranate 55 (10) 199 (35) Bajra 55 (10) 296 (53) Musambi 55 (10) 200 (35) Groundnut - 82 (15) Lime 55 (10) 200 (35) Sunflower 26 (5) 229 (41) Amla 55 (10) 276 (49) Red gram 26 (5) 193 (34) Cashew - 55 (10) Bengalgram 1 (<1) 329 (59) Jackfruit 55 (10) - Cotton 27 (5) 305 (54) Jamun - 207 (37) Chilli 26 (5) 35 (6) Custard apple 56 (10) 275 (49) Tomato 26 (5) 35 (6) Tamarind - 207 (37) Brinjal 29 (5) 322 (57) Mulberry 55 (10) 206 (36) Onion - 82 (15) Marigold - 331 (59) Bhendi - 351 (62) Chrysanthemum - 331 (59) Drumstick 55 (10) 200 (35) Jasmine - 131 (23) Mango - 155 (28) Crossandra - 96 (17) Guava - 55 (10)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 7 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops that helps in maintaining productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 99 (54.40%) men and 83 (45.60%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 3.4, marginal farmers' was 5.17, small farmers' was 5, semi medium farmers' was 6 and medium farmers' was 8.  The data indicated that, 39 (21.43%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 79 (43.41%) were in 16-35 years of age, 45 (24.73%) were in 36-60 years of age and 19 (10.44 %) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Hosahalli-2 had 28.57 per cent illiterates, 36.81 per cent of them had primary school education, 5.49 per cent of them had middle school education, 15.93 per cent of them had high school education, 6.59 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.55 per cent of them did ITI and another 0.55 per cent had diploma education; 3.30 per cent of them had degree education.  The results indicate that, 94.44 per cent of households practicing agriculture and 5.56 per cent of the households were agricultural laborers.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 20.33 per cent of the household members, 51.65 per cent were agricultural laborers, 1.10 per cent was in private service, 26.37 per cent were students and 0.55 per cent were housewives.  The results show that 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 22.22 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 63.89 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 11.11 per cent of them possess pucca house.  The results show that 97.22 per cent of the households possess TV, 80.56 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 55.56 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 38.89 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, and 88.89 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs.3485, mixer grinder was Rs.1189, bicycle was Rs. 1000, motor cycle was Rs.33000 and mobile phone was Rs.1281.  About 13.89 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 16.67 per cent of them possess plough, 11.11 per cent of them posses sprayer, 97.22 per cent of them possess weeder and 11.11 per cent of them possess chaff cutter.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs.23200, plough was Rs.857, the average value of sprayer was Rs.4500, the average value of chaff cutter was Rs.3250, and the average value of weeder was Rs.58.  The results indicate that, 16.67 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 5.56 per cent of the households possess local cow and 5.56 per cent of them possess sheep. 2  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.81, average own labour (women) available was 1.68, average hired labour (men) available was 8.26 and average hired labour (women) available was 8.94.  The results indicate that, 83.33 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate and 2.78 per cent opined that hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Hosahalli-2 micro watershed possess 30.79 ha (86%) of dry land and 5.01 ha (14%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 13.25 ha (97.04%) of dry land and 0.40 ha (2.96%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 9.05 ha (83.61%) of dry land and 1.77 ha (16.39%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 8.50 ha (95.45%) of dry land and 0.40 ha (4.55%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 2.43 ha (100%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 259,726.60 and average value of irrigated land was Rs. 578,594.51. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 354,689.89 for dry land and Rs. 1,235,000 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 209,977.63 for dry land and Rs. 676,712.35 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 164,666.67 for dry land and Rs. 1,482,000 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 247,000 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 10 functioning and 10 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 27.78 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 9.40 meters.  The results indicate that, marginal, small, semi medium and medium farmers had irrigated area of 0.4 ha, 2.11 ha, 0.81 ha and 4.86 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown maize (11.4 ha), redgram (9.8 ha), sorghum (5.28 ha), bengalgram (2.43 ha), sunflower (1.65 ha), cotton (1.21 ha), paddy (0.94 ha), tomato (0.81 ha), groundnut (0.81 ha) and bajra (0.55 ha).  Marginal farmers have grown maize, redgram, sorghum, bengalgram, sunflower, tomato and bajra. Small farmers have grown maize, redgram, sorghum, paddy and groundnut. Semi medium farmers have grown maize, redgram, sorghum, bengalgram and tomato. Medium farmers have grown Bengalgram and paddy.  In case of marginal farmers it was 99.88 per cent, in case of small farmers it was 100 per cent, in case of semi medium farmers it was 50 per cent, and medium farmers also had cropping intensity of 50 per cent.  The results indicate that, 80.56 per cent of the households have bank account and savings.  The results indicate that, 80.56 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources. 3  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 27038.42. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 31038.57. The net income from Maize cultivation was Rs. 4000.15, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.15.  The total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 50861.36. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 35697.81. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. - 15163.55. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.7.  The total cost of cultivation for bengalgram was Rs. 59311. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 48576.67. The net income from bengalgram cultivation was Rs. -10734.33. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.82.  The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 41578.62. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 38532. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. -3046.62. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.93.  The total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 31068.81. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 74100. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. 43031.19. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.39.  The total cost of cultivation for tomato was Rs. 75202.83. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 67925. The net income from tomato cultivation was Rs. - 7277.83. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.9.  The total cost of cultivation for redgram was Rs. 24466.49. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 45608.39. The net income from redgram cultivation was Rs. 21141.90. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.86.  The total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 35513.33. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 132481.82. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 96968.50. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:3.73.  The total cost of cultivation for sunflower was Rs. 21363.81. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 54026.50. The net income from sunflower cultivation was Rs. 32662.69. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.53.  The results indicate that, 5.56 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 2.78 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate. Around 8.33 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was inadequate.  The results indicate that the average annual gross income was Rs. 120,000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 76,841.11, for small farmers it was Rs. 191,162.50, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 119,100, and for medium farmers it was Rs. 115,000.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 9,591.78. For landless households it was Rs. 7,428.57, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 3,945.99, for small farmers it was Rs. 11,058.33, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 23,416.67, and for medium farmers it was Rs. 55,000.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 2 mango trees in their field. 4  The results indicate that, households have planted 1 teak trees, 62 neem trees, 2 tamarind and 7 banyan trees in their field.  The results indicate that, the average additional investment capacity with the households for land development was Rs. 7,777.78, for irrigation facility Rs. 1,777.78, and for improved crop production Rs. 1,055.56.  The results indicate that, government subsidy was the source of additional investment capacity for 77.78 per cent of the households for land development, 27.78 per cent for irrigation facility and 16.67 per cent for improved crop production.  The results indicated that, Bengalgram, cotton, paddy, sorghum, sunflower and tomato were sold to the extent of 100 per cent. Bajra was sold to the extent of 86.67 per cent, groundnut to the extent of 80 per cent, maize to the extent of 96.72 per cent and redgram was marketed to the extent of 95.45 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 94.44 per cent of the famers have sold their produce in regulated markets and only 2.78 per cent have sold their produce to local/village merchants.  The results indicated that, 94.44 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce and 2.78 per cent have used cart as a mode of transportation.  The results indicated that, 77.78 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 77.78 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 75 per cent of the households and bore well was the source of drinking water for 25 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, 97.22 per cent used fire wood and 2.78 per cent of the households used LPG.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households in the micro watershed possess sanitary toilet.  The results indicated that, 97.22 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 2.78 per cent did not possess PDS card.  The results indicated that, 47.22 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 66.67 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 47.22 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 61.11 per cent, fruits were adequate for 80.56 per cent, milk was adequate for 55.56 per cent and eggs were adequate for 69.44 per cent of the households. 5  The results indicated that, pulses were inadequate for 33.33 per cent, oilseeds were inadequate for 50 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 38.89 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 2.78 per cent, milk was inadequate for 19.44 per cent and eggs were inadequate for 13.89 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 88.89 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (75%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (36.11%), inadequacy of irrigation water (5.56%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (52.78%), high rate of interest on credit (11.11%), low price for the agricultural commodities (11.11%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (8.33%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (30.56%), less rainfall (61.11%), inadequate extension services (19.44%) and source of agri-technology information(Newspaper/TV/Mobile) (8.33%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Yadgir Rf-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 752 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 426 ha (57%) ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, about 66 ha (9%) by rock outcrops, whereas 244 ha (33%) by forest and about 16 ha (2%) by others (Habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 10 soil series and 17 soil phases (management units) and 6 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  An entire cultivated area of about 57 per cent is suitable for agriculture in the microwatershed.  About 2 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are deep (100- 150 cm), whereas 17 per cent soils are moderately deep (75-100 cm), about 200 mm/m) in available water capacity. About 12 per cent area of the microwatershed is medium (101-150 mm/m) and about 42 per cent soils are low (51-100 mm/m) and very low (0.75%) and 3 percent is medium (0.50-0.75%) in organic carbon content.  An area of about 21 percent is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 36 percent soils are high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  Available potassium content is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  Available sulphur content is medium (10-20 ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed  Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc content is deficient (0.6 ppm) in the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 25(4) 128(17) Guava - 144(19) Maize 7(<1) 124(17) Sapota - 129(17) Bajra 7(<1) 146(19) Pomegranate - 147(20) Groundnut - 135(18) Musambi 3(<1) 144(19) Sunflower 3(<1) 144(19) Lime 3(<1) 144(19) Redgram - 147(20) Amla 7(<1) 146(19) Bengal gram 25(3) 21(3) Cashew - - Cotton 18(2) 28(4) Jackfruit - 129(17) Chilli - 138(18) Jamun - 18(2) Tomato 7(<1) 131(18) Custard apple 73(10) 80(11) Brinjal 10(1) 143(19) Tamarind - 18(2) Onion 58(8) 80(11) Mulberry - 129(17) Bhendi 58(8) 95(13) Marigold - 153(20) Drumstick - 147(20) Chrysanthemum - 153(20) Mango - 3(<1)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 77(55.40%) men and 62 (44.60%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 4.2, marginal farmers' was 3.7, small farmers' was 4.3 and semi medium farmers' was 4.5.  The data indicated that, 26 (18.71 %) people were in 0-15 years of age, 66 (47.48 %) were in 16-35 years of age, 43 (30.94%) were in 36-60 years of age and 4 (2.88%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Yadgiri Rf-2 had 51.08 per cent illiterates, 20.86 per cent of them had primary school, 1.44 per cent of them had middle school, 12.23 per cent of them had high school education, 5.76 per cent of them had PUC, 0.72 per cent of them had ITI and masters and 2.16 per cent of them had Degree education.  The results indicate that, 85.29 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture and 14.71 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourers.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 21.58 per cent of the household members, 59.71 per cent were agricultural labourers, 15.83 per cent were students and 2.88 per cent were children.  The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 17.65 per cent of the households possess Thatched house, 76.47 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 5.88 per cent of them possess pucca/RCC.  The results show that 58.82 per cent of the households possess TV, 32.35 per cent of the households possess mixer/grinder, 17.65 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 29.41 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 79.41 per cent of the households possess mobile phones and 2.94 per cent of the households possess computer/ laptop.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 4,150, mixer/grinder was Rs. 1,000, bicycle was Rs. 7,333, motor cycle was Rs. 36,500, mobile phone was Rs. 1,570 and computer/laptop was Rs.2,000.  About 2.94 per cent of the households possess bullock cart and tractor, 26.47 per cent of them possess plough, 5.88 per cent of them possess Seed/Fertilizer Drill, 11.76 per cent of them possess sparyer and 58.82 per cent of them possess weeder.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 20,000, plough was Rs. 2,208, seed/fertilizer drill was Rs. 2,750, tractor was Rs. 3000,000, sprayer was Rs. 2,850, and the average value of weeder was Rs.24.  The results indicate that, 35.29 per cent of the households possess bullocks and 2.94 per cent of the households possess buffalo. 2  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed and average own labour (women) available was 1.32, average hired labour (men) available was 7.06 and average hired labour (women) available was 7.97.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Yadgiri Rf-2 micro-watershed possess 29.26 ha (95.56%) of dry land and 1.36 ha (4.44%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 9.75 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 15.05 ha (91.72%) of dry land and 1.36 ha (8.28%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 4.45 ha (100%) of dry land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 369,013.70 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 882,142.88. