Suchergebnisse

In the fall of 1949, the San Francisco Museum of Art held Domestic Architecture of the San Francisco Bay Region. As an illustrated manifesto of Lewis Mumford's regional stance, the exhibition epitomised one of the major turning points in the postwar debates surrounding the question of the autonomy of a truly American modern tradition. Unlike Mumford's 1941 first sight appreciation of the complex reality of Northern California –resulting in an enduring love affair with several generations of its architects, urban planners and social reformers, from William Wurster to his Telesis protégés–, Henry-Russell Hitchcock's evaluation of West Coast architecture was not very high, and his early elucidation evolved through ambivalent considerations. However, as this study tries to demonstrate, the 1949 show would contribute to mellowing the Eastern critic's strict formal and visual criteria delimiting his and Philip Johnson's International Style definitions, which ultimately led him chair the 1962-66 Modern Architecture Symposia at Columbia University to reassess the American reception of European modernism. Conversely, this paper aims to examine the extent to which the conflict of perceptions and interests between the two Coasts brought about the 1949 show as part of a well-orchestrated campaign that had begun around a decade before Mumford wrote his renowned 1947 New Yorker piece triggering a controversy on the existence of a 'Bay Region style'. Contrary to prevailing assumptions that this exhibition was a delayed reaction to the 1948 MoMA symposium organised by Johnson to refute Mumford's opinions, or that it merely tried to make the most of the national polemic, the exhibition was part of a coherent regionalist agenda whose main success was, precisely, that Mumford, Hitchcock and other influential actors in the United States were exposed, indoctrinated and/or seduced by the so-called Bay Area School and its emphasis on social, political and environmental concerns.

In questo articolo si studia la distribuzione costituzionale di competenze in materia di paesaggio in Spagna, che conferisce un ruolo centrale alle regioni. Alcune regioni hanno sviluppato i propri strumenti seguendo le linee guida della Convenzione di Firenze, mentre altre continuano a regolare la questione tramite meccanismi tradizionali derivanti dall'ordinamento del territorio, l'urbanismo, l'ambiente e la tutela del patrimonio culturale. Il risultato è una disciplina frammentaria e non armonica, dei problemi di coordinamento tra diversi enti pubblici ed un ampio margine di miglioramento. Sottolineiamo in tale contesto la normativa della regione di Valencia, di grande interesse poiché la prima ad aver sviluppato strumenti specifici per la tutela del paesaggio: prevalentemente tramite studi del paesaggio, studi di integrazione paesaggistica e programmi sul paesaggio. ; This article studies the constitutional distribution of competences in the field of landscape protection in Spain, which gives regions great prominence. Some regions have created their own instruments in line with the Florence Convention requirements, while others continue to regulate this issue through the traditional mechanisms that come from spatial planning, urban planning, environmental protection and cultural heritage. The result is a fragmented and non-harmonized regulation, problems of coordination between the public administrations involved, and a wide margin of improvement. We emphasize in this context the Valencian legislation, as the first to have developed specific tools for landscape protection: mainly landscape studies, landscape integration studies and landscape programs. ; Il presente lavoro è stato realizzato nel Dipartimento di Diritto Pubblico, Internazionale e Comunitario dell'Università degli Studi di Padova, nel quadro di un soggiorno di ricerca finanziato dal Ministero di Scienza, Innovazione ed Università del Governo di Spagna nel 2018 (PRX18/003577). Ha ricevuto anche il supporto della Cátedra del Agua della Universidad de Alicante-Diputación de Alicante.

