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Confidence in environment, social, and governance (ESG) ratings among investors remains at a fairly low level. An Edelman Insights study [2021] reported that almost three out of four institutional investors do not trust companies to achieve their stated commitments in the fields of sustainability, ESG, or diversity, equity, and inclusivity (DEI). One of the reasons for this distrust is the divergence of ESG ratings – that is, the difference in ratings given by different ESG agencies to the same companies. The origins of this problem lie in the fact that there is still no developed framework to regulate the process of assessing the sustainable development of companies. However, more and more international actors are becoming involved in this issue in order to increase confidence in the assessments of ESG rating providers. For example, codes of conduct for data and ESG ratings providers have already been issued by the United Kingdom (UK), the European Union (EU), India, and Japan. The Central Bank of Russia also issued an information letter on the regulation of the activities of ESG rating providers in the summer of 2023. This article studies the problem ESG ratings' divergence and determines ways to solve it through the development of regulatory control. It also studies the main trends in the legislative regulation of this institution in order to implement them into the Russian regulatory framework. In this regard, an analysis of work by Russian and foreign researchers devoted to the study of differences in ESG ratings was carried out; additionally, the main approaches of international organizations and legislative bodies of Russia and other countries in the sphere of regulating ESG information providers and mandatory non-financial reporting of companies were studied. The main problems affecting the reduction of ESG data correlation are identified, solutions for them are proposed, and the key trends in improving the comparability of ESG ratings by international actors are noted. The comparative legal method was used in the study. The analysis shows that international actors resolve the problem of divergence by increasing their interpretability, but not through strict regulation. They propose to develop basic recommendations regarding methodologies, evaluation criteria, and weighting factors, while at the same time consolidating the responsibility of ESG rating agencies to disclose their methodology, the terminology used, and their rating definitions. The task is to create harmonized standards for, and transparency of, the ESG assessment process.

A study of conductivity temperature frequency dependence of Li0.5Fe2.4Ti0.1O4 non-stoichiometric spinel has exhibited frequency dispersion conductivity presence. The time of relaxation (τ) proved to make 2·10-6s within the limits of dispersion. The conductivity size was found to be dependant upon the amount of Fe2+ ions in the structure.

SummaryThis study used US National Longitudinal Study of Youth data to explore how exposure to different socioeconomic conditions (proxied by maternal education) before birth can shape child weight. Using endogenous selection regression models, the findings suggest that educational selectivity affects weight gain. Mothers whose mothers graduated from high school were more likely to complete high school, and mothers reared in an intact family had higher levels of education. However, mothers who had given birth as a teenager had the same educational outcomes as mothers who gave birth in their post-teenage years. Based on this intergenerational educational selectivity, caretaking (e.g. breast-feeding) was found to be associated with a lower child body mass index (BMI), while negative maternal characteristics (e.g. mothers with high BMIs) were associated with higher child BMIs. Thus, educational selectivity influences child health through values passed on to the child and the lifestyle in which the child is reared. Maternal education may be tied to parenting, which relates to child obesity risk.

The characteristics dependence on the ambient temperature for three types of silicon photoelectronic multipliers have been studied in this research. The prototypes of Si-photoelectronic multipliers with a p+–p–n+ structure produced by JSC Integral (Republic of Belarus), serially produced silicon photoelectronic multipliers KETEK РМ3325 and ON Semi FC 30035 have been used as objects of research. We present the setup diagram and research technique. Measurements of the photocurrent magnitude versus the illumination intensity, calculations of the critical and threshold intensities, and the dynamic range have been performed. We also present the photocurrent dependences on the illumination intensity at different ambient temperatures. As it was found, these dependences have a linear section, the length of which characterizes the critical intensity value, and the inclination angle of the linear section to the intensity axis characterizes the photodetector sensitivity to optical radiation. It has been determined that the temperature increase leads to an increase in the critical intensity value and to a decrease in the sensitivity value. We present the dependences of the threshold intensity on the overvoltage at different ambient temperatures. The dependence of the threshold intensity on overvoltage is most strongly pronounced when the supply voltage is below the breakdown voltage. It was found that the threshold intensity is increased with the temperature increase and the threshold intensity dependence on the temperature is the same for all investigated photodetectors. It was found that the dynamic range value is decreased with the temperature increase, which is caused by a more significant change in the threshold intensity as compared to the critical one. The results given in this article can be applied when developing and designing the tools and devices for recording optical radiation based on silicon photoelectronic multipliers.

