Suchergebnisse

Expansion of the US natural gas resource base offers considerable potential to further develop both LNG and pipeline exports, and contributes to higher economic growth. Providing a long-term and cost-effective value chain is an ongoing challenge. Nevertheless, new markets are emerging. Traditional Asian LNG-consuming countries such as Republic of Korea and Taipei,China, and countries in Southeast Asia (Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Philippines, amongst others) and South Asia (India, Bangladesh, Pakistan), as well as China, offer new markets or expansions to existing markets for natural gas. Natural gas is a fuel that can improve air quality, and reduce emissions of carbon dioxide and long-term climate risks. China, which has been a modest importer of LNG, has begun to accelerate its purchases. Yet investment in new LNG export facilities stalled from 2015 to 2016. The slow pace of FID for new projects reflects growing uncertainty over long-term demand and inadequate infrastructure in importing countries. The LNG market still lacks adequate transparency in price discovery, and while improvements are underway, the market has not yet fully adapted to delivering supplies in response to short-term shifts in demand. Financing constraints remain, so projects on their way to FID, both on the supply and demand side, face inadequate infrastructure and ongoing political risks. Governmental policies will play a critical role in the development of Asian LNG markets by reducing investment risks in new LNG infrastructure in many emerging Asian countries. Financial support and export assistance measures will also play an important role in Asia, particularly for countries that present high credit risks. Technical support would also help Asian countries that have little experience in the LNG business as they embark on LNG imports. This joint research effort recognises that world LNG markets are heading toward more liquidity and transparency, but they have yet to mimic, and may never fully replicate, the open and extensive trading patterns prevalent in the global oil market. Asian natural gas markets are undergoing an important transition, much of which is supported by prospects of growing LNG exports from the US. For the Asian LNG market to flourish, new supplies and demand centres need to grow and the full range of market participants from sellers and traders to final users such as power utilities need to have confidence that price discovery reflects fundamentals of supply and demand. In this regard, the Institute of Energy Economics, Japan (IEEJ), and the Energy Policy Research Foundation, Inc. (EPRINC) have continued their assessment of the role of destination restrictions as an impediment to arbitrage in the Asian LNG market, one of several market conditions that inhibit sustainable LNG demand in Asia. The US petroleum renaissance has been driven by technological advances that provide access to previously unrecoverable resources. These gas resources will be essential to meet long-term and rising world LNG demand, which, for the Asia-Pacific region alone, is expected to grow rapidly through 2040. This joint IEEJ–EPRINC paper presents our latest assessment of trends in the broader Asia-Pacific market, with a series of recommendations to meet the inevitable rise in LNG demand and accompanying uncertainties faced by both sellers and buyers.

Indonesia plays a growing leadership role as a key economy and holder of major environmental assets. The Asia Foundation creates effective partnerships with innovative local government, civil society, and private sector leaders in Indonesia. Our efforts advance reforms that improve environmental governance, increase social inclusion, strengthen justice systems, protect human rights, and promote tolerance and equitable economic growth.

National audience ; Dieser Artikel untersucht die Maßnahmen zur Bekämpfung des vorzeitigen Schulabbruchs in drei geografischen Gebieten. Die staatliche Politik wird analysiert und die lokalen Ausprägungen dieser Maßnahmen werden auf drei Ebenen hinterfragt : die territoriale Strukturierung der Abhilfemaßnahmen, die jeweiligen territorialen Bedingungen für die Umsetzung staatlicher Maßnahmen und die Annahme des öffentlichen Angebots durch die jungen Schulabbrecher selbst. ; This article studies the implementation of early school leaving (ESL) policies within three French territories. It aims to unpack the role of territorial dynamics on the regional and local ESL policies at three analytical levels : the framework of local public offer, the territorial constraints on the implementation of ESL policies and the beneficiaries' experience of these policies. ; Este artículo estudia los dispositivos de lucha contra el abandono escolar en tres territorios. Mediante el análisis de las políticas públicas, apunta a interrogar la variación local de estos dispositivos en tres niveles : la estructuración territorial de la oferta de remediación, las condiciones de aplicación de los dispositivos públicos en estos territorios y la recepción de esta oferta pública por parte de los mismos jóvenes desertores. ; Cet article étudie les dispositifs de lutte contre le décrochage scolaire dans trois territoires. Au prisme de l'analyse des politiques publiques, il vise à interroger la variation locale de ces dispositifs à trois niveaux : la structuration territoriale de l'offre de remédiation, les conditions de mise en œuvre des dispositifs publics sur ces territoires et la réception de cette offre publique par les jeunes décrocheurs eux-mêmes.