Tourism development in Brazil is a viable and economic alternative for job creation and revenue as long as the country can rely on human resources training and a business community integrated with the public sector to attract visitors through the quality of infrastructure and services. The aim of this study was the analysis of tourist flow in a given Brazilian city and the visitor's view on the quality of infrastructure and tourist attractions. An official data base was used and a survey with 172 tourists performed. The research revealed a fluctuation in the tourist flow - causing economic and social unsustainability - and a lack of quality in the overall services according to the tourist's opinion, such as safety, urban and beach cleanliness, tourist information, commercial centers and tours. Integration between government, private sector and agencies promoting tourism is the key to improve the quality of the overall services. ; O desenvolvimento do turismo no Brasil é uma alternativa viável para a geração de empregos e renda, desde que o país possa contar com recursos humanos treinados e uma comunidade empresarial integrada ao sector público, a fim de atrair o visitante pela qualidade da estrutura turística e dos serviços oferecidos. O objectivo do estudo foi analisar o fluxo turístico de uma cidade brasileira, através de base de dados oficiais, e a percepção do visitante sobre a qualidade da infra-estrutura e dos atrativos turísticos desta localidade, através de um levantamento com 172 turistas. A pesquisa mostrou oscilação no fluxo turístico, o que causa insustentabilidade económica e social, e limitações de qualidade em segurança, limpeza urbana, informações turísticas, praias limpas, centros comerciais e passeios turísticos, na percepção do turista. Observou-se a necessidade de integração do poder público com empresas privadas e órgãos turísticos para melhorar o desempenho destes factores.

Background Yellow fever cases are under-reported and the exact distribution of the disease is unknown. An effective vaccine is available but more information is needed about which populations within risk zones should be targeted to implement interventions. Substantial outbreaks of yellow fever in Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Brazil, coupled with the global expansion of the range of its main urban vector, Aedes aegypti, suggest that yellow fever has the propensity to spread further internationally. The aim of this study was to estimate the disease's contemporary distribution and potential for spread into new areas to help inform optimal control and prevention strategies. Methods We assembled 1155 geographical records of yellow fever virus infection in people from 1970 to 2016. We used a Poisson point process boosted regression tree model that explicitly incorporated environmental and biological explanatory covariates, vaccination coverage, and spatial variability in disease reporting rates to predict the relative risk of apparent yellow fever virus infection at a 5×5 km resolution across all risk zones (47 countries across the Americas and Africa). We also used the fitted model to predict the receptivity of areas outside at-risk zones to the introduction or reintroduction of yellow fever transmission. By use of previously published estimates of annual national case numbers, we used the model to map subnational variation in incidence of yellow fever across at-risk countries and to estimate the number of cases averted by vaccination worldwide. Findings Substantial international and subnational spatial variation exists in relative risk and incidence of yellow fever as well as varied success of vaccination in reducing incidence in several high-risk regions, including Brazil, Cameroon, and Togo. Areas with the highest predicted average annual case numbers include large parts of Nigeria, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and South Sudan, where vaccination coverage in 2016 was estimated to be ...

Faced to the observation of a French public policy, yet democratic, which has difficulties in really integrating the citizen's power to act in urban projects, we will be interested in the Tunisian context, which seems, in a period of learning democracy, experimenting with new ways of making territories. We will support our discussion on a practical case study, El Warcha Collaborative Design Studio, located in the Medina of Tunis, decided by and for the inhabitants with a view to improving their living environment. After having briefly crossed the French context to the Tunisian context in terms of the search for democracy, which is representative or "participative", we will look at the territory of the Medina of Tunis as ground of new mobilizations of the civil society. This may lead us to understand how and why El Warcha Collaborative Design Studio emerged, and what lessons can we learn to develop collaborative ways to build the city. ; Face au constat d'une politique publique française, pourtant démocratique, qui éprouve des difficultés à réellement intégrer le pouvoir d'agir des citoyen.ne.s dans les projets urbains, nous nous intéresserons au contexte tunisien, qui semble, dans une période d'apprentissage de la démocratie, expérimenter de nouvelles manières de fabriquer des territoires. Nous appuierons notre propos sur une étude de cas pratique, El Warcha Collaborative Design Studio, atelier de design collaboratif situé dans la Médina de Tunis, décidé par et pour les habitant.e.s dans un objectif d'amélioration de leur cadre de vie. Après avoir brièvement croisé le contexte français au contexte tunisien en termes de recherche de démocratie, quelle soit représentative ou « participative », nous nous pencherons sur le territoire de la Médina de Tunis comme terrain de nouvelles mobilisations de la société civile. Cela pourra nous amener à comprendre comment et pourquoi a émergé le projet El Warcha Collaborative Design Studio, et quelles leçons pouvons-nous en tirer pour développer des manières collaboratives de fabriquer la ville.