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 563,926.94 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 298,790.32 for dry land and Rs. 882,142.88 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 179,636.36 for dry land.  The results indicate that, there were 1de-functioning and 2 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 5.88 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 4.12 meters.  The results indicate that small farmers had an irrigated area of 1.36 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown red gram (18.38 ha), groundnut (4.09 ha), cotton (2.96 ha), Paddy (2.17 ha), green gram (1.3 ha) and sorghum (1.69 ha). Marginal farmers have grown red gram, groundnut, paddy and sorghum. Small farmers have grown red gram, groundnut, cotton, green gram and paddy. Semi medium farmers have grown red gram and groundnut.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Yadgiri Rf-2 micro-watershed was found to be 100 per cent.  The results indicate that, 67.65 per cent of the households have bank account and savings.  The results indicate that, 67.65 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, 4.35 per cent of the households have borrowed from grameena bank and SHGs/CBOs.  The results indicate that, the average credit amount borrowed by households in micro-watershed was Rs, 1,521.74.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households borrowed from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production. 3  The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan borrowed from institutional sources.  The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan borrowed from private sources.  The results indicate that, around 100 per cent opined that the loan amount borrowed from helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The results indicate that, around 100 per cent opined that the loan amount was high rate of interest.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Cotton was Rs. 20406.65. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 44974.58. The net income from Cotton cultivation was Rs. 24567.93. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.2.  The total cost of cultivation for green gram was Rs. 32636.63. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 23156.25. The net income from green gram cultivation was Rs. -9480.38. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.71.  The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 33014.07. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 42105.09. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 9091.02. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.28.  The total cost of cultivation for Red gram was Rs. 33653.19. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 46257.47. The net income from Red gram cultivation was Rs. 12604.28. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.37.  The total cost of cultivation for Sorghum was Rs. 26876.85. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 26399.54. The net income from Sorghum cultivation was Rs. -477.31. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.98.  The total cost of cultivation for Paddy was Rs. 51353.96. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 70297.25. The net income from Paddy cultivation was Rs. 18943.30. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.37.  The results indicate that, 23.53 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 45,000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 81,210.71, for small farmers it was Rs. 74,203.85 and semi medium farmers it was Rs. 185,250.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 5,555.47. For landless households it was Rs. 2,000, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 2,740.99, for small farmers it was Rs. 2,789.40 and for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 52,125.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 4 mango tree in their field.  The results indicate that, households have planted 2 teak, 25 Neem and 4 tamarind trees in their field and also 5 neem and 1 tamarind trees in their backyard. 4  The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 617.65 for land development, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 12,941.18 for irrigation facility, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 323.53 for improved crop production and households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 58.82 for improved livestock management.  The results indicated that government subsidy was the source of additional investment for 2.94 per cent each for irrigation facility. Soft loan was the source of additional investment for 17.65 per cent each for land development, 8.82 per cent for improved crop production and 2.94 per cent for improved livestock management.  The results indicated that, cotton was sold to the extent of 56.52 per cent, Green gram and sorghum was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, Groundnut was sold to the extent of 90.91 per cent, paddy was sold to the extent of 95 per cent and red gram to the extent of 94.35 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 26.47per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants and 58.82 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated market.  The results indicated that, 85.29 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation.  The results indicated that, 82.35 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 79.41 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 88.24 per cent of the households used firewood as a source of fuel and 11.76 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 67.65 per cent of the households in the micro watershed and 32.35 per cent of the households used bore well.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 58.82 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL cards.  The results indicated that, 64.71 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals and pulses were adequate for 94.12 per cent of the households, oilseed were adequate for 47.06 per cent of the households, vegetables were adequate for 29.41 per cent, fruits were adequate for 41.18 per cent, Milk were adequate for 17.65 per cent, Eggs were adequate for 20.59 per cent and meat were adequate for 26.47 per cent. 5  The results indicated that, cereals were inadequate for 2.94 per cent of the households, pulses were inadequate for 5.88 per cent, oilseeds were inadequate for 50 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 67.65 per cent, fruits and milk were inadequate for 52.94 per cent, Egg were inadequate for 79.41 per cent and meat were inadequate for 67.65 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the was the constraint experienced by 88.84 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (82.35%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (61.76%), Inadequacy of irrigation water (23.53%), High rate of interest on credit (17.65%), High cost of Fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (38.24%), Low price for the agricultural commodities and lack of marketing facilities in the area and lack of transport for safe transport of the Agril produce to the market (20.59%), ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Vojenahalli-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 576 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 69 per cent is covered by soil, 31 per cent by water bodies, settlements and 150cm) soils.  About 3 per cent loamy (sandy clay loam) and 65 per cent has clayey (sandy clay and clay) soils at the surface.  About 62 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are 337 kg/ha) in 8 per cent area of the soils.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 12 per cent area of the soils.  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) in 1 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available iron is deficient (4.5 ppm) in 0.6 ppm) in 34 per cent of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 28(5) 346 (60) Sapota 28(5) 21(4) Maize 28(5) 347 (60) Pomegranate 28(5) 331(58) Bajra 28(5) 368(64) Guava - 49(9) Redgram 28(5) 212(37) Jackfruit 28(5) 21(4) Bengal gram - 375(65) Jamun 28(5) 233(41) Groundnut - 49(9) Musambi 28(5) 331(58) Sunflower 28 (5) 310 (54) Lime 28(5) 331(58) Cotton 28(5) 347(60) Cashew - 49(9) Chilli 28(5) - Custard apple 28(5) 368(64) Tomato 28(5) - Amla 28(5) 368(64) Brinjal - 375(65) Tamarind 28(5) 212(37) Onion - 28(5) Marigold 28(5) 347(60) Bhendi - 375(65) Chrysanthemum 28(5) 347 (60) Drumstick 28(5) 310(54) Jasmine 28(5) 36(6) Mulberry 28(5) 281(49) Crossandra 28(5) 98(17) Mango 28(5) 98(17) - - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 3 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plans have been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 106 (54.64%) men and 88 (45.36%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 4, marginal farmers' was 5, small farmers' was 6.6, semi medium farmers' was 4.7 and medium farmers' was 5.6.  The data indicated that, 43 (22.16%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 82 (42.27%) were in 16-35 years of age, 55 (28.35%) were in 36-60 years of age and 14 (7.22%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Vojenahalli-2 had 27.32per cent illiterates, 29.38 per cent of them had primary school education, 7.73 per cent of them had middle school education, 21.13 per cent of them had high school education, 9.28 per cent of them had PUC education and 2.58 per cent of them had degree.  The results indicate that, 68.57 per cent of the household heads were practicing agriculture, 28.57 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourers and 2.86 per cent of the household heads were trade and business and housewives.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 25.77 per cent of the household members, 39.18 per cent were agricultural labourers, 0.52 per cent were private service and trade and business, 24.74 per cent were student, 5.67 per cent were housewives and 2.58 per cent were children.  The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 77.14 per cent of the households possess katcha house, 17.14 per cent of them possess pucca/RCC house and 5.71 per cent of them possess semi pacca house.  The results show that 85.71 per cent of the households possess TV, 77.14 per cent of them possess mixer/grinder, 25.71 per cent of them possess bicycle, 37.14 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 97.14 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 7,066, mixer grinder was Rs. 2,344, bicycle was Rs. 2,711, motor cycle was Rs. 41,923 and mobile phone was Rs. 2,220.  About 20 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 45.71 per cent of them possess plough, 5.71 per cent of them possess seed/fertilizer drill and tractor, 2.86 per cent of them possess irrigation pump, power tiller and harvester, 20 per cent of them possess sprayer and 57.14 per cent of them possess weeder.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 13,625, plough was Rs. 3,381, seed/fertilizer drill was Rs.35,000, irrigation pump was Rs.75,000, power tiller was Rs. 50,000, tractor was Rs.500,000, sprayer was Rs.3,285, weeder was Rs. 70 and harvester was Rs.80. 2  The results indicate that, 37.14 per cent of the households possess bullocks and local cow, 2.86 per cent of the households possess crossbreed cow and 8.57 per cent of the households possess local cow.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.56, average own labour (women) available was 1.41, average hired labour (men) available was 12 and average hired labour (women) available was 12.18.  The results indicate that 45.71 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate and 48.57 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Vojenahalli-2 micro-watershed possess 38.66 ha (76.48%) of dry land and 11.89 ha (23.52%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 5.33 ha (92.95%) of dry land and 0.40 ha (7.05%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 16.51 ha (96.8%) of dry land and 0.55 ha (3.20%) irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 10.34 ha (65.16%) of dry land and 5.53 ha (34.84%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 6.48 ha (54.50%)of dry land and 5.41 ha (45.50 %) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 307,715.66 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 420,497.11. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 468,512.90 for dry land the average land value was Rs. 2,470,000. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 272,493.26 for dry land, Rs.182,962.96 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 280,352.26 for dry land and Rs. 506,295.75 for irrigated land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 308,750 and the average value was Rs. 203,368.27 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 1 de-functioning and 7 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 20 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 23.33 meters.  The results indicate that marginal and small, semi medium and medium farmers had an irrigated area of 0.40 ha, 5.53 ha and 2.11 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown bajra (3.47 ha), groundnut (1.21 ha), maize (37.21 ha), navane (2.02 ha), onion (0.81 ha). Red gram (1.69 ha), sunflower (4.57 ha) and watermelon (0.40 ha). Marginal farmers have grown bajra, and maize. Small farmers have grown bajra, maize, navane, red gram and sunflower. Semi medium farmers have grown maize, onion, red gram and watermelon. Medium farmers have grown groundnut, maize and sunflower.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Vojenahalli-2 micro-watershed was found to be 78.89 per cent. 3  The results indicate that, 42.86 per cent of the households have bank account and savings.  The results indicate that, 42.86 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 42621.58. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 19878.02. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. -22743.56. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.47.  The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 30409.08. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 55986.67. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 25577.58. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.84.  The total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 36307.28. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 36634.06. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 326.78. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.01.  The total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 36307.28. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 36634.06. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 326.78. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.01.  The total cost of cultivation for onion was Rs. 30525.33. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 37050. The net income from onion cultivation was Rs. 6524.67. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.21.  The total cost of cultivation for red gram was Rs. 35775.70. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 20601.84. The net income from red gram cultivation was Rs. -15173.86. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.58.  The total cost of cultivation for sunflower was Rs. 32563.90. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 30187.33. The net income from sunflower cultivation was Rs. -2376.57. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.93.  The total cost of cultivation for watermelon was Rs. 228916.72. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 185250.00. The net income from watermelon cultivation was Rs. -43666.72. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.81.  The results indicate that, 17.14 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate, 14.71 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate, 31.43 per cent opined that dry fodder was inadequate and 2.86 per cent opined that green fodder was inadequate.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 53,000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 38,537.50, for small farmers it was Rs. 62,961.54, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 80,250 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 120,333.33.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 6,160.64. For landless households it was Rs. 11,555.56, for marginal farmers it was Rs 4,700, for 4 small farmers it was Rs. 4,043.39, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 4,640.63 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 17,888.89.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 2 coconut trees in their field. The results indicate that, households have planted 41 neem, 2 tamarind and 4 banyan trees in their field. Also, the households have planted 5 neem, trees in their backyard.  The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 3.200 for land development, and Rs. 1,000 for improved crop production.  