Suchergebnisse

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Yadgir Nala-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 593 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 485 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 102 ha by rock outcrops and 7 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 12 soil series and 15 soil phases (management units) and 4 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 485 ha area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 24 per cent area is shallow (25-50 cm), 7 per cent area is moderately shallow (50-75 cm), 11 per cent area is moderately deep (75-100 cm), 24 per cent area is deep (100-150 cm) and 16 per cent area is very deep (>150 cm) in the microwatershed.  About 42 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy soils, 18 per cent loamy soils and 23 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  About 70 per cent area in the microwatershed is gravelly (15-35%) and 12 per cent is non gravelly (200 mm/m).  About 67 per cent area in the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope), 8 per cent has nearly level (0-1%) lands and 6 per cent has gently sloping (3-5%) lands.  An area of about 8 per cent is slightly eroded (e1), 67 per cent is moderately (e2) eroded and 6 per cent is severely eroded (e3)  An area of about 74 per cent is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8) in soil reaction and 8 per cent area is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the entire soils of the microwatershed is dominantly 57 kg/ha) in the microwatershed.  Available potassium content is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in an area of about 73 per cent and 9 per cent area is high (>337 kg/ha) in the microwatershed.  Available sulphur is medium (10-20 ppm) in an area of 49 per cent and low in an area of 32 per cent of the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) in an area of 78 per cent and deficient in an area of 3 per cent of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the cultivated soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 141 (24) 136 (23) Guava 43 (7) 2 (<1) Maize - 277 (47) Sapota 43 (7) 2 (<1) Bajra 43 (7) 234 (39) Pomegranate 43 (7) 193 (33) Groundnut 43 (7) 2(<1) Musambi 234 (39) 2 (<1) Sunflower 141 (24) 95 (16) Lime 234 (39) 2 (<1) Redgram - 236 (40) Amla 43 (7) 234 (39) Bengal gram 191 (32) 86 (14) Cashew 43 (7) - Cotton 141 (24) 136 (23) Jackfruit 43 (7) 2 (<1) Chilli - 277 (47) Jamun 43 (7) 191 (32) Tomato - 144 (24) Custard apple 236 (40) 41 (7) Brinjal 45 (8) 232 (39) Tamarind 43 (7) 191 (32) Onion 43 (7) 99 (16) Mulberry 43 (7) 2 (<1) Bhendi 95 (16) 182 (31) Marigold - 277 (47) Drumstick 43 (7) 193 (33) Chrysanthemum - 277 (47) Mango 43 (7) 2 (<1)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 114 (57.29%) men and 85 (42.71%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 4.8, marginal farmers' was 5, small farmers' was 7.3, semi medium farmers' was 5.6, medium farmers was 7 and large farmers was 4.  The data indicated that, 27 (13.57%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 99 (49.75%) were in 16-35 years of age, 59 (29.65%) were in 36-60 years of age and 14 (7.04%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Yadgiri Nala-2 had 47.44 per cent illiterates, 21.79 per cent of them had primary school, 2.56 per cent of them had Middle school and PUC education, 12.82 per cent of them had high school, 1.92 per cent of them had ITI and masters, 5.77 per cent of them had degree education.  The results indicate that, 85.71 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture, 8.57 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourers and 2.86 cent of the household heads were government service.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 62.31 per cent of the household members, 6.03 per cent were agricultural labourers, 5.53 per cent were in general labour, 0.5 per cent were household industry, 2.51 per cent were private service, 13.57 per cent student, 8.04 per cent were housewives and 1.51per cent were children.  The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 5.56 per cent of the households possess thatched, 55.56 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 38.89 per cent of the households possess pucca/RCC house.  The results show that 91.67 per cent of the households possess TV, 38.89 per cent of the households possess mixer/grinder, 25 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 5.56 per cent of the households posses auto and 91.67 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 6,393, mixer/grinder was Rs. 1,642, motor cycle was Rs. 56,333, auto was Rs. 160,000 and mobile phone was Rs. 2,474.  About 8.33 per cent each of the households possess bullock cart, plough and harvester, 5.56 per cent each of the households possess tractor, 2.78 per cent of the households possess harvester and thresher, and 88.89 per cent of the households possess weeder. 2  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 15,500, plough was Rs. 3,666, tractor was Rs.760,000, sprayer was Rs. 2,000, weeder was Rs. 2,777, harvester Rs. 1,050 and the average value of thresher was Rs. 30,000.  The results indicate that, 25 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 8.33 per cent of the households possess local cow and goat, 2.78 per cent of the households possess buffalo and 11.11 per cent of the households possess sheep.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2.45, average own labour (women) available was 1.90, average hired labour (men) available was 8.62 and average hired labour (women) available was 9.  The results indicate that, 80.57 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Yadgiri Nala-2 micro-watershed possess 25.97 ha (63.83%) of dry land, 14.31 ha (35.18%) of irrigated land and 0.4 ha (0.99%) of permanent fallow land. Marginal farmers possess 8.11 ha (85.09%) of dry land, 1.02 ha (10.66%) of irrigated land and 0.40 ha (4.25%) of permanent fallow land. Small farmers possess 6.50 ha (78.22%) of dry land and 1.81 ha (21.78%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 7.28 ha (74.84%) of dry land and 2.45 ha (25.16%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 4.09 ha (55.8%) of dry land and 3.24 ha (44.20%) of irrigated land. Large farmers possess 5.8 ha (100%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 554,191.33, the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 516,765.62 and the average value of permanent fallow land was Rs. 494,000. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 826,210.68 for dry land, the average land value was Rs. 2,066,533.8 and the average land value was Rs. 494,000. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 723,302.1 for dry land and the average land value was Rs. 828,859.0 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 301,888.8 for dry land and the average land value was Rs. 816,528.9 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 195,643.56 for dry land and the average land value was Rs. 247,000 for irrigated land. In case of large famers, the average land value was Rs. 172,245.4 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 5 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed. The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 13.89 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 9.82 meters.  The results indicate that, marginal, small, semi medium, medium and large farmers had an irrigated area of 0.45 ha, 0.89 ha, 1.21 ha, 3.24 ha and 5.81 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown cotton (1.74%), green gram (8.25 ha), groundnut (12.06 ha), red gram (14.25 ha), sorghum (9.51 ha) and tomato (0.49 ha). 3 Marginal farmers have grown cotton, green gram, groundnut, red gram, sorghum and tomato. Small farmers have grown green gram, groundnut and red gram. Semi medium farmers have grown green gram, groundnut, red gram and sorghum. Medium farmers have grown groundnut and red gram. Large farmers have grown groundnut. The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Yadgiri Nala-2 microwatershed was found to be 99.96 per cent.  The results indicate that, 58.33 per cent of the households have bank account and 2.78 per cent of the households have savings.  The results indicate that, 61.11 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Cotton was Rs. 23101.47. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 41501.74. The net income from Cotton cultivation was Rs. 18400.27. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.8.  The total cost of cultivation for green gram was Rs. 43519.68. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 69871.90. The net income from green gram cultivation was Rs. 26352.22. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.61.  The total cost of cultivation for Red gram was Rs. 24912.90. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 65203.22. The net income from Red gram cultivation was Rs. 40290.31. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.62.  The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 23304.27. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 42878.37. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 19574.09. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.84.  The total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 1:2.62. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 72225. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. 53724.01. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:3.9.  The total cost of cultivation for tomato was Rs. 46592.97. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 246999.99. The net income from tomato cultivation was Rs. 200407.02. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:5.3.  The results indicate that, 27.78 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 112,580, for marginal farmers, for small farmers it was Rs. 162,216.67, semi medium farmers it was Rs. 151,600, for medium farmers it was Rs. 151,600 and large farmers it was Rs. 89,000. The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 20,669.76. For marginal farmers it was Rs. 9,969.66, for small farmers it was Rs. 13,011.11, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 17,500, for medium farmers it was Rs. 160,000 and for large farmers it was Rs.109,000.  The results indicate that, households have planted 76 neem, 22 tamarind, 1 pongamia and 2 banyan trees in their field and also 3 neem trees in their backyard. 4  The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 7,972.22 for land development, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 1,750 for irrigation facility, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 3,972.22 for improved crop production and households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 1,805.56 for orchard development/ maintenance.  The results indicated that loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 54.05 per cent for land development and 8.11 per cent for irrigation facility, improved crop production and orchard development/ maintenance. Soft loan was the source of additional investment for 2.7 per cent for land development.  The results indicated that, cotton and tomato was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, green gram was sold to the extent of 88.24 per cent, groundnut was sold to the extent of 94.86 per cent, red gram was sold to the extent of 98.75 per cent and sorghum was sold to the extent of 87.43 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 72.22 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchant and 2.78 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated market.  The results indicated that, 72.22 per cent of the households have used tractor and 2.78 per cent of the households used cart as a mode of transportation.  The results indicated that, 75 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 75 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 97.22 per cent of the households used fire wood and 5.56 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 100 per cent of the households in the micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 44.44 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL cards. The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals and pulses were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, oilseed were adequate for 86.11 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 72.22 per cent, fruits were adequate for 11.11 per cent, milk were adequate for 91.67 per cent, egg were adequate for 16.67 per cent and meat were adequate for 5.56 per cent.  The results indicated that, oilseed were inadequate for 11.11 per cent of the households, vegetables were inadequate for 25 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 5 88.89 per cent, milk were inadequate for 8.33 per cent, egg were inadequate for 83.33 per cent and meat were inadequate for 91.67 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil in the area was the constraint experienced by 86.11 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field, frequent incidence of pest and diseases and high cost of fertilizer and plant protection chemicals (83.33%), Inadequacy of irrigation water (13.89%), high rate of interest on credit (75 %), low price for the agricultural commodities (77.78%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (66.67 %), inadequate extension service (16.67 %), Lack of transport for safe transport of the Agril produce to the market (77.78%), less rainfall(5.56 %) and Source of Agri-technology information (2.78%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kamanuru-1microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 749 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 68 per cent is covered by soil, 28 per cent by rock out crops and four per cent by water bodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below  The soils belong to 11 soil series and 33 soil phases (management units) and 5 Land management units.  The length of crop growing period is 150cm) soils.  About 19 per cent is sandy (loamy sand) at the surface, 34 per cent loamy (sandy loam and sandy clay loam) and 15 per cent has clayey (sandy clay) soils at the surface.  About 36 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200mm/m) available water capacity.  An area of about 67 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands and 0.75%) in 9 per cent area of the soils.  Available phosphorus is low (57 kg/ha) in 30 per cent of the soils.  Available potassium is low (20 ppm) in 4.5 ppm) in 54 per cent of the area.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 6 per cent of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area.  The land suitability for 28 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 94 (13) 52 (7) Pomegranate - 183(24) Maize 13 (2) 134 (18) Guava - 100(13) Bajra 13(2) 211(28) Jackfruit - 100(13) Redgram - 123 (16) Jamun - 168(22) Bengal gram 82(11) 83(11) Musambi 82(11) 101(13) Groundnut - 326 (43) Lime 82(11) 101(13) Sunflower 82 (11) 42 (5) Cashew 13(2) 147(20) Cotton 82(11) 65(8) Custard apple 94(13) 419(56) Chilli 13(2) 51(7) Amla 13(2) 501 (67) Tomato 13(2) 51(7) Tamarind - 126(17) Drumstick - 353(47) Marigold 13(2) 134(18) Mulbery - 473(63) Chrysanthemum 13(2) 134(18) Mango - 27(4) Jasmine 13(2) 51(7) Sapota - 100(13) Crossandra 13(2) 52(7) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 5 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 78 (53.79%) men and 67 (46.21%) were women among the sampled households. The average family size of marginal farmers was 4, small farmer was 3, semi medium farmer was 6, medium farmers were 10 and for landless farmers it was 4.  There were 31 (21.38%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 48 (33.1%) were in 16-35 years of age, 54 (37.24 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 12 (8.28%) were above 61 years of age.  The micro watershed had 22.76 per cent illiterates, 4.83 per cent functional literates, 27.59 per cent of them had primary school education, 11.72 per cent of them had middle school education, 17.24 per cent of them had high school education, 3.45 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.69 per cent of them had ITI, 9.66 per cent of them had degree education and 0.69 per cent of them had masters education.  The results indicate that, 51.43 per cent of households practicing agriculture and 8.57 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourers.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 54.48 per cent of the household members, 2.76 per cent were agricultural labourers, 6.9 per cent were general labours,4.14 percent were in government service, 1.38 per cent of them were in private sector, 21.38 per cent of them were students and 3.45 per cent were housewives.  The results shows that 3.45 per cent of them participated in self help groups, 1.38 per cent of them participated in gram panchayat, 1.38 per cent of them participated in cooperative bank, 0.69 percent of them participated in zilla panchayat and 96.19 per cent of them have not participated in any local institutions. Landless and medium farmers were found to have no participation in any local institutions. Semi medium farmers were found to participate in one or the other local institutions.  The results indicate that 97.14 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 8.57 per cent of them possess pucca house. 100 percent of the landless, marginal and small farmers possess katcha house.  The results shows that 2.86 per cent of the households possess radio, 77.14 per cent of the households possess TV, 48.57 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 45.71 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 34.29 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 97.14 per cent of the households possess mobile phones. The average value of radio was Rs.100, television was Rs.2185, mixer grinder was Rs.1094, DVD player was Rs.2000, motor cycle was Rs.31153 and mobile phone was Rs.890.  About 45.71 per cent of the households possess plough, 34.29 per cent of them possess bullock cart and 31.43 per cent of the households possess sprayer, 20 per cent 2 of them possess chaff cutter and 82.86 per cent of the households possess weeder. The average value of plough was Rs.745, the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 18500 and the average value of sprayer was Rs.1913.  The results indicate that, 40 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 22.86 per cent of the households possess local cow, 2.86 per cent of the households possess crossbred cows, 5.17 per cent of the households possess buffalo, 2.86 per cent of the households possess sheep.  Average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.6, average own labour (women) available was 1.1, average hired labour (men) available was 6.5 and average hired labour (women) available was 10.17.  The results indicate that, 80 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was adequate and 2.86 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicate that, 1 and 3 persons were migrated from micro watershed that belonged to marginal and medium farmer category.  People have migrated on an average of 212 Kms and average duration was 22.5 months. Marginal farmers have migrated 370 kms and on an average for 36 months.  Job/work and education of the children were equally important reasons for migration for all the migrants.  Households of the Kammanur-1 micro watershed possess 30.64 ha (88.85%) of dry land and 3.44 ha (9.98%) of irrigated land.  The average value of dry land was Rs.260995 and average value of irrigated was Rs.348705.  There were 1 functioning and 1 defunct bore wells in the micro watershed. Bore well was the major irrigation source for 2.86 per cent of the farmers and open well was the source of irrigation for 5.71 per cent of the farmers.  There was only 2.43 ha of irrigated area in total in the micro watershed which belonged to semi medium farmers.  Farmers have grown Maize (12.05 ha), Navane (5.09 ha), Sajje (3.64ha), Bajra (4.66ha), Bengal gram (2.63 ha), Paddy (2.02 ha), Horse gram (1.31ha), Sorghum (0.96 ha) and Red gram (0.43ha). Marginal farmers have grown Maize, Navane, Bajra, Sorghum and Redgram. Small farmers have grown Maize, Navane, Bajra, and Horse gram. Semi medium farmers have grown Maize, Bengal gram and Paddy. Medium farmers have grown Maize and Bengal gram.  The cropping intensity in Kammanur-1 micro watershed was found to be 97.93 per cent. In case of Marginal farmers it was 113.48 per cent, for small farmers it was 100 per cent, in case of semi medium farmers it was 79.32 per cent, and medium farmers had cropping intensity of 100 per cent.  The results indicate that, 97.14 per cent of the households have both bank account and savings. Among landless farmers 80 percent of them possess bank account and 3 savings. Hundred per cent of marginal, small, semi medium and medium category of farmers possess bank account and also savings.  The results indicate that, 56.25 per cent have availed loan in grameena bank, 15.63 per cent have availed loan in money lender and 3.13 per cent have availed loan from SHGs/CBOs.  Landless, marginal, small, semi medium and medium have availed Rs.2500, Rs.35000, Rs. 98846, Rs.148333, and Rs. 70000 respectively. Overall average credit amount availed by households in the micro watershed is 68593.  The results indicate that, 94.44 per cent of the households have borrowed loan for agriculture and 5.56 per cent of them have borrowed loan for animal husbandry.  Only small farmers (11.1%) have borrowed credit for the purpose of animal husbandry and all other category of farmers have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  The results indicate that, house hold consumption and other reasons were the main purpose for which landless and small farmers borrowed loan. Another 25 percent of small farmers also borrowed loan for social functions like marriage.  The results indicate that, 47.37 per cent of the households have repaid partially which includes 20 per cent of marginal farmers, 60 per cent of small farmers and 66.67 per cent of semi medium farmers.  The data also shows that 47.37 per cent of households have not repaid their loans and only 5.26 per cent of households have fully repaid their loans. Results indicated that 33.33 per cent of the households have repaid partially, another 33.33 per cent have unpaid their loan and 16.67 percent of the households have full paid their loan.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 14769. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 23450.5. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs.8680.82, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.6.  The total cost of cultivation for horsegram was Rs.14451.57. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 14167. The net income from horsegram cultivation was Rs.-284.51. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.98.  The total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 37053.58. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 36730.47. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. - 323.12, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.99.  The total cost of cultivation for navane was Rs. 17786.45. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 23546.38. The net income from navane cultivation was Rs. 5759.93. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.32.  The total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 19170.22. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 21143.20. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 1972.98. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.1. 4  The total cost of cultivation for redgram was Rs. 24733.95. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 20039.62. The net income from redgram cultivation was Rs. - 4694.33. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.81.  The total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 13408.29. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 48465.96. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. 35057.67. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:3.61.  The total cost of cultivation for bengalgram was Rs. 48019.12. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 86046.57. The net income from bengalgram cultivation was Rs. 38027.45. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.79.  The results indicate that, 8.57 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate which includes 7.69 per cent of small, 66.67 per cent of semi medium farmers. The data revealed that 22.86 per cent of the farmers opined that dry fodder is inadequate and 2.86 per cent opined that green fodder is inadequate.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 30 coconut trees in their field and 6 in backyard. Mango (6) trees and a jackfruit tree were also grown by the households.  Households have planted 57 neem trees in field and 2 in backyard, 2 acacia, 2 banyan tree, 2 peepul tree and 1 tamarind tree.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs.1428 for land development and Rs.21,142 in irrigation facility. Marginal households have an average investment capacity of Rs.3846 for land development and Rs. 21538 in irrigation facility. Small farm households have an average investment capacity Rs.25384 in irrigation facility. Semi medium households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 43333 for irrigation.  The results indicated that for land development 2.86 per cent dependent on government subsidy. For irrigation facility 68.57 percent depend on government subsidy and 2.86 percent depend on loan from bank loan.  The results indicated that, 60 percent of the households have sold their produce to local/village merchants which includes, 46.15 per cent the marginal farmers, 84.62 percent small farmers and 100 percent semi medium farmers. About 34.29 percent of the households sold their produce in regulated markets which includes 53.85 percent marginal farmers, 23.08 percent small farmers and 100 percent medium farmers.  The results indicated that 77.14 per cent of the households have used cart as a mode of transport and 17.14 per cent have used tractor.  The results indicated that, 5.71 per cent of the households have experienced the soil and water erosion problems i.e. 7.96 percent of small farmers and 33.33 percent semi medium farmers.  About 82.86 per cent of the households have shown interest in soil testing i.e. 92.31 per cent of marginal farmers, 100 per cent of small farmers, 100 per cent of semi medium and 100 per cent of medium farmers have shown interest in soil testing. 5  The results indicated that, 45.71 per cent of the households have adopted field bunding which includes 30.77 per cent of marginal, 69.23 per cent of small farmers, 66.67 per cent of semi medium farmers, 100 per cent of medium farmers. Summer ploughing was adopted by 62.86 per cent of the households i.e. 69.23 per cent of the marginal farmers, 76.92 per cent of the small farmers, 66.67 per cent of semi medium and 100 per cent medium farmers. Combination of deep and shallow root crops was followed by 62.86 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicated that, 6.67 per cent of the households who adopted field bunding opined that bunds are good, 13.33 per cent opined that bunds are slightly damaged, and 6.67 per cent of the households opined that bunds are severely damaged and 73.33 per cent opined that the bunds required full replacement.