Fire is a keystone ecological process in the vegetation of the Sky Islands of Arizona and beyond, affecting every aspect of these ecosystems, including soils, forest structure, species composition, carbon storage, wildlife populations, and much more. For thousands of years, wildfires have been, not a disruptive external force, but an intrinsic part of these natural communities, as integral as water, sunlight, soil, and air. Times have changed. Human-induced fire suppression and climate change have dramatically altered fire regimes across the region, and the fires of the 21st century are a serious problem. Not only are uncharacteristically large and intense fires disrupting ecosystems that historically experienced more frequent, low-intensity wildfire, they are also threatening human communities in the rapidly-growing wildland-urban interface. A key recommendation of the 2007 Statewide Strategy for Restoring Arizona's Forests was that "The Arizona State Legislature, county and local governments, tribal governments, and state agencies should develop land use policies and practices that support forest restoration, community protection, and fire management efforts." (Recommendation 2.2, p.9). The goal of this essay is to discuss the landscape role of fire in the Sky Islands of southern Arizona, and in particular Chiricahua National Monument. We will describe fire and vegetation conditions before Euro-American settlement, changes in fire regime and ecosystems wrought over the past 150 years, the accompanying shifts in plant communities, and projections for the future. We will marshal our recent field research, tying our results to specific places in the park, but we will also summarize general principles developed from many decades of ecological research across the Southwest. Our mission is to provide essential fire ecology background for park staff, who enlighten park visitors about the ecologically-rich and regionally-important environments of Chiricahua National Monument (CHIR).

Lo que sigue es un viaje hacia el corazón del Raval. La trama de esta etnografía, producto de un trabajo de campo en este mismo barrio entre el 2012 y 2015, es la relación entre cuerpo y calle, en particular entre el cuerpo de una trabajadora sexual, Rosa, y la calle d'En Robador, en el Raval en Barcelona. Intentando desdibujar las fronteras entre la antropología del cuerpo, la antropología urbana y la antropología de género, la premisa que alimenta esta investigación es que los cuerpos y los barrios se configuran como primeros lugares de lo político, campos de batalla y territorios donde se entrelazan relaciones de poder. En particular, la intención principal es analizar, según una perspectiva feminista, los mecanismos de construcción del estigma sobre los cuerpos de las trabajadoras sexuales y hacia las calles donde ellas ejercen su profesión, y, por otro lado, las narrativas de resistencia que estos mismos sujetos ponen en marcha para desafiar la alianza entre urbanismo y patriarcado. ; What follows is a journey into the heart of Raval. The plot of this ethnography, product of a fieldwork in this neighborhood between 2012 and 2015, is the relationship between body and street, in particular between the body of a sex worker, Rosa, and the street d'En Robador, in the neighborhood of Raval in Barcelona. Trying to blur the boundaries between anthropology of the body, urban anthropology and gender anthropology, the premise of this research is that bodies and neighborhoods play a prominent role in the configuration of the political: they are battlefields and territories intertwined with power relations. The main aim of the research is to analyse, from a feminist perspective, 1) the mechanisms of construction of stigma on both sex workers bodies and the streets where they practice their profession and 2) the narratives of resistance that these subjects deploy in order to challenge the alliance between urbanism and patriarchy.

