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During World War I, chemical warfare agents were widely used for the first time on all major fronts with an unprecedented number of casualties, and immediately after the war attempts were made to outlaw this latest weapon. Responsibility for the drafting of specific laws fell to the League of Nations, reflecting the belief that this was a matter of concern for the whole world, not just for the victors in the war. On 17 June 1925, the Geneva Protocol for the prohibition of the use in war of asphyxiating, poisonous or other gases and of bacteriological methods of warfare was signed by 26 States.3 It contained a categorical prohibition to resort to chemical and biological warfare. The signature of the Protocol raised high hopes of an effective ban on chemical warfare, but adherence progressed slowly. A number of States, visibly not trusting the Protocol to be implemented in the forthright manner suggested by the text, made major reservations.

Durante a campanha presidencial dos Estados Unidos no ano de 2016 o governo do país acusou agentes de inteligência russa de usarem ataques cibernéticos contra a empresa que produzia softwares que são usados no sistema eleitoral do país. Apesar de interferências em democracias não serem novas, o caso representa uma tendência na qual o meio cibernético torna-se um valioso recurso, pois, com o avanço da tecnologia da informatização os sistemas eleitorais vem se tornando digitalizados acarretando grande vulnerabilidade especialmente para os países em desenvolvimento. O trabalho tem por objetivo expor a questão do uso dos ataques cibernéticos em eleições. Sustenta que haverá uma tendência a este tipo de intervenção como estratégia política de atores internacionais. Como estudo de caso o trabalho irá se basear na eleição dos E.U.A em 2016 e eventos semelhantes no mesmo período.ABSTRACTDuring the United States presidential campaign in 2016, the country's government has accused Russian intelligence agents of using cyber attacks against a company that produces software used in the country's electoral system. Although interference in democracies is not new, the case represents a trend in which the cybernetic medium becomes a valuable resource because the advancement of computer technology electoral systems are becoming digitalised which are causing great vulnerability especially for developing countries. This paper aims to expose the issue of the use of cyber attacks in elections. It sustains that there will be a tendency to this type of intervention as a political strategy of international actors. As a case study the work will be based on the US election in 2016 and similar events in the same period.Palavras-chave: Relações Internacionais; ciberataques; eleiçõesKeywords: International Relations, cyberattacks; elections Recebido em 30 de Janeiro de 2018.

Auf der Grundlage zurückliegender Aktivitäten und einer Analyse der gegenwärtigen Ausgangslage werden Empfehlungen zur Verbesserung des Studiums von Ausländern an deutschen Hochschulen gegeben. Es entspricht den Ergebnissen der HRK-Umfrage, daß weniger beim Grundstudium als vielmehr beim Haupt- und bei den Aufbaustudien sowie bei der Hinführung zur Promotion erhebliche Verbesserungen erforderlich seien. Deshalb steht diese Zielgruppe im Zentrum der Ausführungen. Gliederung: II. Ausgangslage III. Ursachen IV. Zielgruppen V. Ziele der kompatiblen Gestaltung deutscher Studienstrukturen VI. Grundzüge des anglo-amerikanischen Studiensystems im Vergleich zum deutschen System VII. Folgerungen (1. Promotionsstudien 2. Graduierten-Studien 3. Aufbau- und Ergänzungsstudien 4. Abschlußgrade(Magister) VIII. Empfehlungen. (HoF/ Text übernommen/Ko.)