Newsletter published by BIDS to help provide an insight into the research conducted by the Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies.

We develop a spatial resource model in continuous time in which two agents strategically exploit a mobile resource in a two-locations setup. In order to contrast the overexploitation of the resource (the tragedy of commons) that occurs when the player are free to choose where to fish/hunt/extract/harvest, the regulator can establish a series of spatially structured policies. We compare the three situations in which the regulator: (a) leaves the player free to choose where to harvest; (b) establishes a natural reserve where nobody is allowed to harvest; (c) assigns to each player a specific exclusive location to hunt. We show that when preference parameters dictate a low harvesting intensity, the policies cannot mitigate the overexploitation and in addition they worsen the utilities of the players. Conversely, in a context of harsher harvesting intensity, the intervention can help to safeguard the resource, preventing the extinction and also improving the welfare of both players.

National audience ; Dieser Artikel untersucht die Maßnahmen zur Bekämpfung des vorzeitigen Schulabbruchs in drei geografischen Gebieten. Die staatliche Politik wird analysiert und die lokalen Ausprägungen dieser Maßnahmen werden auf drei Ebenen hinterfragt : die territoriale Strukturierung der Abhilfemaßnahmen, die jeweiligen territorialen Bedingungen für die Umsetzung staatlicher Maßnahmen und die Annahme des öffentlichen Angebots durch die jungen Schulabbrecher selbst. ; This article studies the implementation of early school leaving (ESL) policies within three French territories. It aims to unpack the role of territorial dynamics on the regional and local ESL policies at three analytical levels : the framework of local public offer, the territorial constraints on the implementation of ESL policies and the beneficiaries' experience of these policies. ; Este artículo estudia los dispositivos de lucha contra el abandono escolar en tres territorios. Mediante el análisis de las políticas públicas, apunta a interrogar la variación local de estos dispositivos en tres niveles : la estructuración territorial de la oferta de remediación, las condiciones de aplicación de los dispositivos públicos en estos territorios y la recepción de esta oferta pública por parte de los mismos jóvenes desertores. ; Cet article étudie les dispositifs de lutte contre le décrochage scolaire dans trois territoires. Au prisme de l'analyse des politiques publiques, il vise à interroger la variation locale de ces dispositifs à trois niveaux : la structuration territoriale de l'offre de remédiation, les conditions de mise en œuvre des dispositifs publics sur ces territoires et la réception de cette offre publique par les jeunes décrocheurs eux-mêmes.

We develop a spatial resource model in continuous time in which two agents strategically exploit a mobile resource in a two-locations setup. In order to contrast the overexploitation of the resource (the tragedy of commons) that occurs when the player are free to choose where to fish/hunt/extract/harvest, the regulator can establish a series of spatially structured policies. We compare the three situations in which the regulator: (a) leaves the player free to choose where to harvest; (b) establishes a natural reserve where nobody is allowed to harvest; (c) assigns to each player a specific exclusive location to hunt. We show that when preference parameters dictate a low harvesting intensity, the policies cannot mitigate the overexploitation and in addition they worsen the utilities of the players. Conversely, in a context of harsher harvesting intensity, the intervention can help to safeguard the resource, preventing the extinction and also improving the welfare of both players.

International audience ; Italy is nowadays the only European country to have organized a head-on competition on its whole high speed railway (HSR) network. This paper discusses the issues of this new market structure for the Italian Rail Regulator, both in terms of regulatory design and economic regulation practices. Such HSR competition and regulation took place in a very specific and ambivalent context (including declining Italian railway demand, negative European macroeconomic environment), together with a new ambitious and innovating private competitor (NTV) and strong reactions from the incumbent (Trenitalia). The Italian Rail Regulator's interventions look like more or less a set of everyday life decisions and empirical trade-off than a duly achieved economic doctrine and policy. The level of access charges seems to be a strategic variable to enlarge the scope for profitable entry in Italy. However, this new context still does not answer the question whether HSR operators reach their economic equilibrium in open access competition.