Introduction Trauma accounts for a significant proportion of the global burden of disease, with highest mortality rates seen in Africa. This epidemic is predicted to increase with urbanisation and an aim of the Sustainable Development Goals is to reduce deaths and trauma caused by road accidents. Data available on urban trauma in Sierra Leone is limited. Methods We conducted a retrospective observational study of trauma and injury related presentations to the emergency centre (EC) of Connaught Hospital, the principal adult tertiary referral centre in Freetown, Sierra Leone between January and March 2016. Patient demographics are described with mechanism of injury. Additional data on length of stay and surgical procedures were recorded for admissions to the trauma ward. Results During the 3-month period, a total of 340 patients with injury presented to the EC, accounting for 11.6% of total attendances and 68% of adult surgical admissions. The majority were male (66%) and mean age was 26 years (IQR 15–40). The proportion of trauma presentations were higher in the evening and at weekends and 41% of patients were triaged as emergency or very urgent cases. Road traffic accidents were the most frequent cause of injury (55%) followed by falls (17%) and assaults (14%). Burns were more common in children. Head and lower limbs were the most commonly injured body parts and a minority of patients underwent surgical procedures. Median length of stay for adult patients was 4.5 days (IQR 2–11) and 7 days (IQR 4–14) for children. Discussion Injury accounts for a high burden of disease at Connaught Hospital and consumes a significant proportion of EC and hospital resources. Efforts should be directed towards strengthening the pre-hospital and emergency trauma systems with accurate, formal data collection as well as targeting injury prevention initiatives and improving road safety to reduce morbidity and mortality.

[ES] El propósito del trabajo final de máster es el estudio comparativo de la legislación de conservación y protección del patrimonio arquitectónico en España y México, a fin de entender las diferencias que existen entre el marco jurídico de la protección de ambos países, así como en la gestión de proyectos de restauración de monumentos históricos. Asimismo, y tomando un ejemplo de patrimonio emblemático mexicano (la ex hacienda Molino de Flores, en Texcoco), se realiza un estudio de la gestión del proyecto de restauración de dicho monumento, así como de su viabilidad económica, con intención de conocer la rentabilidad de aquel uso compatible que el monumento histórico podría llegar a albergar, dado que más allá de su conservación debe dotársele del mejor uso de acuerdo a la clasificación urbanística, así como a la mayor demanda social. Todo ello tomando en consideración que el objetivo de la conservación es la puesta en valor del monumento aunando la función de difusión, que fomente a medio y largo la sensibilización ciudadana y aumente el interés por la conservación y uso adecuado del patrimonio tangible. ; [EN] The main purpose of the master thesis is the comparative study of the legislation on architecture heritage preservation between Spain and Mexico, in order to understand the existing differences in the legal framework of preservation in both countries, as well as in the field of project management of historical buildings restoration. Besides, and taking as example an emblematic Mexican monument, a research about its restoration project management and its economical viability is done, aimed to know the profitability of the compatible use held by the monument. In fact, beyond the monument preservation, the best use according the urban zoning must be established, just like that with higher social demand, taking into account the objective of preservation is the reuse of the heritage joining the dissemination function, in order to promote in the long-medium term the social increase sensitivity in ...

Over the last decades, Indonesia has experienced dramatic land transformations with an expansion of oil palm plantations at the expense of tropical forests. Indonesia is currently one of the regions with the highest transformation rate of the land surface worldwide related to the expansion of oil palm plantations and other cash crops replacing forests on large scales. As vegetation is a modifier of the climate near the ground these large-scale land transformations have major impacts on surface biophysical variables such as land surface temperature (LST), albedo, vegetation indices (e.g. the normalized difference vegetation index, NDVI), on the surface energy balance and energy partitioning.Despite the large historic land transformation in Indonesia toward oil palm and other cash crops and governmental plans for future expansion, this is the first study so far to quantify the impacts of land transformation on biophysical variables in Indonesia. To assess such changes at regional scale remote sensing data are needed.As a key driver for many ecological functions, LST is directly affected by land cover changes.We analyze LST from the thermal band of a Landsat image and produce a high-resolution surface temperature map (30 m) for the lowlands of the Jambi province in Sumatra (Indonesia), a region which experienced large land transformation towards oil palm and other cash crops over the past decades. The comparison of LST, albedo, NDVI, and evapotranspiration (ET) between seven different land cover types (forest, urban areas, clear cut land, young and mature oil palm plantations, acacia and rubber plantations) shows that forests have lower surface temperatures than the other land cover types, indicating a local warming effect after forest conversion. LST differences were up to 10.1 ± 2.6 ºC (mean ± SD) between forest and clear-cut land. The differences in surface temperatures are explained by an evaporative cooling effect, which offsets an albedo warming effect.Young and mature oil palm plantations differenced in ...