The results indicated that, bajra, groundnut, navane, onion, red gram, sunflower and watermelon were sold to the extent of 100 per cent and maize was sold to the extent of 95.58 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 48.57 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants, 62.86 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated market and 5.71 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to cooperative marketing society.  The results indicated that, 114.29 per cent of them used tractor as a mode of transportation.  The results indicated that, 60 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 74.29 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households used firewood as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 51.43 per cent of the households, bore well was the source of drinking water for 45.71 per cent of the households and lake/tank was the source of drinking water for 2.86 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 31.43 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 2.86 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 97.14 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, 42.86 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 94.29 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 57.14 per cent, oilseeds and fruits were adequate for 11.43 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 8.57, milk was adequate for 51.43 per cent, eggs were adequate for 48.57 per cent and meat were adequate for 45.71 per cent. 5  The results indicated that, cereals were in adequate for 5.71 per cent of the households, pulses were inadequate for 42.86 per cent, oilseeds and fruits were inadequate for 85.71 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 88.57 per cent, milk was inadequate for 42.86 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 40 per cent and meat was inadequate for 2.86 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, oilseeds and vegetables were market surplus for 2.86 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil, high rate of interest on credit and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market was the constraint experienced by 45.71 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field and less rainfall (57.14%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (68.57%), inadequacy of irrigation water (54.29%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (51.43%), low price for the agricultural commodities and lack of marketing facilities in the area (20%), inadequate extension services (8.57%), and Source of Agri-technology information (42.86%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Koluru-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 294 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 98 per cent is covered by soil, two per cent by water bodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below  The soils belong to 11 soil series and 21 soil phases (management units) and 7 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is 150cm) soils.  About 11 per cent is loamy (sandy clay loam) and 86 per cent has clayey (sandy clay and clay) soils at the surface.  About 34 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 14 per cent has nearly level (0-1%) and 84 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 64 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 34 per cent is moderately eroded (e2).  Entire area in the microwatershed is strongly alkaline (pH 8.4 to 9.0) in reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are 57 kg/ha) in 10 per cent of the soils.  Available potassium is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in 41 per cent and high (>337 kg/ha) in 57 per cent area of the soils.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 66 per cent area of the soils.  Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) in 25 per cent of the area.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area.  The land suitability for 28 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 45(15) 77(26) Pomegranate - 125(43) Maize - 122 (41) Guava - 46(15) Bajra 23(8) 142(48) Jackfruit - 45(15) Redgram - 82 (28) Jamun - 104(36) Bengal gram 45(15) 97(33) Musambi 45(15) 80(28) Groundnut 13(4) 43 (15) Lime 45 (15) 80(28) Sunflower 45(15) 58(20) Cashew - 46(15) Cotton 45(15) 77(26) Custard apple 67(23) 98(33) Chilli 10(3) 13(4) Amla 23(8) 143 (48) Tomato 10(3) 13(4) Tamarind - 59(20) Drumstick - 103(35) Marigold - 123(41) Mulberry - 127(43) Chrysanthemum - 123 (41) Mango - 14(5) Jasmine - 42(14) Sapota - 45(15) Crossandra - 44(15) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 7 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plans have been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 83 (53.90%) men and 71 (46.10%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 5.2, marginal farmers' was 8.8, small farmers' was 11.4, semi medium farmers' was 3.2 and medium farmers' was 2.  The data indicated that, 18 (11.69%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 64 (41.56%) were in 16-35 years of age, 62(40.26%) were in 36-60 years of age and 10(6.49%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Koluru-1 had 22.73 per cent illiterates, 31.17per cent of them had primary school education, 9.09 per cent of them had middle school education, 18.18 per cent of them had high school education, 9.74 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.65 per cent had diploma education, 1.30 per cent of them did ITI, 3.25 per cent of them had degree and 0.65 per cent of them had masters level education.  The results indicate that, 65.71 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture and 34.29 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labour.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 42.21 per cent of the household members, 34.42 per cent were agricultural labourers, 1.30 per cent were in private service, 18.83 per cent were students, 2.60 per cent were housewives and 0.65 per cent were children.  The results show that, 0.65 per cent were in raitha sangha, and 99.35 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 45.71 per cent of the households possess katcha house, 22.86 per cent of the households possess pucca/RCC house and 31.43 per cent of the households possess semi pacca house.  The results show that 80 per cent of the households possess TV and mobile phones, 54.29 per cent of them possess mixer/grinder, 2.86 per cent of them possess bicycle and auto and 42.86 per cent of them possess motor cycle.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 7,107, mixer grinder was Rs. 2,257, bicycle was 1,000, motor cycle was Rs. 39,800, auto was 300,000 and mobile phone was Rs. 1,544.  About 11.43 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 22.86 per cent of them possess plough and sprayer, 2.86 per cent of them possess tractor and chaff cutter and 60 per cent of them possess weeder.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 15,500, plough was Rs. 6,837, tractor was Rs. 300,000, sprayer was Rs. 3,122, chaff cutter was Rs. 2,000 and weeder was Rs. 63. 2  The results indicate that, 20 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 22.86 per cent of the households possess local cow and 14.29 per cent possess crossbreed cow.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.3, average own labour (women) available was 1.37, average hired labour (men) available was 15.17 and average hired labour (women) available was 13.60.  The results indicate that 85.71 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Koluru-1 micro-watershed possess 23.78 ha (65.76 %) of dry land and 12.38 ha (34.24 %) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 4.14 ha (71.01%) of dry land and 1.69 ha (28.99%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 13.83 ha (83.43%) of dry land and 2.75 ha (16.57%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 5.80 ha (69.81%) of dry land and 2.51 (30.19%) for irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 5.43 ha (100%) irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 369,911.50 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 508,695.66. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 651,269.52 for dry land and Rs. 1,536,363.66 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 332,416.61 for dry land and Rs. 618,409.43 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 258,368.20 for dry land and Rs. 398,387.09 for irrigated land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 184,053.66 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 13 functioning and 5 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 37.14 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 39.62 meters.  The results indicate that marginal, small, semi medium and medium farmers had an irrigated area of 2.5 ha, 5 ha, 2.02 ha and 4.53 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown maize (10.25 ha), cotton (5.69 ha), sunflower (3.34 ha), bajra (3.24 ha), jowar (1.92 ha), groundnut (3.31 ha), sajje (1.73 ha), green gram (1.21 ha), chilly (0.81 ha) and red gram (0.51 ha). Marginal farmers had grown maize, cotton, bajra, groundnut, jowar, sajje and red gram. Small farmers had maize, cotton, sunflower, bajra, jowar and green gram. Semi medium farmers had grown maize and groundnut. Medium farmers had grown cotton, groundnut and chilly.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Koluru-1 micro-watershed was found to be 75.07 per cent. 3  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 47006.87. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 63793.23. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 16786.36. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.36.  The total cost of cultivation for Redgram was Rs. 35698.10. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 39520.00. The net income from Redgram cultivation was Rs. 3821.90. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.11.  The total cost of cultivation for Bajra was Rs. 33412.01. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 21333.17. The net income from Bajra cultivation was Rs. - 12078.84. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.64.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Chilly was Rs. 40874.17. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 83362.50. The net income from Chilly cultivation was Rs. 42488.33. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.04.  The total cost of cultivation for sunflower was Rs. 28610.03. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 38925.69. The net income from sunflower cultivation was Rs. 10315.66. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.36.  The total cost of cultivation for Sorghum was Rs. 23667.27. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 40416.17. The net income from Sorghum cultivation was Rs. 16748.89. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.71.  The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 61481.35. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 91599.98. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 30118.63. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.49.  The total cost of cultivation for Cotton was Rs. 49401.47. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 104358.00. The net income from Cotton cultivation was Rs. 54956.52. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.11.  The total cost of cultivation for Green gram was Rs. 31427.56. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 29887.00. The net income from Green gram cultivation was Rs. -1540.56. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.95.  The results indicate that, 48.57 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder and green fodder was adequate of the households.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 64,000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 86,272.73, for small farmers it was Rs. 83,038.46, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 51,125 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 140,000. The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 9,346.29. For landless households it was Rs. 9,640, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 6,842.98, for small farmers it was Rs. 5,607.50, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 10,187.50 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 45,000.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 24 coconut trees and 2 mango trees in their field. 4  The results indicate that, households have planted 1 teak, tamarind, banyan and peepul trees, 35 neem, 20 acacia trees in their field.  The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 2,857.14 for land development, Rs. 1,142.86 for improved crop production and Rs. 57.14 for improved livestock management.  The results indicated that loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 25.71 per cent for land development, for 22.86 per cent for improved crop production and for 2.86 per cent for improved livestock management.  The results indicated that, bajra was sold to the extent of 90.22 per cent, chilly, cotton, green gram, groundnut, sorghum, red gram, sunflower and sugarcane was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, maize was sold to the extent of 59.21 per cent and tomato was sold to the extent of 80 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 40 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants, 17.14 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated market and 51.43 per cent of them sold their produce to agents/traders.  The results indicated that, 102.86 per cent of the households used tractor and 5.71 per cent of them used cart as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce.  The results indicated that, 40 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 45.71 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 80 per cent of the households used firewood and 20 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 62.86 per cent of the households and bore well was the source of drinking water for 34.29 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 20.93 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 97.14 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 2.86 per cent of the households did not possess any PDS card.  The results indicated that, 65.12 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals and milk were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 62.86 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 42.86 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 45.71 per cent, fruits were adequate for 2.86 per cent, egg and meat were adequate for 68.57 per cent. 5  The results indicated that, pulses were inadequate for 37.14 per cent, oilseeds and fruits were inadequate for 60 per cent and vegetables were inadequate for 54.29 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil, frequent incidence of pest and diseases and inadequacy of irrigation water was the constraint experienced by 45.71 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (60%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (51.43%), high rate of interest on credit (62.86%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (22.86%), low price for the agricultural commodities and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (5.71%), less rainfall (40%) and Source of Agri-technology information (17.14%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Mundragi-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 834 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 579 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 28 ha by rock outcrops and about 227 ha by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 10 soil series and 12 soil phases (management units) and 7 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 50 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep to very deep (75 - >150 cm) and 20 per cent soils are shallow to moderately shallow (25-75 cm).  About 34 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 35 per cent clayey soils.  About 69 per cent area is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 6 per cent area medium (101-150 mm/m), 19 per cent area low (51-100 mm/m) and 10 per cent area very low (0.75).  About 12 per cent area is low (57 kg/ha).  About an area of 337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in the whole area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the whole area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 245(29) 253(30) Guava - 125(15) Maize - 497(60) Sapota - 125(15) Bajra - 497(60) Pomegranate - 415(50) Groundnut - 125(15) Musambi 127(15) 288(35) Sunflower 35(4) 379(46) Lime 127(15) 288(35) Redgram - 415(50) Amla 201(24) 297(36) Bengal gram 290(35) 129(15) Cashew - - Cotton 235(28) 184(22) Jackfruit - 125(15) Chilli - 453(54) Jamun - 336(40) Tomato - 243(29) Custard apple 415(50) 83(10) Brinjal 256(31) 242(29) Tamarind - 336(40) Onion 180(22) 238(29) Mulberry - 125(15) Bhendi 335(40) 163(20) Marigold - 498(60) Drumstick - 415(50) Chrysanthemum - 498(60) Mango - 46(6)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and sub marginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data on households sampled for socio economic survey indicated that 35 farmers were sampled in Mundragi-2 micro-watershed among them 5 (14.29 %) were landless, 16 (45.71%) were marginal farmers, 8 (22.86 %) were small farmers and 3 (8.57 %) were semi medium and medium farmers.  