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 94.29 per cent which includes 100 per cent of landless, 84.62 per cent of marginal, 100 per cent of small farmers, 100 per cent of semi medium and 100 per cent of medium farmers.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  About 42.86 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 60 per cent of landless, 53.85 per cent of marginal, 23.08 per cent of small, 33.33 per cent of semi medium and 100 per cent of medium farmers have sanitary toilet facility.  Around 91.43 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 40 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, Lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 48.57 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (57.14%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (57.14%), inadequacy of irrigation water (57.14%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (80%), high rate of interest on credit (82.86%), low price for the agricultural commodities (74.29%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (82.86%), inadequate extension services (82.86%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (82.86%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Chandrageri-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 507 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 24 per cent is covered by soil, 76 per cent by rock out crops and less than one per cent by water bodies. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below  The soils belong to 5 soil series and 9 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is 0.75%) in 18 per cent area of the soils.  Available phosphorus is low (337 kg/ha) in 1 per cent of the soils.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire the area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area.  The land suitability for 28 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE STUDY  Results indicated that 35 farmers were sampled in Chandrageri-1micro watershed among them 6 (17.14%) were marginal farmers, 19 (54.29%) were small farmers, 4 (11.43%) were semi medium farmers, 1 (2.86 %) were medium farmers and 5 (14.29 %) landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The data indicated that there were 196 population households were there in the studied micro watershed. Among them 113 (57.65%) men and 83 (42.35%) were women. The average family size of landless was 7, marginal farmers and small farmers were 5, semi medium farmer was 8 and medium farmers were 4. On an average the family size was 6.  The data indicated that 49 (25%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 83 (42.35 %) were in 16-35 years of age, 44 (22.45 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 20 (10.20%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that the Chandrageri-1 had 25 per cent illiterates, 41.84 per cent of them had primary school education, 8.16 per cent of them had both middle schools, 11.22 per cent of them had high school education, 4.59 per cent of them had PUC education, 1.53 per cent them had ITI education and 0.51 per cent them had degree education.  The results indicated that, 68.57 per cent of households practicing agriculture, 2.86 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labour and in private service respectively. 11.43 per cent of the household heads were general labour.  The results indicated that agriculture was the major occupation for 56.12 per cent of the household members, 5.61 per cent were agricultural labourers,6.12 per cent were general labours, 0.51 per cent of them were in private sector, 20.92 per cent of them were students, 7.14 per cent of them were children and 3.57 per cent were doing other jobs. In case of landless households 33.33 per cent were agricultural labour, 36.36 per cent were general labourers and 27.27 per cent were students. In case of marginal farmers 72.41 per cent were agriculturist, 10.34 per cent were students and 13.79 per cent were children. In case of small farmers 68.69 per cent of them were agriculturist and 21.21 per cent of them were students. In case of semi medium farmers 61.29 per cent of the family members were agriculturist and 25.81 per cent of them were students. In case of medium farmers 50 per cent of the family members were agriculturist and 50 per cent of them were children.  The results showed that 1.53 per cent of them participated in self help groups and 98.47 per cent of them have not participated in any local institutions. Only land less and marginal farmers have participated in one or other institutions. Small, semi medium and medium farmers have not participated in any local institutions. 2  The results indicated that 85.71 per cent of the households possess Katcha house, 14.29 per cent of the households possess Pucca house and 2.86 per cent of them possess Thatched house.  The results showed that, 74.29 per cent of the households possess TV, 60 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 40 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 45.71 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 2.86 per cent of the households possess landline phone and 97.14 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results showed that the average value of television was Rs. 2250, mixer grinder was Rs.1119, bicycle was Rs.964, motor cycle was Rs.37187, land line phone was Rs. 2000 and mobile phone was Rs.1254.  About 5.71 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 17.14 per cent of them possess plough, 2.86 per cent of the households possess power tiller, 5.71 per cent of the households possess tractor, 22.86 per cent of the households possess sprayer, 74.29 per cent of the households possess weeder and 28.57 per cent of the households possess chaff cutter.  The results showed that the average value of bullock cart was Rs.12500; the average value of plough was Rs. 562, the average value of power tiller was Rs. 5000, the average value of tractor was Rs. 200000, the average value of sprayer was Rs. 1611, the average value of weeder was Rs. 27 and the average value of chaff cutter was Rs. 716.  The results indicated that, 25.71 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 20 per cent of the households possess local cow, 11.43 per cent of the households possess sheep, 5.71 per cent of the households possess goat and 8.57 per cent of the households possess poultry birds. 20 per cent of the landless farmers possess bullocks.  In case of marginal farmers, 33.33 per cent of the households possess bullock and 16.67 per cent of the households possess poultry birds. In case of small farmers, 26.32 per cent of households possess bullock, 5.26 per cent possess local cow and 10.53 per cent of the households possess sheep and poultry birds respectively. In case of semi medium farmers, 50 per cent of the households possess bullock, sheep and goat correspondingly, 75 per cent of the households possess local cow.  The results indicated that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2.03, average own labour (women) available was 1.37, average hired labour (men) available was 7.60 and average hired labour (women) available was 8.07.  In case of marginal farmers, average own labour men available was 1.18, average own labour (women) was also 1.17, average hired labour (men) was 7.17 and average hired labour (women) available was 7.83. In case of small 3 farmers, average own labour men available was 2.16, average own labour (women) was 1.37, average hired labour (men) was 8.32 and average hired labour (women) available was 8.79. In case of semi medium farmers, average own labour men available was 1.75, average own labour (women) was 1.75, average hired labour (men) was 5.50 and average hired labour (women) available was 5.75. In medium farmers average own labour men available was 1, average own labour (women) was 1, average hired labour (men) was 5 and average hired labour (women) available was 5.  The results indicated that, 85.71 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was adequate.  The results indicated that, households of the Chandrageri-1 micro watershed possess 32.25 ha (80.75 %) of dry land and 7.69 ha (19.25%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 4.61 ha (100 %) of dry land. Small farmers possess 25.29 ha (95.42 %) of dry land and 1.21 ha (4.58 %) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 2.35 ha (34.52 %) of dry land and 4.45 ha (65.48 %) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 2.02 ha (100%) of irrigated land.  The results indicated that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 241,731.49 and average value of irrigated was Rs. 533,000. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 433,333.33 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 209,456 for dry land Rs. 1,070,333.33 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 212,931.03 for dry land and Rs. 471,545.45 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 345,800.00 for irrigated land.  The results indicated that, there were 1 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicated that, bore well was the major irrigation source for 2.86 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicated that on an average the depth of the bore well was 2.26 meters.  The results indicated that, in case of small farmers there was 0.40 ha of irrigated land.  The results indicated that, farmers have grown bajra (11.74 ha), Bengal gram (1.42 ha), groundnut (5.34 ha), maize (14.17 ha), marigold (1.62 ha), paddy (3.24 ha) and sunflower (2.02 ha) in kharif season and also grown bajra (0.81 ha), maize (2.83 ha) and paddy (0.40 ha) in Rabi season. Marginal farmers had grown bajra, groundnut and maize. Small farmers had grown bajra, Bengal gram, groundnut, maize, marigold, paddy and sunflower. Semi medium farmers had grown groundnut, maize and paddy. Medium farmers had grown bajra and maize. 4  The results indicated that, the cropping intensity in Chandrageri-1 micro watershed was found to be 85 per cent. In case of marginal farmers it was 100 per cent, in small farmers it was 90.48, in semi medium farmers it was 77.99 and in medium farmers it was 50 per cent.  The results indicated that, 94.29 per cent of the households have bank account including 80 per cent of the landless, 100 per cent of the marginal, semi medium, medium farmers and 94.74 per cent of the small farmers respectively.  The results indicated that, 60 per cent of the landless, 83.33 per cent of marginal, 63.16 per cent of small, 50 per cent of the semi medium and 100 per cent of medium farmers have borrowed credit from different sources.  The results indicated that, 26.09 per cent have availed loan from friends/ relatives, 13.04 per cent have availed loan from Grameena bank, 4.35 per cent have availed loan from money lender and 27.74 per cent have availed loan from SHGs/CBOs.  The results indicated that, landless, marginal, small and semi medium have availed Rs.200000, Rs. 56000, Rs. 52916.67 and Rs. 100000 respectively. Overall average credit amount availed by households in the micro watershed is 74565.22.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households have borrowed loan for agriculture production.  The results indicated that, about 50 percent of loan was taken for agriculture production and 25 per cent of the loan was taken for household consumption and social functions like marriage respectively.  Results indicated that 100 per cent of the households have unpaid their institutional credit.  Results indicated that 66.67 per cent of the households have repaid their private credit partially and 33.33 percent of the households have unpaid their loan.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 24146.04. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 39356.18. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. 15210.14, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.63.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 32651.11. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 54099.73. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 21448.62. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.66.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 40611.14. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 95195.63. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 54584.49. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.34.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 44527.28. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 45562.07. The net 5 income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 1034.79. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.02.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for Sunflower was Rs. 23037.56. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 34518.25. The net income from Sunflower cultivation was Rs.11480.69. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.5.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for Bengal gram was Rs. 36881.18. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 43577.86. The net income from Bengal gram cultivation was Rs. 6696.68. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.18.  The results indicated that, 28.57 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate.  The table indicated that, in landless farmers, the average income from wage was Rs. 87000. In case of marginal farmers, the average income from wage was Rs.23333.33 and agriculture was Rs.63166.67. In small farmers the average income from service/salary was Rs. 4736.84, wage was Rs.23421.05, agriculture was Rs.102578.95, dairy farm was Rs.263.16 and goat farming was Rs.526.32. In semi medium farmers, the average income from wage, dairy farming and goat farming was Rs.25000 respectively and agriculture was Rs.225000. In case of medium farmers the average income from agriculture was Rs.300000.  The results indicated that, in case of landless farmers, the annual average expenditure from wage was Rs. 20000. In marginal farmers the annual average expenditure from agriculture was Rs.33000. In small farmers, the annual average expenditure from wage was Rs. 1538.46, agriculture was Rs.48789.47, dairy farm Was Rs.2000 and Goat farming was Rs.1000. In semi medium farmers, the annual average expenditure from wage was Rs. 50000, agriculture was Rs.100000, dairy farm Was Rs.50000 and Goat farming was Rs.20000. In case of medium farmers, the annual average expenditure from agriculture was Rs.150000.  The results indicated that, sampled households have grown 55coconut trees and 13 mango tree in their field and also planted 6 coconut trees in their backyard.  The results indicated that, households have planted 3 Eucalyptus tree, 18 teak trees, 200 neem trees, 1tamarind tress and 1 pongamia trees in their field and also grown 4 Neem tree in the backyard.  The results indicated that, groundnut, paddy and sunflower crops were sold to the extent of 100 per cent. Bajra, Bengal gram and maize crops were sold to the extent of 93.39 per cent, 92.31 per cent and 91.13per cent respectively.  The results indicated that, 85.71 percent of the households have sold their produce local/village merchant and 22.86 percent of the households sold their produce in regulated markets. 6  The results indicated that 91.43 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transport and 17.14 per cent have used truck.  The results indicated that, 40 per cent of the households have experienced the soil and water erosion problems i.e. 50 percent of marginal farmers, 47.37 per cent of small farmers and 50 per cent of semi medium farmers.  The results indicated that, 85.71 per cent of the households have shown interest in soil testing.  The results indicated that, 65.71 percent used fire wood as a source of fuel and 34.29 percent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the source of drinking water for 71.43 per cent and 31.43 per cent of them were using bore well for drinking water.  The results indicated that, electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, 80 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 20 per cent of landless, 100 per cent of marginal, small and medium farmers and 25 per cent of the semi medium farmers had sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 97.14 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 2.86 per cent of the sampled households have not possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, 42.86 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme which included 100 per cent of the landless, marginal and medium farmers and 25 per cent of the semi medium farmers.  The results indicated that, cereals, pulses, oilseeds, vegetables, fruits , milk, egg and meat were adequate for 100 per cent, 97.14 per cent, 34.29 per cent, 17.14 per cent, 2.86 per cent, 88.57 per cent, 57.14 per cent and 2.86 per cent respectively.  The results indicated that, oilseed, vegetables, fruits, milk, egg and meat were inadequate for 45.71 per cent, 48.57 per cent, 60 per cent, 8.57 per cent, 42.86 per cent and 68.57 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, Lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 60 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (71.43%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (71.43%), inadequacy of irrigation water (25.71%), high cost of Fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (82.86%), high rate of interest on credit (25.71%), low price for the agricultural commodities (60%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (60%), inadequate extension services (25.71%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (77.14%) and less rainfall (17.14%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Koyalur Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 554 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 511 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, rock outcrops about 27 ha and 15 ha by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 7 soil series and 10 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 60 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are deep (100 -150 cm) and 33 per cent soils are very shallow to moderately shallow (200 mm/m) in available water capacity,13 per cent is low (51-100 mm/m) and 20 per cent is very low (0.75%).  Available phosphorus is low (57 kg/ha).  About 37 per cent is low (145 kg/ha) in available potassium and 55 per cent medium (145-337 kg/ha).  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 15 per cent  Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 330(60) 69(13) Guava - - Maize - 399(72) Sapota - - Bajra - 399(72) Pomegranate - 330(60) Groundnut - 21(4) Musambi 330(60) - Sunflower 330(60) - Lime 330(60) - Red gram - 330(60) Amla - 399(73) Bengal gram 330(60) 69(13) Cashew - - Cotton 330(60) 69(13) Jackfruit - - Chilli - 399(73) Jamun - 330(60) Tomato - 399(73) Custard apple 330(60) 69(13) Brinjal 30(5) 369(67) Tamarind - 330(60) Onion 330(60) 69(13) Mulberry - - Bhendi 30(5) 369(67) Marigold - 399(73) Drumstick - 330(60) Chrysanthemum - 399(73) Mango - 30(5)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and sub marginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data on households sampled for socio economic survey indicated that 34 farmers were sampled in Koyalur micro-watershed among them 15 (44.12 %) were marginal farmers, 7 (20.59 %) were small farmers and semi medium farmers, 4 (11.76 %) were medium farmers and 1 (2.94 %) were large farmers.  The data indicated that there were 90 (60.40 %) men and 59 (39.60 %) women among the sampled households. The average family size of marginal farmers' was 3.66, small farmers' was 5.14, semi medium farmers' was 4.28, medium farmers' was 5.5 and large farmers' was 6.  The data indicated that, 21 (14.09 %) people were in 0-15 years of age, 62 (41.61 %) were in 16-35 years of age, 57 (38.26 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 9 (6.04 %) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Koyalur had 53.02 per cent illiterates, 18.12 per cent of them had primary school, 2.68 per cent of them had middle school, 13.42 per cent of them had high school education, 3.36 per cent of them had PUC, 1.34 per cent of them had Diploma and ITI and 6.04 per cent of them had Degree education.  The results indicate that, 55.88 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture, 41.18 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourers and 5.88 cent of the household heads were housewives.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 38.93 per cent of the household members, 32.21 per cent were agricultural labourers, 3.36 per cent were private service, 18.79 per cent were students, 5.37 per cent were housewives and 1.34 per cent were children.  The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 8.82 per cent of the households possess Thatched house, 67.65 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 23.53 per cent of them possess Pucca/RCC house.  The results show that 79.41 per cent of the households possess TV, 70.59 per cent of the households possess mixer/grinder, 2.94 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 38.24 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 2.94 per cent of the households possess Auto and 100 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 9,000, mixer/grinder was Rs. 2,000, Bicycle was Rs. 2,000, motor cycle was Rs. 45,846, Auto was Rs. 80,000 and mobile phone was Rs. 2,591.  About 17.65 per cent of the households possess Bullock Cart, 29.41 per cent of the households possess plough, 11.76 per cent of the households possess Sprayer and 2 Thresher, 2.94 per cent of them possess Sprinkler and 88.24 per cent of them possess weeder.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 15,500, plough was Rs. 1,550, sprayer was Rs. 3,500, sprinkler was Rs. 3,000, Thresher was Rs. 148 and the average value of weeder was Rs. 57.  The results indicate that, 17.65 per cent of the households possess bullocks, local cow and Buffalo, 2.94 per cent of the households possess Crossbred cow, Goat and Sheep.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.92, average own labour (women) available was 1.34, average hired labour (men) available was 9.97 and average hired labour (women) available was 9.11.  In case of marginal farmers, average own labour men available was 1.73, average own labour (women) was 1.20, average hired labour (men) was 7.27 and average hired labour (women) available was 6.60. In case of small farmers, average own labour men available was 2.22, average own labour (women) was 1.50, average hired labour (men) was 11.25 and average hired labour (women) available was 10. In case of semi medium farmers, average own labour men available was 1.57, average own labour (women) was 1.43, average hired labour (men) was 12.14 and average hired labour (women) available was 11.43. In case of medium farmers, average own labour men available was 2.50 and average own labour (women) was 1.50, average hired labour (men) was 13.75 and average hired labour (women) available was 12.50. In case of large farmers, average own labour men available was 2 and average own labour (women) was 1, average hired labour (men) was 10 and average hired labour (women) available was 10.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Koyalur micro-watershed possess 28.49 ha (52.44 %) of dry land, 14.38 ha (26.47 %) of irrigated land and 11.46 ha (21.10 %) of Permanent Fallow land. Marginal farmers possess 9.19 ha (100 %) of dry land. Small farmers possess 9.41 ha (98.27 %) of dry land and 0.10 ha (1.01 %) of irrigated land and 0.07 ha (0.72 %) of Permanent Fallow land. Semi medium farmers possess 9.89 ha (70.29 %) of dry land and 3.35 ha (23.84 %) of irrigated land and 0.83 ha (5.87 %) of Permanent Fallow land. Medium farmers possess 9.71 ha (82.19 %) of irrigated land and 2.10 ha (17.81 %) of Permanent Fallow land. Large farmers possess 1.21 ha (12.55 %) of irrigated land and 8.46 ha (87.45 %) of Permanent Fallow land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 374,770.64, the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 344,117.65 and the average value of Permanent Fallow land was Rs. 266,013.42. In case of marginal famers, the 3 average land value was Rs. 609,339.20 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 302,774.20 for dry land, Rs. 514,583.34 for irrigated land and Rs. 4,358,823.48 for Permanent Fallow land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 282,978.72 for dry land, Rs. 595,898.68 for irrigated land and Rs. 484,313.72 for Permanent Fallow land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 226,416.67 for irrigated land and Rs. 237,500.01 for Permanent Fallow land. In case of large farmers, the average land value was Rs. 576,333.33 for irrigated land and Rs. 218,531.80 for Permanent Fallow land.  The results indicate that, there were 8 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, there were 1 functioning open wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 23.53 per cent of the farmers and Open Well was the irrigation source in the micro water shed for 2.94 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 25.10 meters and the depth of open well was found to be 3.14 meters.  The results indicate that, small, semi medium, medium and large farmers had an irrigated area of 0.08 ha, 3.36 ha, 9.72 ha and 1.21 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown cotton (23.46 ha), green gram (1.19 ha), groundnut (2.02 ha), Paddy (5.40 ha) and red gram (7.37 ha). Marginal farmers have grown red gram, cotton and green gram. Small farmers have grown cotton, red gram, green gram and paddy. Semi medium farmers have grown cotton, red gram and paddy. Medium farmers have grown cotton, groundnut and paddy. Large farmers have grown cotton and groundnut.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Koyalur micro-watershed was found to be 88.23 per cent.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Cotton was Rs. 37224.40. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 87496.97. The net income from Cotton cultivation was Rs. 50272.57. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 2.35.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for green gram was Rs. 89427.69. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 218265.67. The net income from green gram cultivation was Rs. 128837.98. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 2.44.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 61010.13. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 84391.67. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 23381.53. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.38. 4  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Red gram was Rs. 31766.12. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 51298.37. The net income from Red gram cultivation was Rs. 19532.25. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.61.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 209393.71. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 95681.30. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. -113712.41. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 0.46.  The results indicate that, 35.29 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and green fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 79,146.67 for marginal farmers, for small farmers it was Rs. 144,714.29, semi medium farmers it was Rs. 177,857.14, medium farmers it was Rs. 153,500 and large farmers it was Rs. 175,000.