Suchergebnisse

International audience ; To examine the conditions under which lay people and health professionals living in Chile and France find it acceptable for a physician to break confidentiality to protect the spouse of a patient with a sexually transmitted disease (STD), 207 lay persons and healthcare professionals indicated the acceptability of breaking confidentiality in 48 scenarios combining five factors: disease severity, time taken to discuss this with the patient, patient's intent to inform his spouse about the disease, patient's intent to adopt protective behaviors, and physician's decision to consult an STD expert. A cluster analysis revealed groups that found breaking confidentiality "always acceptable", requiring "consultation with an expert", "depending on the many circumstances", and "never acceptable" (11%)". Despite differences in legislation and ethics codes, Chilean and French lay people showed similar personal convictions regarding the circumstances in which breaking patient confidentiality is acceptable. In contrast, Chilean physicians were much less supportive than French physicians of complete respect of patient confidentiality in all cases. ; Para examinar las condiciones bajo las cuales una muestra de participantes del público general y de profesionales de la salud chilenos considera aceptable que un médico rompa la confidencialidad para proteger al cónyuge de un paciente que padece una enfermedad de transmisión sexual (ETS), doscientos siete participantes (personas del público general y profesionales de la salud), evaluaron la aceptabilidad de dicha ruptura en 48 escenarios, que consistieron en todas las posibles combinaciones de 5 factores (gravedad de la enfermedad, tiempo que se toma conversar sobre la enfermedad conel paciente, intento del paciente por informar a su cónyuge sobre su enfermedad, intento del paciente por adoptar una conducta de protección hacia su cónyuge, y decisión del médico de consultar a un especialista en ETS). Un análisis de racimos reveló grupos de participantes que encontraron la ruptura de la confidencialidad oscilando entre "siempre aceptable" y "nunca aceptable". A pesar de las diferencias de legislación y códigos de ética, las muestras de público general no difirieron mucho en sus convicciones personales respecto a las circunstancias de protección o ruptura de la confidencialidad del paciente. En contraste, los médicos chilenos apoyaron menos que los franceses mantener un completo respeto a la confidencialidad del paciente en todos los casos.

Este artículo es una declaración de posición basada en una larga trayectoria de investigación e intervención en el contexto brasileño. El argumento que se presenta es que las experiencias sanitarias son complejas y que la práctica profesional debe basarse tanto en la experiencia técnica como en la erudición. La complejidad no tiene que ver con los distintos puntos de vista: el de la gente saludable, los pacientes, los doctores, los profesionales sanitarios, los administradores y la ciencia, claro está. Tiene que ver con la concomitancia de varias versiones, de las realidades fractales que representan de distintas maneras los muchos actantes sociales y materiales presentes en esta red heterogénea. Este argumento está estructurado en dos partes. La primera de ellas simplemente reafirma la multiplicidad desde la perspectiva de la Psicología como una profesión sanitaria. La segunda propone que la acción en un escenario complejo requiere una amplia base de información basada más en la erudición que en la experiencia técnica: es la familiarización con aquellos temas culturales e históricos relacionados directa o indirectamente con la organización actual de la prestación de asistencia sanitaria la que presentará las prácticas diarias políticas y éticas ; This paper is a position statement based on a long trajectory of research and intervention in the Brazilian context. The argument put forward is that health experiences are complex, and professional practice must be based on both technical expertise and scholarship. Complexity is not about different points of view: that of healthy people, patients, doctors, health professionals, health administrators and science, of course. It is about the concomitance of multiple versions; about fractal realities that are performed in different manners by the many social and material actants that are present in this heterogeneous network. This argument is structured in two parts. The first one merely restates multiplicity from the perspective of Psychology as a health profession. The second, proposes that action in a complex setting requires a broad base of information based on scholarship rather that technical expertise: it is the familiarity with issues that are cultural and historical and directly or indirectly related to present-day organization of care delivery that will anchor political and ethical everyday practices