The data indicated that there were 97 (59.88 %) men and 65 (40.12 %) women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers' was 4.8, marginal farmers' was 4.75, small farmers' was 3.87, semi medium farmers' was 5.66 and medium farmers' was 4.66.  The data indicated that, 32 (19.75 %) people were in 0-15 years of age, 67 (41.36 %) were in 16-35 years of age, 48 (29.63 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 15 (9.26 %) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Mundragi-2 had 49.38 per cent illiterates, 0.62 per cent of them had functional illiterate, 20.99 per cent of them had primary school, 2.47 per cent of them had middle school and degree education, 15.43 per cent of them had high school education and 4.94 per cent of them had PUC and Degree education.  The results indicate that, 54.29 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture, 40 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourers and 5.71 per cent of the household heads were general labour and housewives.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 32.72 per cent of the household members, 26.54 per cent were agricultural labourers, 4.32 per cent were in general labour, 1.85 per cent were private service, 24.07 per cent were students, 15.08 per cent were housewives and 1.23 per cent were children.  The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 2.86 per cent of the households possess Thatched house, 80 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 17.14 per cent of them possess pucca/RCC house.  The results show that 85.71 per cent of the households possess TV, 34.29 per cent of the households possess mixer/grinder, 20 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 45.71 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 94.29 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 9,000, mixer/grinder was Rs.2000, bicycle was Rs. 2,071, motor cycle was Rs. 42,437 and mobile phone was Rs. 2,197.  About 2.86 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, Seed/Fertilizer Drill and Tractor, 22.86 per cent of them possess plough and 31.43 per cent of them possess weeder. 2  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 30,000, plough was Rs. 1,625, seed/fertilizer drill was Rs. 3,500 and the average value of Tractor was Rs. 300,000.  The results indicate that, 20 per cent of the households possess bullocks and 5.71 per cent of the households possess local cow, Buffalo and Goat.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.50, average own labour (women) available was 1.30, average hired labour (men) available was 11.97 and average hired labour (women) available was 9.60.  The results indicate that, 85.71 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Mundragi-2 micro-watershed possess 25.37 ha (69.13 %) of dry land and 11.33 ha (30.87 %) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 8.38 ha (87.35 %) of dry land and 1.21 ha (12.65 %) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 11.58 ha (100 %) of dry land. Semi medium farmers possess 5.41 ha (81.66 %) of dry land and 1.21 ha (18.34 %) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 8.90 ha (100 %) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 543,723.16 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 405,785.71. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 1,144,022.94 for dry land, the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 6,175,000.14 and the average value of permanent fallow land was Rs. 1,976,000. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 563,926.94 for dry land and Rs. 1,146,413.50 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 350,643.78 for dry land.  The results indicate that, there were 7 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed and 6 De-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 20 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 21.68 meters.  The results indicate that, marginal, semi medium and medium farmers had an irrigated area of 1.21 ha, 1.21 ha and 8.91 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown Cotton (15.55 ha), red gram (6.7 ha), groundnut (6.15 ha), Sorghum (3.79 ha) and paddy (1.62 ha). Marginal farmers have grown Cotton, Sorghum, red gram, Groundnut, paddy and green gram. Small farmers have grown Cotton, red gram and green gram. Semi medium farmers have grown Cotton, Sorghum and groundnut. Medium farmers have grown Cotton, paddy and groundnut.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Mundragi-2 micro-watershed was found to be 84.26 per cent.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for red gram was Rs. 58150.41. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 60100.99. The net income from red gram cultivation was Rs. 1950.58. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.03. 3  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for green gram was Rs. 19673.25. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 45449. The net income from green gram cultivation was Rs. 25775.75. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 2.31.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 106251.60. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 44707. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. -61544.60. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 0.42.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 90743.85. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 58269.75. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. -32474.09. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 0.64.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Sorghum was Rs. 71750.28. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 43499.44. The net income from Sorghum cultivation was Rs. -28250.83. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 0.61.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Cotton was Rs. 31515.26. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 53887.66. The net income from Cotton cultivation was Rs. 22372.41. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.71.  The results indicate that, 22.86 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and green fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 75,800 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 94,615, for small farmers it was Rs. 88,225, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 94,000 and medium farmers it was Rs. 182,666.67.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 13,431.85. For landless households it was Rs. 13,250, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 8,043.62, for small farmers it was Rs. 7,687.50, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 24,000 and medium farmers it was Rs. 47,222.22.  The results indicate that, households have planted 65 neem and 5 Acacia and 2 Banyan trees in their field and also 10 neem trees in their backyard.  The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 1,857.14 for land development, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 7,085.71 for Irrigation facility, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 2,885.71 for improved crop production, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 1,428.57 for Improved livestock management and households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 857.14 for Orchard development/ maintenance.  The results indicated that Loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 25.71 per cent each for land development and improved crop production, for 5.71 per cent for irrigation facility, for 2.86 per cent each for improved livestock management and orchard development or maintenance. Own funds was the source of additional 4 investment for 2.86 per cent each for land development, irrigation facility and improved crop production.  The results indicated that, Cotton was sold to the extent of 98.3 per cent, Green gram was sold to the extent of 90.91 per cent, groundnut was sold to the extent of 92.94 per cent, Sorghum was sold to the extent of 98.7 per cent, paddy was sold to the extent of 90.48 per cent and red gram to the extent of 94.74 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 85.71 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants and 5.71 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated markets.  The results indicated that, 91.43 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation.  The results indicated that, 37.14 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 85.71 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 91.43 per cent of the households used firewood and 11.43 per cent of them used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 94.29 per cent of the households in the micro watershed.  The results indicated that, Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 42.86 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL cards.  The results indicated that, 54.29 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals and pulses were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, Oilseed were adequate for 5.71 per cent, Vegetables were adequate for 37.14 per cent, Fruits were adequate for 2.86 per cent, Milk and egg were adequate for 100 per cent and Meat were adequate for 97.14 per cent.  The results indicated that, Vegetables were inadequate for 62.86 per cent of the households, oilseeds were inadequate for 91.43 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 51.43 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 97.14 per cent of the households and Egg were inadequate for 2.86 per cent.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil and High cost of Fertilizers and plant protection chemicals were the constraints experienced by 88.57 per cent of the households, Wild animal menace on farm field, frequent incidence of pest and diseases, inadequacy of irrigation water and High rate of interest on credit was the constraint experienced by 85.71 per cent of the households and Low price for the agricultural commodities (2.86 %) ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Maglapur microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 546 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 58 per cent is covered by soil, 34 per cent by rock outcrops, 7 per cent by habitation and water body and 1 per cent by national highway. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below  The soils belong to 12 soil series and 19 soil phases (management units) and 6 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm) soils.  About 2 per cent sandy (loamy sand), 21 per cent loamy (sandy loam and sandy clay loam) and 36 per cent has clayey (sandy clay and clay) soils at the surface.  About 50 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 17 per cent is nearly level (0-1%) and 42 per cent is very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 24 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 35 per cent is moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about 3 per cent is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3), 14 per cent is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8), 15 per cent is moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4), 17 per cent is strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) and 10 per cent is very strongly alkaline (pH >9.0) in reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are 0.75%) in 1 per cent area of the soils.  Available phosphorus is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available potassium is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in 25 per cent and high (>337 kg/ha) in 34 per cent area of the soils.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in 4 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (>0.6 ppm) in 17 per cent and sufficient (>0.6 ppm) in 42 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 101(19) 120(22) Sapota 111(20) 27(5) Maize 80(15) 142(26) Pomegranate 111(20) 123(22) Bajra 111(20) 135(25) Musambi 113(21) 121(22) Groundnut - 105(19) Lime 113(21) 121(22) Sunflower 102(19) 106(19) Amla 111(20) 148(27) Redgram 100(18) 108(19) Cashew - 149(27) Bengal gram 2(<1) 220(40) Jackfruit 111(20) 27(5) Cotton 102(19) 120(22) Jamun 100(18) 135(24) Chilli 80(15) 75(14) Custard apple 113(21) 146(27) Tomato 80(15) 32(6) Tamarind 100(18) 108(19) Brinjal 12(2) 233(42) Mulberry 91(17) 85(16) Onion - 135(24) Marigold 80(15) 142(26) Bhendi - 245(45) Chrysanthemum 80(15) 142(26) Drumstick 111(20) 96(17) Jasmine 80(15) 46(9) Mango 100(18) 39(7) Crossandra 100(18) 14(2) Guava 34(6) 105(19)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 6 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 113 (62.78%) men and 67 (37.22%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 4.5, marginal farmers' was 5.5, small farmers' was 4.3, semi medium farmers' was 4.7 and medium farmers' was 6.75.  The data indicated that, 17 (9.44%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 86 (47.78%) were in 16-35 years of age, 58 (32.22%) were in 36-60 years of age and 19 (10.56%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Maglapur had 37.78 per cent illiterates, 1.11 per cent functional literate, 24.44 per cent of them had primary school education, 2.22 per cent of them had middle school education, 17.78 per cent of them had high school education, 10 per cent of them had PUC education, 5 per cent had degree education and 0.56 per cent of them had degree level education.  The results indicate that, 61.11 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture, 36.11 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labour and 2.78 per cent of the household heads were housewives.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 30.56 per cent of the household members, 0.56 per cent were agricultural labourers, 1.67 per cent were trade and business, 12.22 per cent were students, 3.89 per cent were housewives and 2.22 per cent were children.  The results show that, 1.11 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has participated in sthree shakthi sangha, self help group, user group and NGOs and 95.56 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 2.78 per cent of the households possess thatched house and 97.22 per cent of the households possess katcha house.  The results show that 88.89 per cent of the households possess TV and mobile phones, 44.44 per cent of them possess mixer/grinder, 36.11 per cent of them possess motor cycle and 2.78 per cent of them possess landline phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 7,343, mixer grinder was Rs. 1,987, motor cycle was Rs. 44,769, landline phones was 2,000 and mobile phones was Rs. 1,925.  About 2.78 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, power tiller and sprinkler, 11.11 per cent of them possess plough and tractor, 8.33 per cent of them possess sprayer, 50 per cent of them possess weeder and 5.56 of them possess harvester.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 30,000, plough was Rs. 1,425, power tiller was Rs. 100,000, tractor was Rs.500,000, sprayer was Rs. 3,000, sprinkler was Rs. 2,000, weeder was Rs.40 and harvester was Rs. 1,100. 2  The results indicate that, 13.89 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 16.67 per cent of the households possess local cow, 8.33 per cent possess crossbreed cow and 2.78 per cent of them possess sheep and goat.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.93, average own labour (women) available was 1.21, average hired labour (men) available was 25.61 and average hired labour (women) available was 16.55.  The results indicate that 50 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate and 33.33 per cent of the households hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Maglapur micro-watershed possess 20.02 ha (45.90 %) of dry land and 23.6 ha (54.1 %) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 1.44 ha (50.28%) of dry land and 1.42 ha (49.72%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 6.04 ha (68.88%) of dry land and 2.73 ha (31.12%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 6.07 ha (34.35%) of dry land and 11.6 (65.65%) for irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 6.48 ha (45.22%) for dry land and 7.84 ha (23.60 %) for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 269,563.46 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 563,385.36. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 763,202.23 for dry land and Rs. 982,386.51 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 364,209.12 for dry land and Rs. 1,465,875.34 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 247,000.00 for dry land and Rs. 542,762.47 for irrigated land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 92,625.00 for dry land and Rs. 203,921.57 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 19 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 52.78 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 115.99 meters.  