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 23,505.21. For marginal farmers it was Rs. 4,463.25, for small farmers it was Rs. 33,297.96, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 22,877.55, medium farmers it was Rs. 52,750 and large farmers it was Rs. 128,000.  The results indicate that, households have planted 59 Neem and 2 Banyan trees in their field.  The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 5,676.47 for land development, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 1,205.88 for Irrigation facility, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 4,647.06 for improved crop production and households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 1,352.94 improved livestock management.  The results indicated that Loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 50 per cent for land development, 17.65 per cent for irrigation facility, 47.06 per cent for improved crop production and 20.59 per cent for improved livestock management. Soft loan was the source of additional investment for 5.88 per cent for land development, 2.94 per cent for irrigation facility, improved crop production and improved livestock management.  The results indicated that, cotton was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, Green gram was sold to the extent of 92.86 per cent, Groundnut was sold to the extent of 38.0 per cent, Paddy was sold to the extent of 88.28 per cent and Red gram was sold to the extent of 92.73 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 2.94 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to Agent/Traders and 2.94 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants. 5  The results indicated that, 2.94 per cent of the households have used Head Load as a mode of transportation and 97.06 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation.  The results indicated that, 88.24 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 94.12 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 97.06 per cent of the households used firewood as a source of fuel and 2.94 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 100 per cent of the households in the micro watershed.  The results indicated that, Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 32.35 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL cards.  The results indicated that, 82.35 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, Pulses were adequate for 73.53 per cent of the households, Oilseed were adequate for 2.94 per cent of the households, Vegetables were adequate for 94.12 per cent, Egg were adequate for 100 per cent, Fruits were adequate for 11.76 per cent, Milk and were adequate for 97.06 per cent and Meat and were adequate for 97.06 per cent.  The results indicated that, Pulses were inadequate for 32.35 per cent of the households, oilseeds were inadequate for 97.06 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 5.88 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 88.24 per cent and milk was inadequate for 2.94 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 100 per cent of the households, Wild animal menace on farm field (38.24 %), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (64.71 %), High cost of Fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (97.06 %), High rate of interest on credit (2.94 %), Lack of marketing facilities in the area (5.88 %) and Low price for the agricultural commodities (64.71 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Hanumanahalli-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 535 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 94 per cent is covered by soil, 150cm) soils.  About 69 per cent loamy (sandy loam and sandy clay loam) and 24 per cent has clayey (sandy clay and clay) soils at the surface.  About 58 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (0.75%) in 48 per cent area of the soils.  Available phosphorus is low (57 kg/ha) in 29 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available potassium is low (337 kg/ha) in 10 per cent of the soils.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 37 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (1.0) in 1 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 58 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 81(15) 129(24) Sapota 79(15) 188(36) Maize 69(13) 141(26) Pomegranate 79(15) 188(36) Bajra 81(15) 235(44) Musambi 79(15) 188(36) Groundnut 3(1) 341(63) Lime 79(15) 188(36) Sunflower 79(15) 105(20) Amla 113(21) 375(71) Redgram 79(15) 105(20) Cashew 45(9) 225(42) Bengal gram - 233(44) Jackfruit 79(15) 188(36) Cotton 41(8) 169(31) Jamun 41(8) 214(40) Chilli 71(13) 126(24) Custard apple 113(21) 375(71) Tomato 71(13) 126(24) Tamarind 41(8) 130(24) Brinjal 108(20) 264(50) Mulberry 79(15) 360(68) Onion 105(20) 253(47) Marigold 69(13) 141(26) Bhendi 105(20) 266(50) Chrysanthemum 69(13) 141(26) Drumstick 90(17) 249(47) Jasmine 69(13) 141(26) Mango 41(8) 130(24) Crossandra 79(15) 118(22) Guava 48(9) 219(41) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 6 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 155 (58.27%) men and 111 (41.73%) were women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers was 4, marginal farmers' was 5.6, small farmers' was 4.6, semi medium farmers' was 5.1 and medium farmers' was 6.2.  The data indicated that, 65 (24.44%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 115 (43.23%) were in 16-35 years of age, 62 (23.31%) were in 36-60 years of age and 24 (9.02 %) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Hanumanahalli-1 had 33.08 per cent illiterates, 0.75 per cent functional literates, 32.71 per cent of them had primary school education, 4.89 per cent of them had middle school education, 14.29 per cent of them had high school education, 7.89 per cent of them had PUC education, 1.88 per cent of them did ITI, 0.75 per cent of them had degree education and 1 persons was doing masters.  The results indicate that, 90.20 per cent of households practicing agriculture, 1.96 per cent of the households were agricultural laborers, 3.92 per cent were in private service, and 5.88 per cent were housewives.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 34.21 per cent of the household members, 23.68 per cent were agricultural labourers, 2.63 per cent were in private service, 0.75 per cent were into trade and business, 28.20 per cent were students, 7.14 per cent were housewives and 2.93 per cent were children.  The results show that 100 per cent of the households have not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 3.92 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 88.24 per cent of the households possess Katcha house, 3.92 per cent of them possess pucca house and 3.92 per cent of them possess semi pucca house.  The results shows that 98.04 per cent of the households possess TV, 19.61 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 9.80 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 54.90 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 3.92 per cent of them possess auto, 1.96 per cent computer/laptop and 96.08 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results shows that the average value of television was Rs.5700, mixer grinder was Rs.1150, motor cycle was Rs.41666, Auto was Rs.40000, computer/laptop was Rs.30000 mobile phone was Rs.1604 and bicycle was Rs.850.  About 3.92 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 7.84 per cent of them possess plough, 1.96 per cent of them possess power tiller, 7.84 per cent of them possess tractor, 5.88 per cent of them posses sprayer, 3.92 per cent of them possess sprinkler and 27.45 per cent of them possess weeder. 2  The results show that the average value of plough was Rs.2050, the average value of tractor was Rs. 475000, the average value of sprayer was Rs.1600, the average value of bullock cart was Rs.18500, sprinkler was Rs.2500, harvester was Rs.8000 and the average value of weeder Rs.59.  The results indicate that, 23.53 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 19.61 per cent of the households possess local cow, 1.96 per cent of them possess crossbred cow, 7.84 per cent of them possess buffalo and 1.96 per cent of them possess goat.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2, average own labour (women) available was 1.25, average hired labour (men) available was 3.35 and average hired labour (women) available was 4.77.  The results indicate that, 49.02 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was adequate. About 90 per cent of the marginal farmers, 52.63 per cent of small, 9.09 per cent of semi medium and 50 per cent of medium and large farmers have opined that hired labour was adequate. Around 52.94 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Hanumanahalli-1 micro watershed possess 59.31 ha (69.39%) of dry land and 26.16 ha (30.61%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 5.85 ha (92.34%) of dry land and 0.49 ha (7.66%). Small farmers possess 22.28 ha (92.63%) of dry land and 1.77 ha (7.37%) of irrigated land. Semi medium possess 12.36 ha (60.60%) of dry land and 8.04 ha (39.40%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 18.82 ha (54.26%) dry land and 15.86 ha (45.74%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 247,741.54 and average value of irrigated was Rs. 328,620.05. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 597,856.15 for dry land and Rs. 1,029,166.63 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 336,512.26 for dry land and Rs. 451,141.54. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 153,667.32 for dry land and Rs. 385,548.84 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 95,592.35 for dry land and Rs. 264,642.86 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 17 functioning and 7 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 33.33 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 40.94 meters.  The results indicate that, marginal farmers had irrigated area of 0.49 hectares, small farmers had 0.81 hectares, semi medium farmers had 8.04 hectares and medium farmers had 10.20 hectares.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown Bajra (13.22 ha), chilly (1.21 ha), cotton (4.45 ha), cowpea (0.4 ha), groundnut (3.64 ha), maize (28.1 ha), navane 3 (1.62 ha), pearlmillet (1.32 ha), redgram (13.57 ha), sorghum (1.21 ha), sunflower (7.74 ha), and Bengalgram (1.21 ha).  Marginal farmers have grown bajra, cowpea, maize and redgram. Small farmers have grown bajra, groundnut, maize, navane, pearlmillet, redgram, sorghum, and sunflower. Semi medium farmers have grown bajra, chilly, cotton, groundnut, maize, redgram, sunflower, bengalgram. Medium farmers have grown bajra, cotton, maize, sunflower, redgram.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Hanumanahalli-1 micro watershed was found to be 70.51 per cent. In case of marginal farmers it was 79.65 per cent, for small farmers it was 88.24 per cent, in case of semi medium farmers it was 56.98 per cent, and medium farmers had cropping intensity of 67.95 per cent.  The results indicate that, 39.22 per cent of the households possess bank account and savings in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, 37.25 per cent of the households have availed loan from different sources.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 32346.81. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 26614.46. The net income from Maize cultivation was Rs. -5732.35, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.82.  The total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 34153.34. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 21734.20. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. - 12419.15. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.64.  The total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 13755.68. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 9880. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. -3875.68. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.72.  The total cost of cultivation for bengalgram was Rs. 32700.42. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 67925. The net income from bengalgram cultivation was Rs. 35224.58. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.08.  The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 32411.10. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 27478.75. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. -4932.35. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.85.  The total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 32161.40. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 79619.42. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. 47458.02. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.48.  The total cost of cultivation for chilly was Rs. 55079.47. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 86450. The net income from chilly cultivation was Rs. 31370.53. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.57.  The total cost of cultivation for navane was Rs. 11375.79. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 29825.25. The net income from navane cultivation was Rs. 18449.46. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.62. 4  The total cost of cultivation for cowpea was Rs. 39575.10. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 37050. The net income from cowpea cultivation was Rs. - 2525.10. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.94.  The total cost of cultivation for red gram was Rs. 25646.63. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 27208.96. The net income from red gram cultivation was Rs. 1562.33. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.06.  The total cost of cultivation for sunflower was Rs. 21295.22. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 28690.72. The net income from sunflower cultivation was Rs. 7395.50. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.35.  The results indicate that, 11.76 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 21.57 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate. Around 11.76 per cent of the households said that dry fodder was inadequate.  The results indicate that the average annual gross income was Rs.180000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs.47935, for small farmers it was Rs.55857.89, for semi medium farmers it was Rs.262540, and for medium farmers it was Rs.65880.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 4853.22. For marginal farmers it was Rs 6908.33, for small farmers it was Rs. 2460.70, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 9400, and for medium farmers it was Rs. 2827.78.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 67 coconut, and 3 mango trees in their field. Farmers have also grown 4 coconut trees in their backyard.  The results indicate that, households have planted 96 neem trees, 2 tamarind trees, 4 teak trees and 16 banyan trees in their field.  The results indicated that, bajra, Bengalgram, chilly, cotton, cowpea, navane and sunflower were sold to the extent of 100 per cent. Groundnut was sold to the extent of 89.60 per cent, maize 68.85 per cent, redgram 99.08 per cent and sorghum 75 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 21.57 per cent of the households sold their produce to agrnts/traders, 35.29 per cent of the households sold their produce to local/village, another 5.88 per cent have sold their produce in cooperative marketing society, and 70.59 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  The results indicated that 9.80 per cent have carried head loads, 33.33 per cent have used cart, 90.20 per cent have used tractor as a mode of transport.  The results indicated that, 27.45 per cent of the farmers opined that they experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 47.06 per cent of the households have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 31.37 per cent of the households, bore well was the source of drinking water for 5 60.78 per cent of the households, open well was the source of drinking water for 1.96 per cent and canal/nala was the source of drinking water for 5.88 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, 76.47 percent used fire wood, and another 25.49 percent of the households used LPG.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 15.69 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 100 per cent of landless, 20 per cent of marginal, 10.53 per cent of small, 18.18 per cent of semi medium, and 10 per cent of medium farmers had sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 84.31 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card, 11.76 per cent possess APL card and 3.92 per cent did not possess PDS card.  The results indicated that, 31.37 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 37.25 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 31.37 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 33.33 per cent, fruits were adequate for 15.69 per cent, milk was adequate for 37.25 per cent, eggs were adequate for 19.61 per cent and meat was adequate for 13.73 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, pulses were inadequate for 64.71 per cent, oilseeds were inadequate for 54.90 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 54.90 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 49.02 per cent, milk was inadequate for 50.98 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 52.94 per cent and meat was inadequate for 21.57 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 60.78 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (56.86%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (39.22%), inadequacy of irrigation water (33.33%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (39.22%), high rate of interest on credit (47.06%), low price for the agricultural commodities (45.10%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (45.10%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (64.71%), less rainfall (70.59%), inadequate extension services (21.57%) and source of agri-technology information (47.06%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Banhatti Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 830 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 702 ha (85%) ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, about 52 ha (6%) by rock outcrops and about 76 ha (9%) by others (Habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 7 soil series and 12 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  An area of about 85 per cent is suitable for agriculture in the microwatershed.  About 54 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are deep to very deep (100- >150 cm), 12 per cent soils are moderately deep (75-100), whereas 10 per cent soils are moderately shallow (50-75 cm) and 8 per cent soils are shallow (25-50 cm) in the microwatershed.  About 2 percent soils are sandy, 22 percent soils are loamy and 60 per cent is clayey soils at the surface.  An area of about 74 per cent is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 12 per cent soils are medium (101-150 mm/m) and 18 per cent soils are low (51-100 mm/m) and very low (0.75%), 53 percent is medium (0.50-0.75%) and 32 percent is low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  An area of about 65 percent is high (>337kg/ha) and about 20 percent is medium (145-337kg/ha) in available potassium.  An area of about 25 percent is high (>20ppm), 30 percent is medium (10-20ppm) and 29 percent area is low (4.5 ppm) in an area of 49 per cent and dificient (<4.5 ppm) in about 35 per cent in the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc content is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 504(61) Guava - - Maize - 504(61) Sapota - - Bajra - 504(61) Pomegranate - 399(48) Groundnut - 86(10) Musambi - 399(48) Sunflower - 399(48) Lime - 399(48) Redgram - 418(50) Amla - 86(10) Bengal gram - 399(48) Cashew - - Cotton - 399(48) Jackfruit - - Chilli - 485(58) Jamun - - Tomato - 86(10) Custard apple - 485(58) Brinjal - 86(10) Tamarind - - Onion - 86(10) Mulberry - - Bhendi - 485(58) Marigold - 485(58) Drumstick - - Chrysanthemum - 485(58) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data on households sampled for socio economic survey indicated that 36 farmers were sampled in Banhatti micro-watershed among them 7 (20 %) were landless, 8 (22.86 %) were marginal farmers, 9 (25.71 %) were small farmers, 5 (14.29 %) were semi medium farmers and 6 (17.14 %) were medium farmers.  The data indicated that there were 102 (61.82 %) men and 63 (38.18 %) women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers' was 5, marginal farmers' was 4.5, small farmers' was 4.77, semi medium farmers' was 4.2 and medium farmers' was 5.  The data indicated that, 20 (12.12 %) people were in 0-15 years of age, 86 (52.12 %) were in 16-35 years of age, 52 (31.52 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 7 (4.24 %) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Banhatti had 33.33 per cent illiterates, 21.82 per cent of them had Primary School, 3.64 per cent of them had Middle School education, 21.21 per cent of them had High School education, 3.64 per cent of them had PUC education, 1.82 per cent of them had Diploma education, 0.61 per cent of them had ITI education and 10.30 per cent had degree education.  The results indicate that, 77.14 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture, 14.29 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourer, 2.86 per cent were Trade & Business and 5.71 per cent were Housewife.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 35.76 per cent of the household members, 25.45 per cent were agricultural laborers, 0.61 per cent were general laborers and Household industry, 1.21 per cent were in private service, 13.94 per cent were students, 16.36 per cent were Housewife and 2.42 per cent were children.  The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 94.29 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 5.71 per cent of them possess pucca/RCC house.  The results show that 82.86 per cent of the households possess TV, 2.86 per cent of the households possess DVD/VCD Player, 31.43 per cent of them possess mixer/grinder, 5.71 per cent of the households possess Refrigerator,17.14 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 94.44 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 8,785, mixer/grinder was Rs. 2,000, motor cycle was Rs. 59,333, tempo was Rs. 180,000 and mobile phone was Rs. 3,002. 2  About 2.86 per cent each of the households possess Tractor, Thresher, Sprinkler, Chaff Cutter and Drip system, 31.43 per cent of the households possess Sprayer, 25.71 per cent of them possess weeder and 22.86 per cent of them possess Harvester.  For tractor it was Rs. 7,500, Sprayer was Rs. 4,090, Sprinkler was Rs. 10,000, Weeder was Rs. 957, Harvester was Rs. 600, Thresher was Rs. 400, Chaff Cutter was Rs. 200 and Drip system was Rs. 300.  The results indicate that, 11.43 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 8.57 per cent of the households possess local cow and 2.86 per cent of the households possess buffalo and Poultry birds.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.47, average own labour (women) available was 1.07, average hired labour (men) available was 5.52 and average hired labour (women) available was 5.24.  The results indicate that, 74.29 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate and 5.71 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Banhatti micro-watershed possess 43.23 ha (78.38 %) of dry land and 11.92 ha (21.62 %) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 5.49 ha (100 %) of dry land. Small farmers possess 10.60 ha (85.44 %) of dry land and 1.80 ha (14.56 %) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 11.36 ha (90.34 %) of dry land and 1.21 ha (9.66 %) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 15.78 ha (63.93 %) of dry land and 8.90 ha (36.07 %) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 518,191.29 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 326,986.58. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 1,130,375.39 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 594,385.03 for dry land and the average value of irrigated land was Rs.1,107,623.31. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 598,361.24 for dry land and the average land value was Rs. 1,157,812.48 of irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 196,333.33 for dry land and the average land value was Rs. 213,318.18 of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 4 functioning and De-functioning bore well in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 11.43 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 4.96 meters.  The results indicate that small, semi-medium and medium farmers had an irrigated area  The results indicate that, farmers have grown red gram (28.22 ha), Paddy (6.07 ha), cotton (17.08 ha) and sorghum (0.16 ha). 3  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Banhatti micro-watershed was found to be 96.22 per cent.  The results indicate that, 77.14 per cent of the households have bank account and savings.  The results indicate that, 80 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, 42.86 per cent of the households have borrowed from Commercial Bank, 3.57 per cent from Friends/Relatives and 21.43 per cent from Grameena Bank.  The results indicate that, the average credit amount borrowed by households in micro-watershed was Rs. 54,214.29.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households borrowed from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households borrowed from private credit for the purpose of agricultural production.  The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan borrowed from institutional sources.  The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan borrowed from Private source.  The results indicate that, around 100 per cent opined that the loan amount borrowed from institutional sources helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The results indicate that, around 100 per cent opined that the loan amount borrowed from institutional sources helped to Easy accessibility of credit.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for red gram was Rs. 49387.42. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 78695.08. The net income from red gram cultivation was Rs. 29307.65. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.59  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 37760.88. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 62872.09. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. 25111.21. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.67.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Paddy was Rs. 28165.58. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 76570. The net income from Paddy cultivation was Rs. 48404.42. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 2.72.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 60649.60. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 76000. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. 15350.40. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.25.  The results indicate that, 22.86 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 2.86 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was inadequate. 