Contexte: L'analyse des inégalités sociales de santé périnatale est essentielle pour guider les politiques de santé publique. Nous étudions le lien entre les caractéristiques sociales du lieu de résidence des mères et des indicateurs de santé périnatale afin d'évaluer leur utilité pour la surveillance des inégalités en France.[br/] Population – méthodes: Des données sur les naissances (Enquêtes nationales périnatales de 2003 et 2010, bulletins de naissance et certificats de décès néonatals entre 2000 et 2008) et sur les caractéristiques socioéconomiques des communes de résidence des mères (recensement) ont permis d'analyser les taux de mortalité fœtale et néonatale et d'accouchement prématuré selon des caractéristiques des communes. Un indice de désavantage social et ses composantes (revenu, chômage, niveau d'études, ouvriers), proposé par le CépiDc, et deux autres caractéristiques (propriétaires et familles monoparentales) ont été utilisés. Les indicateurs de santé ont été comparés par quintile de naissances pour chaque caractéristique.[br/] Résultats: L'indice de désavantage social est significativement associé aux trois indicateurs de santé périnatale. Cependant, deux composantes, le pourcentage d'ouvriers et celui d'habitants avec un niveau d'études faible, sont peu ou pas liées. Les autres caractéristiques socioéconomiques (propriétaires et familles monoparentales) montrent une relation plus forte.[br/] Discussion – conclusions : Il existe des inégalités de santé périnatale selon les caractéristiques socioéconomiques du lieu de résidence, mais certaines caractéristiques usuelles semblent peu pertinentes en santé périnatale. ; Background: Analysis of social inequalities in perinatal health is essential to guide public health policies. We investigated the relationship between social characteristics of maternal place of residence and perinatal health indicators to assess their usefulness for monitoring inequalities in France. [br/] Population – methods: Data on births (2003 and 2010 National Perinatal Surveys, birth and neonatal death certificates between 2000 and 2008) and on the socioeconomic characteristics of municipalities of residence (census data) were used to analyse fetal and neonatal mortality and preterm birth according to the characteristics of municipalities. An index of deprivation and its components (income, unemployment, education, blue collar workers) proposed by the CépiDc and two other characteristics (home owners and single-parent households) were used. Health indicators were compared by quintile of births for each characteristic.[br/] Results: The deprivation index was significantly associated with the three indicators of perinatal health. However, two components, the percentage of blue collar workers and residents with a low level of education were only slightly or not related to these outcomes, and the association was stronger for other characteristics (home owners and single-parent households).[br/] Discussion – conclusions: Social characteristics of the municipality of residence affect perinatal health, but some characteristics which are often used appear to be less relevant for perinatal outcomes.

The construction of discourse isindispensable to the construction of nationalimage to a large extent, particularly a set ofdiscourse built from various perspectives. Itmust pertain to the real fact of the country andto the needs of her future development. Moreimportantly, it must be effective. Consideringthe characteristics of the national image and itsconstruction discourse, the discourse system ofour country's national image needs, first of all,to have a good treatment of the corecharacteristics of our country's national image;meanwhile, it also needs to have a goodhandling of the basic characteristics of ourcountry's national image. Specifically speaking,it is necessary to take in account of factors likeethnicity, culture, politics, space-time andcognition of national image discourse for onething; it is also necessary to take into accountsuch factors as stability, multi-dimension,inheritance and creation, and the crisiscoordination of national image discourse foranother.

Virginia Woolf and Russia has been examined but not fully studied. Entirely overlooked has been her response to Russian cinema and dance, particularly the Ballets Russes. This paper addresses that gap through an account of Woolf's response to, and interest in, both Russian film and dance, while also accounting for how she incorporates her admiration of Dostoevsky, Turgenev and other Russian writers into her work. Her study and translations with the Russian Jewish émigré Samuel Koteliansky, a formative influence on her continuing absorption with matters Russian, is also analyzed, as well as the importance of Russian cinematic techniques, notably sound, drawn in part from such Russian directors as V. I. Pudovkin, as well as montage, originating with Lev Kuleshov and Sergei Eisenstein.