The results indicate that marginal, small, semi medium and medium farmers had an irrigated area of 1.10 ha, 5 ha, 2.73 ha, 11 ha and 6.23 ha respectively. The results indicate that, farmers have grown bajra (4.14 ha), cotton (0.47 ha), groundnut (6.88 ha), maize (28.38 ha) and onion (1.21 ha). Marginal farmers had grown cotton, groundnut and maize. Small farmers had bajra, groundnut and maize. Semi medium farmers had grown bajra, groundnut, maize and onion. Medium farmers had grown groundnut and maize.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Maglapur micro-watershed was found to be 87.53 per cent.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 21215.72. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 27626.41. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. 6410.70. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.3. 3  The total cost of cultivation for Cotton was Rs. 41720.51. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 57491.38. The net income from Cotton cultivation was Rs. 15770.87. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.38.  The total cost of cultivation for Groundnut was Rs. 43681.09. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 95286.97. The net income from Groundnut cultivation was Rs. 51605.88. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.18.  The total cost of cultivation for Maize was Rs. 61898.06. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 50396.03. The net income from Maize cultivation was Rs. - 11502.03. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.81.  The total cost of cultivation for Onion was Rs. 17897.26. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 49400.00. The net income from Onion cultivation was Rs. 31502.74. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.76.  The total cost of cultivation for Horse gram was Rs. 21428.49. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 148200.00. The net income from Horse gram cultivation was Rs. 126771.51. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:6.92.  The results indicate that, 11.11 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate, 30.56 green fodders was adequate and 19.44 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was inadequate.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 13,500 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 29,000, for small farmers it was Rs.43,875, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 90,727.27 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 90,727.27.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 8,265.67. For landless households it was Rs. 1,083.33, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 2,744.90, for small farmers it was Rs. 5,031.25, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 6,622.73 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 39,687.50.  The results indicate that, households have planted 17 coconut and 2 mango trees in their field.  The results indicate that, households have planted 1 teak and tamarind, 53 neem, 3 pongamia and peepul tree, 2 acacia and and 4 banyan trees in their field and also 1 banyan trees in their backyard.  The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 1,388.89 for land development and Rs. 527.78 for improved crop production.  The results indicated that loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 11.11 per cent for land development and improved crop production.  The results indicated that, bajra, cotton, horse gram and onion was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, ground nut was sold to the extent of 70.42 per cent and maize was sold to the extent of 76.03 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 33.33 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants and 58.33 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated market. 4  The results indicated that, 91.67 per cent of the households used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce.  The results indicated that, 22.22 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 47.22 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 94.44 per cent of the households used firewood and 5.56 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 69.44 per cent of the households and bore well was the source of drinking water for 30.56 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 38.89 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, 72.22 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 80.56 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 11.11 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 30.56 per cent, milk were adequate for 83.33 per cent, egg were adequate for 61.11 per cent and meat were adequate for 66.67 per cent.  The results indicated that, pulses were inadequate for 13.89 per cent, oilseeds were inadequate for 61.11 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 41.67 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 63.89 per cent, milk were inadequate for 8.33 per cent, egg were inadequate were 22.22 per cent and meat were inadequate were 2.78 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, oilseeds were market surplus for 16.67 per cent, vegetables were market surplus for 22.22 per cent, fruits were market surplus for 2.78 per cent and meat were market surplus for 11.11 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil, wild animal menace on farm field, frequent incidence of pest and diseases and inadequacy of irrigation water was the constraint experienced by 50 per cent of the households, high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (69.44 %), high rate of interest on credit (52.78%), low price for the agricultural commodities(5.56%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (8.33%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (2.78%), less rainfall and Source of Agri-technology information (33.33%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Gurmatkal Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 589 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 493 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, An area of about 3 ha covered by forest, about 3 ha by Rock outcrops and 90 ha by others (Habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 6 soil series and 10 soil phases (management units) and 4 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  An area about 493 ha (84%) in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 73 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep to very deep (75 - >150 cm) whereas 11 per cent soils are moderately shallow (50 -75 cm).  About 27 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 57 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  About 40 per cent area in the microwatershed has non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 20 per cent is medium (101-150 mm/m) and 11 per cent area low (51-100 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 84 per cent area of the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) land and 0.75) in organic carbon content.  About 1 percent high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus, about 44 percent medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 39 percent soils are low (337kg/ha) in available potassium.  An area of about 7 percent is medium (10-20ppm) and 77 per cent is low (4.5ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) covers about 19 per cent in the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 272(46) 135(23) Sapota - 30(5) Maize - 432(73) Pomegranate - 340(58) Bajra - 407(69) Musambi 236(40) 104 (18) Groundnut - 30(5) Lime 236(40) 104 (18) Sunflower 197(33) 143(24) Amla - 407(69) Redgram - 340(58) Cashew - - Bengal gram 310(53) 67(11) Jackfruit - 30(5) Cotton 310(53) 67(11) Jamun - 310(53) Chilli - 294(50) Custard apple 266(45) 141(24) Tomato - 294(50) Tamarind - 310(53) Drumstick - 340(58) Mulberry - 30(5) Mango - - Marigold - 407(69) Guava - 104(18) Chrysanthemum - 407(69) Brinjal - 407(69) Bhendi 30(5) 377(64) Onion 30(5) 67(11)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 107 (68.59%) men and 49 (31.41%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 4.71, marginal farmers' was 4.15, small farmers' was 5.82, semi medium farmers' was 4.5 and medium farmers' was 3.5.  The data indicated that, 11 (7.05%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 72 (46.15%) were in 16-35 years of age, 50 (32.05%) were in 36-60 years of age and 23 (14.74%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Gurmatkal had 37.82 per cent illiterates, 8.97 per cent of them had primary school education, 0.64 per cent of them had middle school education, 18.59 per cent of them had high school education, 5.77 per cent of them had PUC education, 1.92 per cent of them did diploma, 3.85 per cent of them did ITI, 20.51 per cent of them had degree education and 1.92 per cent of them were doing masters.  The results indicate that, 77.14 per cent of households were practicing agriculture, 11.43 per cent of the households were agricultural labourers, 5.71 per cent of them were general labourers, 5.71 per cent were in private service and 2.86 per cent were students.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 55.13 per cent of the household members, 7.05 per cent were agricultural laborers, 8.97 per cent were general labourers, 7.05 per cent were in government service, 6.41 per cent were in private service and 21.35 per cent were students.  The results show that 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 2.86 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 42.86 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 54.29 per cent of the households possess pucca/RCC house.  The results show that 91.43 per cent of the households possess TV, 82.86 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 22.86 per cent of them possess refrigerator, 37.14 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 2.86 per cent possess auto, 2.86 per cent possess car/four wheeler, 88.57 per cent of the households possess mobile phones and 2.86 per cent of the households possess computer/laptop.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 4,296, mixer grinder was Rs. 1,384, refrigerator was Rs. 8,625, motor cycle was Rs. 16,304, auto was Rs. 200,000, car/four wheeler was Rs.150,000, mobile phone was Rs. 1,407 and computer/laptop was Rs.20,000.  About 8.57 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 20 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.86 per cent of them possess transplanter/grinder, 20 2 per cent of them possess sprayer, 2.86 per cent possess harvester and 51.43 per cent of them possess weeder.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 25,000, the average value of plough was Rs. 2,000, transplanter/grinder was Rs. 5,000, the average value of sprayer was Rs. 1,840, harvester was Rs. 60,000 and weeder was Rs.31.  The results indicate that, 8.57 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 22.86 per cent of the households possess local cow, 5.71 per cent of them possess crossbred cow, 20 per cent of them possess buffalo, 2.86 per cent of the households possess sheep and goat; 17.14 per cent of the households possess poultry birds.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.82, average own labour (women) available was 1.36, average hired labour (men) available was 13.43 and average hired labour (women) available was 13.79.  The results indicate that, 80 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Gurmatkal micro-watershed possess 40 ha (89.74%) of dry land and 4.57 ha (10.26%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 8.47 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 9.88 ha (100%) of dry land. Semi medium farmers possess 7.50 ha (86.07%) of dry land and 1.21 per cent (13.93%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 14.15 ha (80.82%) of dry land and 3.36 ha (19.18%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 823,499.95 and average value of irrigated land was Rs. 983,628.30. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 791,061.19 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 961,286.36 for dry land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 553,184.02 for dry land and Rs. 1,646,666.67 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 889,962.82 for dry land and Rs. 983,628.30 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 2 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, there were 1 functioning open well in the micro watershed.  bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 5.71 per cent of the farmers and open well was the source of irrigation for 2.86 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 2.18 meters and the depth of open well was found to be 0.26 meters. 3  The results indicate that, marginal and semi medium farmers had irrigated area of 0.53 ha and 0.40 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown red gram (31.36 ha), sorghum (3.77 ha), Bengal gram (3.24 ha), green gram (1.92 ha), paddy (1.38 ha), cotton (1.29 ha) and black gram (0.49 ha). Marginal farmers have grown redgram, green gram, paddy and black gram. Small farmers have grown redgram and paddy. Semi medium farmers have grown redgram and sorghum. Medium farmers have grown redgram, sorghum and Bengal gram.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Gurmatkal micro-watershed was found to be 72.84 per cent. In case of marginal farmers it was 96.44 per cent, small farmers it was 200 per cent, in case of semi medium farmers it was 100 and medium farmers it was 51.10 per cent.  The results indicate that, 40 per cent of the households have bank account.  The results indicate that, 42.86 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for redgram was Rs. 39311.89. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 81928.64. The net income from redgram cultivation was Rs. 42616.76. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.08.  The total cost of cultivation for greengram was Rs. 65344.11. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 42406.63. The net income from greengram cultivation was Rs. -22937.49. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.65.  The total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 33782.50. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 71023.81. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 37241.31. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.1.  The total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 37374.15. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 37521.86. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. 147.71. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.0.  The total cost of cultivation for Bengalgram was Rs. 40027.88. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 52487.50. The net income from Bengalgram cultivation was Rs. 12459.62. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.31.  The total cost of cultivation for Blackgram was Rs. 34479.48. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 41166.67. The net income from Blackgram cultivation was Rs. 6687.18. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.19.  The total cost of cultivation for Cotton was Rs. 43638.90. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 181754.71. The net income from Cotton cultivation was Rs. 138115.82. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:4.16.  The results indicate that, 25.71 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 11.43 per cent opined that green fodder was adequate. 4  The results indicate that the average annual gross income was Rs. 321,142.86 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 59,076.92, for small farmers it was Rs. 263,000, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 322,500 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 318,750.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 33,380.43. For landless households it was Rs. 54,857.14, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 15,813.61, for small farmers it was Rs. 37,319.73, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 43,750 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 35,625.  The results indicate that, households have planted 78 custard apple trees, 5 jackfruit trees and 11 mango trees in their field.  The results indicate that, households have planted 36 neem tree and 5 tamarind trees in their field.  The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 9,942.86 for land development.  The results indicated that loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 62.86 per cent and soft loan was the source of additional investment for 20 per cent of the households for land development.  The results indicated that, blackgram, cotton, Greengram and paddy were sold to the extent of 100 per cent. Bengalgram was sold to the extent of 97.5 per cent, redgram was sold to the extent of 95.05 per cent and sorghum was sold to the extent of 81.33 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 91.43 per cent of the famers have sold their produce to local/village merchants.  The results indicated that, 91.43 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce.  