Este artículo es una declaración de posición basada en una larga trayectoria de investigación e intervención en el contexto brasileño. El argumento que se presenta es que las experiencias sanitarias son complejas y que la práctica profesional debe basarse tanto en la experiencia técnica como en la erudición. La complejidad no tiene que ver con los distintos puntos de vista: el de la gente saludable, los pacientes, los doctores, los profesionales sanitarios, los administradores y la ciencia, claro está. Tiene que ver con la concomitancia de varias versiones, de las realidades fractales que representan de distintas maneras los muchos actantes sociales y materiales presentes en esta red heterogénea. Este argumento está estructurado en dos partes. La primera de ellas simplemente reafirma la multiplicidad desde la perspectiva de la Psicología como una profesión sanitaria. La segunda propone que la acción en un escenario complejo requiere una amplia base de información basada más en la erudición que en la experiencia técnica: es la familiarización con aquellos temas culturales e históricos relacionados directa o indirectamente con la organización actual de la prestación de asistencia sanitaria la que presentará las prácticas diarias políticas y éticas ; This paper is a position statement based on a long trajectory of research and intervention in the Brazilian context. The argument put forward is that health experiences are complex, and professional practice must be based on both technical expertise and scholarship. Complexity is not about different points of view: that of healthy people, patients, doctors, health professionals, health administrators and science, of course. It is about the concomitance of multiple versions; about fractal realities that are performed in different manners by the many social and material actants that are present in this heterogeneous network. This argument is structured in two parts. The first one merely restates multiplicity from the perspective of Psychology as a health profession. The second, proposes that action in a complex setting requires a broad base of information based on scholarship rather that technical expertise: it is the familiarity with issues that are cultural and historical and directly or indirectly related to present-day organization of care delivery that will anchor political and ethical everyday practices

ABSTRACT: Submerging in the reality of the society and the University gave by result the politicalization of the college students, understood as a taking of brings back to consciousness of the problematic general of the society in which the university is immersed. One said that the University, due to its academic task properly so and to its character of supplier of the tools of the social analysis, could not decide on any concrete alternative of change and yes it had to present/display them all The insertion of the studies of social sciences in the curriculum of the university schools technical scientists and experimental sciences in the field of the social human schools scientific, like imperative of the knowledge of the present reality and the culture, as also the impulse that occurred to the investigation in social sciences, that obtained quality, originality and creativity. This central direction of all the university task caused that the professional formation, without neglecting the academic thing projected towards the formation of professionals with high social sense, it jeopardize with the problematic improvement of the social one. Finally the University became, by virtue of this academic work, in a place of pluralistic encounter, where the most different positions were discussed and contrasted. ; RESUMEN: La politización de los universitarios, esa temida consecuencia de la universalización de la universidad tuvo importantes derivaciones, como fueron las transformaciones del currículo universitario, para adaptarlo más a los tiempos y a la realidad que debía servirse, y a la inserción, de los estudios de ciencias sociales en el currículo de las escuelas universitarias técnico científicas y de las ciencias experimentales en el campo de las escuelas científico humanos sociales, como imperativo del conocimiento de la realidad sociales. la formación de profesionales con alto sentido social, comprometidos con la mejora de la problemática social Todo ello no fue idílico. Pero la discusión académica, por lo mismo que los hechos por muy objetivos que sean son susceptibles de interpretación (y a veces hasta contradictoria), fue y es denigrada. La tolerancia por la forma de pensar y la persona del contendor se decía que se podía combatir con calor en sus planteamientos, pero se respetaba, nada de ello ha sucedido. La historia de persecuciones en las universidades por los gobiernos militares en solo una muestra.

