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Examines power dynamics between Western journalists stationed in Egypt and Israel and official press relations practitioners in the two countries.

THIS PAPER EXAMINES THE ISSUE OF A NON-LINEAR RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GROWTH IN GOVERNMENT AND OVERALL GROWTH IN THE ECONOMY. GOVERNMENT CONTRIBUTES TO TOTAL ECONOMIC OUTPUT IN VARIOUS WAYS. THE PROVISION OF PIGOVIAN PUBLIC GOODS ENHANCES THE PRODUCTIVITY OF THE PRIVATE SECTOR INPUTS INCREASING TOTAL OUTPUT. HOWEVER, THE PUBLIC DECISION-MAKING PROCESS CAN RESULT IN AN INEFFICIENT QUANTITY OF PUBLIC GOODS. THE LIKELIHOOD OF THIS OUTCOME INCREASES WITH THE SIZE OF GOVERNMENT. FURTHER NEGATIVE EFFECTS ARE CREATED BY THE REVENUE RAISING AND SPENDING MECHANISMS OF GOVERNMENT, AND THE INCREASING DIVERSION OF RESOURCES INTO 'UNPRODUCTIVE' RENT-SEEKING ACTIVITIES. THE MAGNITUDE OF THESE EFFECTS IS LIKELY TO INCREASE WITH THE RELATIVE SIZE OF GOVERNMENT. A SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS MODEL THAT INCORPORATES THESE DIFFERENT INFLUENCES IS DEVELOPED AND TESTED USING TIME-SERIES DATA FOR THE UNITED STATES. THE ESTIMATES INDICATE THAT THE NON-LINEAR MODEL IS THE BETTER FOR EXPLAINING THE GROWTH OF TOTAL ECONOMIC OUTPUT.

This report investigates the impacts of learning musical instruments, and other musical activities, on childhood development and wellbeing. The findings of this investigation reveal that music is a multifaceted activity. Because music is a multifaceted activity, there are a wide range of benefits for children and the community, these include: • The aesthetically enjoyable activity of music promotes creativity and emotional expression. • Music psychologically enhances self-identity, neurobiological and cognitive development. • Music does not greatly improve academic ability in other non-music subjects, but in some circumstances, music may improve student's participation at school by improving self-esteem and motivation. • Composing music improves problem solving skills, and enhances autonomy. • The therapeutic application of music assists children with learning and behavioural difficulties. • Music builds strong and engaged communities. • Music facilitates learning about cultural heritage and cultural learning.Music assists children to access 'knowledge based economies' in their later working lives. • That there are pre-requisites for the delivery of quality music programmes in primary schools. This report also assesses the Federal government's current level of education funding, and related programmes, for musical education by way of a comparison to Canada and Singapore. The findings of this assessment reveal: • The Federal government currently has no specific funding arrangements or incentives for the provision of music in Australian schools. • The provision of music in state and territory government schools is unlikely to be best practice for the benefits of music to be fully experienced by all children. The lack of data from both the public and independent school sectors also requires further investigation. • Singapore's approach to music in schools is different to that of Australia's, although further investigation is required. And that Canada's provision of music in schools is similar to Australia's.

This entry has been realised in the framework of the H2020-MSCA-RISE-2018 project "LoGov - Local Government and the Changing Urban-Rural Interplay". LoGov aims to provide solutions for local governments that address the fundamental challenges resulting from urbanisation. To address this complex issue, 18 partners from 17 countries and six continents share their expertise and knowledge in the realms of public law, political science, and public administration. LoGov identifies, evaluates, compares, and shares innovative practices that cope with the impact of changing urban-rural relations in five major local government areas: (1) local responsibilities and public services, (2) local financial arrangements, (3) structure of local government, (4) intergovernmental relations of local governments, and (5) people's participation in local decision-making. The present entry addresses intergovernmental relations of local governments in Argentina. The entry forms part of the LoGov Report on Argentina. To access the full version of the report on Argentina, other practices regarding intergovernmental relations of local governments and to receive more information about the project, please visit: https://www.logov-rise.eu/. This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 823961.

"This unique study from the OECD Development Centre presents a comprehensive review by independent experts of the relationships and division of responsibility between the 22 member governments of the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC), and NGOs from these donor countries, working in international development. Additional chapters cover the roles of the European Union and the World Bank."--Jacket

Administrative decentralization to government agencies (so‐called 'agencification') has attracted much attention in recent years, increasingly for its longevity or evolution after the 'high' managerialism of the 1980s, and largely through a neo‐positivist epistemology. Drawing on techniques of narrative and discourse analysis, and a model of incremental ideational change, this article identifies the necessity of supplementing those existing large‐N analyses of agencification's expansion and decline with qualitative attention to the endurance of policy meaning. It demonstrates how the original foundations of managerialism, civil service empowerment and decentralization from the UK's seminal 'Next Steps' agency programme are eschewed in contemporary reform discourse, where agencification is instead advocated as centralized, politically proximate and departmentalized governance. This substantial reinterpretation of the arm's‐length concept not only challenges existing claims of continuity in UK administrative policy, but also demonstrates the utility of interpretive methods for exploring longevity in public management more widely.