The results indicated that, 80 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 80 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 80 per cent of the households used firewood and 40 per cent of the households have used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 100 per cent of the households in the micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 51.43 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet.  The results indicated that, 91.43 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 8.57 per cent possessed APL card.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme. 5  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 100 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 5.71 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 88.57 per cent, fruits were adequate for 2.86 per cent, milk was adequate for 94.29 per cent, eggs were adequate for 31.43 per cent and meat was adequate for 8.57 per cent.  The results indicated that, oilseeds were inadequate for 94.29 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 11.43 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 97.14 per cent, milk was inadequate for 5.71 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 68.57 per cent and meat was inadequate for 94.29 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 80 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (77.14%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (77.14%), inadequacy of irrigation water (40%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (80%), high rate of interest on credit (57.14%), low price for the agricultural commodities (79.24%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (80%) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (31.43%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Wadanahalli Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 780 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 679 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 86 ha is covered by rock outcrops 8 ha is covered by railway line and 7 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 15 soil series and 23 soil phases (management units) and 7 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 679 ha area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 13 per cent of area is very shallow (150 cm).  About 19 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy soils, 58 per cent loamy soils and 10 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  About 74 per cent area in the microwatershed is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 19 per cent is low (51-100 mm/m) and 37 per cent area is very low (9.0) in the microwatershed.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of entire soils of the microwatershed is 0.75%) in organic carbon content of the soil.  About 58 per cent of area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus content of the soil, 28 per cent of area is low (57 kg/ha) in the microwatershed.  Available potassium content is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in 85 per cent of area and high (>337 kg/ha) in 2 per cent of area in the microwatershed.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 4.5 ppm) in 66 per cent of area and deficient (0.6 ppm) in an area of 1 per cent of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 281 (36) Guava - 73 (9) Maize 73 (9) 208 (27) Sapota - 73 (9) Bajra 73 (9) 208 (27) Pomegranate - 73 (9) Groundnut 73 (9) - Musambi - 73 (9) Sunflower - 73 (9) Lime - 73 (9) Redgram 233 (30) - Amla 73 (9) 47 (6) Bengal gram - - Cashew - - Cotton 47 (6) - Jackfruit - 73 (9) Chilli 73 (9) 48 (6) Jamun - - Tomato 73 (9) 48 (6) Custard apple 73 (9) 47 (6) Brinjal 73 (9) 48 (6) Tamarind - - Onion 73 (9) 48 (6) Mulberry - 73 (9) Bhendi - 73 (9) Marigold 73 (9) 48 (6) Drumstick - 90 (20) Chrysanthemum 73 (9) 48 (6) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 105 (59.66%) men and 71 (40.34%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 4.40, marginal farmers' was 5.18, small farmers' was 5, semi medium farmers' was 4.67 and medium farmers' was 6.  The data indicated that, 28 (15.91%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 83 (47.16%) were in 16-35 years of age, 60 (34.09%) were in 36-60 years of age and 5 (2.84%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Wadanahalli had 54.55 per cent illiterates, 21.59 per cent of them had primary school education, 2.84 per cent of them had middle school education, 9.66 per cent of them had high school education, 5.11 per cent of them had PUC education, 1.14 per cent had diploma and 4.55 per cent of them had degree education.  The results indicate that, 91.43 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture and 8.57 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourers.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 18.75 per cent of the household members, 55.68 per cent were agricultural laborers, 23.30 per cent were students and 2.27 per cent were housewives.  The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 37.14 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 37.14 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 25.71 per cent of them possess pucca/RCC house.  The results show that 71.43 per cent of the households possess TV, 28.57 per cent of them possess mixer/grinder, 5.71 per cent of them possess bicycle, 22.86 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 8.57 per cent possess auto, 2.86 per cent possess tempo and 82.86 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 6680, mixer grinder was Rs.1950, bicycle was Rs.1000, motor cycle was Rs. 68,750, auto was Rs. 31,000, tempo was Rs. 350000 and mobile phone was Rs.2110.  About 14.29 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 22.86 per cent of them possess plough, 14.29 per cent of them possess sprayer, 20 per cent of them possess harvester and 28.57 per cent of them possess weeder.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 25,000, plough was Rs. 4,750, sprayer was Rs. 3,428, harvester was Rs. 1430 and the average value of weeder was Rs.1015.  The results indicate that, 25.71 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 22.86 per cent of the households possess local cow, 8.57 per cent possess buffalo and 5.71 per cent of the households possess goat. 2  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.86, average own labour (women) available was 1.67, average hired labour (men) available was 6.06 and average hired labour (women) available was 6.23.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Wadanahalli micro-watershed possess 36.56 ha (84.90%) of dry land and 6.50 ha (15.10%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 7.90 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 17.66 ha (95.62%) of dry land and 0.81 ha (4.38%). Semi medium farmers possess 6.96 ha (100%) of dry land. Medium farmers possess 4.05 ha (41.55%) of dry land and 5.69 ha (58.45%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 317,157.41 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 215,183.57. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 557,047.67 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 271,739.63 for dry land and Rs. 494,000 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 172,325.58 for dry land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 296,400 for dry land and Rs. 175,550.82 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 2 functioning bore well in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 5.71 per cent of the farmers and canal was the major source of irrigation for 2.86 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 2.53 meters.  The results indicate that small and medium farmers had an irrigated area of 0.81 ha and 2.46 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown red gram (17.28 ha), green gram (3.81 ha), sorghum (3.32 ha), cotton (14.84 ha) and groundnut (2.46 ha). Marginal and small farmers have grown cotton, green gram, red gram and sorghum. Semi medium farmers have grown cotton and red gram. Medium farmers have grown cotton and groundnut.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Wadanahalli micro-watershed was found to be 91.31 per cent.  The results indicate that, 45.71 per cent of the households have bank account and savings.  The results indicate that, 45.71 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, 68.75 per cent of the households availed loan from commercial bank and 31.25 per cent of the households obtained loan from money lenders. 3  The results indicate that, average credit availed in the micro watershed was Rs. 88,125.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households have borrowed loan from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households have borrowed loan from private sources for the purpose of agricultural production.  The results indicated that 50 per cent of the households partially paid and 50 per cent of the households did not repay their loan borrowed from institutional sources.  The results indicated that 80 per cent of the households partially paid and 20 per cent of the households did not repay their loan borrowed from private sources.  The results indicate that, around 41.67 per cent opined that the loan amount borrowed from institutional sources helped to perform timely agricultural operations, 50 per cent of the households opined that loan amount was adequate to fulfil the requirement and 8.33 per cent opined that they were forced to sell the produce at low price to repay loan in time.  The results indicate that, around 60 per cent opined that the loan amount borrowed from non-institutional sources helped to perform timely agricultural operations and 40 per cent opined that loan amount was adequate to fulfil the requirement.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for red gram was Rs. 30214.15. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 62515.40. The net income from red gram cultivation was Rs. 32301.25. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.07.  The total cost of cultivation for green gram was Rs. 44142.08. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 37093.34. The net income from green gram cultivation was Rs. -7048.75. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.84.  The total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 40607.93. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 77825.42. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. 37217.49. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.92.  The total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 32547.84. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 34671.48. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. 2123.64. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.07.  The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 26959.04. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 41505.76. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 14546.72. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.54.  The results indicate that, 20 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate, 2.86 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was inadequate and green fodder was adequate for 5.71 per cent of the households.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 73,000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 98,136.36, for small farmers it was Rs. 4 143,430.77, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 228,333.33 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 255,666.67.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 9,854.07. For landless households it was Rs. 5,320, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 6,872.73, for small farmers it was Rs. 4,437.87, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 25,777.78 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 35,888.89.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 2 lemon trees and 5 mango trees in their field.  The results indicate that, households have planted 1 tamarind, 5 banyan and 114 neem trees in their field.  The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 4,857.14 for land development.  The results indicated that loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 2.86 per cent for land development and soft loan was the source of additional investment for 45.71 per cent of the households for land development.  The results indicated that, cotton green gram, groundnut and red gram were sold to the extent of 100 per cent and sorghum was sold to the extent of 69.44 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 34.29 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants, 51.43 per cent of them sold in regulated markets and 2.86 per cent of them sold their produce through contract marketing arrangement.  The results indicated that, 88.57 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce.  The results indicated that, 5.71 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 85.71 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households used firewood as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 82.86 per cent of the households in the micro watershed and bore well was the source of drinking water for 17.14 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 54.29 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, 71.43 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 45.71 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 51.43 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 5 57.14 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 77.14 per cent, fruits were adequate for 22.86 per cent, milk was adequate for 28.57 per cent and eggs were adequate for 14.29 per cent.  The results indicated that, cereals were inadequate for 51.43 per cent, pulses were inadequate for 51.43 per cent of the households, oilseeds were inadequate for 42.86 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 22.86 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 71.43 per cent, milk was inadequate for 65.71 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 85.71 per cent and meat was inadequate for 80 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 85.71 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (82.86%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (42.86%), inadequacy of irrigation water (45.71%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (42.86%), low price for the agricultural commodities (25.71%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (11.43%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (31.43%), less rainfall (60%), inadequate extension services (2.86%) and Source of Agri-technology information (5.71%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Mavanahalli-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 937 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 869 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils and 66 ha is under others (Habitation water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 14 soil series and 14 soil phases (management units) and 7 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  An area about 869 ha (93%) in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  An area of about 27 per cent soils are deep and very deep (100- >150cm), about 35 per cent soils are moderately deep (75-100), whereas 19 per cent soils are moderately shallow (50 -75 cm) and 12 per cent soils are shallow (25 -50 cm) in the microwatershed.  About 2 per cent area in the microwatershed are sandy soils, 32 percent soils are loamy and 60 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  An area of about 93 percent soils are non gravelly (200mm/m), 27 percent soils are medium (101- 150), 27 per cent soils are low (51-100 mm/m) and 12 per cent soils are very low (0.75%), about 69 percent is medium (0.50- 0.75%) and 7 percent is low (0.50-0.75%) in organic carbon content.  An area of about 83 per cent is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 10 percent soils are low (337kg/ha) in available potassium.  An area of about 30 percent is high (10-20ppm), about 42 percent is medium (10- 20ppm) and 22 percent area is low (4.5ppm) in entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) covering an area of about 10 percent in the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 91(10) 548(59) Guava - 236(25) Maize 79(8) 560(61) Sapota - 236(25) Bajra 79(8) 560(61) Pomegranate - 311(33) Groundnut - 410(44) Musambi 12(1) 299(32) Sunflower 12(1) 299(32) Lime 12(1) 299(32) Redgram - 465(50) Amla 79(8) 343(37) Bengal gram 12(1) 203(22) Cashew - 79(8) Cotton 12(1) 299(32) Jackfruit - 236(25) Chilli 79(8) 406(43) Jamun - 12(1) Tomato 79(8) 331(35) Custard apple 91(10) 394(42) Brinjal 79(8) 331(35) Tamarind - 12(1) Onion 79(8) 331(35) Mulberry - 236(25) Bhendi 79(8) 406(43) Marigold 79(8) 406(43) Drumstick 248(27) Chrysanthemum 79(8) 406(43) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 97 (62.18%) men and 59 (37.82%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 3.4, marginal farmers' was 4, small farmers' was 4.4 and semi medium farmers' was 5.5.  The data indicated that, 14 (8.97%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 80 (51.28%) were in 16-35 years of age, 49 (31.41%) were in 36-60 years of age and 13 (8.33%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Mavanahalli-2 had 47.44 per cent illiterates, 21.79 per cent of them had primary school, 2.56 per cent of them had Middle school and PUC education, 12.82 per cent of them had high school, 1.92 per cent of them had ITI and masters, 5.77 per cent of them had degree education.  