Prozessaspekte rücken immer mehr in den Fokus der wissenschaftlichen Auseinandersetzung mit der Thematik des Pricing. Gleichzeitig zeichnet sich auch in der unternehmerischen Praxis ein Wandel ab; Pricing ist nicht mehr lediglich die Berechnung des deckungsbeitrags- oder absatzmengenoptimalen Preises, die Herausgabe von Preislisten und die Festlegung von Rabattstufen. Vielmehr geraten zunehmend Fragen der Preisstrategie, der Organisation des Pricing wie auch der Gestaltung der Pricing-Prozesse in den Blick des Managements. Möglicherweise ist man zunehmend sensibilisiert für die Bedeutung des Gewinntreibers Preis. In einer empirischen Befragung wurde untersucht, inwieweit in der unternehmerischen Praxis bereits durchgängige Pricing-Prozesse etabliert sind und zu welchem Grad die einzelnen Prozessbestandteile umgesetzt werden. Die Untersuchung wurde mittels eines Fragebogens durchgeführt, der an insgesamt 1824 Führungskräfte und Experten aus Unternehmen versendet wurden. Zum Ende der Untersuchung konnte eine Rücklaufquote von 21 % (377 absolut) erreicht werden, was durchaus als Indikator für die Relevanz der Thematik in der Praxis gewertet werden kann. Durch die Auswertung der Antworten konnte festgestellt werden, dass die Wichtigkeit des Pricing und der Pricing-Prozesse von Managern durchaus erkannt wird, dass die Ableitung und Umsetzung der Erkenntnisse hinsichtlich der Pricing-Praxis der Unternehmen aber noch hinter dem Erkenntnisstand zurück bleibt. Insgesamt liefert die Untersuchung Hinweise darauf, dass bezüglich der Pricing-Prozesse unausgeschöpftes Potenzial besteht, dessen Erschließung ein Weg zu einem professionelleren und wertschöpfenderem Pricing sein kann. ; Over the past few years the process view has attracted more and more interest within the academic discussion on pricing; no longer are the several fields of pricing dealt with separately but rather viewed and arranged as a process. At the same time a change in circumstances of pricing in business practice becomes apparent; pricing is not anymore limited to the challenges of calculating the optimal price in terms of contribution margins and sales volume, publishing of price lists, or the determination of discount levels. In fact, topics of pricing strategy, pricing organization or the configuration of pricing processes emerge to being key success factors in running a professional business. This may in part be due to managers realizing that the price is the most effective parameter to drive profit. In an empirical study it was investigated to what degree pricing processes are available in business practice and to gather information on the scope of implementation of the individual pricing processes. The study was conducted using a questionnaire, which was sent to 1824 managers and experts working in various businesses. After completion, a rate of return of over 21% was achieved, which can be seen as one indicator for the high relevance of the topic. The collected data suggests that, although pricing and its processes are deemed as quite important by the respondents, the implementation within the organizations is lagging behind. Altogether, the study shows that there is still great untapped potential regarding pricing processes in business practice. Capitalizing on this potential will lead to a more professional pricing and will eventually drive value and profit.