4  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 19,142.86 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 80,000, for small farmers it was Rs. 118,333.33, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 184,000 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 343,333.33.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 13,509.52. For landless households it was Rs. 8,285.71, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 5,500, for small farmers it was Rs. 6,888.89, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 16,600 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 37,638.89 .  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 5 coconut, 2 madarin, 5 mango and 2 lime trees in their field and 1 mango in backyard.  The results indicate that, households have planted 68 neem, 14Tamarind and 2 Pongamia trees in their field and 1 neem in backyard.  The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 8,485.71 for land development.  The results indicated that Soft loan was the source of additional investment for 74.29per cent for land development.  The results indicated that, Paddy was sold to the extent of 83.33 per cent, cotton was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, Redgram was sold to the extent of 85.22 per cent and sorghum was sold to the extent of 60 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 57.14 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to agent/ traders, 5.71 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants, 14.29 per cent of them sold in regulated markets and 5.71 per cent of them sold in Cooperative marketing Society.  The results indicated that, 82.86 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce.  The results indicated that, 5.71 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 57.14 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, Summer Graded Bund, Contour Cultivation and Bore Well Recharge Pit were adopted for 2.86 per cent, Summer Ploughing was adopted for 54.29 per cent, Dead Furrow was adopted for 22.86 per cent, Mulching was adopted for 54.29 per cent and Combination of deep and shallow root crops was adopted for 5.71per cent.  The results indicated that, 91.43 per cent of the households used firewood as a source of fuel and 5.71 per cent of the households used Dung Cake.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 85.71 per cent of the households in the micro watershed and Bore Well was the major source of drinking water for 2.86 per cent of the households in the micro watershed . 5  The results indicated that, Electricity was the major source of light for 97.14 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 25.71 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 97.14 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, 94.29 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals and pulses were adequate for 85.71 per cent of the households, oilseed and Vegetables were adequate for 62.86 per cent, Milk were adequate for 8.57 per cent, fruits was adequate for 48.57 per cent, eggs were adequate for 5.71 per cent and meat were adequate for 2.86 per cent.  The results indicated that, Cereals and pulses were inadequate for 2.86 per cent of the households, oilseed were inadequate for 25.71 per cent of the households, vegetables were inadequate for 28.57 per cent, fruits was inadequate for 37.14 per cent, milk were inadequate for 71.43 per cent, Meat were inadequate for 85.71 per cent and eggs were inadequate for 77.14 per cent.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 71.43 per cent, Wild animal menace on farm field was the constraint experienced by 48.57 per cent, frequent incidence of pest and diseases was the constraint experienced by 65.71 per cent, Inadequacy of irrigation water, high cost of fertilizer and plant protection chemicals and high rate of interest on credit was the constraint experienced by 68.57 per cent of the households and Low price for the agricultural commodities (57.14 %), Lack of marketing facilities in the area (40 %), Inadequate extension services (20 %) and Lack of transport for safe transport of the Agril produce to the market (14.29 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Haidarnagar microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 668 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 99 per cent is covered by soils and 25 per cent by others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 19 soil series and 32 soil phases (management units) and 6 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm) soils.  About 51 per cent area has clayey soils at the surface and 48 per cent loamy soils at the surface.  About 25 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  Entire area of about 2 per cent area are nearly level sloping (0-1%) and 96 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 37 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 62 per cent moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about 21 per cent are neutral (pH 6.5-7.3), 16 per cent are slightly alkaline (pH 7.3 to 8.4), 31 per cent are moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4), 14 per cent strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) and 17 per cent are very strongly alkaline (pH>9.0) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils is 337 kg/ha) in available potassium content.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 18 per cent area and and 81 per cent area is medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in soils.  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in about 24 per cent and deficient (0.6 ppm) in about 11 per cent area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 74 (11) 314 (47) Sapota 11 (2) 379 (57) Maize 52 (8) 336 (50) Pomegranate 11 (2) 401 (60) Bajra 209 (31) 223 (33) Musambi 32 (5) 379 (57) Groundnut 132 (20) 345 (51) Lime 32 (5) 379 (57) Sunflower 32 (5) 346 (52) Amla 310 (46) 230 (34) Red gram 11 (2) 368 (55) Cashew 41 (6) 301 (45) Bengalgram 22 (3) 376(56) Jackfruit 11 (2) 379 (57) Cotton 22 (3) 376(55) Jamun - 301 (45) Chilli 88 (13) 301 (45) Custard apple 310 (46) 230 (34) Tomato 88 (13) 301 (45) Tamarind - 33 (5) Brinjal 278 (42) 208 (31) Mulberry 11 (2) 488 (73) Onion 121 (18) 343 (51) Marigold 52 (8) 336 (50) Bhendi 121 (18) 364 (55) Chrysanthemum 52 (8) 336 (50) Drumstick 11 (2) 445(66) Jasmine 52 (8) 314 (47) Mango - 11 (2) Crossandra 52 (8) 314 (47) Guava 11 (2) 379 (57)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 6 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops that helps in maintaining productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 97 (57.74%) men and 71 (42.26%) were women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers was 11, marginal farmers' was 5.5, small farmers' was 4.6, semi medium farmers' was 5.7, and medium farmers' was 5.2.  The data indicated that, 30 (17.86%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 87 (51.79%) were in 16-35 years of age, 39 (23.21%) were in 36-60 years of age and 12 (7.14 %) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Haidarnagar had 27.38 per cent illiterates, 0.60 per cent functional literates, 26.19 per cent of them had primary school education, 7.14 per cent of them had middle school education, 22.62 per cent of them had high school education, 3.57 per cent of them had PUC education, 1.79 per cent of them did diploma, and 3.57 per cent of them had degree education.  The results indicate that, 86.67 per cent of households practicing agriculture, 3.33 per cent of the households were agricultural laborers, 3.33 per cent were general laborers, 3.33 per cent were housewives and 3.33 per cent of the household heads were in government service.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 44.51 per cent of the household members, 18.68 per cent were agricultural labourers, 3.85 per cent were general laborers, 22.53 per cent of them were student, 4.40 per cent of them were housewife, 1.10 per cent of them were in private services, 1.10 per cent government service and 1.10 per cent were involved in trade and business.  The results show that 1.19 per cent of the households participated in sthree shakthi sangha and 98.81 per cent of them have not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 3.33 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 53.33 per cent of the households possess Katcha house, 3.33 per cent of them possess pucca house and 43.33 per cent of the households possess semi pucca house.  The results shows that 3.33 per cent of the households possess radio, 86.67 per cent of the households possess TV, 70 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 3.33 per cent of the households possess refrigerator, 40 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 66.67 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 3.33 per cent of the households possess auto, and 83.33 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results shows that the average value of television was Rs.5980, radio was Rs.450, mixer grinder was Rs.2471, motor cycle was Rs.27000, mobile phone was Rs.1796, Auto was Rs.95000, refrigerator was Rs.20000, DVD/VCD player was Rs.5000 and bicycle was Rs.6891. 2  About 20 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 16.67 per cent of them possess plough, 23.33 per cent of them possess tractor, 16.67 per cent of them posses sprayer, 16.67 per cent of them possess chaff cutter, 3.33 per cent of them possess harvester, 6.67 per cent of them possess chaff cutter and 46.67 per cent of them possess weeder.  The results show that the average value of plough was Rs.2000, the average value of tractor was Rs. 291428 and the average value of sprayer was Rs.2200, the average value of harvester was Rs.100000, chaff cutter was Rs.700, the average value of bullock cart Rs.18000, and the average value of weeder Rs.54.  The results indicate that, 26.67 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 20 per cent of the households possess local cow, 3.3 per cent of the households possess crossbred cow, 10 per cent of them possess buffalo and 3.33 per cent of the households possess goat.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2.07, average own labour (women) available was 1.57, average hired labour (men) available was 6.43 and average hired labour (women) available was 4.11.  The results indicate that, 86.67 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was adequate. About 100 per cent of the marginal farmers, 87.50 per cent of small, 83.33 per cent of semi medium, and 100 per cent of medium have opined that hired labour was adequate. Around 6.67 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicate that, two persons have migrated from the micro watershed, among them one belongs to semi medium household and another one belongs to medium farm household.  The results indicate that, average distance migrated was 528.50 kms and the average duration of migration was 3.50 months.  The results indicate that, job/work was the main reason for migration of households from the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, households of the Haidarnagar micro watershed possess 39.98 ha (70.68%) of dry land and 12.94 ha (22.88%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 4.82 ha (92.97%) of dry land and 0.36 ha (7.03%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 4.89 ha (61.46%) of dry land and 3.07 ha (38.54%) of irrigated land. Semi medium possess 9.58 ha (75.94%) of dry land and 3.04 ha (24.06%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 20.70 ha (67.17%) of dry land and 6.48 ha (21.01%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs.215,000 and average value of irrigated was Rs.347,560. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 539,663 for dry land and Rs. 548,888 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 245,161 for dry land 3 and Rs. 749,472 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 219,138 for dry land and Rs. 362,266 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 130,406 for dry land and Rs. 138,937 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 8 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  Bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 26.67 per cent of the farmers. The depth of bore well was found to be 30.99 meters.  The results indicate that, marginal farmers had irrigated area of 0.73 hectares, small farmers had 4 hectares, semi medium farmers had 3.04 hectares and medium farmers had 5.26 hectares.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown Bajra (12.15 ha), Bengalgram (3.44 ha), Brinjal (0.4 ha), Cotton (2.06 ha), Greengram (0.81 ha), Groundnut (1.75 ha), Maize (23.98 ha), Sugarcane (2.23 ha), Sunflower (3.65 ha), Cowpea (0.36 ha), Jowar (0.2 ha).  Marginal farmers had grown bajra, maize, sunflower, sugarcane, groundnut and jowar. Small farmers had grown bajra, cotton, maize, sugarcane, sunflower, groundnut, and jowar. Semi medium farmers had grown bajra, bengalgram, greengram, groundnut, maize, and sugarcane. Medium farmers had grown bajra, bengalgram, brinjal, maize and sunflower.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Haidarnagar micro watershed was found to be 78.48 per cent. In case of marginal farmers it was 100 per cent, for small farmers it was 95.53 per cent, in case of semi medium farmers it was 88.35 per cent and medium farmers had cropping intensity of 66.91 per cent.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 27917.62. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. -4661.65. The net income from Maize cultivation was Rs. 1679.36, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.86.  The total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 21285.47. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 11657.89. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. -9627.59. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.55.  The total cost of cultivation for sugarcane was Rs. 131216.93. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 253723.89. The net income from sugarcane cultivation was Rs. 122506.96. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.93.  The total cost of cultivation for bengalgram was Rs. 35223.20. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 20377.50. The net income from bengalgram cultivation was Rs. -14845.70. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.58.  The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 66008.79. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 55243.19. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. -10765.60. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.84. 4  The total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 25760.47. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 56686.50. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. 30926.03. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.2.  The total cost of cultivation for sunflower was Rs. 47098.93. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 51136.22. The net income from sunflower cultivation was Rs. 4037.28. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.09.  The total cost of cultivation for green gram was Rs. 30629.62. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 27787.50. The net income from green gram cultivation was Rs. -2842.12. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.91.  The total cost of cultivation for cowpea was Rs. 36556.25. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 27444.45. The net income from cowpea cultivation was Rs. -9111.81. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.75.  The total cost of cultivation for brinjal was Rs. 76432.09. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 24700. The net income from brinjal cultivation was Rs. -51732.09. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.32.  The results indicate that, 26.67 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 30 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the average annual gross income was Rs. 32,500 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 61,512, for small farmers it was Rs. 146,037, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 196,573 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 61,083.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 11425.24. For landless households it was Rs. 6,750, for marginal farmers it was Rs 8,291.67, for small farmers it was Rs. 29,312.50, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 34,433.33, and for medium farmers it was Rs. 11,583.33.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 101 coconut, 3 guava trees, 1 mango tree and 2 sapota trees in their field. Farmers have also grown 8 coconut trees in their backyard.  The results indicate that, households have planted 96 neem trees and 12 banyan trees in the field.  The results indicated that, bajra was sold to the extent of 71.43 per cent, Bengalgram 86.67 per cent, brinjal 80 per cent, cotton 100 per cent, cowpea 50 per cent, Greengram 80 per cent, groundnut 86.36 per cent, maize 90.67 per cent, sugarcane 96.55 per cent and sunflower 85 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 100 per cent of farmers sold their produce to agent/traders, 13.33 per cent of the households sold their produce to local/village merchants, 3.33 per cent have sold their produce in cooperative marketing society, 3.33 per cent have sold through contract marketing arrangement and another 3.33 per cent have sold in regulated markets. 5  The results indicated that 53.33 per cent have used cart, 43.33 per cent have used tractor, 26.67 per cent have carried headloads, 3.33 per cent of the farmers have used truck and 3.33 per cent have used bus as a mode of transport.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 50 per cent of the households, bore well was the source of drinking water for 30 per cent, open well was the source of drinking water for 10 per cent and lake/tank was the source of drinking water for 6.67 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, 80 percent used fire wood, 3.33 per cent used dung cake and another 16.67 percent of the households used LPG.  Electricity was the major source of light for 96.67 per cent of the households in micro watershed and 3.33 per cent used kerosene lamp as a source of light.  The results indicated that, 33.33 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 100 per cent of landless, 12.50 per cent of marginal, 12.50 per cent of small, 50 per cent of semi medium, and 50 per cent of medium farmers had sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 73.33 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card, 3.33 per cent possessed APL card and 23.33 per cent did not possess PDS card.  The results indicated that, 40 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 96.67 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 16.67 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 50 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 86.67 per cent, fruits were adequate for 33.33 per cent, milk was adequate for 86.67 per cent, eggs were adequate for 83.33 per cent and meat was adequate for 73.33 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 16.67 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (20%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (56.67%), inadequacy of irrigation water (16.67%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (66.67%), high rate of interest on credit (60%), low price for the agricultural commodities (16.67%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (56.67%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (66.67%), less rainfall (93.33%), inadequate extension services (16.67%) and source of agri technology information (46.67%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Narayanapur Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 709 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 610 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, about 8 ha covered by forest 2 ha covered by rock outcrops and 89 ha by others (Habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 7 soil series and 21 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  An area about 610 ha (86%) in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 40 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are deep to very deep (100->150 cm) 16 per cent soils are moderately deep (75-100), whereas 17 per cent soils are moderately shallow (50 -75 cm) and 12 per cent soils are shallow (25 -50 cm) in the microwatershed.  About 35 percent soils are loamy and 51 per cent area is clayey soils at the surface.  An area of about 27 percent soils are non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 11 percent soils are medium (51-100), 35 per cent soils are low (51- 100 mm/m) and very low (0.75%) in organic carbon content.  An area of 36 percent is low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  An area of about 52 percent is medium (145-337kg/ha) and 34 percent is high (>337kg/ha) in available potassium.  An area of about 67 percent is medium (10-20ppm) and 19 percent area is low (4.5ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 35 percent in the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 275(39) 244(34) Guava - 269(38) Maize - 520(73) Sapota - 113(16) Bajra - 519(73) Pomegranate - 395(56) Groundnut - 113(16) Musambi 127(18) 269(38) Sunflower 119(17) 276(39) Lime 127(18) 269(38) Redgram - 396(56) Amla - 519(73) Bengal gram 282(40) 161(23) Cashew - - Cotton 282(40) 161(23) Jackfruit - 113(16) Chilli - 356(50) Jamun - 282(40) Tomato - 356(50) Custard apple 186(26) 334(47) Drumstick - 396(56) Tamarind - 282(40) Brinjal - 519(73) Mulberry - 113(16) Onion 21(3) 215(30) Marigold - 520(73) Bhendi 21(3) 497(69) Chrysanthemum - 520(73) Mango - - Bhendi 21(3) 497(69)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 98 (59.04%) men and 68 (40.96%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 4, marginal farmers' was 4.88, small farmers' was 4.36, semi medium farmers' was 4, medium farmers' was 4.67 and large farmers' was 6.  The data indicated that, 25 (15.06%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 80 (48.19%) were in 16-35 years of age, 52 (31.33%) were in 36-60 years of age and 9 (5.42%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Narayanpura had 42.77 per cent illiterates, 17.47 per cent of them had primary school education, 1.20 per cent of them had middle school education, 7.83 per cent of them had high school education, 13.86 per cent of them had PUC education, 9.04 per cent of them had degree education, 0.60 per cent of them did ITI, 0.60 per cent of the population had diploma and 1.81 per cent of them did masters.  The results indicate that, 86.11 per cent of households were practicing agriculture, 5.56 per cent of the households were agricultural labourers, 2.78 per cent of the households were general labours, 2.86 per cent of them were in private service and 2.78 per cent of the population was involved in trade and business.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 67.47 per cent of the household members, 1.81 per cent were agricultural laborers, 2.41 per cent were general labourers, 0.60 per cent were in government service, 6.63 per cent were in private service, 0.60 per cent were into trade and business, 15.06 per cent were students, 0.60 per cent were housewives and 4.22 per cent were children.  The results show that 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 19.44 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 80.56 per cent of them possess pucca house.  The results show that 75 per cent of the households possess TV, 44.44 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 11.11 per cent of the households possess refrigerator, 5.56 per cent of them had bicycle, 50 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 5.56 per cent of them had car/four wheeler and 91.67 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs.5370, mixer grinder was Rs.1637, refrigerator was Rs.9250, bicycle was Rs.1500, motor cycle was Rs.19300, car/four wheeler was Rs.200000 and mobile phone was Rs.2073.  About 5.56 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 44.44 per cent of them possess plough, 2.78 per cent of them had seed/fertilizer drill, 8.33 per cent of them had irrigation pump, 5.56 per cent of the households possess tractor, 11.11 2 per cent of them possess sprayer, 52.78 per cent of them possess weeder and 8.33 per cent of them possess harvester.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs.25000, plough was Rs.1663, seed/fertilizer drill was Rs.6000, irrigation pump was Rs.20000, the average value of tractor was Rs.200000, the average value of sprayer was Rs.4500 and the average value of harvester was Rs.103333.  The results indicate that, 33.33 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 30.56 per cent of the households possess local cow, 2.78 per cent had crossbred cow, 11.11 per cent had buffalo, 13.89 per cent had sheep, 2.78 per cent had goat and 13.89 per cent had poultry birds.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.94, average own labour (women) available was 1.69, average hired labour (men) available was 10.19 and average hired labour (women) available was 10.27.  The results indicate that, 88.89 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Narayanpura micro-watershed possess 50.62 ha (97.66%) of dry land and 1.21 ha (2.34%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 7.52 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 15.03 ha (100%) of dry land. Semi medium farmers possess 2.17 ha (64.07%) of dry land and 1.21 ha (35.93%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 15.78 ha (100%) of dry land and large farmers possess 10.12 ha (100%) of dry land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 1289400 and average value of irrigated land was Rs. 1482000. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 1335315 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 847712 for dry land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 1615888 for dry land and Rs. 1482000 for irrigated land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 1203333 for dry land and it was Rs.1976000 in case of large farmers.  The results indicate that, there were 2 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 5.56 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 3.56 meters.  The results indicate that, semi medium and large farmers had an irrigated area of 1.12 ha and 10.12 ha.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown cotton (1.42 ha), red gram (35.74 ha), sorghum (0.58 ha), paddy (1.21 ha), black gram (0.92 ha) and greengram (12.09 ha). Marginal farmers have grown redgram, greengram, blackgram and sorghum. Small farmers have grown redgram, Greengram and cotton. Semi 3 medium farmers have grown redgram and paddy. Medium farmers have grown redgram and greengram. Large farmers have grown redgram.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Narayanpura micro-watershed was found to be 87.70 per cent.  The results indicate that, 50 per cent of the households have bank account and savings.  The results indicate that, 50 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 44545.04. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 142907.14. The net income from Cotton cultivation was Rs. 98362.11, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:3.21.  The total cost of cultivation for red gram was Rs. 69659.14. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 70728.20. The net income from red gram cultivation was Rs. 1069.06. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.02.  The total cost of cultivation for green gram was Rs. 27759.54. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 36556.26. The net income from green gram cultivation was Rs. 8796.72. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.32.  The total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 35377.88. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 87273.33. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 51895.46. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.47.  The total cost of cultivation for blackgram was Rs. 31639.50. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 52108.33. The net income from blackgram cultivation was Rs. 20468.83. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.65.  The total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 77663.85. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 81916.09. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. 4252.23. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.05.  The results indicate that, 36.11 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate, 13.89 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate and 2.78 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was inadequate.  The results indicate that the average annual gross income was Rs. 90,000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 90,000, for small farmers it was Rs. 63,875, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 1,56,809, for medium farmers it was Rs. 1,28,000 and for large farmers it was Rs. 3,28,667.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 55,031. For landless households it was Rs. 58,000, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 15,836, for small farmers it was Rs. 42,293, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 31,250, for medium farmers it was Rs. 1,18,667 and for large farmers it was Rs. 6,70,000. 4  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 5 custard apple trees in their field and 6 in their backyard; 7 mango trees in their field and 1 in their backyard; and 2 pomegranate trees in their trees.  The results indicate that, households have planted 18 teak, 125 neem and 1 tamarind tree in their field.  The results indicate that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 6,130.56 for land development and Rs. 291.67 for improved crop production.  The results indicate that, asset selling was the source of additional investment for 2.78 per cent for land development. Loan from bank was the major source of investment for 13.89 per cent of households for land development and for 2.78 per cent for improved crop production. Own funds were the source of additional investment for 2.78 per cent for land development. Soft loan was the source of additional investment for 72.22 per cent for land development and for 5.56 per cent for improved crop production.  The results indicated that, blackgram was sold to the extent of 61.54 per cent, cotton was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, greengram was sold to the extent of 78.07 per cent, paddy was sold to the extent of 50 per cent, redgram was sold to the extent of 72.60 per cent and sorghum was sold to the extent of 50 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 94.44 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants.  The results indicated that, 83.33 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce and 11.11 per cent have used cart as a mode of transportation.  The results indicated that, 88.89 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 91.67 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 80.56 per cent of the households used firewood and 44.44 per cent used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 97.22 per cent of the households in the micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 63.89 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 2.86 per cent of the households did not possess any PDS card.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 97.22 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 11.11 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 61.11 per cent, fruits were adequate 5 for 5.56 per cent, milk was adequate for 72.22 per cent, eggs were adequate for 37.14 per cent and meat was adequate for 25 per cent.  The results indicated that, pulses were inadequate for 2.78 per cent of the households, oilseeds were inadequate for 86.11 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 36.11 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 91.67 per cent, milk was inadequate for 16.67 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 61.11 per cent and meat was inadequate for 72.22 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, oilseeds were market surplus for 2.78 per cent, vegetables were market surplus for 2.78 per cent, fruits were market surplus for 2.78 per cent, milk was market surplus for 11.11 per cent and meat was market surplus for 2.78 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 91.67 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (91.67%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (77.78%), inadequacy of irrigation water (36.11%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (69.44%), low price for the agricultural commodities (80.56%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (75%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (44.44%) and inadequate extension services (19.44%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Honavalu-3 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 304 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 95 per cent is covered by soils and 5 per cent by water bodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 10 soil series and 15 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm) soils.  Entire area of about 95 per cent has clayey soils at the surface.  About 34 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  Entire area of about 95 per cent area has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 82 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 13 per cent moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about 9.0) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils is 337 kg/ha) in available potassium content.  Available sulphur is high (>320 ppm) in the entire area of about 95 per cent soils.  Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 34 per cent area, 54 per cent are medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) and 7 per cent area is high (>1.0 ppm).  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in 92 per cent and deficient (<4.5 ppm) in about 3 per cent area.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of about 95 per cent soils.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 82 (27) 144 (47) Sapota - 1 (<1) Maize - 226 (74) Pomegranate - 226 (74) Bajra 1 (<1) 225 (74) Musambi 54 (18) 171 (56) Groundnut 1 (<1) 24 (8) Lime 54 (18) 171 (56) Sunflower 30 (10) 195 (64) Amla 1 (<1) 249 (82) Red gram - 214 (70) Cashew - - Bengalgram 141 (46) 85 (28) Jackfruit - 1 (<1) Cotton 141 (46) 85 (28) Jamun - 162 (53) Chilli - 1 (<1) Custard apple 166 (55) 84 (28) Tomato - 1 (<1) Tamarind - 161 (53) Brinjal - 250 (82) Mulberry 1 (<1) 203 (67) Onion - 25 (8) Marigold - 227 (74) Bhendi - 250 (82) Chrysanthemum - 227 (74) Drumstick - 250 (82) Jasmine - 1 (<1) Mango - 1 (<1) Crossandra - 126 (42) Guava - 1 (<1)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 5 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops that helps in maintaining productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 79 (53.74%) men and 68 (46.26%) women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers' was 3, marginal farmers' was 4.88, small farmers' was 3.89, semi medium farmers' was 4.25 and medium farmers' was 4.29.  The data indicated that, 27(18.37%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 56 (38.10%) were in 16-35 years of age, 47 (31.97%) were in 36-60 years of age and 17 (11.56%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Honavalu-3 had 22.45 per cent illiterates, 41.50 per cent of them had primary school education, 9.52 per cent of them had middle school education, 12.24 per cent of them had high school education, 8.84 per cent of them had PUC education, 1.36 per cent had diploma and ITI and 2.72 per cent of them had degree education.  The results indicate that, 97.14 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture and 2.86 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourers.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 31.29 per cent of the household members, 45.58 per cent were agricultural labourers, 0.68 per cent were in private service, 21.77 per cent were in students and 0.68 per cent were housewives.  The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 68.57 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 14.29 per cent of the households possess pucca/RCC house and 17.14 per cent of them possess semi pacca house.  The results show that 74.29 per cent of the households possess TV, 8.57 per cent of them possess DVD/VCD player and refrigerator, 42.86 per cent of them possess mixer/grinder, 22.876 per cent of them possess bicycle, 37.14 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 2.86 per cent of the households possess auto, car/four wheeler, landline phone and computer/ laptop and 80 per cent of them possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 5,903, DVD/VCD Player was 1,733, mixer grinder was Rs. 2,093, refrigerator was 15,666, bicycle was 1,450, motor cycle was Rs. 26,464, auto was 90,000, car/four wheeler was 200,000, landline was 2,000, mobile phone was Rs. 3,068 and computer/ laptop was 41,000.  About 20 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 22.86 per cent of them possess plough, 5.71 per cent of them possess tractor, 8.57 per cent of them possess sprayer, 37.14 per cent of them possess weeder, 22.86 per cent of them possess chaff cutter and 2.86 per cent of them possess earth remover/duster. 2  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 18,571, plough was Rs. 3,340, tractor was Rs. 250,000, sprayer was Rs. 3,400, weeder was Rs.37, chaff cutter was Rs.660 and the average value of earth remover/duster was Rs. 14,000.  The results indicate that, 14.29 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 17.14 per cent of the households possess local cow and 11.43 per cent possess buffalo.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.74, average own labour (women) available was 1.37, average hired labour (men) available was 7.71 and average hired labour (women) available was 7.74. The results indicate that, 25.71 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate and 74.29 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Honavalu-3 micro-watershed possess 38.03 ha (63.69%) of dry land, 18.26 ha (30.58%) of irrigated land and 3.42 ha (5.73%) of permanent fallow. Marginal farmers possess 6.43 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 9.15 ha (77.18%) of dry land and 2.71 ha (22.82%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 15.03 ha (78.05%) of dry land, 2.43 ha (12.61%) of irrigated land and 1.80 (9.33%) of permanent fallow land. Medium farmers possess 7.42 ha (33.47%) of dry land, 13.12 ha (59.19%) of irrigated land and 1.63 ha (7.34%) of permanent fallow land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 257,592.85; the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 273,714.54 and Rs. 87,588 of permanent fallow land. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 497,733.00 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 262,068.97 for dry land and Rs. 406,128.55 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 212,873.69 for dry land, Rs. 370,500 for irrigated land and Rs. 111,261.26 for permanent fallow land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 134,678.30 for dry land and Rs. 228,492.14 for irrigated land and Rs. 61,442.79 for permanent fallow land.  The results indicate that, there were 11 functioning and 7 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 31.43 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 60.02 meters.  The results indicate that small, semi medium and medium farmers had an irrigated area of 2.71 ha, 2.43 ha and 9.32 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown maize (13.14 ha), sunflower (9.72 ha), sorghum (10.16ha), green gram (4.53 ha), bajra (5.70 ha), Bengal gram (3.03 ha), wheat (0.81ha), chilly and onion (0.4 ha). Marginal farmers have grown maize, sunflower, sorghum, green gram and Bengal gram. Small farmers have grown maize, sunflower, sorghum, bajra, Bengal gram, chilly and onion. Semi medium farmers 3 have grown maize, sunflower, green gram, sorghum, bajra, Bengal gram, chilly and onion. Medium farmers have grown maize, sorghum, green gram, bajra, sunflower and bajra. The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Honavalu-3 microwatershed was found to be 62.45 per cent.  The results indicate that, 65.71 per cent of the households have bank account and savings.  The results indicate that, 65.71 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, 13.04 per cent of the households have borrowed from commercial bank, 4.35 per cent of them borrowed from money lender, 13.04 per cent of the households borrowed from SHGs and CBOs and 21.74 per cent of the households borrowed from grameena bank.  The results indicate that, the average credit amount borrowed by households in micro-watershed was Rs, 39,586.96.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households borrowed from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production.  The results indicate that, 75 per cent of the households availed credit for the purpose of agricultural production and 25 per cent of the households availed credit for the for the purpose of purchase-agricultural implements/ farm machinery.  The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan borrowed from institutional sources.  The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan borrowed from private sources.  The results indicate that, around 100 per cent opined that the loan amount borrowed from institutional sources helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households opined that the credit borrowed from private credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 33163.20. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 43788.22. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 10625.02. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.32.  The total cost of cultivation for chilly was Rs. 61244.74. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 74100. The net income from chilly cultivation was Rs. 12855.26. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.21.  The total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 26959.43. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 36423.45. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. 9464.02. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.35.  The total cost of cultivation for Bengal gram was Rs. 39204.46. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 37233.49. The net income from Bengal gram cultivation was Rs. -1970.97. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.95. 4  The total cost of cultivation for sunflower was Rs. 29526.44. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 36356.09. The net income from sunflower cultivation was Rs. 6829.65. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.23.  The total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 25689.51. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 22472.77. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. - 3216.74. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.87.  The total cost of cultivation for Wheat was Rs. 39400.71. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 49400. The net income from Wheat cultivation was Rs. 9999.29. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.25.  The total cost of cultivation for Onion was Rs. 75143.42. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 98800. The net income from Onion cultivation was Rs. 23656.58. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.31.  The total cost of cultivation for green gram was Rs. 23508.84. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 33720.05. The net income from green gram cultivation was Rs. 10211.20. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.43.  The results indicate that, 31.43 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and green fodder was adequate for 8.57 per cent of the households.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 23,333.33 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 60,950, for small farmers it was Rs. 111,511.11, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 122,962.50 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 128,171.43.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 10,880.68. For landless households it was Rs. 8,333.33, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 4,026.04, for small farmers it was Rs. 10,459.26, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 9,244.79 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 22,217.69.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 103 coconut trees in their field and 1 coconut tree in their backyard.  The results indicate that, households have planted 9 teak, 40 neem, 5 tamarind and 3 banyan trees in their field and 2 teak and 2 neem trees in their field.  The results indicated that, bajra was sold to the extent of 91.67 per cent, Bengal gram was sold to the extent of 74.07 per cent, chilly was sold to the extent of 33.33 per cent, green gram was sold to the extent of 67.74 per cent, maize was sold to the extent of 97.44 per cent, onion was sold to the extent of 96 per cent, sorghum were sold to the extent of 67.57 per cent, sunflower was sold to the extent of 97.65 per cent and wheat was sold to the extent of 50 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 45.71 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to agent/traders. 22.86 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants, 45.71 per cent of them sold their produce through regulated market and 5.71 per cent of them sold their produce through cooperative marketing society. 5  The results indicated that, 2.86 per cent of the households used head load, 28.57 per cent of the households used cart and 88.57 per cent of them used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce.  The results indicated that, 8.57 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 65.71 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 88.57 per cent of the households used firewood and 11.43 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, 88.57 per cent of the households used firewood and 11.43 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 2.86 per cent of the sampled household's possessed APL card, 88.57 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 8.57 per cent of the households did not possess PDS card.  The results indicated that, 55.88 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 94.29 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 77.14 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 11.43 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 37.14 per cent, fruit were adequate for 48.57 per cent, milk was adequate for 40.00 per cent, eggs were adequate for 8.57 per cent and meat was adequate for 5.71 per cent.  The results indicated that, cereals were inadequate for 5.71 per cent of the households, pulses were inadequate for 22.86 per cent, oilseeds were inadequate for 88.57 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 62.86 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 48.57 per cent, milk was inadequate for 51.43 per cent, egg and meat were inadequate for 71.43 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil and frequent incidence of pest and diseases was the constraint experienced by 65.71 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (68.57%), inadequacy of irrigation water (31.43%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (40%), high rate of interest on credit (31.43%), low price for the agricultural commodities (17.14%), lack of marketing facilities in the area and source of Agri-technology information (14.29%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (34.29%), inadequate extension services (5.71%) and less rainfall (60%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kodadahalu microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 358 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 97 per cent is covered by soils and 3 per cent by mining/industrial, habitation and water bodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 9 soil series and 16 soil phases (management units) and 6 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm) soils.  About 29 per cent sandy soils at the surface, 28 per cent has loamy soils at the surface and 39 per cent has clayey soils at the surface.  About 40 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 5 per cent has nearly level (0-1%) and 91 per cent area has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 24 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 73 per cent moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about 4 per cent are moderately acid (pH 5.5-6.0), 11 per cent are slightly acid (pH 6.0-6.5), 26 per cent are neutral (pH 6.5-7.3), 29 per cent are slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8), 26 per cent are moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4) and 0.75%) in 97 per cent area of the soils.  Available phosphorus is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in 2 per cent and high (>57 kg/ha) in 94 per cent area in the microwatershed.  Available potassium content is low (20 ppm) in the area of about 39 per cent soils.  Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in the entire cultivated area of about 97 per cent in the microwatershed.  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in an area of about 55 per cent and deficient (0.6 ppm) in 97 per cent in the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 60 (17) 111 (31) Sapota - 73 (21) Maize - 170 (47) Pomegranate - 208 (58) Bajra - 243 (68) Musambi 60 (17) 148 (41) Groundnut - 198 (55) Lime 60 (17) 148 (41) Sunflower 60 (17) 75 (21) Amla - 333 (93) Red gram - 94 (26) Cashew - 73 (21) Bengalgram 79 (22) 90 (25) Jackfruit - 73 (21) Cotton 60 (17) 111 (31) Jamun - 153 (43) Chilli - 36 (10) Custard apple 60 (17) 273 (76) Tomato - 36 (10) Tamarind - 80 (22) Brinjal - 225 (63) Mulberry - 297 (83) Onion - 110 (31) Marigold - 171 (47) Bhendi - 225 (63) Chrysanthemum - 171 (47) Drumstick - 224 (62) Jasmine - 36 (10) Mango - - Crossandra - 77 (21) Guava - 73 (21)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 6 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops that helps in maintaining productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 94 (49.74%) men and 95 (50.26%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 4, marginal farmers' was 4.09, small farmers' was 4.6, semi medium farmers' was 5 and medium farmers' was 6.28.  The data indicated that, 35 (18.52%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 91 (48.15%) were in 16-35 years of age, 48 (25.40%) were in 36-60 years of age and 15 (7.94%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Kodadahalu had 31.75 per cent illiterates, 34.39 per cent of them had primary school education, 10.05 per cent of them had middle school education, 15.87 per cent of them had high school education, 3.17 per cent of them had PUC education, 1.59 per cent of them had degree education and 0.53 per cent of them did masters.  The results indicate that, 51.52 per cent of households were practicing agriculture, 42.42 per cent of the households were agricultural labourers and 9.09 per cent were general labourers.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 28.04 per cent of the household members, 38.62 per cent were agricultural laborers, 8.99 per cent were general labour, 0.53 per cent were in government service, 20.63 per cent were students, 1.06 per cent were housewives and 2.12 per cent were children.  The results show that 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 39.39 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 39.39 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 21.21 per cent of them possess pucca house.  The results show that 90.91 per cent of the households possess TV, 69.70 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 36.36 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 24.24 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 100 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs.8866, mixer grinder was Rs.1695, bicycle was Rs. 2083, motor cycle was Rs.34375 and mobile phone was Rs.2175.  About 18.18 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 24.24 per cent of them possess plough, 27.27 per cent of them possess sprayer, 96.97 per cent of them possess weeder and 3.03 per cent of them possess chaff cutter.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs.18333, plough was Rs.1250, the average value of sprayer was Rs.3333, the average value of chaff cutter was Rs.2000, and the average value of weeder was Rs.100. 2  The results indicate that, 21.21 per cent of the households possess bullocks, and 21.21 per cent of the households possess local cow.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2.10, average own labour (women) available was 1.93, average hired labour (men) available was 9.40 and average hired labour (women) available was 6.30.  The results indicate that, 90.91 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Kodadahalu micro watershed possess 26.12 ha (55.25%) of dry land and 21.15 ha (44.75%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 7.98 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 11.25 ha (86.72%) of dry land and 1.72 ha (13.28%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 2.02 ha (62.50%) of dry land and 1.21 ha (37.50%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 4.86 ha (21.05%) of dry land and 18.21 ha (78.95%) of the farmers possess irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 313,869.52 and average value of irrigated land was Rs. 444,278.61. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 438,387.42 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 275,332.61 for dry land and Rs. 811,737.09 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 296,400 for dry land and Rs. 658,666.67 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 205,833.33 for dry land and Rs. 395,200 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 11 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 33.33 per cent of the farmers in micro watershed.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 31.87 meters.  The results indicate that, small, semi medium and medium farmers had irrigated area of 1.72 ha, 1.21 ha and 16.60 ha respectively.  