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In this study we explore how versions of organizational reality and gender are constructed in management discourse and whether such patterns change over time. Specifically, we examine management explanations and accounts of the gendered nature of their organizations through their commentaries on their affirmative action programmes. In Australia private sector organizations with 100 or more employees are required to report to government on their affirmative action programmes for women. In these documents, management representatives outline objectives for the coming year and report on their progress in reducing employment-related barriers for women. In doing so they account for the 'problem' of gender-based discrimination that affirmative action is designed to address, justify their actions (or lack of action) and reproduce versions of gendered identity. Thus we use affirmative action reporting as cases of management rhetoric to explore how aspects of gender and organization are constructed, taken for granted, challenged or problematized. Comparing reports from the hospitality sector over a 14-year period, we explore whether there is any evidence of discursive change in management accounts of the gendered nature of their organizations.

Robert Putnam is a key figure in the democratic decline debate that suggests declining political engagement represents a threat to democracy. His famous studies of the United States draw their intellectual framework from his Italian study Making Democracy Work. This paper returns to the Italian study and argues that Putnam mis-theorized the findings, and that a more cogent theoretical approach would have led him to identify different causal factors driving shifts in political culture. It proposes a re-theorization of his findings that re-interprets the Italian study. When these new conclusions are applied to the broader debate they suggest a different line of explanation for the changing patterns of civic engagement occurring across many Western countries. The paper argues that ideological debates about the nature of democracy affect citizen's political behaviour and lead to changes in democratic practice. In the Italian case, it argues that the variation in regional political cultures reflected different local beliefs about the nature of democracy. These beliefs were played out and re-made through ideological debates between political parties.

Is there a 'best practice' model for the legal recognition of customary tenure? If not, is it possible to identify the circumstances in which a particular model would be most appropriate? This article considers these questions in the light of economic theories of property rights, particularly as illustrated by the World Bank's 2003 land policy report. While these theories have their flaws, the underlying concept of tenure security allows a typological framework for developing legal responses to customary tenure. In particular, this article suggests that the nature and degree of State legal intervention in a customary land system should be determined by reference to the nature and causes of any tenure insecurity. This hypothesis is discussed by reference to a wide variety of legal examples from Africa, Papua New Guinea and the South Pacific. The objective is not to suggest that law determines resource governance outcomes in pluralist normative environments, but to improve the quality of legal interventions in order to assist customary groups to negotiate better forms of tenure security and access to resources.

Who is or what is the 'human' human rights' and "Humanity" of humanitarianism? The question sounds naive, even foolish. However, important philosophical and ontological issues are involved this theme. If you are given rights to beings because of their "humanity", the nature "human", to their needs, characteristics and desires is the normative source of rights. The human definition will determine the substance and scope of rights. Even if we knew who the "Human", when they begin and end their existence and rights to it associated? Fetuses, genetically designed babies ( "designer babies"), clones, people in a permanent vegetative state are fully human? What about animals? The movement to defend the rights of animals, from the militancy of deep ecology and the anti - vivisection until its variations softer green, put on the political agenda the legal differentiation between human or animal firmly and produced a large number of projects animal rights. This article examines the ideology of humanism in its several transformations and permutations. It begins with the history of concepts of humanity and human nature.

Роль субсидирования как механизма, используемого публичным субъектом для решения публичных задач, возросла, обозначились тенденции, в соответствии с которыми субсидии предоставляются организациям различной организационно-правовой формы на основании договора (соглашения). Вместе с тем вопрос о правовой природе договоров (соглашений) о субсидировании не решен на уровне законодательства и остается дискуссионным в юридической литературе, однако имеет важное практическое значение. В статье анализируются разные точки зрения относительно правовой природы договоров субсидирования, условия договоров, обосновывается авторская позиция по дискуссионным вопросам. ; The role of subsidies as a mechanism used by the public subject to achieve public goals is ever growing, and there is currently a tendency for the subsidies to be provided to the organizations of various organizational legal form based upon the contract (agreement). At the same time, the issue of legal nature of contracts (agreements) on subsidies is not resolved at the legislative level, and it remains debatable in the legal literature, while having certain practical importance. The articles include analysis of various points of view on the legal nature on subsidy contracts and their clauses, the author substantiates her position on debatable issues.