Market incentives in the Dutch home care debate: Applying the logics of care method Since the 1990s, politicians and policymakers have emphasized the benefits of market incentives to the Dutch home care sector. During this time, waiting lists and other problems have determined the standing of the sector. In this article, the author presents the logics of care method, with which he explores the underlying logics and dilemmas of the marketization of home care. On the basis of 443 text extracts (selected from Dutch political bodies, employers' organizations, professional organizations, labour unions, health insurers and customer organizations), the author shows that four competing logics of care have manifested themselves in the debate on market incentives: economic, political, familial, and professional logics of care. While some actors point out the conflicts and incompatibilities among the logics, others emphasize their mutual complementarities. The latter is relatively rare, but where the parties do emphasize the mutual complementarity of the logics of care, they also manage to develop policy lines on the basis of which effective solutions to home care problems could be provided. This observation suggests a connection between the debate and actual policy and operational practice. Het debat over marktwerking in de Nederlandse thuiszorg: Toepassing van de zorglogica-methode Sinds de jaren negentig hebben politici en beleidsmakers vaak gehamerd op de voordelen van marktwerking in de Nederlandse thuiszorg. Sinds die tijd ook, roepen wachtlijsten, personeelstekorten en overige problemen negatieve publiciteit over de sector af. In dit artikel presenteert de auteur een methode, waarmee hij de onderliggende logica's en de dilemma's van marktwerking in de thuiszorg onderzoekt. Op basis van 443 documenten (afkomstig van de Nederlandse overheid, politieke partijen, sociale partners, beroepsgroepen, verzekeraars en patiënten- en consumentenorganisaties), toont de auteur aan dat in het debat over marktwerking, vier concurrerende zorglogica's aanwezig zijn: de economische, politieke, familiale, en professionele logica's van zorg. Waar sommige actoren wijzen op de conflicten en tegenstrijdigheden tussen de verschillende logica's, benadrukken andere hun wederzijdse complementariteit. Dit laatste gebeurt overigens relatief heel weinig, maar áls de partijen de onderlinge complementariteit van de zorglogica's benadrukken lijkt de kans op een gezamenlijke en effectieve aanpak van de huiszorgproblemen toe te nemen. Deze observatie suggereert een verband tussen het debat enerzijds en de concrete beleids- en uitvoeringspraktijk anderzijds.

LEGAL REGULATION OF MATERNITY AND PATERNITY SOCIAL INSURANCE ON THE NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL LEVEL SUMMARY There have always been attempts to increase family social welfare. The recent years have seen a particular increase of attention in this sphere. Quite a number of legal acts have been passed in the said field in international and national law, family support policies have been implemented on the national level, and family support measures implemented in order to clearly define social security of parents involved in childcare. Family support policy is a complex construct of measures that countries should apply with particular purposefulness, with regard to the countries' situation, society development level, attitudes towards families and other factors. The main international legal acts in the sphere of family policy and social security are conventions of the International Labour Organisation, the European Social Charter, the European Social Security Code, and European Union directives. The aforementioned documents are aimed at assurance of equal opportunities principles, equal attitudes towards men and women, just matching of family and professional life, maternity-related security, paternity and maternity leaves and other security measures concerning family life. In Lithuania, efforts are made to develop a consistent family policy with regard to international legal acts and the country's current situation, but people cannot yet enjoy its efficient functioning. Although a legal basis has been developed on the national level, it is undergoing constant improving. Family social security in Lithuania embraces social insurance and social support. Social support is furthermore subdivided into social services and financial support. The social support currently existing in the country does not satisfy the needs and expectations of the majority of families living in Lithuania. Legal regulation of maternity-related social insurance is also problematic. Attempts to change the settled order result in the society's outrages, but having assessed certain negative aspects it has and the economic situation in the country, such attempts are justifiable. Other issues that child caring families have to face are compatibility of family and professional life, absence of flexible working schedules, and insufficient services that facilitate childcare. Presumably, consistent implementation of international and national-level legal acts and national-level development of a situation matching family support policies would reduce the number and extent of issues in the field discussed.