The farmers have grown bajra (4.17 ha), cotton (0.91 ha), groundnut (5.47 ha), maize (24.31 ha), mango (2.02 ha), navane (0.81 ha), paddy (1.21 ha), sunflower (1.42 ha), tomato (2.02 ha), and water melon (0.81 ha). Marginal farmers have grown bajra, groundnut, maize, navane. Small farmers have grown bajra, cotton, groundnut, maize, paddy, sunflower and tomato. Semi medium farmers have grown maize and groundnut. Medium farmers have grown groundnut, maize, mango, tomato and water melon.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 19 coconut and 363 mango trees in their fields. They have also grown 2 coconut tree in their backyard.  The results indicate that, households have planted 85neem trees, 6 tamarind trees, 10 eucalyptus trees and 1 teak tree in their field. 3  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Kodadahalu micro watershed was found to be 98.92 per cent. In case of marginal farmers it was 100 per cent, small farmers it was 96.38 per cent, in case of semi medium and medium farmers it was 100 per cent.  84.85 per cent of the households have bank account and 39.39 per cent of the households have savings.  54.55 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, 5.56 per cent of the households availed loan from commercial bank, 5.56 per cent availed loan from cooperative bank, 77.78 per cent availed loan from grameena bank, 11.11 per cent have borrowed from friends/relatives, 16.67 per cent availed loan from money lenders, 11.11 per cent have borrowed from SHGs/CBOs and 11.11 per cent have borrowed from traders.  The results indicate that, marginal, small and medium farmers have availed Rs. 90,000, Rs. 75800, and Rs. 308333 respectively.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households have borrowed loan from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production.  The results indicate that, the main purpose of borrowing credit from private sources was agricultural production which accounted for 88.89 per cent of those who borrowed credit. Another 11.11 per cent of the households borrowed for the purchase of vehicle.  The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan borrowed from institutional sources.  Results indicated that 77.78 per cent of the households partially paid their loan and 22.22 per cent of the households did not repay their loans borrowed from private sources.  The results indicate that, around 56.25 per cent of the households opined that the rate of interest was higher in institutional sources; another 43.75 per cent opined that the loan amount helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The results indicate that, around 22.22 per cent of the households opined that credit was easily accessible in non institutional sources, 11.11 per cent of the households opined that the credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations, 55.56 per cent of the households opined that loan amount was adequate to fulfil the requirements and 11.11 per cent opined that the rate of interest was high in non institutional source of credits.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 23921.43. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 26170.24. The net income from Maize cultivation was Rs. 2248.81, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.09.  The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 47999.48. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 62443.95. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 14444.47. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.3. 4  The total cost of cultivation for tomato was Rs. 59019.05. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 77187.50. The net income from tomato cultivation was Rs. 18168.45. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.31.  The total cost of cultivation for water melon was Rs. 32930.96. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 59280. The net income from water melon cultivation was Rs. 26349.04. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.8.  The total cost of cultivation for mango was Rs. 26359.74. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 395200. The net income from mango cultivation was Rs. 368840.26. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:14.99.  The total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 56579.37. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 54340. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. - 2239.37. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.96.  The total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 65694.93. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 92625. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. 26930.07. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.41.  The total cost of cultivation for Sunflower was Rs. 22105.04. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 41284.29. The net income from Sunflower cultivation was Rs. 19179.25. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.87.  The results indicate that, 30.30 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 30.30 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the average annual gross income was Rs. 86,666.67 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 72,383, for small farmers it was Rs. 94,235, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 78,000, and for medium farmers it was Rs. 83,750.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 11,661.36. For landless households it was Rs. 23,888.89, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 6,383.33, for small farmers it was Rs. 12,420, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 30,750, and for medium farmers it was Rs. 7,953.13.  The results indicate that, the average additional investment capacity with the households for land development was Rs. 4,818.18, for irrigation facility Rs. 2,181.82, for improved crop production Rs. 2,939.39 and for improved livestock management Rs. 606.06.  The results indicate that, loan from bank was the source of additional investment capacity for 45.45 per cent of the households for land development, 33.33 per cent for irrigation facility, 51.52 per cent for improved crop production and 6 per cent for improved livestock management.  The results indicated that, bajra, cotton, groundnut, maize, mango, navane, paddy, sunflower, tomato and water melon were sold to the extent of 100 per cent. 5  The results indicated that, about 45.45 per cent of the famers have sold their produce in regulated markets and 63.64 per cent of the farmers have sold their produce in cooperative marketing society.  The results indicated that, 12.12 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce, 63.64 per cent have used truck and 33.33 per cent have used cart as a mode of transportation.  The results indicated that, 36.36 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm i.e., 10 per cent of the marginal farmers, 10 per cent of the small farmers, 100 per cent of the semi medium farmers and 100 per cent of medium farmers have experienced soil and water erosion problems.  The results indicated that, 90.91 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households used fire wood.  Piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 100 per cent of the households in the micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 36.36 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 100 per cent of the landless, 10 per cent of the marginal, 40 per cent of the small, 100 per cent of the semi medium and 25 per cent of the medium farmers.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, 27.27 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 96.97 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 12.12 per cent, fruits were adequate for 24.24 per cent, milk was adequate for 100 per cent, eggs were adequate for 100 per cent and meat was adequate for 75.76 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, oilseeds were inadequate for 100 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 87.88 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 75.76 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 3.03 per cent and meat was inadequate for 21.21 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 90.91 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (87.88%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (54.55%), inadequacy of irrigation water (48.48%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (48.48%), high rate of interest on credit (51.52%), low price for the agricultural commodities (66.67%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (81.82%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (81.82%), and inadequate extension services (81.82%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Hire Bagnalu-4 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 625 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 66 per cent is covered by soils, 1 per cent is covered by mining/industrial, 29 per cent is covered by rock out crops and 4 per cent is by habitation and settlements. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 10 soil series and 17 soil phases (management units) and 8 Land Management Units.  The length of crop growing period is 0.75%) in 43 per cent area, medium (0.5-0.75%) in 20 per cent area and low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  An area of about 5 per cent is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is high (>20 ppm) in 3 per cent area, medium (10 -20 ppm) in 19 per cent area and low (4.5 ppm) and 17 per cent is deficient (1.0 ppm) in available manganese content.  Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is sufficient (>0.2 ppm) in available copper content.  An area of about 15 per cent is deficient (0.6 ppm) in available zinc content.  The land suitability for 31 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 108(17) Sapota - 54(9) Maize - 108(17) Pomegranate - 54(9) Bajra - 170(27) Guava - 54(9) Groundnut - 173(28) Jackfruit - 54(9) Sunflower - - Jamun - 54(9) Cotton - 108(17) Musambi - 54(9) Red gram - - Lime - 54(9) Bengalgram - 80(13) Cashew - 205(33) Chilli - 101(16) Custard apple - 340(55) Tomato - 101(16) Amla - 340(55) Brinjal - 213(34) Tamarind - 12(2) Onion - 206(33) Marigold - 108(17) Bhendi - 213(34) Chrysanthemum - 108(17) Drumstick - 19(3) Jasmine - 108(17) Mulberry - 224(36) Crossandra - 101(16) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 8 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 108 (56.25%) men and 84 (43.75%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 5.4, marginal farmers' was 5.14, small farmers' was 5.82, semi medium farmers' was 5.40 and medium farmers' was 5.50.  The data indicated that, 56 (29.17%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 81 (42.19%) were in 16-35 years of age, 41 (21.35%) were in 36-60 years of age and 14 (7.29%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Hire Bagnalu-4 had 35.42 per cent illiterates, 31.25 per cent of them had primary school education, 8.85 per cent of them had middle school education, 9.90 per cent of them had high school education, 4.17 per cent of them had PUC education, 1.04 per cent of them did diploma and 3.65 per cent of them had degree education.  The results indicate that, 77.14 per cent of households were practicing agriculture, 17.14 per cent of the households were agricultural labourers, 2.86 per cent of them were general labourers and 2.86 per cent were in trade and business.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 60.94 per cent of the household members, 9.38 per cent were agricultural laborers, 0.52 per cent were general labourers, 1.04 per cent were in private service, 0.52 per cent were into trade and business, 21.35 per cent were students and 5.73 per cent were children.  The results show that 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 11.43 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 80 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 8.57 per cent of the households possess pucca/RCC house.  The results show that 60 per cent of the households possess TV, 25.71 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 8.57 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 45.71 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 2.86 per cent possess auto, 74.29 per cent of the households possess mobile phones and 2.86 per cent of the households possess car/four wheeler.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 4,285, mixer grinder was Rs. 2,000, bicycle was Rs. 1,333, motor cycle was Rs. 63,125, auto was Rs. 100,000, car/four wheeler was Rs.400,000 and mobile phone was Rs. 1,407.  About 17.14 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 28.57 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.86 per cent of them possess seed/fertilizer drill, 8.57 per cent of them possess irrigation pump, 17.14 per cent of them possess tractor, 14.29 per cent of them possess sprayer, 14.29 per cent possess thresher and 45.71 per cent of them possess weeder. 2  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 19,166, the average value of plough was Rs. 1,175, seed/fertilizer drill was Rs. 6,000, irrigation pump was Rs.2250, tractor was Rs. 683,333, the average value of sprayer was Rs. 1,740, thresher was Rs. 288 and weeder was Rs.76.  The results indicate that, 11.43 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 34.29 per cent of the households possess local cow, 5.71 per cent of them possess crossbred cow, 11.43 per cent of them possess buffalo and 2.86 per cent of them possess sheep.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.53, average own labour (women) available was 1.40, average hired labour (men) available was 19.23 and average hired labour (women) available was 27.  The results indicate that, 91.43 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Hire Bagnalu-4 micro-watershed possess 17.97 ha (46.98%) of dry land, 18.66 ha (48.79%) of irrigated land and 1.62 ha (4.23%) of permanent fallow. Marginal farmers possess 2.99 ha (95.85%) of dry land and 0.13 ha of (4.15%) irrigated land. Small farmers possess 6.88 ha (54.31%) of dry land, 4.17 ha (32.91%) of irrigated land and 1.62 ha (12.78%) of permanent fallow. Semi medium farmers possess 8.10 ha (44.96%) of dry land and 9.92 per cent (55.04%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 4.45 (100%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 1,485,003.37, average value of irrigated land was Rs. 808,694.71 and average value of permanent fallow was Rs.123,500. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 1,468,648.64 for dry land and Rs. 2,315,625.05 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 1,394,823.53 for dry land, was Rs. 479,611.65 for irrigated land and was Rs.123,500 for permanent fallow. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 1,567,666.15 for dry land and Rs. 725,877.55 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 1,257,454.55 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 9 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, there was 1 functioning open well in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 25.71 per cent of the farmers and open well was the source of irrigation for 2.86 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 20.12 meters and the depth of open well was found to be 2.26 meters.  The results indicate that, marginal, small, semi medium and medium farmers had irrigated area of 0.13 ha, 2.11 ha, 4.86 ha and 0.81 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown maize (27.4 ha), bajra (3.64 ha), sugarcane (1.62 ha), turmeric (1.21 ha), navane (0.57 ha), groundnut (0.4 ha), pearl millet (0.4 ha), tomato (0.4 ha) and paddy (0.08 ha). 3  Marginal farmers had grown maize and pearl millet. Small farmers had grown maize, bajra, sugarcane, navane, groundnut, tomato and paddy. Semi medium farmers had grown maize, bajra and turmeric. Medium farmers had grown maize, bajra and sugarcane.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Hire Bagnalu-4 micro-watershed was found to be 66.68 per cent. In case of marginal farmers it was 95.23 per cent, small farmers it was 72.47 per cent, in case of semi medium farmers it was 66.50 and medium farmers it was 47.83 per cent.  The results indicate that, 42.86 per cent of the households have bank account.  The results indicate that, 45.71 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 209286.42. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 314925. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 105638.57. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.5.  The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 69786.53. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 49400. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. -20386.53. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.71.  The total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 55122.21. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 61853.31. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 6731.09. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.12.  the total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 39740.66. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 25060.21. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. - 14680.45. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.63.  the total cost of cultivation for Tomato was Rs. 50203.67. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 98800. The net income from Tomato cultivation was Rs. 48596.33. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.97.  the total cost of cultivation for Horsegram was Rs. 23515.93. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 41166.67. The net income from Horsegram cultivation was Rs. 17650.73. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.75.  the total cost of cultivation for Onion was Rs. 219057.06. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 493999.99. The net income from Onion cultivation was Rs. 274942.93. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.26.  the total cost of cultivation for Sugarcane was Rs. 73478.57. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 624910. The net income from Sugarcane cultivation was Rs. 551431.43. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:8.5.  the total cost of cultivation for Navane was Rs. 29986.47. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 51870. The net income from Navane cultivation was Rs. 21883.53. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.73. 4  the total cost of cultivation for Turmeric was Rs. 40825.18. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 24700. The net income from Turmeric cultivation was Rs. -16125.18. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.61.  The results indicate that, 40 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 11.43 per cent opined that green fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the average annual gross income was Rs. 5,000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 32,071.43, for small farmers it was Rs. 82,045.55, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 80,050 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 100,000.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 3,695.51. For marginal farmers it was Rs. 2,020.41, for small farmers it was Rs. 4,427.27, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 3,650 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 15,000.  The results indicate that, households have planted 22 coconut trees and 2 mango trees in the field.  The results indicate that, households have planted 45 neem tree, 4 acacia trees and 2 eucalyptus trees in their field.  The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 4,771.43 for land development, Rs. 257.14 for irrigation facility, Rs. 3,857.14 for improved crop production and Rs.228.57 for improved livestock management.  The results indicated that loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 20 per cent for land development, for 5.71 per cent for irrigation facility, for 22.86 per cent for improved crop production. Soft loan was the source of additional investment for 17.14 per cent for land development, for 11.43 per cent for improved crop production and 2.86 per cent for improved livestock management.  The results indicated that, bajra was sold to the extent of 58.33 per cent, groundnut to the extent of 25 per cent, Sugarcane to the extent of 60 per cent, maize to the extent of 4.03 per cent and paddy was sold to the extent of 54.55 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 2.86 per cent of the famers have sold their produce in regulated markets and 100 per cent of the farmers have sold to local/village merchants.  The results indicated that, 105.71 per cent of the households have used tractor and 2.86 per cent have used cart as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce.  The results indicated that, 68.57 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm i.e., 100 per cent of the marginal farmers, 90.91 per cent of the small farmers, 50 per cent of semi medium farmers and 100 per cent of medium farmers have experienced soil and water erosion problems.  The results indicated that, 85.71 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 94.29 per cent of the households used firewood and 5.71 per cent of the households used biogas as a source of fuel. 5  The results indicated that, bore well was the major source of drinking water for 11.43 per cent of the households, piped supply was the source of drinking water for 57.14 per cent of the households, open well was the source of drinking water for 2.86 per cent and lake/tank was the major source of drinking water for 28.57 per cent of the households in the micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 57.14 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, 65.71 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 94.29 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 92.29 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 34.29 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 42.86 per cent, milk was adequate for 65.71 per cent, eggs were adequate for 48.57 per cent and meat was adequate for 14.29 per cent.  The results indicated that, cereals were inadequate for 5.71 per cent, pulses were inadequate for 8.57 per cent of the households, oilseeds were inadequate for 60 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 51.43 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 94.29 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 48.57 per cent, milk was inadequate for 34.29 per cent and meat was inadequate for 71.43 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 85.71 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (85.71%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (82.86%), inadequacy of irrigation water (40%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (71.43%), high rate of interest on credit (57.14%), low price for the agricultural commodities (62.86%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (62.86%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (37.14%), inadequate extension services (25.71%), less rainfall (2.86%) and source of agri-technology information (2.86%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Dombarahalli-1microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 563 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 92 per cent is covered by soil, 150cm) soils.  About 26 per cent loamy (sandy loam and sandy clay loam) and 66 per cent has clayey (sandy clay and clay) soils at the surface.  About 29 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 1 per cent has nearly level (0-1%) and 90 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 14 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 78 per cent is moderately eroded (e2).  An area of about 9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are 0.75 %) in 11 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available phosphorus is medium (57 kg/ha) 12 per cent area of the soils.  Available potassium is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in 42 per cent and high (>337 kg/ha) in 50 per cent area of the soils.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 4.5 ppm) in 26 per cent of the area.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 26 per cent of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 67(12) 186(33) Sapota 1(<1) 36(6) Maize 12(2) 241 (43) Pomegranate 1(<1) 134(24) Bajra 24(4) 275(49) Guava 1(<1) 23(4) Redgram 1(<1) 114(20) Jackfruit 1(<1) 23(4) Bengal gram 43(8) 255(45) Jamun 1(<1) 44(8) Groundnut 1 (<1) 141(25) Musambi 10(2) 116(21) Sunflower 10 (2) 116 (21) Lime 10(2) 116(21) Cotton 45(8) 209(37) Cashew 14(2) 51(9) Chilli 24(4) 118(21) Custard apple 67(12) 282(50) Tomato 24(4) 131(23) Amla 24(4) 325(58) Brinjal 24(4) 193(34) Tamarind 1(<1) 33 (6) Onion - 94(17) Marigold 14(2) 240(42) Bhendi - 216(38) Chrysanthemum 14(2) 240 (42) Drumstick 1(<1) 134(24) Jasmine 14(2) 139(25) Mulberry 1(<1) 128(23) Crossandra 14(2) 157(28) Mango 1(<1) - - - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 10 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plans have been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 92 (57.86%) men and 67 (42.14%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 4, marginal farmers' was 4.38, small farmers' was 3.7, semi medium farmers' was 5.25 and medium farmers' was 16.  The data indicated that, 22 (13.84%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 77 (48.43%) were in 16-35 years of age, 50 (31.45%) were in 36-60 years of age and 10 (6.29%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Dombarahalli-1 had 25.79 per cent illiterates, 22.64 per cent of them had primary school education, 8.81 per cent of them had middle school education, 17.62 per cent of them had high school education, 10.06 per cent of them had PUC education, 1.89 per cent of them did diploma and 0.63 per cent ITI, 10.06 per cent of them had degree education and 1.89 per cent of them did masters.  The results indicate that, 57.14 per cent of households were practicing agriculture, 22.86 per cent of the households were agricultural labourers, 17.14 per cent were general labourers and 2.86 were in private service.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 38.36 per cent of the household members, 21.38 per cent were agricultural laborers, 10.69 per cent were general labour, 3.77 per cent were in private service, 24.53 per cent were students and 1.06 per cent were housewives.  The results show that 98.74 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions and 1.26 per cent of the population has participated in cooperative bank.  The results indicate that 17.14 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 51.43 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 31.43 per cent of them possess pucca house.  The results show that 94.29 per cent of the households possess TV, 51.43 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 25.71 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 45.71 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 97.41 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs.9000, mixer grinder was Rs.1888, bicycle was Rs. 1888, motor cycle was Rs.30000 and mobile phone was Rs.1941.  About 8.57 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 11.43 per cent of them possess plough, 11.43 per cent of them possess sprayer, 94.29 per cent of them possess weeder and 5.71 per cent of them possess tractor. 