The present work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Agriculture, Fishing, Food and Environment, the Madrid City Council and Madrid Regional Government, and by the Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness and FEDER funds under the project HOUSE (CGL2016-78594-R) and the Generalitat de Catalunya (AGAUR 2017 SGR41). Part of this research was supported by the Korea Ministry of Environment through "The Eco-Innovation project". Support is also acknowledged from the CUD of Zaragoza (project CUD 2016-05), UPV/EHU (UFI 11/47, GIU 16/03), the project PROACLIM CGL2014-52877-R, the City Council of Majadahonda for logistic support, AEMET for providing surface meteorological data, and data from radio soundings and ozone free soundings. ; Various studies have reported that the photochemical nucleation of new ultrafine particles (UFPs) in urban environments within high insolation regions occurs simultaneously with high ground ozone (O3) levels. In this work, we evaluate the atmospheric dynamics leading to summer O3 episodes in the Madrid air basin (central Iberia) by means of measuring a 3-D distribution of concentrations for both pollutants. To this end, we obtained vertical profiles (up to 1200 m above ground level) using tethered balloons and miniaturised instrumentation at a suburban site located to the SW of the Madrid Metropolitan Area (MMA), the Majadahonda site (MJDH), in July 2016. Simultaneously, measurements of an extensive number of air quality and meteorological parameters were carried out at three supersites across the MMA. Furthermore, data from O3 soundings and daily radio soundings were also used to interpret atmospheric dynamics. The results demonstrate the concatenation of venting and accumulation episodes, with relative lows (venting) and peaks (accumulation) in O3 surface levels. Regardless of the episode type, the fumigation of high-altitude O3 (arising from a variety of origins) contributes the major proportion of surface O3 concentrations. Accumulation episodes are characterised by a ...

Aerosol pollution in eastern China is an unfortunate consequence of the region's rapid economic and industrial growth. Here, sun photometer measurements from seven sites in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) from 2011 to 2015 were used to characterize the climatology of aerosol microphysical and optical properties, calculate direct aerosol radiative forcing (DARF) and classify the aerosols based on size and absorption. Bimodal size distributions were found throughout the year, but larger volumes and effective radii of fine-mode particles occurred in June and September due to hygroscopic growth and/or cloud processing. Increases in the fine-mode particles in June and September caused AOD440 nm > 1.00 at most sites, and annual mean AOD440 nm values of 0.71–0.76 were found at the urban sites and 0.68 at the rural site. Unlike northern China, the AOD440 nm was lower in July and August (∼ 0.40–0.60) than in January and February (0.71–0.89) due to particle dispersion associated with subtropical anticyclones in summer. Low volumes and large bandwidths of both fine-mode and coarse-mode aerosol size distributions occurred in July and August because of biomass burning. Single-scattering albedos at 440 nm (SSA440 nm) from 0.91 to 0.94 indicated particles with relatively strong to moderate absorption. ; This work was supported by a grant from the National Key R & D Program Pilot Projects of China (2016YFA0601901), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41590874, 41475138 & 41375153), the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province (LY16010006), the CAMS Basis Research Project (2016Z001 & 2014R17), the Climate Change Special Fund of CMA (CCSF201504), the Special Project of Doctoral Research supported by Liaoning Provincial Meteorological Bureau (D201501), the Hangzhou Science and Technology Innovative project (20150533B17) and the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007–2013) under grant agreement no. 262254.