From a civil engineering perspective, floating ice covers in cold regions is a readily accessible and cost effective material for transportation infrastructure, notably ice roads, which can be used in areas that would otherwise not be accessible. Because ice roads are floating, they entail risks that other road infrastructures do not have to contend with, namely, that of a breakthrough. In order to better understand what is involved in a safe and cost effective operation of ice roads and other ice-based infrastructure, the physical nature of ice covers (ice type, thickness, temperature, cracking, etc.) and the mechanical properties of that material (elastic modulus, creep behavior) need to be properly assessed. The empirically-derived Gold's formula provides a first order assessment of bearing strength. The actual usage and the nature of the traffic are also important factors. Ice roads are managed by government bodies or by local communities, or they can be private operations. There are a large number of ice roads in the country – an attempt is currently being made by OCRE to centralize that information and make it available to all stakeholders. ; Peer reviewed: No ; NRC publication: Yes

В статье предпринят политологический анализ проблемы иммиграции, которая на современном этапе приобретает для европейских государств критический характер. С одной стороны, автор характеризует данное явление через призму глобализационных процессов, разграничивая при этом их «объективные» и «субъективные» основания. С другой стороны описывает природу антиглобалистских-антииммигрантских протестных выступлений, проявляющихся как на общественном, так и на государственном уровне. Выделенная в ходе исследования триада «иммиграция глобализация антиглобализм» может рассматриваться в качестве самостоятельного подхода в научном исследовании текущего иммиграционного кризиса в Европе. ; In the article the political-science analysis of the problem of immigration, which assumes the critical nature for European states at present, is undertaken. On the one hand, the author defines this phenomenon in the light of globalization processes distinguishing their "objective" and "subjective" grounds at the same time. On the other hand, he describes the nature of anti-globalization and anti-immigrant protests that are shown both at social and state levels. The triad "immigration globalization antiglobalism" singled out during the research can be considered as an independent approach in the scientific study of the current immigration crisis in Europe.

During the last 25 years, the economy of the Baltic States has been developing in the conditions of sovereignty, both de facto and de jure. This period has been sufficient to identify regular patterns in the national economic models. Studies into the nature of the economic development of the Baltic States have a considerable practical and scientific significance. On the one hand, the three Baltic States are a part of the postSoviet space. The nature, success or failures of their economies contribute to a more accurate assessment of Russia's development. On the other hand, it is the second decade of the Baltic States' EU membership, and the countries' experience is very relevant. The article identifies and analyses key characteristics of the Baltic States' economic model. The author puts forward a hypothesis on two stages of the economic transformation undergone by the Baltic States. The first stage is characterised by a combination of transformation and modernisation whereas the second — by transformation accompanied by a number of destructive trends in the economy. The current economic model demonstrates limited stability, partly due to deliberately severed economic ties with Russia.

В статье исследуется проблема характеристики труда лиц, осужденных к лишению свободы. Вы-делено три подхода к пониманию характера труда осужденных. Обозначен и разработан вопрос о со-отношении норм уголовно-исполнительного и трудового законодательства при регулировании труда лиц, осужденных к лишению свободы. На основе анализа международных актов и российского законодательства сделан вывод об обязательном характере труда лиц, осужденных к лишению свободы; о приоритете норм УИК РФ перед нормами ТК РФ при регулировании труда заключенных. ; The author investigated the characteristics of the problem of persons sentenced to imprisonment labor. Three approaches to understanding the nature of convicts' labor are presented. The relation of criminal enforcement of la-bor legislation and the regulation of the labor of persons sentenced to imprisonment are identified and developed. Based on the analysis of international acts and the Russian legislation and the author concluded that the mandatory nature of the labor of persons sentenced to imprisonment; the priority norms of the Criminal Enforcement Code of the Russian Federation to the rules to the regulation of the Labor Code of the prisoners.

La trata de personas es considerada una forma contemporánea de esclavitud, un delito que viola gravemente los derechos humanos, un problema mundial de naturaleza multidisciplinaria. Es debido a ese carácter multifacético por lo que se debe pensar en una alternativa integral. Cada país tiene sus propias medidas legislativas, su propia situación particular a nivel externo e interno en trata de personas, así el fin de este artículo es aproximarse a esa alternativa integral para la trata de personas en Ecuador.PALABRAS CLAVE: Trata de personas; esclavitud contemporánea; cooperación internacional; derechos humanos; Ecuador.INTEGRAL ALTERNATIVE FOR Human TRAFFICKING IN ECUADORABSTRACTHuman trafficking is considered a kind of contemporary slavery, a crime that seriously violates human rights, a worldwide problem of multidisciplinary nature. It is necessary to think about an integral alternative due to this multisided nature. Every country has its own legislative measures, its own particular situation to external and internal levels in human trafficking, so the purpose of this article is to come closer to that integral alternative for human trafficking in Ecuador.KEYWORDS: Human trafficking; contemporary slavery; international development; Human Rights; Ecuador.