2  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs.18666, plough was Rs.3125, the average value of sprayer was Rs.2200, the average value of tractor was Rs.350000, and the average value of weeder was Rs.100.  The results indicate that, 8.57 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 5.71 per cent of the households possess local cow, 14.29 per cent possess crossbred cow and 2.86 per cent possess goat.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.76, average own labour (women) available was 1.48, average hired labour (men) available was 11.69 and average hired labour (women) available was 8.45.  The results indicate that, 82.86 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Dombarahalli-1 micro watershed possess 6.66 ha (23.77%) of dry land and 4.68 ha (16.70%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 2.91 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 11.25 ha (86.72%) of dry land and 1.72 ha (13.28%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 2.02 ha (62.50%) of dry land and 1.21 ha (37.50%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 4.86 ha (21.05%) of dry land and 18.21 ha (78.95%) of the farmers possess irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 327,956.72 and average value of irrigated land was Rs. 622,471.12. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 458,436.44 for dry land and Rs. 1,534,615.39 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 226,605.50 for dry land and Rs. 858,774.84 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 413,231.94 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 329,333.33 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 12 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 34.29 per cent of the farmers in micro watershed.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 34.05 meters.  The results indicate that, marginal, small, semi medium and medium farmers had irrigated area of 1.37 ha, 2.45 ha, 5.32 ha and 2.43 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown bajra (0.40 ha), banana (3.89 ha), cotton (1.21 ha), groundnut (7.13 ha), maize (6.71 ha), onion (2.02 ha), paddy (1.28 ha), papaya (1.21 ha), red gram (1.21 ha) and sunflower (3.15 ha).  Marginal farmers have grown bajra, banana, groundnut, maize, onion and sunflower. Small farmers have grown banana, cotton, groundnut, maize, onion, redgram and sunflower. Semi medium farmers have grown banana, paddy and papaya. Medium farmers have grown banana and maize. 3  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Dombarahalli-1 micro watershed was found to be 87.65 per cent. In case of marginal farmers it was 100 per cent, small farmers it was 93.53 per cent, in case of semi medium farmers it was 86.16 and medium farmers it was 50 per cent.  The results indicate that, 80 per cent of the households have bank account and 37.14 per cent of the households have savings.  The results indicate that, 45.71 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, 81.25 per cent of the households have availed loan from grameena bank and 18.75 per cent have availed loan from money lender.  The results indicate that, marginal, small, semi medium and medium farmers have availed Rs. 77500, Rs. 63571.43, Rs. 135000 and Rs. 45000 respectively.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households have borrowed loan from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production.  The results indicate that, the main purpose of borrowing credit from private sources was social functions like marriage which accounted for 66.67 per cent of those who borrowed credit. Another 33.33 per cent of the households borrowed for agriculture production.  The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan borrowed from institutional sources.  Results indicated that 100 per cent of the households partially paid their loan borrowed from private sources.  The results indicate that, around 23.08 per cent of the households opined that the rate of interest was higher in institutional sources; another 76.92 per cent opined that the loan amount helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households opined that the loan amount was adequate to fulfill their requirements.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for onion was Rs. 67015.83. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 290064.95. The net income from Onion cultivation was Rs. 223049.11, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:4.33.  The total cost of cultivation for papaya was Rs. 62464.75. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 724533.33. The net income from papaya cultivation was Rs. 662068.58. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:11.6.  The total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 24509.38. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 24009.69. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. - 499.69. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.98.  The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 61811.17. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 74057.36. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 12246.19. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.2. 4  The total cost of cultivation for sunflower was Rs. 32161.28. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 63975.99. The net income from sunflower cultivation was Rs. 31814.71. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.99.  The total cost of cultivation for banana was Rs. 79292.13. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 19384193.71. The net income from banana cultivation was Rs. 19304901.58. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:244.47.  The total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 78743.94. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 170626.03. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 91882.08. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.17.  The total cost of cultivation for Cotton was Rs. 29954.94. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 72453.33. The net income from Cotton cultivation was Rs. 42498.39. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.42.  The total cost of cultivation for Redgram was Rs. 22946.53. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 58868.33. The net income from Redgram cultivation was Rs. 35921.80. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.57.  The total cost of cultivation for Bajra was Rs. 54734.34. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 74100. The net income from Bajra cultivation was Rs. 19365.66. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.35.  The results indicate that, 20 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 25.71 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the average annual gross income was Rs. 58,000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 126,503.85, for small farmers it was Rs. 194,418.18, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 351,375 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 300,000.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 21,910.26. For landless households it was Rs. 6,055.56, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 10,386.59, for small farmers it was Rs. 13,681.82, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 73,750, and for medium farmers it was Rs. 150,000.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 35 coconut and 1 mango tree in their fields.  The results indicate that, households have planted 55 neem trees and 9 tamarind trees in their field. They have also grown 1 cashew tree in their backyard.  The results indicate that, the average additional investment capacity with the households for land development was Rs. 571.43, for irrigation facility Rs. 228.57, for improved crop production Rs. 285.71 and for improved livestock management Rs. 142.86.  The results indicate that, loan from bank was the source of additional investment capacity for 2.86 per cent of the households for land development, 2.86 per cent for 5 irrigation facility, 2.86 per cent for improved crop production and 2.86 per cent for improved livestock management.  All crops were sold to the extent of 100 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 80 per cent of the famers have sold their produce in regulated markets, 5.71 per cent of the farmers have sold their produce in cooperative marketing society and 2.86 per cent have sold their produce to agents/traders.  The results indicated that, 71.43 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce and 17.14 per cent have used cart as a mode of transportation.  The results indicated that, 14.29 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm i.e., 23.08 per cent of the marginal farmers, 9.09 per cent of the small farmers and 100 per cent of medium farmers have experienced soil and water erosion problems.  The results indicated that, 82.86 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households used fire wood.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 88.57 per cent of the households and bore well was the source of irrigation for remaining 8.57 per cent of the households in the micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 37.14 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 100 per cent of the landless, 7.69 per cent of the marginal, 9.09 per cent of the small, 100 per cent of the semi medium and 100 per cent of the medium farmers.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, 48.57 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 97.14 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 94.29 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 2.86 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 2.86 per cent, fruits were adequate for 5.71 per cent, milk was adequate for 100 per cent, eggs were adequate for 100 per cent and meat was adequate for 45.71 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, pulses were inadequate for 2.86 per cent of the households, oilseeds were inadequate for 97.14 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 97.14 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 94.29 per cent and meat was inadequate for 54.29 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 82.86 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (80%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (34.29%), inadequacy of irrigation 6 water (25.71%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (25.71%), high rate of interest on credit (25.71%), low price for the agricultural commodities (71.43%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (82.86%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (82.86%), and inadequate extension services (82.86%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Chyamanahalli-3 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 774 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 659 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, An area about 81 ha in the microwatershed is covered by rock outcrops and about 34 ha by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 10 soil series and 18 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  An area about 659 ha (85%) in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 11 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep to very deep (75 - >150 cm) whereas 12 per cent soils are moderately shallow (50 -75 cm), shallow (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 5 per cent is medium (101-150 mm/m), 10 per cent is low (51-100 mm/m) and 66 per cent area very low (0.75%) in organic carbon.  About 74 percent medium (23-57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus and 11 percent soils are high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 51 percent of the soils are medium (145-337kg/ha) in available potassium and 34 percent area low (4.5 ppm) in an area of about 79 per cent and 6 percent soils are deficient (<4.5 ppm) in the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 46(6) 105(14) Sapota - 36(5) Maize 36(5) 116(15) Pomegranate - 86(11) Bajra 36(5) 116(15) Musambi 39(5) 47 (6) Groundnut - 102(14) Lime 39(5) 47 (6) Sunflower 9(1) 77(10) Amla 36(5) 116(15) Redgram - 86(11) Cashew - - Bengal gram 85(11) 66(9) Jackfruit - 36(5) Cotton - 151(20) Jamun - 50(6) Chilli - 152(20) Custard apple 85(11) 66(9) Tomato 36(5) 105(14) Tamarind - 50(6) Drumstick - 86(11) Mulberry - 36(5) Mango - - Marigold - 152(20) Guava - 36(5) Chrysanthemum - 152(20) Brinjal 37(5) 114(15) Bhendi 77(10) 75(10) Onion 37(5) 114(15)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 104 (65.41%) men and 55 (34.59%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 4, marginal farmers' was 5.1, small farmers' was 4.1, semi medium farmers' was 5.33 and medium farmers' was 4.75.  The data indicated that, 42 (26.42%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 58 (36.48%) were in 16-35 years of age, 50 (31.45%) were in 36-60 years of age and 9 (5.66%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Chyamanahalli-3 had 73 per cent illiterates, 48 per cent of them had primary school education, 2.52 per cent of them had middle school education, 6.29 per cent of them had high school education, 3.77 per cent of them had PUC education, 5.66 per cent of them had degree education and 2.52 per cent of the population did masters.  The results indicate that, 73.53 per cent of households were practicing agriculture, 29.41 per cent of the households were agricultural labourers, 2.94 per cent were students and 5.88 per cent of them were housewives.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 40.25 per cent of the household members, 10.06 per cent were agricultural laborers, 1.26 per cent were general labourers, 4.40 per cent were in private service, 1.26 per cent were into trade and business, 25.16 per cent were students, 13.21 per cent were housewives and 3.77 per cent were children.  The results show that 99.37 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions; only 0.63 per cent participated in gram panchayat.  The results indicate that 14.71 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 44.12 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 41.18 per cent of them possess pucca house.  The results show that 79.41 per cent of the households possess TV, 32.35 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 17.65 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 2.94 per cent of the households possess car/four wheeler and 100 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs.6666, mixer grinder was Rs.1127, motor cycle was Rs.47000, car/four wheeler was Rs.300000 and mobile phone was Rs.1500.  About 20.59 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 26.47 per cent of them possess plough, 5.88 per cent of the households possess tractor, 8.82 per cent of them possess sprayer, 44.12 per cent of them possess weeder and 2.94 per cent of them possess seed/fertilizer drill. 2  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs.24000, plough was Rs.1366, the average value of tractor was Rs.800000, the average value of sprayer was Rs.2333, the average value of seed/fertilizer drill was Rs.30000 and the average value of weeder was Rs.52.  The results indicate that, 32.35 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 29.41 per cent of the households possess local cow, 2.94 per cent of them possess sheep and another 2.94 per cent possess goat.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.79, average own labour (women) available was 1.10, average hired labour (men) available was 9.86 and average hired labour (women) available was 9.97.  The results indicate that, 85.29 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Chyamanahalli-3 micro-watershed possess 22.96 ha (57.83%) of dry land and 16.74 ha (42.17%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 3.38 ha (77.84%) of dry land and 0.96 ha (22.16%). Small farmers possess 14.32 ha (100%) of dry land. Semi medium farmers possess 5.26 ha (49.06%) of dry land and 5.46 ha (50.94%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 10.32 ha (100%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 457,084.95 and average value of irrigated land was Rs. 435,847.23. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 1,240,909.07 for dry land and Rs. 1,868,067.25 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 356,048.62 for dry land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 228,000 for dry land and Rs. 494,000 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 271,322.08 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 8 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 23.53 per cent of the farmers and canal was the source of irrigation for 2.94 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 16.23 meters.  The results indicate that, marginal, small, semi medium and medium farmers had irrigated area of 0.40 ha, 3.60 ha, 4.25 ha and 5.30 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown cotton (23.43 ha), greengram (8.19 ha), paddy (2.83 ha), red gram (5.51 ha) and sorghum (1.38 ha).  Marginal farmers have grown cotton, green gram, paddy, red gram and sorghum. Small farmers have grown cotton, green gram and red gram. Semi medium farmers have grown cotton, green gram and paddy. Medium farmers have grown cotton and green gram. 3  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Chyamanahalli-3 microwatershed was found to be 100 per cent.  The results indicate that, 41.18 per cent of the households have bank account.  The results indicate that, 29.41 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, 8.33 per cent of the households availed loan from commercial bank and 16.67 per cent of the households obtained loan from money lenders.  The results indicate that, average credit availed in the micro watershed was Rs.50000.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households have borrowed loan from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production.  The results indicate that, the main purpose of borrowing credit from private sources was also agricultural production for 50 per cent of the households and for another 50 per cent of the population it was social functions like marriage.  The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan borrowed from institutional sources.  Results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan borrowed from private sources.  The results indicate that, around 100 per cent opined that the loan amount borrowed from institutional sources helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The results indicate that, around 50 per cent of the households opined that the credit borrowed from private sir helped to perform timely agricultural operations and another 50 per cent opined that the credit was easily accessible.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 27356.75. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 105505.84. The net income from Cotton cultivation was Rs. 78149.09, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:3.86.  The total cost of cultivation for red gram was Rs. 50529.34. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 88186.41. The net income from red gram cultivation was Rs. 37657.07. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.75.  The total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 102688.24. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 219876.26. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 117188.02. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.14.  The total cost of cultivation for green gram was Rs. 24742.72. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 46773.27. The net income from green gram cultivation was Rs. 22030.55. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.89. 4  The total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 29928.27. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 32242.32. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. 2314.05. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.08.  The results indicate that, 32.35 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the average annual gross income was Rs. 16,000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 168,420, for small farmers it was Rs. 139,166.67, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 183,833.33 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 310,000.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 9,809.24. For landless households it was Rs. 6,000, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 13,318.10, for small farmers it was Rs. 3,925.93, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 6,250 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 24,375.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 1 lemon, 2 mango and 1 sapota tree in their fields.  The results indicate that, households have planted 2 teak, 94 neem, 1 tamarind, 2 acacia and 6 banyan trees in their field.  The results indicated that, all crops were sold to the extent of 100 per cent except cotton which was sold to the extent of 99.57 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 88.24 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants.  The results indicated that, 82.35 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce, 2.94 per cent have used cart and 2.94 per cent have used truck as a mode of transportation.  The results indicated that, 47.06 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm i.e., 50 per cent of the marginal farmers, 55.56 per cent of the small farmers, 83.33 per cent of semi medium and 25 per cent of medium farmers have experienced soil and water erosion problems.  The results indicated that, 85.29 per cent have shown interest in soil test which accounts for 100 per cent of marginal farmers, 100 per cent small farmers, 100 per cent of semi medium farmers and 100 per cent of the medium farmers.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households used firewood and 5.88 per cent used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 91.18 per cent of the households and bore well was the source of drinking water for 2.94 per cent of the households in the micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed. 5  The results indicated that, 44.12 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 100 per cent of the landless, 10 per cent of the marginal, 44.44 per cent of the small, 50 per cent of the semi medium and 50 per cent of the medium farmers.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 2.94 per cent of the households possessed APL card.  The results indicated that, 94.12 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 97.06 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 35.29 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 41.18 per cent, fruits were adequate for 2.94 per cent, milk was adequate for 79.41 per cent, eggs were adequate for 52.94 per cent and meat was adequate for 14.71 per cent.  The results indicated that, pulses were inadequate for 2.94 per cent of the households, oilseeds were inadequate for 67.65 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 58.82 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 97.06 per cent, milk was inadequate for 20.59 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 47.06 per cent of the households and meat was inadequate for 85.29 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 79.41 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (82.35%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (85.29%), inadequacy of irrigation water (17.65%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (79.41%), high rate of interest on credit (41.18%), low price for the agricultural commodities (79.41%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (82.35%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (73.53%), inadequate extension services (5.88%) and less rainfall (5.88%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Haligeri-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 749 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 645 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils and about 104 ha by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 13 soil series and 20 soil phases (management units) and 7 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4thweek of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 53 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are very shallow to moderately shallow (0 -75 cm) and 33 per cent soils are moderately deep to very deep (75->150 cm).  About 10 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy soils, 55 per cent of loamy soils and 20 per cent clayey soil1 at the surface.  About 66 per cent area is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 59 per cent area low (51-100 mm/m) and 14 per cent area very low (9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire area of the microwatershed is dominantly 0.75).  About 76 per cent area is low in available phosphorus and 10 per area is medium (23-57 kg/ha)  About 26 per cent is low (145 kg/ha) in available potassium and 60 per cent medium (145-337 kg/ha)  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in the whole area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 116 (16) 424 (57) Guava - 114 (15) Maize - 540 (72) Sapota - 114(15) Bajra - 556 (74) Pomegranate - 230(31) Groundnut - 382 (51) Musambi 34(5) 196(26) Sunflower 64 (9) 166(22) Lime 34 (5) 196 (26) Redgram - 192 (26) Amla 34 (5) 522 (70) Bengal gram 116(16) 310 (42) Cashew - - Cotton 68 (9) 358 (49) Jackfruit - 114 (15) Chilli - 540 (73) Jamun - 116(16) Tomato - 458(63) Custard apple 231(31) 326 (44) Brinjal 66 (9) 491 (65) Tamarind - 116 (15) Bhendi 181 (24) 10(2) Mulberry - 131 (17) Onion 197 (26) 343(46) Marigold - 540 (72) Drumstick - 247 (33) Chrysanthemum - 540 (72) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data on households sampled for socio economic survey indicated that 45 farmers were sampled in Haligeri-2 micro-watershed among them 1 (2.22 %) were landless, 15 (33.33 %) were marginal farmers, 16 (35.56 %) were small farmers, 10 (22.22 %) were semi medium farmers and 3 (6.67 %) were medium farmers.  The data indicated that there were 126 (61.17 %) men and 80 (38.83 %) women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers' was 3.25, marginal farmers' was 6.02, small farmers' was 4.54, semi medium farmers' was 4.5 and medium farmers' was 11.  The data indicated that, 36 (17.48 %) people were in 0-15 years of age, 89 (43.20 %) were in 16-35 years of age, 71 (34.47 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 10 (4.85 %) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Haligeri-2had 49.03 per cent illiterates, 14.08 per cent of them had primary school, 2.43 per cent of them had middle school and Diploma, 13.59 per cent of them had high school education, 8.74 per cent of them had PUC, 0.49 per cent of them had ITI, 4.37 per cent of them had Degree education and 0.49 per cent of them had Masters education.  The results indicate that, 88.89 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture and 2.22 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourers and Housewives.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 72.33 per cent of the household members, 2.43 per cent were agricultural labourers, 0.49 per cent were Artisans and Government Service, 1.94 per cent were private service, 16.50 per cent were Student, 1.94 per cent were housewives and 3.88 per cent were children.  