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This open access book provides a panoramic view of the evolution of Spanish agriculture from 1900 to the present, offering a more diverse picture to the complex and multidimensional reality of agrarian production. With a clear transdisciplinary ambition, the book applies an original and innovative theoretical and methodological tool, termed Agrarian Social Metabolism, combining Social Metabolism with an agroecological perspective. This integrative analysis is especially interesting for environmental scientists and policy makers being the best way to design sustainable agroecosystems and public policies capable of moving us towards a more sustainable food system. Spanish agricultural production has experienced impressive growth during the 20th century which has allowed it to ensure the supply of food to the population and even to transform some crops into important chapters in foreign trade. However, this growth has had its negative side since it was based on the injection of large amounts of external energy, on the destruction of employment and the loss of profitability of agricultural activity. But perhaps the most serious part is the strong impact of the current industrialised agriculture model on Spanish agroecosystems, exposed to the overexploitation of hydric resources, pollution of the water by nitrates and pesticides, high erosion rates and an alarming loss of biodiversity; damage which in the immediate future will end up reducing production capacity.

"Mit dem Wirksamwerden des Gesundheitsstrukturgesetzes sind auch die deutschen Krankenhäuser einerseits unter massiven Kostendruck und andererseits unter den Zwang zur Qualitätssicherung geraten. Nichts schien deshalb näher zu liegen als der Griff nach Rezepten, mit denen bereits industrielle Produktions- und Dienstleistungsbetriebe auf ähnliche Anforderungen reagiert haben. Begriffe wie 'Lean Production', 'Business Reengineering' oder 'Total Quality Management' erlebten daher auch im Diskurs um die effiziente und effektive Krankenversorgung eine überraschend hohe Konjunktur. Entstanden sind diese neuen Produktionskonzepte unter dem Einfluß moderner Technologien, d.h. in Reaktion auf die dabei spürbar gewordenen Grenzen der tayloristischen Organisationslogik. Sie zielen im Kern auf zwei Rationalisierungspotentiale: auf die Überwindung dysfunktional gewordener Produktionsabläufe durch strikte Prozeßorientierung und auf die Mobilisierung der Produktivitätsreserven menschlicher Integrationsbereitschaft und Arbeitsflexibilität. Von der tatsächlichen Leistungsfähigkeit dieser Konzepte im industriellen Kontext einmal ganz abgesehen, stellt sich hier vor allem die Frage nach ihrer Übertragbarkeit auf das klinische (Be-) Handlungsgeschehen. Denn gerade unter Produktionsgesichtspunkten ist die Organisation der klinischen Versorgung reich an Besonderheiten. Hierzu gehört das konkurrierende Nebeneinander divergenter Aufgabenstellungen (Behandlung, Pflege, Forschung, Ausbildung) ebenso wie die professionelle Dominanz der Ärzteschaft über Inhalt, Ausführung, Qualität und soziale Organisation der Arbeit, aber auch die sachlich-zeitliche Unkalkulierbarkeit der 'Produktions'-Abläufe, unklare Aufwand-Ertrags-Relationen, die - unterschiedlich ausgeprägte - Mitproduktivität der Patienten und eine schon jetzt extrem hohe Arbeitsbelastung des medizinischen und pflegerischen Personals. Aus diesen Besonderheiten ergeben sich sowohl Probleme der Angemessenheit als auch der Durchsetzbarkeit neuer Produktionskonzepte im Krankenhaus. Denn rein ökonomisch kalkülisierte Prozeßabläufe lassen sich weder mit patienten- und/oder personalorientierten Versorgungskonzepten harmonisieren, noch treffen sie auf eine Situation, in der die erforderliche Systemintegration überhaupt realistisch erscheint. Mindestvoraussetzung dafür wäre die Dominanz eines einzigen Orientierungssystems in der Krankenversorgung: das der Ökonomie." (Autorenreferat)

Spain provides an opportunity to study the causes of regional differences in industrial development over the nineteenth century. As transportation costs decreased and barriers to domestic trade were eliminated, Spanish manufacturing became increasingly concentrated in a few regions. This article combines Heckscher-Ohlin and economic-geography frameworks and finds that comparative-advantage and increasing-return effects were economically very significant and practically explained all differences in industrialization levels across regions. The deficits of some regions in terms of industrialization appear to have been largely attributable to their factor endowments and the absence of home-market effects for modern industries.