This Part II of the report discusses two main topics : how much liquefied natural gas ( LNG supply infrastructures are needed in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations ( ASEAN + India by 2030 to satisfy the LNG demand projection results presented in Part I and how much investments are required by 2030 to implement the identified LNG supply infrastructure in ASEAN and India. To explore these topics, the following discussions and findings from Part I were considered: additional demands of LNG at provincial levels due to new natural gas thermal power plants converted thermal power plants from diesel fuel to natural gas additional industrial, household and transport uses of compressed natural gas and LNG bunkering for shipping. The projected LNG demands were presented in three scenario s in Part I Part II is based on the middle projection scenario in Part I. These projected demand s were assumed to be added to the current natural gas demand. Therefore, the estimated additional investment for additional LNG supply chain infrastructure development includes the existing LNG supply chain infrastructure.

This paper investigates how the removal of fossil fuel subsidy affects the welfare of a small, oil-importing country like Bangladesh. In doing so, an energy augmented Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) model is developed. The model is calibrated and simulated for the Bangladesh economy under three scenarios, and the results reveal that a 10 per cent reduction in fossil fuel subsidy results in an overall increase in household welfare by 0.36 per cent. However, complete removal of fossil fuel subsidy would increase welfare by 1.89 per cent. The results also show that the subsidy removal schemes improve the country's fiscal burden. We highlight the fact that fossil fuel subsidy acts as a barrier to the development of renewable energy technologies in Bangladesh which can play a significant role in promoting the country's future energy security. So, the paper suggests that the government should use the revenue earned from the fuel subsidy removal to offer incentives to new electricity generators who would enter in the market planning to produce electricity with renewable technology. Following a revenue-neutral subsidy scheme, the government should also encourage the existing electricity generators to adopt renewable technologies in generating electricity.

International audience ; Italy is nowadays the only European country to have organized a head-on competition on its whole high speed railway (HSR) network. This paper discusses the issues of this new market structure for the Italian Rail Regulator, both in terms of regulatory design and economic regulation practices. Such HSR competition and regulation took place in a very specific and ambivalent context (including declining Italian railway demand, negative European macroeconomic environment), together with a new ambitious and innovating private competitor (NTV) and strong reactions from the incumbent (Trenitalia). The Italian Rail Regulator's interventions look like more or less a set of everyday life decisions and empirical trade-off than a duly achieved economic doctrine and policy. The level of access charges seems to be a strategic variable to enlarge the scope for profitable entry in Italy. However, this new context still does not answer the question whether HSR operators reach their economic equilibrium in open access competition.

International audience ; Italy is nowadays the only European country to have organized a head-on competition on its whole high speed railway (HSR) network. This paper discusses the issues of this new market structure for the Italian Rail Regulator, both in terms of regulatory design and economic regulation practices. Such HSR competition and regulation took place in a very specific and ambivalent context (including declining Italian railway demand, negative European macroeconomic environment), together with a new ambitious and innovating private competitor (NTV) and strong reactions from the incumbent (Trenitalia). The Italian Rail Regulator's interventions look like more or less a set of everyday life decisions and empirical trade-off than a duly achieved economic doctrine and policy. The level of access charges seems to be a strategic variable to enlarge the scope for profitable entry in Italy. However, this new context still does not answer the question whether HSR operators reach their economic equilibrium in open access competition.

Through a continuous presence in Pakistan since 1954, The Asia Foundation has developed strong ties and valuable expertise on local, regional, and international issues. With an extensive network of local and regional partners in both government and civil society, our projects extend throughout the country, and range from large, nationwide programs to small, local initiatives. In Pakistan, efforts focus on: promoting economic development and social inclusion, especially for women, strengthening citizen-state relations, and fostering human rights.

Myanmar's new government unveiled a 12-point national economic policy in July 2016, setting the direction for the country's economic development during the next five years. The policy states that Myanmar should achieve people-centered, inclusive and sustainable development, where economic development serves "national reconciliation," creates jobs, diversifies its economy away from the natural resource sector, and produces "balanced development" across states and regions. Among others, it emphasizes public financial management reform, human resource development and infrastructure development, all of which are in dire need of attention as Myanmar tries to pull itself out of centuries of isolation and underdevelopment.

This brief overviews the diverse pollutants and their sources that are harming the natural environment and people's well-being in the GMS. It looks at how the World Bank's Industrial Pollution Projection System (IPPS) has been used in the subregion to help the countries identify current and future pollution risks. This includes Core Environment Program (CEP) support to Cambodia, the Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR), and Myanmar for applying the IPPS as a first step toward managing pollution from their rapidly growing manufacturing sectors. The brief provides recommendations on how the IPPS should be used to complement monitoring systems to enable a sharper view of emerging pollution risks.