Les États-membres européens semblent réactiver le processus de la construction d'une "Europe politique" depuis le "non" français au référendum concernant le projet de la constitution européenne. Il est fondamental d'engager les citoyens dans ce processus, car de cette façon l' « économie » sera finalement au service de la « politique ». Or, la construction de l'Union européenne doit continuer par une intégration des questions européennes dans l'enseignement sans gommer pourtant nécessairement les particularités culturelles des États-membres. L'augmentation de la mobilité étudiante, avec le programme Erasmus, n'est pas suffisante : le pourcentage des étudiants qui restent dans l'UE est toujours trop faible. Les institutions européennes ne peuvent pas se porter responsables de la construction de la citoyenneté européennes : cela appartient à chaque pays membre de se charger de la tâche. La situation en France dans le domaine, que nous traitons dans ce travail, n'est pas exemplaire : dans la formation initiale, il y a eu des efforts. La formation professionnelle, dans une vue globale, est resté centrée sur les questions internes du pays. « Enseigner l'Europe » constitue un des défis majeurs au niveau du système d'enseignement secondaire, universitaire et professionnel en France dans les prochaines années. ; European State-members seem to reactivate the process of construction of a "political Europe", since the French "no" to the referendum concerning the project of European constitution. It is fundamental to implicate citizens in this process, in this way "economy" finally will be in the service of "politics". Thus, the construction of European Union must continue by an integration of the European problematic in education but without erasing the cultural particularities of the State-members necessarily. The increase of the studying mobility, with the Erasmus program, is not sufficient: the percentage of young students that stay within EU remained too weak. The European institutions cannot carry the responsibility for the construction of the European citizenship: it belongs to every country member to put themselves on this task. The situation of France in this domain, treated in this contribution, is not exemplary: in initial education, efforts were made but the professional formation, globally, remain focused on intern problematics for the country. "Teaching Europe" constitutes one of the major stakes of the secondary, higher or professional system of education of France for the next years.

In October, 2007, two hundred American educators traveled to Japan for three weeks as guests of the Japanese government under the Japanese Fulbright Memorial Fund (JFMF) Teacher Abroad program. The purpose of the trip was to increase understanding between the people of Japan and the United States; to enrich American and Japanese curricula with international perspectives; to encourage appreciation for the people, culture, and educational system of Japan; and to expand professional development opportunities for educators. Broadly speaking, these are the goals of global education. The question this qualitative case study examined is whether teachers who participate in isolated, short-term international professional development programs (such as JFMF) become more competent global educators or if the experience remains an isolated incident, referred to during a single, obligatory lesson presented to students each year. Questions pursued were how teachers incorporate such experiences into their curricula; how an isolated, short-term experience can contribute to the development of a global educator; and how teachers' perceptions of themselves and their responsibilities change as a result of cross-cultural experience. This study examined eight K-12 teachers as they experienced Japan and then returned to implement self-designed follow-on plans in their classrooms. Data was gathered through application materials, observations, interviews, and follow-on plans and revealed three categories: Anticipation details why the teachers applied for the JFMF program and what they expected to gain from the experience; Direct Impact examines the effect the experience had on teachers' curricula, students, and selves; and Deep Impact portrays the multiple realities experienced by the teachers through an anti-colonialist lens. In sum, a short international sojourn can positively effect teachers' perceptions of themselves and their responsibilities as educators. Beyond the obvious effects on these teachers, their curricula, and students, the experience underscored the need for more Americans to engage in international experiences. While being privy to the voices and perspectives of other nations and cultures can help us in our global social, political, and economic dealings, the greatest benefit from a program such as this is that it helps us gain a more accurate picture of ourselves, as individuals and as a nation.

Esta preocupación por lo social- por el cambio y/o la permanencia- le brinda a la sociología un campo de acción profesional lo suficientemente amplio como para encargarse de diversas problemáticas en terrenos especializados surgidos gracias al desarrollo científico mismo: sociología política, urbana, rural, educativa, cultural, etc., para citar solo alguna de esas dimensiones especializadas que son aceptadas y cuentan con tradición paradigmática. A pesar de ello, cabe reconocer que en esta diversidad también se encuentran algunos aspectos que corroboran la naturaleza de nuestra disciplina científica, su especificidad. Pudiéramos atrevernos a anotar tres aspectos que nos parecen claves. En primer lugar el carácter investigativo: la sociología debe investigar la realidad; el sociólogo debe contar con herramientas teórico prácticas que le posibiliten un acercamiento científico a los problemas sociales a partir de una preocupación investigativa, en términos rigurosos. En segundo lugar, la intervención social. La sociología, como ciencia social, quiere un profesional comprometido con los problemas que estudia y capaz de generar procesos sociales, organizativos, de impacto que posibiliten que el conocimiento de lo social se vea reflejado de manera práctica. Y en tercer lugar, la reflexión paradigmática sociológica. PALABRAS CLAVES Compromiso social, investigación social, realidad social, tradición, análisis sociológico, interdisciplinariedad. ABSTRACT This concern with the social-change and or remaining the stablishment-sociology offers a professional scope broad enough to address various problems encountered in specialized fields through the development of science itself: political sociology, urban, rural educational, cultural, and so on., to cite just one of those dimensions that are specialized and have accepted paradigmatic tradition. Despite this, we must recognize that in this diversity there are also some aspects that corroborate the nature of our scientific discipline, its specificity. Could dare to write down three things that we think are key. First the research: sociology should investigate reality, the sociologist must have theoretical and practical tools that will enable a scientific approach to social problems from a research concern in rigorous terms. Secondly, social intervention. Sociology, social science and wants a professional committed to studying the problems and can generate social, organizational, enabling the impact of social awareness is reflected in practice. And third, the sociological paradigm of thinking. KEY WORDS Social engagement, social research, social, tradition, social analysis, interdisciplinarity.