The period of 1923-1950 has a significant role and importance in the industrialization and economic development of Turkey. The Failure of liberal economic policies of 1923-1929 lead the Turkish Government to accept the principles of Etatism and planned industrial development. Althought the period is rather short, the 1930-1938 era created deep effects in Turkish Economy. Wartime economy of the years of Second World War and the following process of democratization had ungoing effects for long years. This article, deals with the developments of the said period and the discussions and the experiences in order to enlighten today 's economic structure and philosophy. ; Türkiye'nin sanayileşmesinde ve ekonomik kalkınmasında 1923-1950 döneminin özel bir yeri ve önemi bulunmaktadır. Liberal ekonomi politikalarının denendiği ulusal ekonominin ilk kuruluş yıllarında (1923·1932) uğranılan başarısızlık, Devletçilik politikasının benimsenmesine ve planlı sanayileşme çabalarına yol açmıştır. 1930·1938 döneminin Türkiye'nin bugünkü sanayii üzerinde derin etkileri bulunmaktadır. İkinci Dünya Savaşı yıllarında uygulanan savaş ekonomisi ve arkasından ekonomik yapıdaki değişme ve demokratikleşme süreci günümüze kadar gelen belirleyici unsur olmuştur. Bu makalede Türk ekonomisinde derin etkileri bulunan 1923-1950 döneminin gelişmeleri ve ekonomik sistem tartışmaları ve deneyimleri incelenmektedir.

Using a life course approach, this analysis examines the effects of industrialization on household and family characteristics for the predominately rural population of Appalachian Kentucky in 1880 and 1910. The household and family characteristics of males and females aged 15–19, 20–24 and 25–29 are described, and variation in these characteristics is examined in terms of six contextual variables. While samples from the 1880 and 1910 general populations do not differ, the samples from the 1910 general population and the 1910 coal mine population do differ. Individuals from the industrial 1910 coal mine sample achieve adult household and family statuses at significantly earlier ages. This analysis demonstrates the effects industrialization—separate from urbanization—can have on households and families.

The past fifteen years have seen two important developments in the international economic system: the rapid industrialization of many less developed countries (LDCs) and their increasing indebtedness to private financial institutions. Massive bank loans have been used to fund industrial growth in many LDCs; international financial markets have replaced multinational corporations as the Third World's most important source of private foreign capital. In four major borrowing countries—Mexico, Brazil, Algeria, and South Korea—the process of indebted industrialization has its roots in the internationalization of finance, the increasing role of the state, and the use of funds raised on the international capital markets to finance industrial development. The results include rapid expansions of LDC industrial production and LDC exports of manufactured products, as well as the formation of an implicit partnership between private financial institutions and state-capitalist elites in the Third World.

International audience ; In this article, Algeria's de-industrialization is examined from the perspective of property rights. Often in the background of any reflection, this issue is usually addressed in a superficial manner, if not completely ignored. However, it seems to be a particularly relevant thread to link recurrent problems raised by the industrial question, which is not usually analyzed in such a way. It is addressed here from a historical perspective that reveals its complexity and ideas are put forward for the construction of an analytical framework. ; Dans cet article, la désindustrialisation en Algérie est interrogée sous l'angle des droits de propriété. Resté en arrière-plan de la réflexion, ce sujet est traité généralement de manière superficielle, s'il n'est pas totalement éludé. Or, il paraît un fil conducteur particulièrement pertinent pour faire le lien entre des problèmes récurrents soulevés par la question industrielle, que l'on n'a pas l'habitude d'analyser sous ce prisme. Il est abordé ici sous un angle historique qui en révèle toute la complexité et indique des pistes pour la construction d'un cadre analytique.