The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 8.89 per cent of the households possess Thatched house, 68.89 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 24.44 per cent of them possess Pucca/RCC house.  The results show that 62.22 per cent of the households possess TV, 24.44 per cent of the households possess mixer/grinder and Motor Cycle, 4.44 per cent of the households possess Refrigerator, 6.67 per cent of the households possess Auto, 2.22 per cent of the households possess Tempo and Car/Four Wheeler and 100 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 5,985, mixer/grinder was Rs. 1,936, Refrigerator was Rs. 9,000, motor cycle was Rs. 60,909, Auto was 2 Rs. 125,000, Tempo was Rs. 3,00,000, Car/Four Wheeler was Rs. 4,00,000 and mobile phone was Rs. 1,993.  About 11.11 per cent of the households possess Bullock Cart, 31.11 per cent of the households possess Plough, 31.11 2.22 per cent of the households possess Seed/Fertilizer Drill, Transplanter/Grinder and Tractor, 4.44 per cent of the households possess Harvester, 8.89 per cent of the households possess Sprinkler, 20 per cent of them possess Sprayer and 53.33 per cent of them possess weeder.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 16,000, plough was Rs. 6,214, Seed/Fertilizer Drill was Rs. 2,000, Transplanter/Grinder was Rs. 650,000, Tractor was Rs. 500,000, sprayer was Rs. 4,411, sprinkler was Rs. 7,700 and the average value of weeder was Rs. 189.  The results indicate that, 13.33 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 8.89 per cent of the households possess local cow, 2.22 per cent of the households possess Crossbred cow and Goat and 4.44 per cent of the households possess Buffalo.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2.13, average own labour (women) available was 1.20, average hired labour (men) available was 8.04 and average hired labour (women) available was 7.62.  In case of marginal farmers, average own labour men available was 2.53, average own labour (women) was 1.07, average hired labour (men) was 7.27 and average hired labour (women) available was 6.93. In case of small farmers, average own labour men available was 2.25, average own labour (women) was 1.44, average hired labour (men) was 7.38 and average hired labour (women) available was 6.75. In case of semi medium farmers, average own labour men available was 1.40, average own labour (women) was 1.10, average hired labour (men) was 10 and average hired labour (women) available was 9.60. In case of medium farmers, average own labour men available was 2.33 and average own labour (women) was 1, average hired labour (men) was 11.67 and average hired labour (women) available was 11.67.  The results indicate that, 97.78 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results show that, 0.97 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has migrated.  The results show that, average distance of migration was 600 kms and average duration of migration was 12 months.  The results show that, 100 per cent of the population has migrated for the purpose of job/wage/work.  The results indicate that, households of the Haligeri-2 micro-watershed possess 42.36 ha (69.16 %) of dry land, 16.06 ha (26.22 %) of irrigated land, 2.83 ha 3 (4.63 %) of Permanent Fallow land. Marginal farmers possess 7.31 ha (100 %) of dry land and. Small farmers possess 12.23 ha (68.22 %) of dry land and 5.70 ha (31.78 %) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 10.27 ha (48.12 %) of dry land and 8.24 ha (38.60 %) of irrigated land and 2.83 ha (13.28 %) of Permanent Fallow land. Medium farmers possess 12.55 ha (85.52 %) of dry land and 2.12 ha (14.48 %) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 464,924.52, the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 722,076.62 and the average value of Permanent Fallow land was Rs. 141,142.86. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 1,530,935.25 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 408,669.76 for dry land and Rs. 894,673.30 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 214,189.99 for dry land and Rs. 691,842.76 for irrigated land and the average value of Permanent Fallow land was Rs. 141,142.86. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 103,580.65 for dry land and Rs. 376,380.95 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 7 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro watershed for 17.78 per cent of the farmers and Open Well was the major irrigation source in the micro watershed for 6.67 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 12.67 meters and the depth of Open Well was found to be 4.13 meters.  The results indicate that, small, semi medium farmers and medium farmers had an irrigated area of 4.87 ha, 4.88 ha and 2.02 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown cotton (22.88 ha), Groundnut (6.48 ha), green gram (5.29 ha), Paddy (11.19 ha), Sorghum (1.21 ha) and red gram (11.84 ha). Marginal farmers have grown red gram, Groundnut, cotton and green gram. Small farmers have grown cotton, Sorghum, red gram, green gram and paddy. Semi medium farmers have grown cotton, Groundnut, paddy and Red gram. Medium farmers have grown cotton and red gram.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Haligeri-2 micro-watershed was found to be 99.70 per cent.  The results indicate that, 73.33 per cent of the households have bank account and 64.44 per cent of the households have bank Savings.  The results indicate that, 11.11 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Cotton was Rs. 71877.62. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 195001.60. The net income 4 from Cotton cultivation was Rs. 123123.98. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 2.71.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for green gram was Rs. 52884.93. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 58336.08. The net income from green gram cultivation was Rs. 5451.16. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.1.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Red gram was Rs. 27561.73. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 57974.01. The net income from Red gram cultivation was Rs. 30412.28. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 2.1.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Paddy was Rs. 59540.62. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 93411.60. The net income from Paddy cultivation was Rs. 33870.98. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.57.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Sorghum was Rs. 23706.95. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 65866.67. The net income from Sorghum cultivation was Rs. 42159.72. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 2.78.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Groundnut was Rs. 34959.62. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 79494.55. The net income from Groundnut cultivation was Rs. 44534.93. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 2.27.  The results indicate that, 15.56 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 11.11 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 35,000 for landless, Rs. 181,266.67 for marginal farmers, for small farmers it was Rs. 214,875, semi medium farmers it was Rs. 175,000 and medium farmers it was Rs. 440,000.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 10,339.62. For landless it was Rs. 15,000, marginal farmers it was Rs. 4,232.78, for small farmers it was Rs. 6,598.18, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 10,705.36 and medium farmers it was Rs. 58,055.56.  The results indicate that, households have planted 4 Mango trees in their field.  The results indicate that, households have planted 59 Neem, 5 Banyan, 1 Banyan, 3 Teak and 4 tamarind trees in their field and 4 neem trees in their backyard.  The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 1,250 for land development.  The results indicated that, Groundnut, Sorghum and Red gram was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, Paddy was sold to the extent of 93.84 per cent and Green gram was sold to the extent of 77.61 per cent. 5  The results indicated that, about 86.67 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants and 8.89 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to Regulated Market.  The results indicated that, 6.67 per cent of the households have used Head Load as a mode of transportation, 20 per cent of the households have used Cart as a mode of transportation, 57.78 per cent of the households have used Tractor as a mode of transportation and 11.11 per cent of the households have used Truck as a mode of transportation.  The results indicated that, 68.89 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 68.89 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 82.22 per cent of the households used firewood as a source of fuel, 4.44 per cent of the households used Kerosene as a source of fuel and 13.33 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 82.22 per cent of the households in the micro watershed and Bore Well was the major source of drinking water for 15.56 per cent of the households in the micro watershed.  The results indicated that, Electricity was the major source of light for 95.56 per cent of the households in micro watershed and Kerosene Lamp was the major source of light for 2.22 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 53.33 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 95.56 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL cards and 2.22 per cent of the sampled households possessed APL cards .  The results indicated that, 88.89 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 95.56 per cent of the households, Pulses were adequate for 88.89 per cent of the households, Oilseed were adequate for 15.56 per cent of the households, Vegetables were adequate for 8.89 per cent, Egg were adequate for 22.22 per cent, Fruits were adequate for 2.86 per cent, Milk was adequate for 24.44 per cent and Meat were adequate for 2.22 per cent.  The results indicated that, Pulses were inadequate for 6.67 per cent, oilseeds were inadequate for 80 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 86.67 per cent, milk were inadequate for 57.78 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 88.89 per cent, Milk were inadequate for 57.78 per cent, Egg were inadequate for 85.71 per cent of the households and Meat was inadequate for 97.14 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 68.89 per cent of the households, Frequent incidence of pest and 6 diseases were the constraint experienced by 82.22 per cent of the households, Wild animal menace on farm field (51.11 %), High cost of Fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (82.22 %), Lack of marketing facilities in the area (77.14 %), High rate of interest on credit (80 %), Inadequacy of irrigation water (64.44 %), Low price for the agricultural commodities (88.57 %), Lack of transport for safe transport of the Agril produce to the market (86.67 %), Source of Agritechnology information (Newspaper/ TV/Mobile) (26.67 %) and Less Rainfall (24.44 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kanakapur-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 446 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 97 per cent is covered by soil, two per cent by rock out crops and one per cent by water bodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below  The soils belong to 6 soil series and 26 soil phases (management units) and 3 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is 150cm) soils.  About 10 per cent is sandy (loamy sand), 60 per cent loamy (sandy loam and sandy clay loam) and 26 per cent has clayey (sandy clay) soils at the surface.  About 31 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 1 per cent has nearly level (0-1%) and 94 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 23 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 72 per cent is moderately eroded (e2).  An area of about 56 per cent is slightly acid (pH6.0-6.5), 34 per cent has neutral (pH 6.5 to 7.3) soils and 7 per cent slightly alkaline (pH 7.3 to 7.8).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75%) in 40 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available phosphorus is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in 57 per cent and high (>57 kg/ha) in 38 per cent of the soils.  Available potassium is low (4.5 ppm) in the entire area.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area.  The land suitability for 28 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 8(2) - Pomegranate - 83(18) Maize - 8 (2) Guava - 75(17) Bajra - 90(20) Jackfruit - 75(17) Redgram - 8 (2) Jamun - 83(18) Bengal gram 8(2) 7(2) Musambi 8(2) 75(17) Groundnut - 303 (68) Lime 8 (2) 75(17) Sunflower 8(2) - Cashew - 184(41) Cotton 8(2) - Custard apple 8(2) 419(94) Chilli - - Amla - 427 (96) Tomato - - Tamarind - 8(2) Drumstick - 236(53) Marigold - 8(2) Mulberry - 421(94) Chrysanthemum 8(2) Mango - - Jasmine - - Sapota - 75(17) Crossandra - 8(2) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 3 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plans have been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 78 (60%) men and 52 (40%) were women among the sampled households. The average family size of marginal farmers was 4.3, small farmer was 2.9, semi medium farmer was 4.1, medium farmer was 7 and for landless farmers it was 4.  The data indicated that the there were 22 (16.92%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 50 (38.46%) were in 16-35 years of age, 44 (33.85 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 14 (10.77%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that the Kanakapura-2 had 23.08 per cent illiterates, 20.77 per cent of them had primary school education, 15.38 per cent of them had middle school education, 25.38 per cent of them had high school education, 6.92 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.77 per cent of them had diploma, 5.38 per cent of them had degree education and 2.31 per cent of them had masters education.  The results indicate that, 64.71 per cent of households were practicing agriculture, 2.94 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourers, 8.82 per cent were general labourers and 11.76 per cent of the households heads were doing other occupation.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 56.92 per cent of the household members, 0.77 per cent were agricultural labourers, 6.15 per cent were general labours,0.77 percent were in private service, 26.15 per cent of them were students and 3.85 per cent were housewives.  The results shows that 1.54 per cent of them participated in self help groups, 0.77 per cent of them participated in gram panchayat, 4.62 per cent of them participated in cooperative bank, 0.77 percent of them participated in zilla panchayat and 92.31 per cent of them have not participated in any local institutions. Landless farmers were found to have no participation in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 91.18 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 5.88 per cent of them possess pucca house and 8.82 per cent of them possess thatched house. Cent percent of the landless farmers possess katcha house.  The results shows that 79.41 per cent of the households possess TV, 70.59 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 55.88 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 38.24 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 97.06 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  About 50 per cent of the households possess plough, 29.41 per cent of them possess bullock cart and 41.18 per cent of the households possess sprayer, 11.76 per cent of them possess chaff cutter and 100 per cent of the households possess weeder. Other implements owned by households in the micro watershed were tractor, sprinkler, harvester, thresher, groundnut decorticator, JCB and earth remover/duster. 2  The results show that the average value of plough was Rs.775, the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 18200, the average value of sprayer was Rs.1715, the average value of sprinkler was Rs. 5000, the average value of harvester was Rs. 30000, the average value of thresher was Rs. 45000 and the average value of tractor was Rs. 300000.  The results indicate that, 44.12 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 29.41 per cent of the households possess local cow, 5.88 per cent of the households possess crossbred cows and 2.94 per cent of the households possess sheep.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.67, average own labour (women) available was 1.17, average hired labour (men) available was 4.23 and average hired labour (women) available was 16.39.  The results indicate that, 91.18 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was adequate. About 100 per cent of the marginal farmers, 100 per cent of small, 100 per cent of semi medium and medium farmers have opined that the hired labour was adequate.  There was 1 person each migrated from micro watershed who belonged to landless and small farmer category. Total migration in the micro watershed was only 1.54 per cent.  People have migrated on an average of 527 Kms and average duration was 8 months. Landless farmers have migrated 455 kms and on an average for 9 months. Small farmers migrated 600 kms and on an average for 7 months.  Job/work was the most important reasons for migration for all the migrants. Improved quality of the life was the major positive consequences of migration for 100 per cent of the persons migrated.  The results indicate that, households of the Kanakapura-2 micro watershed possess 30.64 ha (88.85%) of dry land and 3.44 ha (9.98%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 7.48 ha (94.87%) of dry land and 0.4 ha (5.13 %) permanent fallow. Small farmers possess 17.76 ha (100%) of dry land. Semi medium farmers possess 5.4 ha (81.64%) of dry land and 1.21 ha (18.36%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 2.23 ha (100%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs.233054 and average value of irrigated land was Rs.443202. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 469662 for dry land and Rs. 1235000 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 7 functioning and 1 defunct bore wells in the micro watershed. There were 2 functioning and 1 defunct open well reported among the sampled households in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source for 20.59 per cent of the farmers and open well was the source of irrigation for 5.88 per cent of the farmers. The depth of bore well was found to be 11.65 meters and the depth of open well was 3.23 meters. 3  The results indicate that, there were around 11.34 ha of irrigated area in kharif and 7.69 ha of irrigated area in rabi.  Farmers have grown Anthorium (0.81 ha), Bajra (4.16 ha), Cotton (0.81 ha), Groundnut-Kharif (1.3 ha), Horse gram (1.43 ha), Jowar (1.21 ha), Maize (23.35 ha), Paddy (2.43 ha), Red gram (1.3 ha), Sorghum (0.85 ha), Tomato (0.4 ha), Groundnut-Rabi (4.6 ha), Navane (2.43 ha).  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Kanakapura-2 micro watershed was found to be 96.32 per cent.  The results indicate that, 97.06 per cent of the households have both bank account and savings. Among landless farmers 75 percent of them possess bank account and savings. Hundred per cent of marginal, small, semi medium and medium category of farmers possess bank account and also savings.  The results indicate that, 75 per cent of landless, 100 per cent of marginal, 100 per cent of small, 100 per cent semi medium and 100 per cent of medium farmers have borrowed credit from different sources.  Around 66.67 per cent have availed loan in grameena bank and 21.21 per cent have availed loan in money lender.  Landless, marginal, small, semi medium and medium have availed loans to the exent Rs. 43333, Rs. 48500, Rs. 76250, Rs. 276428 and Rs. 200000 respectively. Overall average credit amount availed by households in the micro watershed is Rs. 111060.  The results indicate that, from institutional sources around 95.45 per cent of the households have borrowed loan for agriculture and 4.55 per cent of them have borrowed loan for social functions like marriage. Landless farmer has borrowed credit for social functions and all other category of farmers have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Around 66.67 per cent farmers borrowed credit for agriculture production purpose, 16.67 per cent borrowed for house hold consumption and another 16.67 percent of small farmers also borrowed loan for education purpose from non-institutional sources.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs.29848.85. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 45530.08. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs.15681.22, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.53.  The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 42148.75. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 80968.77. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs.38820.02. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.92.  The total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 16353.17. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 22620.68. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. 6267.51, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.38. 4  The total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 34734.65. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 20616.37. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. - 14118.28. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.59.  The total cost of cultivation for navane was Rs. 10587.76. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 23547.33. The net income from navane cultivation was Rs. 12959.57. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.22. The total cost of cultivation for horse gram was Rs. 13526.81. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 16781.39. The net income from horse gram cultivation was Rs. 3254.58. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.24.  The total cost of cultivation for jowar was Rs. 48019.12. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 86046.57. The net income from jowar cultivation was Rs. 38027.45. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.79.  The total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 48019.12. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 86046.57. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. 38027.45. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.79.  The total cost of cultivation for tomato was Rs. 48019.12. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 86046.57. The net income from tomato cultivation was Rs. 38027.45. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.79.  The results indicate that, 26.47 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 5.88 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate. The data revealed that 23.53 per cent of the farmers opined that dry fodder is inadequate and 2.94 per cent opined that green fodder is inadequate.  The results indicated that the average annual gross income of households in the micro watershed was Rs.124166. Landless farmers had an income of Rs. 86250, marginal farmers had Rs.109908, small farmers had Rs. 88469, semi medium farmers had Rs. 187994 and medium farmers had Rs. 400000 average annual gross income.  The average annual expenditure of households in the micro watershed was Rs.14792. Landless farmers had an expenditure of Rs.21562, marginal farmers had Rs. 4775, small farmers had Rs. 3720, semi medium farmers had Rs. 16325 and medium farmers had Rs. 210000 average annual expenditure.  The results indicated that, bajra, cotton, horsegram, jowar, maize, navane, paddy, red gram and tomato were sold to the extent of 100 per cent.  Only 14.71 percent of the households have sold their produce to local/village merchants. About 91.18 percent of the households sold their produce in regulated markets.  Around 44.12 per cent of the households have used cart as a mode of transport and 61.76 per cent have used tractor. 5  The results indicated that, 8.82 per cent of the households have experienced the soil and water erosion problems i.e. 8.33 percent of small farmers and 28.57 percent semi medium farmers.  The results indicated that, 88.24 per cent of the households have shown interest in soil testing i.e. 100 per cent of marginal farmers, 100 per cent of small farmers, 100 per cent of semi medium and 100 per cent of medium farmers have shown interest in soil testing.  The results indicated that, 38.24 per cent of the households have adopted field bunding. Summer ploughing was adopted by 55.88 per cent of the farmers. Farm pond was adopted by 42.86 per cent of semi medium farmers.  Around 7.96 per cent of the households who adopted field bunding opined that bunds are slightly damaged, and 92.31 per cent opined that dull replacement required. About 66.67 per cent of the households who adopted farm pond opined that the ponds are in good condition and 33.33 per cent opined that they need full replacement.  About 35.29 per cent of soil conservation structure were constructed by farmers on their own, 29.41 per cent of the soil conservation structures were constructed by the government, 5.88 per cent were constructed.  The results indicated that, 91.18 percent of the households used fire wood as a source of fuel and another 8.82 percent of the households used LPG.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 94.12 per cent which includes 100 per cent of landless 100 per cent of marginal, 91.67 per cent of small farmers, 85.71 per cent of semi medium and 100 per cent of medium farmers. Another 2.94 per cent of the household had bore well as their major source of drinking water.  Electricity was the major source of light for 97.06 per cent of the households in micro watershed and another 2.94 per cent of the households used kerosene lamp.  The results indicated that, 58.82 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 75 per cent of landless, 50 per cent of marginal, 33.33 per cent of small, 100 per cent of semi medium and 100 per cent of medium farm households had sanitary toilet facility.  Around 82.35 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 17.65 per cent of the households did not possess PDS card.  The results indicated that, 64.71 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme which included 100 per cent of the landless, 100 percent of the marginal, 25 per cent of the small, 57.14 per cent of the semi medium and 100 percent of the medium farmers.  The results indicated that, Lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 41.18 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (70.59%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (76.47%), inadequacy of irrigation 6 water (82.35%), high cost of Fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (79.41%), high rate of interest on credit (91.18%), low price for the agricultural commodities (85,92%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (85.29%), inadequate extension services (85.29%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (85.29%), less rainfall (88.24%) and source of agri-technology information was a constraint for 85.29 per cent of the households. ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project