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The American professions took on their modern shape in the period between 1870 and 1920. After Jacksonian democracy had severely weakened the organizational structures of the professions, a series of interrelated reforms raised academic standards, improved professional schools, and standardized and strengthened licensing requirements.

The Palestine intifada (uprising), which erupted in Dec 1987, has created political turmoil in a good part of the Arab world, with worldwide repercussions. Among the questions addressed here is how the intifada generated such strong reactions from Arab regimes of such different ideologies & structures. The obvious answer is the symbolic significance of the Palestinian struggle, but that in itelf does not explain the enormity of the impact, & how it has been manifested. Based on a review of the literature, especially concerning the history of the Arab world, reasons for this impact are sought in characteristics of the various Arab states, the interrelation between the development of the modern system of Arab states & the Palestinian issue, & the historical place of Palestine in the Arab world. It is shown that more recently, the Arab states have, at least partially, insulated themselves from the transnational repercussions of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. 1 Table. J. W. Stanton

This article examines how parenting practices popularly classed as 'good' are related to poverty, education and time pressure. Using the 2012 UK Poverty and Social Exclusion (PSE) survey we argue that parenting practices such as reading, playing games and eating meals together are not absent among those who are less well educated, have lower incomes or are more deprived of socially accepted necessities: therefore, political claims of widespread 'poor parenting' are misplaced. Further, we suggest that the dominant trope of poor people being poor at parenting may arise because the activities of the most educationally advantaged parents – who do look different to the majority – are accepted as the benchmark against whom others are assessed. This leads us to suggest that the renewed interest in sociological research on elites should be extended to family life in order that the exceptionality of the most privileged is recognised and analysed.