Armija ir valsts aizsardzības nodrošinātājs valstī un arī iekšējās drošības garants iedzīvotājiem. Viena no personas pamatvajadzībām ir drošība. Latvijā valsts aizsardzības funkcijas veic Nacionālie bruņotie spēki. Latvija jau vairākus gadus ir pilntiesīga Ziemeļatlantijas līguma organizācijas (turpmāk – NATO) dalībvalsts. Būt pasaules spēcīgākajā militārajā aliansē nozīmē ne tikai tiesības saņemt palīdzību draudu gadījumā no citām NATO dalībvalstīm, bet arī pienākumus piedalīties starptautiskās miera nodrošināšanas misijās, noteiktu budžetu valsts aizsardzībai. Disciplīna ir bruņoto spēku pamatelements, kas liecina par vienas vai otras vienības kaujas spējām un spēku sagatavotību. Tomēr pavēle kā karavīra "pamatlikums" var nebūt tikai kaujas laikā, pavēle ir arī administratīvais akts, kas nodibina, groza, konstatē vai izbeidz konkrētas tiesiskās attiecības. Pavēles kā administratīva akta analīze Latvijas tiesību zinātnē ir maz pētītā tēma, tādēļ autoram ir interesanti analizēt un pētīt jautājumus, kas ir aktuāli kaut nelielai sabiedrības daļai, taču ļoti nozīmīgam un svarīgam personu kopumam – profesionālā dienesta karavīriem, kā arī tām personām, kuras nākotnē savu karjeru saista ar profesionālo dienestu. Maģistra darba mērķis ir sniegt priekšstatu lasītājam par pavēli bruņotajos spēkos kā administratīvo aktu, tā pazīmju identificēšanu, pavēļu veidiem, to nošķiršanu no iekšējiem lēmumiem, pavēļu (administratīvo aktu) izdošanas specifisko kārtību, pavēles par disciplinārsodīšanu specifisko apstrīdēšanas kārtību. ; The army secures the state defendance and is the inner safety guarantee for the population. One of the person's basic needs is safety. National Armed Forces performs the protection/guarding functions in Latvia. Latvia is already several years full-fledged member of Northern Atlantic Treaty Organisations (further – NATO). To be in the world's strongest military alliance means not only to receive the support from other NATO member countries in case of danger but also responsibility to take part in the international peace guaranteeing missions, to assign the budget for the defendance. Military discipline is basic element of the Army. The author, as officer in the National Armed Forces with more than 8 years professional experience in the leading, considers it interesting to find the answers to questions about the order as administrative act. The theme of the master's paper is topical among solders of professional military service and persons, who wants to serve in the army. The aim of the master's paper is to give the reader insight about the order as administrative act in the army, identification of order's marks and orders forms.