PurposeThe dilemma of implementing and adopting inter‐organisational systems (IOS) that enable information sharing in an electronic fashion has been regarded as an inevitable issue for the public sector. The majority of previous studies have mainly focused on Central or Federal level organisations, and more importantly applied so‐called old fashion theoretical lenses, hence failed to capture the extensive picture of information sharing in an inter‐organisational and inter‐departmental settings. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the barriers and enablers of information sharing in local level in order to clarify why sharing information in local level differs from the central/federal level, and why innovation adoption theories are not sufficient enough to explore an inter‐organisational phenomenon.Design/methodology/approachA systematic literature review on technology adoption in public sector is carried out in order to select a suitable theoretical lens. Hence, based on previous research on information sharing in public/private sector, inter‐organisational systems adoption, and inter‐departmental collaboration, the factors and participation phases that are relevant to the context of local government have been summarised and discussed.FindingsThis paper proposes a novel conceptual framework that can be used as a tool for decision‐making while sharing information electronically. The framework consists of four main levels: investigation and presentation of factors influencing EIS in LGAs based on external environment, organisational capacity, technology environment, EIS characteristics, and inter‐departmental environment; investigation and presentation of the processes that an LGA department should carry out to decide whether to share information with another department; mapping of the influential factors on the participation phases; and prioritisation of the factors influencing EIS in LGAs in different decision‐making phases.Research limitations/implicationsThe proposed framework should be tests and validated through empirical cases, focusing on inter‐departmental collaboration in local level.Originality/valueFrom theoretical perspective, almost none of the previous research have investigated the effectiveness of DOI or TOE in studying the adoption of inter‐organisational innovation. Also, they have failed to examine and prioritise the importance of the factor influencing EIS on the participation phases.

Government organizations' focus on public service provides a fertile ground for conflict due to competing interests and goals. Conflicts exist and persist because of workplace pressures such as unstable political climates, budget restrictions, technological advances, a diverse workforce, disruptive change, and organizational transformation. Although typically risk-averse, these organizations need flexible and adaptive leaders who exhibit the appropriate behaviors in the best interests of the organization and the community. Servant-leaders seem likely to demonstrate conflict adaptivity due to their focus on serving the needs of followers and other stakeholders, which may require different conflict styles at different times and in different situations. This study's aim was to discover if a relationship exists between servant leadership and conflict adaptivity in government leaders. A quantitative, nonexperimental, and cross-sectional approach was used to survey leaders and their followers. Leaders completed a measure of conflict adaptivity, and their followers rated them as servant-leaders. No correlation was found between servant leadership and conflict adaptivity. Therefore, the expectation that the leader's conflict adaptivity would predict increased perceptions of servant leadership by the follower was not supported in this sample. However, replication studies are needed to determine if this result is found with larger samples in different contexts. Further research is needed to determine if organizational culture moderates the relationship between conflict adaptivity and servant leadership as governments' organizational cultures may prescribe certain approaches to both conflict and leadership, potentially masking a relationship between servant leadership and conflict adaptivity.

Purpose and Originality: ICT usage in management processes became inseparable part of both private and public organizations' practice. E-leadership concept is quite new in public administration area. The purpose of this research was to explain main theoretical and practical presumptions for the e-leadership in the local self-government organizations in Lithuania. The value and the originality of the research are achieved by revealing theoretical elements of this concept in the local self-government (based on the Good Governance approach) and giving some evidences of e-leadership practical implications in Lithuanian municipalities. Method: The research is based on the theoretical approach of Good Governance, which explains the need of better management in public administration organizations. Scientific methods such as the content analysis of scientific literature, presenting theoretical presumptions for e-leadership in local self-government in Lithuanian researches, as well as PEST analysis (the document analysis) of Lithuanian municipalities' practice are used. Results: Theoretical insights about e-leadership in local self-government organizations in Lithuania are still missing the deeper understanding of this phenomenon; however, the practical presumptions (the legal basis, social readiness and technological instruments) were founded to be created strong and having the potential to grow. Therefore it can be stated that Lithuanian municipalities already using ICT for their daily activity are ready for the implementation of e-leadership tools, but they still need more clear vision (and guidelines) for strengthening e-leadership as an organizational practice. Society: Results of this research are important for researchers of Lithuanian public administration, especially interested in local self-government looking for new directions for future researches. Moreover, they can be used by practitioners in municipalities understanding the value of ICT usage for management and leadership processes. Limitations / further research: The research is the first phase of wider ongoing international research.

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Whilst many countries have been devolving power to the sub-national level England has moved in the opposite direction. For the last decade English local government has been subjected to tight top down performance monitoring and financial controls. The evidence suggests that these policies have helped to encourage significant improvements in performance. However critics argue that they have been costly to implement and have undermined local democratic accountability. In response to these concerns the current government has promised to sweep away external assessment in favour of self-regulation by councils and in-depth scrutiny by citizens. This 'new localism' poses important questions for both policy makers and researchers. In particular how far will the promised reforms actually go and what impacts will they have on the service standards?