Traditional dancing in Lower LanguedocMany are the popular practices which have made a lasting impression on Occitan society since the beginning of the 16th century. Traditional dances but also the music of these dances, the instrumentation itself as well as the making and wearing of local costumes took part in the Languedoc populations 'daily life until the very end of the 19th century. In a restricted geographical area, corresponding to a wine monoculture zone, these popular practices also played a leading role in regional and national History: they were privileged witnesses of political and societal events, and omnipresent during local feasts but also in major compulsory official demonstrations from the government. The remarkable longevity of these practices, coming from the Renaissance, is dependent on their adaptation to the different Languedoc societies, their regional representativeness, as well as a will of maintenance expressed by all political schemes and institutions.The whole Languedoc society recognised itself in these mirror-dances, worked out throughout the old regime; they regularly conveyed to authorities the assent or the disagreement of the people.Local popular practices didn't however escape from some multiple cultural interferences with the aristocratic society, the artistic, military or academic way of teaching and also with the different cultures which crossed Europe as soon as the middle of the 19th century.Moreover, the end of peasant society and the advent of urban society undermined popular and mainly rural practices in most regions. In Lower Languedoc, as soon as the end of the 19th century, the survival of the main regional dances complied with the good will of the authorities which financed onerous reconstitutions and remunerated practitioners henceforth turned towards other societal modes. Popular tradition slowly became a represented and institutionalized folklore which met the same ministerial rules as the sports or dance academic teaching. The first surveys concerning the ...

This thesis examines the roots of antisemitic rhetoric expressed by Polish nationalists between 1918 and 1939. I argue that nationalist rhetoric and political campaigns during this period focused on calling for Poles to defend themselves against Jewish economic and political domination. The first half of this work utilizes pamphlets, books, newspaper articles, and other written works wherein Polish nationalists, in particular members of the National Democratic Party(NDP), expressed a fear of Polish Jews and called for their eviction from the country. Fear that Poland, a country that had been partitioned by surrounding empires for the past two centuries, would not last long as an independent country were central in the rhetoric of these authors. In their eyes, Jews threatened Poland's already compromised political and economic position. Throughout the 1930s, the NDP and other nationalist groups began to call for Jews to emigrate. The second half of this thesis uses three Polish counties (Siedlce, Sokołów Podlaski, and Węgrów) as a case study to examine the effects of the NDP's campaign of boycotting Jewish businesses. All three counties had large Jewish populations concentrating in mostly urban areas. I undertake this study by examining reports produced by the Starosta Powiatowy, a state official in charge of describing political activities, crimes, and other major events in a given county. The reports revealed that there was a correlation between the increase in the NDP agitating for boycotts in 1936 and increased reports of Jewish families being terrorized by people breaking their windows. By examining these dynamics, I illuminate some of the political, cultural, and economic forces that contributed to the rise of antisemitism in interwar Poland. In addition to emphasizing the NDP's language of national self-defense, thesis also highlights some of the impacts of this rhetoric.

Climate change in the East African country of Uganda is causing severe variations in the once predictable seasonal weather patterns that farmers had come to depend on. This, in combination with social and economic challenges, has significantly increased the vulnerability of farmers who make up the majority of Uganda's population. Previous knowledge and observations suggest that Ugandan farmers may be reluctant or slow to change their practices in response to the changing climate. Strategies are therefore needed to identify challenges and sustainable solutions. This research used qualitative data collection methods known as participatory rural appraisal (PRA) and participatory action research (PAR) over a seven-month period with two communities in western Uganda. One community was located in an urban area while the other was rural. Research methods were used to first identify real challenges specific to the community before developing strategies to solve them. Both of these steps were conducted in a bottom-up community-based way, utilizing the expertise of community participants. Overall, the main problems identified included degraded water resources, poor farm performance, gender issues, and health challenges. Most of these problems were not directly a result of climate change, but rather a combination of social and economic challenges like poverty and a lack of support from the government and other organizations. In both communities, sustainable solutions to major problems were created by increasing the overall knowledge, expertise, and cooperation among community participants in addition to improving access to local services. The actions taken resulted in a pilot project that improved water resources for the rural community. The approach was effective because it allowed the communities to advocate for themselves to create lasting change. This research builds upon a rapidly growing body of literature on the effectiveness of community-based efforts to solve real-life problems in struggling communities. Furthermore, these findings also challenge more traditional donor-driven approaches to development.