The history of reserve forces in the US, Canada, Britain and Australia should be easy. They share a predominantly 'British' heritage in terms of the development of military forces. It is difficult to find a discussion about the present or future of 'reserves' or 'reservists' or the 'militia' without being drawn into the past of what the 'reserves', 'reservists' or the 'militia' have been asked to do, tasked to do or, naturally, whether it was a proper or improper role for the 'volunteer' citizen soldier to have undertaken in the first place. History is central to the spirit of the citizen soldier (as it his with professionals), looking to fit his/her service to his/her country into the same seamless web of traditions and myths shared by others of the 'regiment' or local community who served previously, and will serve in the future. It is very important that we do not discount the importance of such links with the past that provide continuity when we look at a future that can sometimes seem so much a break with that past. History, however, has its limits as a crutch for today's decisions, particularly because the new security environment does not provide for an easy definition of homeland defence. One trend is sure, though: reserve forces have gradually become more integrated into the armed forces of the four subject countries. As a result, career professionals tend to see the value of reserve forces to be a product of their 'usability' abroad, rather than a sense of inherent social or political value they may wield at home. The evolution toward expeditionary forces was evident before that 9/11. The operational tempo of all four armies is as before. The transformation of military forces continues in step. Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom are proof of that. US and coalition forces have proven they can quickly defeat enemies, institute regime change and do so in an ever-increasing 'precise' way. Extended discussions about what proper roles the reserves play or could play in supporting the military objectives of their respective countries is secondary to appreciating fully how 9/11 has laid to waste any notions that first, there are no serious threats to the West and, second, that military force has no legitimate role in a post-modern, post Cold War security environment.

LEGAL REGULATION OF MATERNITY AND PATERNITY SOCIAL INSURANCE ON THE NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL LEVEL SUMMARY There have always been attempts to increase family social welfare. The recent years have seen a particular increase of attention in this sphere. Quite a number of legal acts have been passed in the said field in international and national law, family support policies have been implemented on the national level, and family support measures implemented in order to clearly define social security of parents involved in childcare. Family support policy is a complex construct of measures that countries should apply with particular purposefulness, with regard to the countries' situation, society development level, attitudes towards families and other factors. The main international legal acts in the sphere of family policy and social security are conventions of the International Labour Organisation, the European Social Charter, the European Social Security Code, and European Union directives. The aforementioned documents are aimed at assurance of equal opportunities principles, equal attitudes towards men and women, just matching of family and professional life, maternity-related security, paternity and maternity leaves and other security measures concerning family life. In Lithuania, efforts are made to develop a consistent family policy with regard to international legal acts and the country's current situation, but people cannot yet enjoy its efficient functioning. Although a legal basis has been developed on the national level, it is undergoing constant improving. Family social security in Lithuania embraces social insurance and social support. Social support is furthermore subdivided into social services and financial support. The social support currently existing in the country does not satisfy the needs and expectations of the majority of families living in Lithuania. Legal regulation of maternity-related social insurance is also problematic. Attempts to change the settled order result in the society's outrages, but having assessed certain negative aspects it has and the economic situation in the country, such attempts are justifiable. Other issues that child caring families have to face are compatibility of family and professional life, absence of flexible working schedules, and insufficient services that facilitate childcare. Presumably, consistent implementation of international and national-level legal acts and national-level development of a situation matching family support policies would reduce the number and extent of issues in the field discussed.