International audience ; In this article, Algeria's de-industrialization is examined from the perspective of property rights. Often in the background of any reflection, this issue is usually addressed in a superficial manner, if not completely ignored. However, it seems to be a particularly relevant thread to link recurrent problems raised by the industrial question, which is not usually analyzed in such a way. It is addressed here from a historical perspective that reveals its complexity and ideas are put forward for the construction of an analytical framework. ; Dans cet article, la désindustrialisation en Algérie est interrogée sous l'angle des droits de propriété. Resté en arrière-plan de la réflexion, ce sujet est traité généralement de manière superficielle, s'il n'est pas totalement éludé. Or, il paraît un fil conducteur particulièrement pertinent pour faire le lien entre des problèmes récurrents soulevés par la question industrielle, que l'on n'a pas l'habitude d'analyser sous ce prisme. Il est abordé ici sous un angle historique qui en révèle toute la complexité et indique des pistes pour la construction d'un cadre analytique.

International audience ; In this article, Algeria's de-industrialization is examined from the perspective of property rights. Often in the background of any reflection, this issue is usually addressed in a superficial manner, if not completely ignored. However, it seems to be a particularly relevant thread to link recurrent problems raised by the industrial question, which is not usually analyzed in such a way. It is addressed here from a historical perspective that reveals its complexity and ideas are put forward for the construction of an analytical framework. ; Dans cet article, la désindustrialisation en Algérie est interrogée sous l'angle des droits de propriété. Resté en arrière-plan de la réflexion, ce sujet est traité généralement de manière superficielle, s'il n'est pas totalement éludé. Or, il paraît un fil conducteur particulièrement pertinent pour faire le lien entre des problèmes récurrents soulevés par la question industrielle, que l'on n'a pas l'habitude d'analyser sous ce prisme. Il est abordé ici sous un angle historique qui en révèle toute la complexité et indique des pistes pour la construction d'un cadre analytique.

International audience ; In this article, Algeria's de-industrialization is examined from the perspective of property rights. Often in the background of any reflection, this issue is usually addressed in a superficial manner, if not completely ignored. However, it seems to be a particularly relevant thread to link recurrent problems raised by the industrial question, which is not usually analyzed in such a way. It is addressed here from a historical perspective that reveals its complexity and ideas are put forward for the construction of an analytical framework. ; Dans cet article, la désindustrialisation en Algérie est interrogée sous l'angle des droits de propriété. Resté en arrière-plan de la réflexion, ce sujet est traité généralement de manière superficielle, s'il n'est pas totalement éludé. Or, il paraît un fil conducteur particulièrement pertinent pour faire le lien entre des problèmes récurrents soulevés par la question industrielle, que l'on n'a pas l'habitude d'analyser sous ce prisme. Il est abordé ici sous un angle historique qui en révèle toute la complexité et indique des pistes pour la construction d'un cadre analytique.

Whilst literature has many monetary and economic policies that were enacted before and after the dawn of the New Dispensation in Zimbabwe the country still faces a downward trend in terms of economic recovery. This study reviews the various policies put in place by the government and their impact on socio-economic development of Zimbabwe. A review of Zimbabwe's economic history shows that the country dropped from being one of the best economies in Sub-Saharan Africa and now ailing and characterised by hyperinflation, agricultural challenges, corruption, very high tax regime, huge domestic and foreign debts, increase in consumer prices and being a chief net importer of most goods or services. The study was underpinned by a case study survey from Singapore's revival with both qualitative and quantitative instruments used. The study found out that even though the land reform had an impact on economic performance, corruption, party-power politics and absence of an economic institute eroded any necessary contribution to economic transformation and industrialization in Zimbabwe. The study also revealed that the bilateral and multi-lateral agreements that were enacted in the dawn of the new dispensation have not yielded the desired economic revival transformations. The study recommended establishment of an economic institute to direct policy as well as removal of unethical practices in both public and private sectors so as to ensure financial and economic discipline.