Suchergebnisse

On April 7, 2022, the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) issued a preliminary ruling in United Airlines, clarifying the territorial scope and upholding the applicability of the Air Passenger Regulation in relation to connecting flights departing from an EU airport, even when the second leg of the flight takes place outside of the European Union. A decade after one of the most high-profile cases on the extraterritorial reach of EU law concerning the inclusion of global aviation emissions in the EU emissions trading system (ETS) (Air Transport Association of Americas), United Airlines brought to light its lasting significance and its extension to a different aspect of air transport concerning passenger rights.

The article analyzes the evolution of Iranian-Syrian relations and describes their features. Iran and Syria are historically, politically and geographically related states, diplomatic relations between which were established in 1946. However, after the Islamic Revolution, in 1979 and the leadership of A. Khomeini, relations between the countries strengthened and began to develop rapidly. Because Syria was the first Arab country to diplomatically recognize the Islamic Republic of Iran and actively support Iran during the Iran-Iraq war of 1980-1988. It is worth to say that these two countries combine many factors, especially such as common interests and position on current regional issues and the presence of shared enemies. Оfficial Damascus and official Tehran consider themselves as part of the Middle East's "axis of resistance" of the defense alliance, thus responding to joint threats from Israel and the United States. The position and role of Iran in the civil war in Syria are highlighted. In fact, since the beginning of the Syrian crisis, Iran has provided political, economic and military support to Assad, and has since become a major player in the Syrian conflict. In the current context, Iranian leaders have described Syrian President Al-Assad as his main ally and are working hard to keep him in power. According to a study published by the Office of the US Special Envoy to Syria Staffan de Mistura, financial, military and economic assistance to Iran in Syria is estimated at about $ 6 billion USA per year. It is also investigated that Syria fully shares and supports the foreign policy of official Tehran and the active development of nuclear and missile programs. Syria strongly condemns the decision of former US President D. Trump to withdraw from the JCPOA and is in full solidarity with the leadership, government and people of Iran.

В статье на примере Еврейской автономной области, расположенной на юге Дальнего Востока России, рассматриваются особенности привлечения китайских работников в сельское хозяйство российского региона. Приграничное положение области с провинцией Хэйлунцзян (КНР) способствовало формированию устойчивых внешнеэкономических связей, в том числе в сельском хозяйстве. Рассмотрено изменение роли китайских граждан в развитии сельского хозяйства и сельской местности Еврейской АО с конца 1990-х годов по 2020 г. Показано, что в области китайцы присутствуют в качестве инвесторов, производителей, рабочих, фермеров. Выделены и охарактеризованы три периода российско-китайского взаимодействия (2000–2010 гг., 2011–2019 гг., 2020–2021 гг.).

Die Parallelität der verschiedenen Kulturmodelle, die aus zwei Zivilisationskreisen, dem bürgerlichen Europa und der balkan-osmanischen Kultur, abstammen sowie die allgemeine politische Situation und die religiöse Zugehörigkeit bedingten die Erscheinung eines kulturellen Pluralismus unter den Serben, die im 19. Jahrhundert auf dem Gebiet der Habsburgermonarchie, Österreich-Ungarns und im Fürstentum und Königreich Serbien lebten. Auf die Prädisposition für eine Kulturentwicklung wirkten die geografischen und klimatischen Eigenschaften und staatlichen Rahmenbedingungen ein, und kulturelle Modelle wurden aufgrund der aktuellen ideellen, religiösen, bildungsbezogenen, staatlichen, sozialen und wirtschafts-ökonomischen Entwicklungsrichtungen sowie der traditionellen Praktik gebildet. Jedes der erwähnten Kulturmodelle wurde in den historischen Studien auch durch verschiedene Formen des Privatlebens und das Spezifikum der Beziehungen zwischen den privaten und öffentlichen Sphären ausgelegt.

Abstract: On the Historiography of Zubov et al.'s History of Russia in the 20th CenturyAround 2009, a certain Kremlin-sanctioned Vergangenheitsbewältigung of Russia's Soviet past developed. A case in point is the collective two-volume work edited by Andrei B. Zubov, Istoriya Rossii. XX vek, published in 2009. Societal agency is said to be stressed over structural forces, but it is mainly the agency of Lenin, Stalin and later Soviet leaders that is analyzed. The narrative of the times before Stalin's ascent to power emphasizes repression, terror and planned famine as precursors of the totalitarian excesses under Stalin (1923–1953). The originality of Zubov's historiography is evident in his approach to the Great Fatherland War of 1941–1945, which Zubov refers to as The Soviet–Nazi War. Further, the narrative of the Cold War era culminates in an 'imperial overstretch' theory about the Soviet collapse. However, Zubov has been vehemently criticized for lack of critical rigor; his work represents an awkward mix of liberal enlightenment and obscurantism in its veneration of the fascistoid thinker Ilyin. Today Russia officially operates with one historical truth about the years 1941–45 and is hereby distancing itself from scholars like Zubov.