Abstract: In a five–part, broad legal study, the author has analyzed the enforcement of foreign and domestic arbitral awards in three European countries – the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Croatia – two of which have already entered the European Union successfully. The goal of the study has been to familiarize the professional legal public as well as independent readers not only with the legal regulation of enforcement of arbitral awards in the aforementioned countries, but with the real practice of national enforcement courts as well. Furthermore, the author has focused on providing the reader with a comparative insight into the enforcement of arbitral awards in all three European states in its entire complexity. Finally, evaluating the current specifi c position of Croatia as a country that still has not acceded to the European Union, the author introduced an explanation of various reasons for including Croatia in the submitted study.
Résumé: L'auteur a analysé, dans une étude en 5 parties au spectre juridique large, l'exécution des sentences arbitrales étrangères et nationales dans trois pays européens – la République Tchèque, la Slovaquie et la Croatie – deux d'entre eux ayant déjà rejoint avec succès l'Union Européenne. L'objet de cette étude a été de familiariser autant les juristes professionnels que les lecteurs indépendants non seulement avec la règlementation de l'exécution des sentences arbitrales dans les pays susmentionnés mais aussi avec la pratique effective des tribunaux nationaux d'exécution. De plus, l'auteur s'est concentré à donner au lecteur dans toute sa complexité le point de vue comparatif vis–à–vis de l'exécution de sentences arbitrales dans les trois pays européens. Enfi n, évaluant la situation actuelle spécifi que de la Croatie en tant que pays n'ayant pas encore approché l'Union Européenne, l'auteur a présenté une explication des différentes raisons l'ayant amené à inclure la Croatie dans l'étude soumise.
Zusammenfassung: In einer in fünf Teilen aufgebauten rechtswissenschaftlichen Untersuchung hat der Autor die Vollstreckung von ausländischen und nationalen Schiedsentscheidungen in drei europäischen Ländern (Tschechien, Slowakei und Kroatien), von denen zwei als Mitglieder der Europäischen Union aufgenommen sind, untersucht. Das Ziel dieser Untersuchung ist, die professionale juristische Öffentlichkeit sowie auch andere Interessierte nicht nur mit den Regelung der Vollstreckung von Schiedsentscheidungen in den genannten Ländern vertraut zu machen, sondern auch mit der Praxis der nationalen Vollstreckungsgerichte in diesen Ländern. Darüber hinaus beabsichtigt der Autor, den Lesern einen rechtsvergleichenden Überblick über die gesamte Komplexität der Vollstreckung von Schiedsentscheidungen in diesen drei europäischen Ländern zu geben. Abschließend begründet der Autor, warum es angemessen ist, die Rechtslage in Kroatien in dieser Untersuchung darzustellen, trotz der derzeitigen besondern Stellung Kroatiens als nicht Mitgliedstaat der Europäischen Union.

The dissertation analyzes public investigation reports from Norway and the United States in the 19th and 20th centuries using psychological attribution theory. ; Avandlingen analyserer offentlige granskingsrapporter fra Norge og USA i det 19. og 20. århundrede ved hjelp av psykologisk attribusjonsteori. ; This dissertation compares governmental investigative commission reports about disasters across two national cultures to assess explanations for changes in the evaluation of administrative failures. A review of selected commission reports from Norway and the United States suggests that a pattern of blaming individuals for disasters has over time been replaced by a tendency toward faulting organizational systems. A central question is whether this trend is related to changes in the character of the investigated events or to changes in the conceptual framework used by commission members. The research examines three alternative explanations for the adoption of the system view: (1) changes in the professional composition of commissions, (2) the emergence of modern public administration theory, and (3) the dominant political culture at the time. Propositions drawn from general systems theory, cultural theory, and attribution theory are applied to the commission reports. Data for the dissertation consists of sixty-four commission reports produced by the governments of Norway and the United States. Characteristics of the commissions, their members, and findings are categorized and examined using univariate and bivariate analysis. The analysis of American reports shows that attributing administrative failure to system errors became prominent at the beginning of the twentieth century concurrent with the influence of the Progressive movement in politics as well as the emergence of public administration as a subdiscipline of political science. The maintenance of the system view in commission reports of the modern era is shown to be related to the professional composition of the commissions. The analysis shows that in Norway the trend toward system blame manifested itself much later in this century with a reduction of the influence of lawyers and the inclusion of other professions as investigative commission members from the 1960s and onward. While emphasis on system blame in theory weakens traditional principles of personal and political accountability, the actual shift toward system blame strongly suggests that modern investigative commissions principally serve as policy evaluators and initiators of system change. Thereby commissions help to make public administration more accountable and responsive. ; publishedVersion