paper uses a completely innovative point of view to analyze The Change of
Zhou - a comprehensive ancient Chinese philosophical work, which is composed
of well-known Book of Change and its philosophical commentaries, so called
The Commentaries of Change. The chapters of The Commentaries of Change like
?Jicizhuan?, ?Tuanci? and ?Xiangci? are quoted in this paper and their
meaning is explained, which is important for understanding the ancient
Chinese cosmological concept of ?the Unity of Heaven and Man?. According to
the Chinese perception of the Universe - Heaven, Earth and man are
holistically connected and interdependent. Man is considered to be
responsible for all his actions and it is emphasized that even the most
trivial human activity causes the changes in the whole cosmic order. A human
being is born not to indulge in carefree pleasures, but to choose himself a
goal of spiritual growth i.e. self-cultivation through the stages of honest
man (junzi), and wise man (shengren). He should also endeavor to establish
and maintain harmony with nature and thus have a beneficial effect on all the
beings and things in nature.

The aim of the text is to present various approaches towards personnel management in the building industry. The difference in the analysed approaches is partially caused by the fact that sectors within building industry also differ substantially. The paper is divided into five sections dealing among others with personnel management and its efficiency, tools used to measure and improve personnel management efficiency and characteristics of specific problems of personnel management. The principle methods of inquiry used in the text include literature study and case study. The author stresses the fact that construction industry is demanding in terms of personnel management, as it has to deal with special requirements stemming from employment area, including: the seasonal nature of the building works, spasmodic nature of works on individual projects, required qualification of workers in the building industry, building technology and system operations. The author concludes that due to constantly changing environment the building industry uses flexible personnel work systems and that the challenge is to adapt the personnel management system efficiency to the variable environment and make the building industry personnel management flexible.

The establishment of policy is key to the implementation of actions for health. We review the nature of policy and the definition and directions of health policy. In doing so, we explicitly cast a health political science gaze on setting parameters for researching policy change for health. A brief overview of core theories of the policy process for health promotion is presented, and illustrated with empirical evidence. The key arguments are that (a) policy is not an intervention, but drives intervention development and implementation; (b) understanding policy processes and their pertinent theories is pivotal for the potential to influence policy change; (c) those theories and associated empirical work need to recognise the wicked, multi-level, and incremental nature of elements in the process; and, therefore, (d) the public health, health promotion, and education research toolbox should more explicitly embrace health political science insights. The rigorous application of insights from and theories of the policy process will enhance our understanding of not just how, but also why health policy is structured and implemented the way it is.

The article offers an overview of the political history of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) from its birth to the present. It analyzes the social and political origins of the PLO, the impact on its politics of decades of regional upheavals in the scope and nature of the Arab–Israeli conflict and its ability to function as a national framework of resistance and civilian organizations despite geographical and political obstacles. Given the PLO's nature as a non-state regional actor, the article is particularly concerned with its political adjustment along with the decline of pan-Arab identity and the Arab states collective action for the Palestinian cause, the post-1973 peace process, and the shifting center of gravity of Palestinian national action from the Arab states neighboring Israel into the Occupied Territories. The article thus explains the PLO's survival and repeated rises from the ashes following military debacles and internal crises and examines how the Oslo process and the advent of the self-governing Palestinian Authority have affected the PLO as an overall national leadership.

Abstract
This article is a study of Ali al-Wardi's understanding of democracy in general and its feasibility in Iraq. It also attempts to clarify al-Wardi's position on the problems and obstacles that democracy faces in a society characterized by violence vis-à-vis a state that is weakened due to the dominance of the Bedouin nature of society. The article also aims to study the problems surrounding the application of democracy, according to al-Wardi, in a community which lacks the tradition and understanding of the basic values of a liberal-democratic state. Al-Wardi focused on the question of whether the political changes which occurred in Iraq during the monarchical era (1921–1958) or in the republican era (from 1958) impacted the sociological nature of Iraqi society. Can democracy be applied without democrats? Is it possible to establish a functioning democracy in a society that hates the state? There is no doubt that al-Wardi played an important role in analysing and understanding the reality of Iraqi society and how it had yet to incorporate the values and processes of democracy in its own culture.