The results indicate that, 85.71 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture, 8.57 per cent of the household heads were agricultural laborers and 2.86 cent of the household heads were government service.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 20.51 per cent of the household members, 65.38 per cent were agricultural laborers, 0.64 per cent were in government service, 1.28 per cent were private service and housewives, 8.33 per cent were student.  The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 22.86 per cent of the households possess thatched, 62.86 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 14.29 per cent of the households possess pucca/RCC house.  The results show that 68.57 per cent of the households possess TV, 54.29 per cent of the households possess mixer/grinder, 45.71 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 5.71 per cent of the households posses tempo, 2.86 per cent households possess landline phone and 68.57 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 13,841, mixer/grinder was Rs. 2,200, motor cycle was Rs. 46,764, tempo was Rs. 22,100, landline was Rs. 1,500 and mobile phone was Rs. 2,570.  About 8.57 per cent each of the households possess bullock cart and sprayer, 25.71 per cent each of the households possess Plough, 2.86 per cent each of the households possess seed/fertilizer drill, 5.71 per cent of the households possess power tiller, 11.43 per cent each of the households possess tractor and thresher, 60 per cent of the households possess weeder.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 18,666, plough was Rs. 4,197, seed/ fertilizer drill was Rs. 1,800, power tiller was Rs. 224,000, tractor was Rs.512,500, sprayer was Rs. 2,166, weeder was Rs. 63 and the average value of thresher was Rs. 180. 2  The results indicate that, 14.29 per cent of the households possess bullocks and 5.71 per cent of the households possess local cow.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.51, average own labour (women) available was 0.94, average hired labour (men) available was 8.29 and average hired labour (women) available was 8.8.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was inadequate.  The results show that, 0.64 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has migrated.  The results show that, average distance of migration was 750 kms and average duration of migration was 7 months.  The results show that, 100 per cent of the population has migrated for the purpose of job/wage/work and business.  The results indicate that, households of the Mavanahalli-2 micro-watershed possess 45.98 ha (98.19%) of dry land, 0.45 ha (0.95%) of irrigated land and 0.4 ha (0.86%) of permanent fallow land. Marginal farmers possess 1.84 ha (80.5%) of dry land, 0.45 ha (19.5%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 28.42 ha (98.6%) of dry land and 0.4 ha (1.4%) of permanent fallow land. Semi medium farmers possess 15.72 ha (100%) of dry land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 334,782.61, the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 1,347,272.70 and the average value of permanent fallow land was Rs.988,000. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 2,611,453.70 for dry land and the average land value was Rs.1,347,272.70. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 267,293.18 for dry land the average land value was Rs. 988,000 for permanent fallow. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 190,733.59 for dry land.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown cotton (24.62%), paddy (0.45ha) and red gram (21.36 ha). Marginal farmers have grown cotton and paddy. Small farmers have grown cotton and red gram. Semi medium farmers have grown cotton and red gram.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Mavanahalli-2 micro-watershed was found to be 96.75 per cent.  The results indicate that, 80 per cent of the households have bank account and savings.  The results indicate that, 68.57 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Cotton was Rs. 26602.05. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 59305.33. The net income from 3 Cotton cultivation was Rs. 32703.29. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.23.  The total cost of cultivation for Paddy was Rs. 165008.37. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 58381.82. The net income from Paddy cultivation was Rs. -106626.55. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.35.  The total cost of cultivation for Red gram was Rs. 23304.27. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 42878.37. The net income from Red gram cultivation was Rs. 19574.09. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.84.  The results indicate that, 8.57 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and green fodder was inadequate and 5.71 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was inadequate and green fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 29,000, for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 58,500, for small farmers it was Rs. 138,042.11 and semi medium farmers it was Rs. 162,014.29.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 5,927.43. For landless households it was Rs. 2,000, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 5,656.25, for small farmers it was Rs. 5,477.53 and for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 10,108.84.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 1 coconut and mango, 4 custard apple and lime, 2 lemon trees in their field.  The results indicate that, households have planted 9 eucalyptus and banyan, 2 teak, pongamia and acacia, 90 neem and 6 tamarind trees in their field and also 2 neem trees in their backyard.  The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 3,257.14 for land development, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 571.43, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 742.86 for improved crop production and households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 1,428.57 for improved livestock management.  The results indicated that government subsidy was the source of additional investment for 2.86 per cent for improved livestock management. Soft loan was the source of additional investment for 28.57 per cent for land development, 2.86 per cent for irrigation facility and 11.43 per cent for improved crop production.  The results indicated that, cotton was sold to the extent of 92.54 per cent, paddy was sold to the extent of 100 per cent and red gram was sold to the extent of 94.85 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 2.86 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to agent/traders and cooperative marketing society, 57.14 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchant and 25.71 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated market. 4  The results indicated that, 88.57 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation.  The results indicated that, 85.71 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 80 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households used fire wood as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 22.86 per cent of the households in the micro watershed and bore well was the source of drinking water for 77.14 per cent of the households in the micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 66.67 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL cards.  The results indicated that, 82.86 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals and pulses were adequate for 91.43 per cent of the households, oilseed were adequate for 25.71 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 22.86 per cent, milk were adequate for 28.57 per cent, egg were adequate for 17.14 per cent and meat were adequate for 14.29 per cent.  The results indicated that, cereals and pulses were inadequate for 8.57 per cent of the households, oilseed were inadequate for 77.14 per cent, vegetables and meat were inadequate for 74.29 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 57.14 per cent, milk were inadequate for 51.43 per cent, egg were inadequate for 71.43 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, vegetables and egg were market surplus for 2.86 per cent of the households and meat were market surplus for 11.43 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil in the area was the constraint experienced by 82.86 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (85.71%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (57.14%), Inadequacy of irrigation water (28.57%), high cost of fertilizer and plant protection chemicals (22.86%), high rate of interest on credit and inadequate extension service (20%), low price for the agricultural commodities (11.43%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (8.57%), Lack of transport for safe transport of the Agril produce to the market (14.29%), less rainfall and Source of Agri-technology information (37.14%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Hire Bamanhal-3 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 276 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 88 per cent is covered by soil, 3 per cent by mining/industrial and 9 per cent by habitation and water body. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below  The soils belong to 14 soil series and 29 soil phases (management units) and 7 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is 150cm) soils.  About 2 per cent sandy, 66 per cent loamy (sandy loam and sandy clay loam) and 20 per cent has clayey (sandy clay and clay) soils at the surface.  About 21 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 4 per cent is nearly level (0-1%) and 84 per cent is very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 15 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 73 per cent is moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about 2 per cent is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3), 38 per cent is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8), 43 per cent is moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4) and 5 per cent is strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) in reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75%) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available phosphorus is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available potassium is low (337 kg/ha) in 9 per cent of the soils.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in 31 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 32(12) 97(35) Sapota 33(12) 91(32) Maize 18(7) 111(40) Pomegranate 33(12) 108(38) Bajra 37(13) 167(61) Musambi 47(17) 94(33) Groundnut 21(8) 177(64) Lime 47(17) 94(33) Sunflower 30(11) 58(21) Amla 64(23) 164(60) Redgram 16(6) 73(25) Cashew 45(16) 79(29) Bengal gram 14(5) 136(49) Jackfruit 33(12) 91(32) Cotton 14(5) 116(41) Jamun 17(6) 122(44) Chilli 33(12) 79(28) Custard apple 85(31) 143(52) Tomato 33(12) 79(28) Tamarind 17(6) 51(19) Brinjal 71(26) 41(15) Mulberry 42(15) 123(44) Onion 47(17) 48(18) Marigold 16(6) 114(41) Bhendi 47(17) 65(24) Chrysanthemum 16(6) 114(41) Drumstick 42(15) 69(26) Jasmine 16(6) 97(35) Mango 17(6) 25(9) Crossandra 16(6) 97(35) Guava 33(12) 91(32)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 7 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 116 (56.04%) men and 91 (43.96%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 5.20, marginal farmers' was 4.40, small farmers' was 6.11, semi medium farmers' was 6.44 and medium farmers' was 7.67.  The data indicated that, 64 (30.92%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 86 (41.55%) were in 16-35 years of age, 44 (21.26%) were in 36-60 years of age and 13 (6.28%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Hire Bamanhal-3 had 26.57 per cent illiterates, 0.48 per cent functional literate, 31.40 per cent of them had primary school education, 5.31 per cent of them had middle school education, 19.81 per cent of them had high school education, 7.73 per cent of them had PUC education, 1.45 per cent of them had degree education and 0.48 per cent did Masters.  The results indicate that, 14.71 per cent of households were practicing agriculture, 82.35 per cent of the households were agricultural labourers, 2.94 per cent were in private service and 2.94 per cent were students.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 5.31 per cent of the household members, 54.59 per cent were agricultural laborers, 0.48 per cent were in private service, 34.30 per cent were students and 4.83 per cent were children.  The results show that 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 29.41 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 50 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 20.59 per cent of the households possess pucca/RCC house.  The results show that 97.06 per cent of the households possess TV, 91.18 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 23.53 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 14.71 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 2.94 per cent possess auto and 97.06 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 9,000, mixer grinder was Rs. 2,000, bicycle was Rs. 2,125, motor cycle was Rs. 45,800, auto was Rs. 50,000 and mobile phone was Rs. 2,157.  About 2.94 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 17.65 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.94 per cent of them possess sprayer and 61.76 per cent of them possess weeder.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs.18,000, the average value of plough was Rs.1,500, the average value of sprayer was Rs. 2,000 and the average value of weeder was Rs.50.  The results indicate that, 23.53 per cent of the households possess bullocks and 26.47 per cent of the households possess local cow. 2  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.93, average own labour (women) available was 1.79, average hired labour (men) available was 7.69 and average hired labour (women) available was 6.24.  The results indicate that, 85.29 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Hire Bamanhal-3 micro-watershed possess 40.53 ha (69.91%) of dry land and 17.44 ha (30.09%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 3.69 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 9.53 ha (78.84%) of dry land and 2.56 ha (21.16%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 11.33 ha (67.34%) of dry land and 5.50 ha (32.66%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 15.98 ha (62.99%) dry land and 9.39 (37.01%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 300,858.63 and average value of irrigated land was Rs. 435,545.24. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 866,666.68 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 346,114.65 for dry land and was Rs. 859,810.14 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 273,464.29 for dry land and Rs. 545,655.37 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 162,623.45 for dry land and Rs. 255,517.24 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 9 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 26.47 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 24.20 meters.  The results indicate that, small, semi medium and medium farmers had irrigated area of 2.56 ha, 4.20 ha and 5.75 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown bajra (11.74 ha), maize (36.16 ha) and sunflower (6.47 ha).  Marginal farmers have grown maize. Small farmers have grown bajra, maize and sunflower. Semi medium farmers have grown maize, bajra and sunflower. Medium farmers have grown maize, bajra and sunflower.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Hire Bamanhal-3 micro-watershed was found to be 70.67 per cent. In case of marginal farmers it was 96.05 per cent, small farmers it was 70.58 per cent, in case of semi medium farmers it was 86.72 and medium farmers it was 60.67 per cent.  The results indicate that, 38.24 per cent of the households have bank account.  The results indicate that, 38.24 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, 38.46 per cent of the household availed loan from grameena bank and 69.23 per cent of them availed loan from cooperative bank in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, the average amount of credit borrowed in micro watershed by medium farmers was Rs. 252,307.69. 3  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households have borrowed loan from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production.  The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan.  The results indicate that, around 50 per cent opined that the loan amount borrowed from institutional sources helped to perform timely agricultural operations and 50 per cent of the households opined that the rate of interest was higher in institutional sources.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Sunflower was Rs. 30163.02. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 35146.45. The net income from Sunflower cultivation was Rs. 4983.44. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.71.  The total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 23335.82. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 29947.95. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 6612.13. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.28.  The total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 24381.97. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 25672.56. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. 1290.60. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.05.  The results indicate that, 35.29 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 35.29 per cent opined that green fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the average annual gross income was Rs. 26,600 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 36,000, for small farmers it was Rs. 56,755.56, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 61,111.11 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 96,816.67.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 8,355.78. For landless households it was Rs. 3,680, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 4,920, for small farmers it was Rs. 4,290.12, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 5,015.43 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 14,750.  The results indicate that, households have planted 15 coconut trees and 6 mango trees in the field.  The results indicate that, households have planted 71 neem trees, 2 tamarind trees and 6 teak trees in their fields.  The results indicate that, the average additional investment capacity with the households for land development was Rs. 6,441.18, for improved crop production Rs. 4,014.71, for irrigation facility Rs. 3,147.06 and for improved livestock management Rs. 823.53.  The results indicate that, loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 64.71 per cent for land development, for 32.35 per cent for irrigation facility, for 50 per cent for improved crop production and for 17.65 per cent for improved livestock management. Own funds was the source of additional investment for 2.94 per cent for land development and for another 2.94 per cent for irrigation facility. Soft loan was the source of additional investment for 8.82 per cent for land development, for 17.65 4 per cent for irrigation facility, for 20.59 per cent for improved crop production and for 2.94 per cent for improved livestock management.  The results indicated that, bajra, maize and sunflower were sold to the extent of 100 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 5.88 per cent of the famers have sold their produce in cooperative marketing society and 100 per cent of the farmers have sold to local/village merchants.  The results indicated that, 105.88 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce.  The results indicated that, 85.29 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 85.29 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 67.65 per cent of the households used firewood and 32.35 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, bore well was the major source of drinking water for 70.59 per cent of the households, piped supply was the source of drinking water for 8.82 per cent of the households, open well was the source of drinking water for 2.94 per cent of the households and lake/tank was the major source of drinking water for 17.65 per cent of the households in the micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 41.18 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, 41.18 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 100 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 5.88 per cent, fruits were adequate for 2.94 per cent, milk was adequate for 97.06 per cent, eggs were adequate for 97.06 per cent and meat was adequate for 11.76 per cent.  The results indicated that, pulses were inadequate for 2.94 per cent of the households, oilseeds were inadequate for 100 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 94.12 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 97.06 per cent, milk were inadequate for 2.94 per cent and meat was inadequate for 88.24 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 26.47 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (79.41%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (61.76%), inadequacy of irrigation water (11.76%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (23.53%), high rate of interest on credit (50%), low price for the agricultural commodities (64.71%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (58.82%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (67.65%) and inadequate extension services (64.71%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kinhalu-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 591 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 86 per cent is covered by soils and 14 per cent by habitation and water bodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 10 soil series and 23 soil phases (management units) and 6 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm) soils.  About 14 per cent has loamy soils at the surface and 71 per cent has clayey soils at the surface.  About 81 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 10 per cent has nearly level (0-1%) and 75 per cent area has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 23 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 62 per cent moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about 48 per cent are moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4), 34 per cent are strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) and 3 per cent are very strongly alkaline (pH >9.0) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils is 0.75%) in 85 per cent area of the soils.  Available phosphorus is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in the entire area of about 86 per cent in the microwatershed.  About 24 per cent of the soils are medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 61 per cent soils are high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium content.  Available sulphur is medium (10-20 ppm) in 14 per cent and high (>320 ppm) in 72 per cent soils.  Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 27 per cent, medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in 54 per cent and high (>1.0 ppm) in 5 per cent area.  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in about 66 per cent area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 79 (13) 276 (47) Sapota 45 (8) 10 (2) Maize 8 (1) 346 (59) Pomegranate 45 (8) 253 (43) Bajra 45 (8) 309 (52) Musambi 79 (13) 219 (37) Groundnut 37 (6) 152 (26) Lime 79 (13) 219 (37) Sunflower 79 (13) 219 (37) Amla 79 (13) 428 (72) Red gram 45 (8) 253 (43) Cashew 45 (8) 9 (1) Bengalgram 34 (6) 321 (54) Jackfruit 45 (8) - Cotton 71 (12) 284 (48) Jamun 37 (6) 251 (42) Chilli 45 (8) 34 (6) Custard apple 79 (13) 428 (72) Tomato 45 (8) 43 (7) Tamarind 37 (6) 252 (43) Brinjal 8 (1) 500 (84) Mulberry 45 (8) 235 (40) Onion 8 (1) 190 (32) Marigold 45 (8) 310 (52) Bhendi 8 (1) 500 (84) Chrysanthemum 45 (8) 310 (52) Drumstick 45(8) 154 (26) Jasmine 45 (8) 57 (10) Mango 37 (6) 89 (15) Crossandra 45 (8) - Guava 45 (8) -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 6 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops that helps in maintaining productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 99 (59.28%) men and 68 (40.72%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 4.2, marginal farmers' was 4.63, small farmers' was 5.3 and semi medium farmers' was 4.3.  The data indicated that, 37 (22.16%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 63 (37.72%) were in 16-35 years of age, 53 (31.74%) were in 36-60 years of age and 14 (8.38%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Kinhalu-1 had 31.14 per cent illiterates, 30.54 per cent of them had primary school education, 4.79 per cent of them had middle school education, 16.77 per cent of them had high school education, 7.19 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.60 per cent had diploma, 1.80 per cent did ITI and 3.59 per cent of them had degree education.  The results indicate that, 66.67 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture and 33.33 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourers.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 34.73 per cent of the household members, 35.33 per cent were agricultural laborers, 2.99 per cent were in private service, 0.60 per cent were in trade and business, 21.56 per cent were students, 2.99 per cent were children and 1.80 per cent were housewives.  The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 22.22 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 61.11 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 16.67 per cent of them possess semi pucca house.  The results show that 69.44 per cent of the households possess TV, 61.11 per cent of them possess mixer/grinder, 5.56 per cent of them possess bicycle, 33.33 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 100 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 7,280, mixer grinder was Rs. 3,636, bicycle was Rs. 4,500 motor cycle was Rs. 37,016 and mobile phone was Rs. 2,391.  About 5.56 per cent of them possess plough, 5.56 per cent of them possess irrigation pump, 2.78 per cent possess tractor, 2.78 per cent of them possess sprayer, 2.78 per cent of them possess sprinkler, 8.33 per cent of them possess harvester, 2.78 per cent of them possess thresher and 47.22 per cent of them possess weeder.  The results show that the average value of plough was Rs. 2,000, irrigation pump was Rs. 55,000, tractor was Rs. 500,000, sprayer was Rs. 1,500, sprinkler was Rs. 500, harvester was Rs.72, thresher was Rs.60 and the average value of weeder was Rs.80. 2  The results indicate that, 13.89 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 13.89 per cent of the households possess local cow, 2.78 per cent possess buffalo, 2.94 per cent of the households possess sheep, 2.78 per cent of them possess goat and 2.78 per cent of them possess poultry birds.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2, average own labour (women) available was 1.25, average hired labour (men) available was 11.29 and average hired labour (women) available was 9.07.  The results indicate that, 77.78 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Kinhalu-1 micro-watershed possess 13.62 ha (38.55%) of dry land and 21.17 ha (61.45%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 4.84 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 5.54 ha (55.65%) of dry land and 4.42 ha (44.35%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 3.24 ha (15.77%) of dry land and 17.29 ha (84.23%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 594,385.03 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 589,301.02. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 908,695.66 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 558,905.11 for dry land and Rs. 882,142.85 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 185,250 for dry land and Rs. 514,462.91 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 18 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 50 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 55.88 meters.  The results indicate that small and semi medium farmers had an irrigated area of 4.42 ha and 16.23 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown bajra (2.32 ha), cotton (3.44 ha), maize (22.31 ha), paddy (7.56 ha), sugarcane (0.4) and sunflower (0.4 ha). Marginal farmers have grown bajra and maize while small farmers have grown bajra, cotton, paddy and maize. Semi medium farmers have grown cotton, maize, paddy, sugarcane and sunflower.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Kinhalu-1 micro-watershed was found to be 83.03 per cent.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 41518.86. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 40694.61. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. -824.25. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.98.  The total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 34232.60. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 30298.67. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. - 3933.94. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.89. 3  The total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 83699.59. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 52578.55. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. - 31121.04. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.63.  The total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 53220.55. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 50635. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. - 2585.55. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.95.  The results indicate that, 16.67 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and green fodder was adequate for 27.78 per cent of the households.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 21,000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 27,012.50, for small farmers it was Rs. 67,100 and for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 84,000.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 4,054.40. For landless households it was Rs. 2,480, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 1,892.86, for small farmers it was Rs. 7,380 and for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 3,431.95.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 18 coconut trees and 2 mango trees in their field.  The results indicate that, households have planted 2 eucalyptus, 40 neem, 1 tamarind and 4 banyan trees in their field.  The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 1,750 for land development, Rs. 250 for irrigation facility, Rs. 1,277.78 for improved crop production and Rs. 55.56 for improved livestock management.  The results indicated that loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 2.78 per cent for land development and for 2.78 per cent for improved crop production. Own funds were the source of additional investment for 38.89 per cent for land development, for 8.33 per cent for irrigation facility and for 36.11 per cent improved crop production. Soft loans were the source of funds for additional investment for 2.78 per cent for improved crop production and for 2.78 per cent for improved livestock management.  The results indicated that, all crops were sold to the extent of 100 per cent except paddy which was sold to the extent of 98.39 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 55.56 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants, 41.67 per cent of them sold their produce to agents/traders and 2.78 per cent of them sold their produce through regulated market.  The results indicated that, 11.11 per cent of the households used cart and 88.89 per cent of the households used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce.  The results indicated that, 38.89 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 41.67 per cent have shown interest in soil test. 4  The results indicated that, 58.33 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel, 38.89 per cent of the households used firewood and 2.78 per cent of the households used dung cake as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 63.89 per cent of the households, bore well was the source of drinking water for 25 per cent and lake/tank was the major source of drinking water for 11.11 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 50 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 97.22 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 2.78 per cent of the households did not possess PDS card.  The results indicated that, 22.22 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 83.33 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 19.44 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 52.78 per cent, fruits were adequate for 11.11 per cent, milk was adequate for 97.22 per cent, eggs were adequate for 88.89 per cent and meat was adequate for 77.78 per cent.  The results indicated that, pulses were inadequate for 2.94 per cent of the households, oilseeds were inadequate for 94.12 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 14.17 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 100 per cent, milk was inadequate for 5.88 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 88.24 per cent and meat was inadequate for 100 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, oilseeds were market surplus for 5.56 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 41.67 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (63.89%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (52.78%), inadequacy of irrigation water (38.89%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (47.22%), high rate of interest on credit (30.56%), low price for the agricultural commodities (5.56%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (25%), less rainfall (44.44%) and source of agri-technology information (16.67%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project